{"id":162565,"date":"2019-05-02T08:26:13","date_gmt":"2019-05-02T01:26:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/?p=162565"},"modified":"2019-05-02T08:26:13","modified_gmt":"2019-05-02T01:26:13","slug":"luan-cau-xa-pham-1-phan-biet-gioi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/luan-cau-xa-pham-1-phan-biet-gioi-162565.html","title":{"rendered":"Lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1 – Ph\u1ea9m 1: Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t Gi\u1edbi"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1<\/h2>\n

H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Si\u00eau<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i Hu\u1ebf,<\/em>
\nPL. 2543 – TL. 1999<\/em><\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

LU\u1eacN B\u1ea2N<\/strong><\/p>\n

I. PH\u1ea8M PH\u00c2N BI\u1ec6T GI\u1edaI<\/h2>\n

A. BA PH\u1ea6N C\u1ee6A LU\u1eacN<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tr\u1eeb ph\u1ea9m Ph\u00e1 ng\u00e3, Lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 600 b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 v\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng, g\u1ed3m trong 8 ph\u1ea9m 29 quy\u1ec3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m ba ph\u1ea7n: ph\u1ea7n T\u1ef1, ph\u1ea7n Ch\u00e1nh t\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n L\u01b0u th\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Ph\u1ea7n T\u1ef1,\u00a0<\/em>t\u1eeb c\u00e2u\u00a0“Ch\u01b0 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng ch\u01b0 minh di\u1ec7t”\u00a0<\/em>cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft ba b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng th\u1ea5t ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 v\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng.-\u00a0Ph\u1ea7n Ch\u00e1nh t\u00f4ng,\u00a0<\/em>t\u1eeb c\u00e2u\u00a0“H\u1eefu l\u1eadu v\u00f4 l\u1eadu ph\u00e1p”\u00a0<\/em>cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft 600 b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 v\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Ph\u1ea7n L\u01b0u th\u00f4ng,\u00a0<\/em>t\u1eeb c\u00e2u\u00a0“Ca-th\u1ea5p-di-la ngh\u0129a l\u00fd th\u00e0nh”\u00a0<\/em>cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng th\u1ea5t ng\u00f4n cu\u1ed1i s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o v\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu tr\u00edch trong 600 b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng th\u1ea5t ng\u00f4n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

B. PH\u1ea6N T\u1ef0A (4 ti\u1ebft)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0*\u00a0TI\u1ebeT 1: QUY K\u00cdNH V\u00c0 PH\u00c1T KH\u1edeI.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Quy k\u00ednh b\u1eadc h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi ph\u1ea7n Ch\u00e1nh t\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? T\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

* Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n H\u00e1n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

“Ch\u01b0 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng ch\u01b0 minh di\u1ec7t,\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>
\nB\u1ea1t ch\u00fang sanh xu\u1ea5t sanh t\u1eed n\u00ea,\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>
\nK\u00ednh l\u1ec5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb nh\u01b0 l\u00fd s\u01b0,\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>
\n\u00d0\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1ng lu\u1eadn ng\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft”.\u00a0(I)<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

*\u00a0D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng minh v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 minh, c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt ch\u00fang sanh ra kh\u1ecfi b\u00f9n sinh t\u1eed. K\u00ednh l\u1ec5 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y Nh\u01b0 l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd n\u00f3i lu\u1eadn \u00d0\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1ng.<\/strong><\/p>\n

*\u00a0Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y, ba c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n quy k\u00ednh, c\u00e2u th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0: Ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng ch\u01b0 minh di\u1ec7t:Hai ch\u1eef “minh di\u1ec7t” g\u1ed3m t\u00e1n th\u00e1n hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n: nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng minh di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 minh di\u1ec7t. V\u00ec\u00a0minh\u00a0<\/em>(s\u1ef1 m\u1edd \u00e1m) c\u00f3 hai th\u1ee9:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng minh:t\u1ee9c li\u1ec7t tu\u1ec7. Li\u1ec7t tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00fang ta h\u00f4n \u00e1m. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, l\u1ebd ra ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u, ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft m\u00f9 m\u1edd. S\u1edf d\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u00ec ch\u00ednh li\u1ec7t tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0m ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i.<\/strong>2. Ch\u01b0 minh: t\u1ee9c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n th\u00e2n t\u00e2m, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta m\u1edd \u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 l\u00fd.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng minh c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0“b\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 v\u00f4 tri”\u00a0<\/em>; ch\u01b0 minh c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0“nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 v\u00f4 tri”.<\/em>S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa b\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 v\u00f4 tri v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 v\u00f4 tri nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

T\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch chia: chia l\u00e0m ba t\u00e1nh th\u00ec c\u00f3\u00a0thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c\u00a0<\/em>v\u00e0\u00a0v\u00f4 k\u00fd\u00a0<\/em>; chia l\u00e0m hai t\u00e1nh th\u00ec c\u00f3nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4\u00a0<\/em>v\u00e0\u00a0b\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4.\u00a0<\/em>Nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh \u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u1eefu ph\u00fa v\u00f4 k\u00fd trong ba t\u00e1nh; b\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ph\u00fa v\u00f4 k\u00fd trong ba t\u00e1nh. Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng minh l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n v\u00ec l\u00e0 li\u1ec7t tu\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00f4 k\u00fd, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 v\u00f4 tri. Ch\u01b0 minh t\u1ee9c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00f4 k\u00fd, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 v\u00f4 tri. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 li\u1ec7t tu\u1ec7, t\u1ee9c d\u1ee9t h\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng minh, ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt, n\u00ean th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u\u00a0tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ee9c.\u00a0<\/em>Ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, t\u1ee9c d\u1ee9t h\u1ebft ch\u01b0 minh n\u00ean th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u\u00a0\u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee9c.\u00a0<\/em>Tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ee9c, \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea1t ch\u00fang sanh xu\u1ea5t sanh t\u1eed n\u00ea:Ch\u00fang sanh b\u1ecb ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm trong sinh t\u1eed th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 ra kh\u1ecfi, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb sa trong b\u00f9n l\u1ea7y, n\u00ea g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0b\u00f9n sinh t\u1eed.\u00a0<\/em>\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t truy\u1ec1n trao Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c l\u1ee3i tha c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u00e2n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/em><\/strong>K\u00ednh l\u1ec5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb Nh\u01b0 l\u00fd s\u01b0:\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o n\u00f3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt ch\u00fang sanh. Ng\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 l\u00fd \u1ea5y nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9 cho ch\u00fang sanh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o; l\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi, h\u1ee3p c\u01a1, l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edb \u00e2n Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u Ph\u1eadt tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi, h\u1ee3p c\u01a1 nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt, n\u00ean c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea3nh l\u1ec5 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ba \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00d0\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1ng lu\u1eadn ng\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft:\u00a0C\u00e2u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi. L\u00fd do \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 g\u00ec? L\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u-x\u00e1, t\u1ee9c \u00d0\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1ng.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0* TI\u1ebeT 2: DANH V\u00c0 TH\u1ec2 C\u1ee6A \u00d0\u1ed0I PH\u00c1P<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ra sao? T\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

*\u00a0H\u00c1N V\u0102N:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

“T\u1ecbnh hu\u1ec7 t\u00f9y h\u00e0nh danh \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p,<\/strong>
\nC\u1eadp n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eafc th\u1eed ch\u01b0 hu\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn”.(II)<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

*\u00a0D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a:<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1ecbnh hu\u1ec7, t\u00f9y h\u00e0nh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hu\u1ec7 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0t\u1ecbnh hu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u00f9y h\u00e0nh \u1ea5y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p.<\/em><\/p>\n

*\u00a0Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eef\u00a0\u00d0\u1ed1i\u00a0<\/em>c\u00f3 hia ngh\u0129a:\u00a0\u0111\u1ed1i qu\u00e1n\u00a0<\/em>v\u00e0\u00a0\u0111\u1ed1i h\u01b0\u1edbng.\u00a0<\/em>\u00d0\u1ed1i qu\u00e1n l\u00e0\u00a0t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed1i nhau,\u00a0<\/em>t\u1ee9c \u0111em t\u00e2m ch\u1ee7 quan quan s\u00e1t c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1ch quan. \u00d0\u1ed1i h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0\u00a0nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i nhau,\u00a0<\/em>t\u1ee9c t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kia \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc tu h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eef\u00a0Ph\u00e1p\u00a0<\/em>c\u00f3 hai ngh\u0129a:\u00a0nh\u1eadm tr\u00ec t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh\u00a0<\/em>v\u00e0\u00a0qu\u1ef9 sanh v\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i.\u00a0<\/em>B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh hay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 hay t\u01b0 duy tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh ri\u00eang, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea3y may l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n. Nh\u1edd n\u00f3 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5, quy c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, n\u00ean khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac n\u00f3, ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt g\u00ec. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a\u00a0qu\u1ef9 sanh v\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i.\u00a0<\/em>Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eef\u00a0Ph\u00e1p\u00a0<\/em>\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0\u00a0l\u00fd ph\u00e1p:\u00a0<\/em>Kh\u1ed5, T\u1eadp, Di\u1ec7t, \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0\u00a0qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p:\u00a0<\/em>Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n. L\u00fd ph\u00e1p T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0“ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1p”\u00a0<\/em>; qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0th\u1eafng;\u00a0<\/em>v\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0ngh\u0129a;\u00a0<\/em>g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0\u00a0Th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1p.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i qu\u00e1n l\u00fd T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i h\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u1ea3 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? T\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

* Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

“T\u1ecbnh hu\u1ec7 t\u00f9y h\u00e0nh danh \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>
\nC\u1eadp n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eafc th\u1eed ch\u01b0 hu\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn”.(II)<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai c\u00e2u n\u00eau l\u00ean th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p. Th\u1ec3 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 hai: 1. Th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c v\u00f4 l\u1eadu (t\u1ee9c c\u00e2u: T\u1ecbnh hu\u1ec7 t\u00f9y h\u00e0nh danh \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p). 2. Th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c h\u1eefu l\u1eadu (t\u1ee9c c\u00e2u: C\u1eadp n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eafc th\u1eed ch\u01b0 hu\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn).<\/p>\n

T\u1ecbnh hu\u1ec7: Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu thanh t\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch s\u1ef1 l\u00fd c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00f9y h\u00e0nh: T\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf, \u0111\u1eafc, t\u1ee9 h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1eefu vi (sanh, tr\u1ee5, d\u1ecb, di\u1ec7t) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ecbnh hu\u1ec7 m\u00e0 sanh kh\u1edfi. T\u1ecbnh hu\u1ec7 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7; t\u00f9y h\u00e0nh v\u00ed nh\u01b0 t\u1edb. Khi ch\u1ee7 d\u1ea5y kh\u1edfi th\u00ec t\u1edb c\u0169ng d\u1ea5y theo. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u00f4i t\u1edb \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00f9y h\u00e0nh. T\u1ecbnh hu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u00f9y h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 Th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 t\u1ecbnh hu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u00f9y h\u00e0nh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c hu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ecbnh hu\u1ec7 \u1ea5y c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p.
\nC\u00e1c hu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 sanh \u0111\u1eafc hu\u1ec7, v\u0103n hu\u1ec7, t\u01b0 hu\u1ec7, tu hu\u1ec7; c\u00f2n c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho lu\u1eadn L\u1ee5c t\u00fac v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e1t tr\u00ed, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0* L\u1ee5c t\u00fac:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) T\u1eadp D\u1ecb M\u00f4n T\u00fac lu\u1eadn (Sangtiparyaya-pada), th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt, X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o, Huy\u1ec1n Trang d\u1ecbch, 20 cu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

2) Ph\u00e1p U\u1ea9n T\u00fac lu\u1eadn (Dharma-Skandha-pada), th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt, M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean t\u1ea1o, Huy\u1ec1n Trang d\u1ecbch, 12 cu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

3) Thi Thi\u1ebft T\u00fac lu\u1eadn (Prajnapati-pada), th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt, Ca-chi\u00ean-di\u00ean t\u1ea1o, Huy\u1ec1n Trang \u0111em v\u1ec1 ch\u01b0a d\u1ecbch<\/p>\n

4) Th\u1ee9c Th\u00e2n T\u00fac lu\u1eadn (Vijnanakaya-pada), 100 n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, \u00d0\u1ec1-b\u00e0-thi\u1ebft-na t\u1ea1o, Huy\u1ec1n Trang d\u1ecbch, 16 cu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

5) Ph\u1ea9m Lo\u1ea1i T\u00fac lu\u1eadn (Prakarama-pada), 300 n\u0103m sau Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu t\u1ea1o, Huy\u1ec1n Trang d\u1ecbch, 18 cu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

6) Gi\u1edbi Th\u00e2n T\u00fac lu\u1eadn (Dhatukaya-pada), 300 n\u0103m sau Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu t\u1ea1o, Huy\u1ec1n Trang d\u1ecbch, 3 cu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

* Ph\u00e1t Tr\u00ed lu\u1eadn (Jnanaprasthana), 300 n\u0103m sau Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, Ca-\u0111a-di\u1ec5n-ni T\u1eed t\u1ea1o, Huy\u1ec1n Trang d\u1ecbch, 20 cu\u1ed1n.<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u1ee5c t\u00fac l\u00e0 s\u00e1u b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn l\u00e0m ch\u00e2n; Ph\u00e1t tr\u00ed l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn l\u00e0m th\u00e2n, n\u00ean c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Th\u00e2n lu\u1eadn.\u00a0<\/em>B\u1edfi do lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e1t Tr\u00ed m\u00e0 H\u1eefu b\u1ed9 b\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t, t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c hu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 l\u1eadu, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p, cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p. Hai lo\u1ea1i th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 th\u00ec c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i:<\/em><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0T\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p:\u00a0t\u1ee9c t\u1ecbnh hu\u1ec7 (hu\u1ec7 t\u00e2m s\u1edf).
\n2.\u00a0T\u00f9y h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p:\u00a0t\u1ee9c quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a t\u1ecbnh hu\u1ec7 (c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf c\u00f9ng kh\u1edfi).
\n3.\u00a0Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p:\u00a0t\u1ee9c b\u1ed1n hu\u1ec7 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu (sanh \u0111\u1eafc hu\u1ec7, v\u0103n hu\u1ec7, t\u01b0 hu\u1ec7, tu hu\u1ec7).
\n4.\u00a0T\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p:\u00a0T\u1ee9c c\u00e1c l\u1eadu (l\u1ee5c t\u00fac, ph\u00e1t tr\u00ed).<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n, c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f9y h\u00e0nh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf, \u0111\u1eafc, b\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1eefu vi v\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ecdng gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u1ecbnh hu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? B\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ecbnh hu\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sanh kh\u1edfi m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00e2m s\u1edf… c\u00f9ng kh\u1edfi theo n\u1eefa. Xem b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

T\u00d9Y H\u00c0NH (b\u1ed1n nh\u00f3m):<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0S\u1eafc ph\u00e1p\u00a0: \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ecdng gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u.2.\u00a0T\u00e2m ph\u00e1p\u00a0: \u00d0\u1ec7 l\u1ee5c \u00fd th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0T\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

Ch\u00edn \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p: th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0, x\u00fac, d\u1ee5c, ni\u1ec7m, t\u00e1c \u00fd, th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i, tam-ma-\u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p: t\u00edn, c\u1ea7n, h\u00e0nh, x\u1ea3, t\u00e0m, qu\u00fd, v\u00f4 tham, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n, v\u00f4 si, b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i, khinh an.<\/p>\n

Hai b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p : t\u1ea7m, t\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0T\u00e2m b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p\u00a0: \u0111\u1eafc, sanh, tr\u1ee5, d\u1ecb, di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

* TI\u1ebeT 3: GI\u1ea2I TH\u00cdCH CH\u1eee T\u1ea0NG<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u00d0\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, c\u00f2n \u00d0\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? T\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

*\u00a0Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ebfp b\u1ec9 th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a y b\u1ec9 c\u1ed1
\nTh\u1eed l\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 danh.(III)<\/p>\n

* D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a:<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u1eeba th\u00e2u (nhi\u1ebfp) th\u1eafng nghi\u00e3 kia, v\u1eeba c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 “\u00d0\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1ng”.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1eef t\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 hai ngh\u0129a:<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0N\u0103ng nhi\u1ebfp: Lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y bao h\u00e0m, th\u00e2u ch\u1ee9a gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 (th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn L\u1ee5c T\u00fac v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t Tr\u00ed, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00a0\u1ea1ng\u00a0. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i h\u1ea7m, c\u00e1i kho, c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9a gi\u1eef c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng l\u00faa v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n.2.\u00a0S\u1edf y: Gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a \u00d0\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn L\u1ee5c T\u00fac v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t Tr\u00ed l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 cho lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ch\u1ed7 b\u1ecb b\u00e0i b\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng nguy\u00ean v\u0103n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i bao \u0111\u1ef1ng g\u01b0\u01a1m l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a g\u01b0\u01a1m, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0bao g\u01b0\u01a1m\u00a0.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ngh\u0129a n\u0103ng nhi\u1ebfp th\u00ec “\u00d0\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1ng” l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang cho lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y. Theo v\u0103n ph\u00e1p Sanskrit, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p danh t\u1eeb theo lu\u1eadt\u00a0y ch\u1ee7 th\u00edch\u00a0<\/em>(Tat-purusa). Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 theo ngh\u0129a s\u1edf y th\u00ec ” \u00d0\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1ng” c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 chung cho c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn L\u1ee5c T\u00fac v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t Tr\u00ed ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang cho lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y… \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p danh t\u1eeb theo lu\u1eadt\u00a0h\u1eefu t\u00e0i th\u00edch\u00a0<\/em>(Bahuvrihi).<\/p>\n

* TI\u1ebeT 4: \u00dd N\u00d3I V\u00c0 NG\u01af\u1edcI N\u00d3I<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Danh t\u1eeb \u00d0\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch xong. Song, v\u00ec sao c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00d0\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p? V\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf\u00efn ch\u01b0a? T\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

*\u00a0Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c ly tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00f4 d\u01b0,
\nN\u0103ng di\u1ec7t ch\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c th\u1eafng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n.
\nDo ho\u1eb7c th\u1ebf gian phi\u00eau h\u1eefu h\u1ea3i,
\nNh\u00e2n th\u1eed truy\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft \u00d0\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p.(IV)<\/p>\n

* D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu l\u00eca tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f9 th\u1eafng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c. Do m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gian tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i trong bi\u1ec3n h\u1eefu. v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u00d0\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p.<\/strong><\/p>\n

* Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0Tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p:\u00a0<\/em>L\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, v\u00ec tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u00d0\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Ch\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c\u00a0<\/em>: Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o m\u00ea l\u00fd v\u00e0 m\u00ea s\u1ef1, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb Ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Tu \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Th\u1ebf gian\u00a0<\/em>: C\u00f3 hai ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gian v\u00e0 kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gian. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gian, t\u1ee9c ch\u00fang sanh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00ea v\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0H\u1eefu h\u1ea3i\u00a0<\/em>: Bi\u1ec3n sanh t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ba c\u00f5i. S\u1ef1 xoay v\u1ea7n trong ba c\u00f5i, nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Tam h\u1eefu\u00a0<\/em>. Ch\u00fang sanh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n sanh t\u1eed.<\/p>\n

\u00d0o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u00fd n\u00f3i, n\u1ebfu l\u00eca tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. N\u1ebfu phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0a \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb th\u00ec s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang sanh tr\u00f4i l\u0103n trong bi\u1ec3n sanh t\u1eed ba c\u00f5i. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng bi\u1ec7n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ee9t tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, ra kh\u1ecfi bi\u1ec3n sanh t\u1eed n\u00ean n\u00f3i \u00d0\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

Song, \u00d0\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ai n\u00f3i ch\u01b0a? C\u00f3. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c kinh. V\u1ec1 sau c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u01b0 \u00edk\u1ebft t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh Kinh t\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1eddi. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 300 n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt, c\u00f3 ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u1ea1t-ma-\u0111a-la (Dharmatrata, H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p C\u1ee9u) k\u1ebft t\u1eadp nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i v\u1ec1\u00a0v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0<\/em>th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1ec1\u00a0kh\u00f4ng, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3\u00a0<\/em>th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m Kh\u00f4ng, V\u00f4 ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

-ooOoo-<\/p>\n

B\u1ed0 C\u1ee4C PH\u1ea6N CH\u00c1NH T\u00d4NG<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n ch\u00e1nh t\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1u tr\u0103m b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 v\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng, bi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a l\u00fd, trong \u1ea5y tuy bao la nh\u01b0ng t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu v\u00e0o hai ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn:<\/p>\n

1. Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn, g\u1ed3m ba b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m Gi\u1edbi (t\u1eeb c\u00e2u ”\u00a0H\u1eefu l\u1eadu v\u00f4 l\u1eadu ph\u00e1p” \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u: ”\u00a0Bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eafc phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t”).2. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 t\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong ph\u1ea7n t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u1ea5y, g\u1ed3m 597 b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng (t\u1eeb c\u00e2u “H\u1ef1u ch\u01b0 h\u1eefu vi ph\u00e1p” \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea9m Gi\u1edbi cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u ”\u00a0Do th\u1eed tr\u00fa th\u1ebf gian” \u1edf cu\u1ed1i ph\u1ea9m \u00d0\u1ecbnh).<\/p>\n

Trong ba b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u:<\/p>\n

– C\u00e2u1, n\u00f3i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3ng di\u1ec5n trong hai ph\u1ea9m\u00a0Gi\u1edbi\u00a0<\/em>(42 t\u1ee5ng) v\u00e0 C\u0103n (74t\u1ee5ng). Trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m Gi\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1\u00a0b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3\u00a0<\/em>c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu v\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu; Ph\u1ea9m C\u0103n thuy\u1ebft minh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1\u00a0t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng\u00a0<\/em>c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu v\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu.<\/p>\n

– Ba c\u00e2u k\u1ebf, (t\u1eeb”Tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1o d\u01b0 h\u1eefu vi…C\u1ed1 thuy\u1ebft danh h\u1eefu l\u1eadu” thuy\u1ebft minh ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3ng di\u1ec5n trong ba ph\u1ea9m:\u00a0Th\u1ebf gian\u00a0<\/em>(39t\u1ee5ng),\u00a0Nghi\u1ec7p\u00a0<\/em>(131t\u1ee5ng) v\u00e0\u00a0T\u00f9y Mi\u00ean\u00a0<\/em>(69 t\u1ee5ng). Trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m Th\u1ebf gian n\u00f3i chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu, ph\u1ea9m Nghi\u1ec7p n\u00f3i chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m T\u00f9y Mi\u00ean n\u00f3i chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1\u00a0duy\u00ean\u00a0<\/em>c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu.<\/p>\n

– Hai b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng sau thuy\u1ebft minh ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 l\u1eadu, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3ng di\u1ec5n trong ba ph\u1ea9m: Hi\u1ec1n Th\u00e1nh (83 t\u1ee5ng), Tr\u00ed (61 t\u1ee5ng) v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ecbnh (93 t\u1ee5ng).<\/strong><\/p>\n

A. PH\u1ea6N CH\u00c1NH T\u00d4NG (2 ph\u1ea7n)<\/strong><\/p>\n

I. PH\u1ea6N T\u1ed4NG N\u00caU \u00d0\u1ea0I C\u01af\u01a0NG<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong ph\u1ea7n t\u1ef1a, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f9 th\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c, n\u00ean r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 \u00d0\u1ed1i Ph\u00e1p, t\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft minh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu. V\u1eady nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f3? T\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

* Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u1eefu l\u1eadu v\u00f4 l\u1eadu ph\u00e1p.
\nTr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1o, d\u01b0 h\u1eefu vi,
\n\u01af b\u1ec9 l\u1eadu t\u00f9y t\u0103ng,
\nC\u1ed1 thuy\u1ebft danh h\u1eefu l\u1eadu.
\nV\u00f4 l\u1eadu v\u1ecb \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf,
\nC\u1eadp tam ch\u1ee7ng v\u00f4 vi,
\nV\u1ecb h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecb di\u1ec7t.
\nTh\u1eed trung kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i,
\nTr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t v\u1ecb ly h\u1ec7,
\nT\u00f9y h\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t,
\nT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng sanh
\nBi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eafc phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t.\u00a0(V)<\/p>\n

* D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p g\u1ed3m h\u1eefu l\u1eadu v\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu. H\u1eefu l\u1eadu l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi, tr\u1eeb \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf, v\u00ec n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu. V\u00f4 l\u1eadu l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 ba ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi, t\u1ee9c h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 hai th\u1ee9 di\u1ec7t. Trong ba ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi, h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 vi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i (t\u1ee5ng 2); tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 vi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ly h\u1ec7, t\u00f9y theo h\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 sai kh\u00e1c; do c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sanh kh\u1edfi m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eafc phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t (t\u1ee5ng3).<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00e1nh t\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 600 t\u1ee5ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Theo ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean, chia l\u00e0m hai ph\u1ea7n t\u1ed5ng ti\u00eau (gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t) v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t th\u00edch (gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft), th\u00ec ba t\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u1ed5ng ti\u00eau. T\u00e1m ph\u1ea9m ti\u1ebfp theo ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea9m Gi\u1edbi, ph\u1ea9m C\u0103n v.v…l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n bi\u1ec7t th\u00edch. V\u1eady n\u00ean, lu\u1eadn\u00a0C\u00e2u-x\u00e1Quang k\u00fd 1\u00a0<\/em>g\u1ecdi ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng ti\u00eau c\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u1ebfu. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch cho tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p m\u00ea, ng\u1ed9, nh\u00e2n, qu\u1ea3; nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu v\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu. V\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng n\u00f3i: “C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu v\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu”.<\/p>\n

Trong T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf, tr\u1eeb Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi. Trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1eeb \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu, v\u00ec r\u1eb1ng Kh\u1ed5, T\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch, c\u00f3 sanh di\u1ec7t n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c h\u1eefu vi (Samskrit\u00e0); ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ee9c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn n\u00ean thu\u1ed9c v\u00f4 vi (Asamskrit\u00e0).<\/p>\n

V\u00ec sao n\u00f3i Kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u0169 l\u1eadu?\u00a0L\u1eadu\u00a0<\/em>(Asrav\u00e0),\u00a0<\/em>ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 r\u1ec9 ch\u1ea3y, ch\u1ec9 cho phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 r\u1ec9 ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00f3 xoi m\u00f2n \u0111\u00ea \u0111i\u1ec1u, ng\u1eadp tr\u00e0n ru\u1ed9ng l\u00faa, l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1. Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00f3 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u00ea \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00e2n t\u00e2m, l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1 thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n. Nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u00e0y theo thu\u1eadn duy\u00ean m\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. N\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf, c\u1ea3nh s\u1edf duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1eadn theo n\u00f3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0h\u1eefu l\u1eadu (S\u00e0srav\u00e0).<\/em>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, khi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ”\u00a0t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng t\u00f9y t\u0103ng\u00a0<\/em>“, khi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh s\u1edf duy\u00ean t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0“s\u1edf duy\u00ean t\u00f9y t\u0103ng”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadn Ch\u00e1nh L\u00fd 4 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a hai th\u1ee9 t\u00f9y t\u0103ng nh\u01b0 sau. Nh\u01b0 \u1edf ngo\u00e0i th\u00e0nh \u1ea5p c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng u\u1ebf t\u1ea1p do ph\u1ea9n, \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh. Trong \u0111\u1ed1ng u\u1ebf t\u1ea1p \u1ea5y, v\u00ec c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9n n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n. \u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi,c\u0169ng v\u00ec pha tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00ean ph\u1ea9n c\u00e0ng d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n th\u00eam.V\u00ed d\u1ee5 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i, ph\u1ea9n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf c\u0169ng t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n th\u00eam. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a “t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng t\u00f9y t\u0103ng”.<\/em><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0 con heo \u1edf trong \u0111\u1ed1ng u\u1ebf t\u1ea1p. Nh\u1eefng con heo \u0103n, ng\u1ee7, \u0111\u00f9a gi\u1ee1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng to\u00e0n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n,v\u00ec to\u00e0n th\u00e2n b\u00e1m \u0111\u1ea7y ph\u1ea9n u\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1ng u\u1ebf t\u1ea1p kia c\u0169ng v\u00ec ch\u00fang m\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00e0ng d\u01a1 nh\u1edbp h\u01a1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i, u\u1ebf phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u00e0m cho heo s\u1edf duy\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi heo s\u1edf duy\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u00e0m cho u\u1ebf phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e0ng d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n h\u01a1n. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a “S\u1edf duy\u00ean t\u00f9y t\u0103ng”.<\/p>\n

V\u00cc r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ngh\u0129a ”\u00a0t\u00f9y sanh”\u00a0<\/em>l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu th\u00ec khi duy\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 l\u1eadu nh\u01b0 \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf hay Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf m\u00e0 sanh phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o th\u00ec \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu hay sao? Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, khi duy\u00ean \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf, Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf d\u00f9 c\u00f3 sanh phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, c\u0169ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu ph\u00e1p, v\u1eady n\u00ean ngh\u0129a ”\u00a0t\u00f9y sanh\u00a0<\/em>” l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, theo ngh\u0129a\u00a0t\u00f9y t\u0103ng\u00a0<\/em>, khi duy\u00ean d\u00f9 c\u00f3 sanh phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1edf duy\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 ru\u1ed9ng ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau th\u01b0\u1eddng sanh l\u00faa m\u1ea1, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m cho l\u00faa m\u1ea1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng l\u00faa. C\u00f2n ru\u1ed9ng mu\u1ed1i d\u00f9 c\u00f3 sanh l\u00faa m\u1ea1, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho l\u00faa m\u1ea1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng l\u00faa.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u00ec t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng theo c\u00e1c s\u1edf duy\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf, n\u00ean Kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu (S\u00e0srav\u00e0).<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 l\u1eadu (a\u00e0srav\u00e0) l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf trong T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 ba ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi. Ba ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi (Asamskrit\u00e0) l\u00e0 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 vi, tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 vi v\u00e0 phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 vi, n\u00ean t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n n\u00f3i: “V\u00f4 l\u1eadu l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 ba ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi: h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 hai th\u1ee9 di\u1ec7t (v\u00f4 l\u1eadu v\u1ecb \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf c\u1eadp tam ch\u1ee7ng v\u00f4 vi, v\u1ecb h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecb di\u1ec7t”). \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 ba ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi v\u00ec sao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu? V\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/em><\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e3y n\u00eau r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 vi v\u00e0 hai th\u1ee9 di\u1ec7t:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0H\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 vi:\u00a0<\/em>(\u00e0k\u00e0sa- asamskrit\u00e0) t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i (an\u00e0vrti), v\u00ec l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i l\u00e0m t\u00e1nh. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i? \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1eadt n\u00e0o trong kh\u00f4ng gian, d\u00f9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi n\u00e0y v\u1eabn tr\u1ea3i kh\u1eafp trong m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i, n\u00ean v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt trong h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng khi sanh th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn, khi di\u1ec7t th\u00ec b\u1ecf \u0111i, tuy hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f9y th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u00f9y kh\u00f4ng gian m\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eddi, n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3i h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi. H\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng trong quan ni\u1ec7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, tuy t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong kh\u00f4ng gian m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng n\u00f3 l\u00e0m ng\u0103n ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 n\u00e9m vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e1, nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho \u0111\u00e1 chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 r\u1ed3i bao quanh ph\u00eda ngo\u00e0i vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1, n\u00ean thu\u1ed9c h\u01b0\u0169 vi, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 vi n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi c\u00f3 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 vi? V\u1ea1n v\u1eadt trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u1ed7i c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f4 b\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n. C\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1edd n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00e1i “kh\u00f4ng” (kh\u00f4ng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i) \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3. Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p th\u00ec h\u1ed1t nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 sanh, nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean tan r\u00e3 th\u00ec h\u1ed1t nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 di\u1ec7t. Khi sanh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i, khi di\u1ec7t th\u00ec \u0111i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1eaft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 vi kh\u00f4ng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i n\u00e0y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 dung ch\u1ee9a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. V\u00ec v\u1eady, v\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: “Nh\u1edd v\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i n\u00ean s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n l\u01b0u trong \u0111\u00f3”.<\/p>\n

– Tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 vi: (Pratisamkhy\u00e0nirodha), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ly h\u1ec7 (Visamyoga), do xa l\u00eca c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c, tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00f4 minh m\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y l\u00e0 di\u1ec7u l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc b\u1edfi tr\u00ed l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y. V\u1eady n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i: “tr\u1ea1ch l\u1ef1c s\u1edf s\u1eafc di\u1ec7t” (s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u b\u1edfi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch), v\u00e0 n\u00f3i t\u1eaft l\u00e0 “tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t”.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0Tr\u1ea1ch (Pratisamkhyarodha) l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc di\u1ec7t l\u00fd. Di\u1ec7t (nirodha) l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t l\u00fd, l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc di\u1ec7t l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3. Di\u1ec7t l\u00fd n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i do xa l\u00eca c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00f4 minh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y. Tho\u1ea1t nh\u00ecn, t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng nh\u01b0 x\u01b0a kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 nay c\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng h\u01a1n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u00e2y tan tr\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n. Tr\u0103ng v\u1eabn s\u1eb5n \u1edf tr\u00ean h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u00e2y gi\u1edd nh\u1edd m\u00e2y tan m\u1edbi c\u00f3. M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng di\u1ec7t l\u00fd c\u0169ng v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec t\u1eeb v\u00f4 th\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn nay b\u1ecb m\u00e2y m\u00f9 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00f4 minh che khu\u1ea5t, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t khi gi\u00f3 l\u1edbn ch\u00e2n tr\u00ed th\u1ed5i tan m\u00e2y m\u00f9 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o th\u00ec m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng di\u1ec7t l\u00fd s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf. Di\u1ec7t l\u00fd s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean chi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7n n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1i di\u1ec7t l\u00fd do ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc di\u1ec7t l\u00fd m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i xua kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 nay c\u00f3, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 x\u01b0a nay v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, b\u1ea5t sanh, b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi. N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, di\u1ec7t l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong \u00d0\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ch\u0103ng? Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong \u00d0\u1ea1i th\u1eeba th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng h? sai kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng hai c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ba. C\u00f2n di\u1ec7t l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trongTi\u1ec3u th\u1eeba \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Di\u1ec7t l\u00fd n\u00e0y do xa l\u00eca s\u1ef1 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc, t\u00f9y theo s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c (h\u1ec7 s\u1ef1) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xa l\u00eca m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc di\u1ec7t l\u00fd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n n\u00f3i:”t\u00f9y h\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t”, t\u1ee9c t\u00f9y theo s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sai bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ly h\u1ec7 c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau. \u00d0\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y c\u00e1i th\u1ec3 sai kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Cho n\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i th\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/em><\/p>\n

–\u00a0Phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 vi\u00a0<\/em>(Apratisamkhy\u00e0): N\u1ebfu chu\u1ea9n theo l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 “phi tr\u1ea1ch l\u1ef1c s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc di\u1ec7t “(di\u1ec7t l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng do s\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch). T\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 vi ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd tr\u00ed l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch m\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc. Ph\u00e0m v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb v\u1ecb lai \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111i v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu. Kh\u00f4ng v\u1eadt n\u00e0o l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb v\u1ecb lai m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u1eadt v\u00ec b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu duy\u00ean, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf v\u1ecb lai, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sanh \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n thi\u1ebfu duy\u00ean th\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n \u1edf v\u1ecb lai, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng sanh kh\u1edfi. Kh\u00f4ng sanh kh\u1edfi t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 sanh kh\u1edfi m\u00e0 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t \u0111i. Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng sanh nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi “phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t”. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng sanh th\u00ec c\u0169ng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t. Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng sanh kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi c\u00f3 sanh c\u00f3 di\u1ec7t n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u1ee5ng n\u00f3i: “R\u1ed1t r\u00e1o l\u00e0m ng\u0103n ng\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd sanh, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t”.<\/p>\n

II. PH\u1ea6N BI\u1ec6T TH\u00cdCH<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau ph\u1ea7n t\u1ed5ng ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n bi\u1ec7t th\u00edch. Ph\u1ea7n bi\u1ec7t th\u00edch n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y ph\u1ea9m\u00a0Gi\u1edbi<\/strong>\u00a0l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m k\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

* TI\u1ebeT I: DANH V\u00c0 TH\u1ec2 C\u1ee6A PH\u00c1P H\u1eeeU VI<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi l\u1ea5y g\u00ec l\u00e0m th\u1ec3? V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb danh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? T\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

*Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u1ef1u ch\u01b0 h\u1eefu vi ph\u00e1p
\nV\u1ecb s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb3ng ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n
\nDi\u1ec7c th\u1ebf l\u1ed9, ng\u00f4n y
\nH\u1eefu ly, h\u1eefu s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb3ng. (VI)<\/p>\n

*D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi,
\nL\u00e0 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, g\u1ed3m s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n …
\nC\u0169ng c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ed9,
\nNg\u00f4n y, h\u1eefu ly, h\u1eefu s\u1ef1…<\/p>\n

Trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n n\u00e0y hai c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00eau th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi, hai c\u00e2u sau \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u00e1c d\u1ecb danh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n (Skandhapancakam) s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c. Trong 75 ph\u00e1p, n\u0103m u\u1ea9n bao h\u00e0m h\u1ebft 72 ph\u00e1p, tr\u1eeb ba v\u00f4 vi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0S\u1eafc u\u1ea9n\u00a0, 11 ph\u00e1p (5 c\u0103n, 5 c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc)
\n2.\u00a0Th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n\u00a0, 1 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng
\n3.\u00a0T\u01b0\u1edfng u\u1ea9n\u00a0, 1 ph\u00e1p trong 46 t\u00e2m s\u1edf.
\n4.\u00a0H\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n\u00a0, 58 ph\u00e1p (44 t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00e0 14 ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng h\u00e0nh).
\n5.\u00a0Th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n,\u00a01 ph\u00e1p, t\u1ee9c t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eef\u00a0vi\u00a0<\/em>(Krt\u00e0) trong\u00a0h\u1eefu vi\u00a0<\/em>(Samskrt\u00e0) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c. Ph\u00e1p do c\u00e1c duy\u00ean t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu vi. Nh\u01b0ng trong ba \u0111\u1eddi: qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, do c\u00e1c duy\u00ean t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f3, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu vi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh. C\u00f2n c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u1edf v\u1ecb lai ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c, sao c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu vi? V\u00cc nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p \u1edf v\u1ecb lai \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, n\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu vi. Nh\u01b0 g\u1ed7 b\u1ecb l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed1t th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ee7i, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng c\u1ecf c\u00e2y ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ee7i.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c d\u1ecb danh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

1.Th\u1ebf l\u1ed9 (Adhv\u00e0): Theo v\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/strong><\/p>\n

-Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 tam th\u1ebf, l\u1ed9 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi l\u00e0 c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a cho ba th\u1eddi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai \u0111i qua. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p danh t\u1eeb theo lu\u1eadt\u00a0Y ch\u1ee7 th\u00edch\u00a0<\/em>(Tat-purusa).<\/p>\n

Trong\u00a0C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn k\u00fd\u00a0<\/em>c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Ph\u1ed5 Quang c\u00f3 hai l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y, theo lu\u1eadt H\u00a0\u1eefu t\u00e0i th\u00edch\u00a0<\/em>v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt\u00a0Y ch\u1ee7 th\u00edch\u00a0<\/em>.\u00a0C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 Lu\u1eadn S\u1edb\u00a0<\/em>c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o th\u00ec theo lu\u1eadt y ch\u1ee7 th\u00edch.\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y d\u00f9ng lu\u1eadt Y\u00a0ch\u1ee7 th\u00edch\u00a0<\/em>c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Ph\u1ed5 Quang.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Th\u1ebf\u00a0<\/em>, ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t, l\u1ed9, l\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m cho lu\u1eadt v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u1eady, th\u1ebf t\u1ee9c l\u1ed9. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p danh theo lu\u1eadt\u00a0Tr\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p th\u00edch\u00a0<\/em>(Karma-dh\u00e0raya). C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn s\u1edb c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o theo Y\u00a0ch\u1ee7 th\u00edch\u00a0<\/em>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y theo c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a\u00a0C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn k\u00fd.<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Ng\u00f4n y (K\u00e0th\u00e0vastu) theo gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong v\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng:\u00a0ng\u00f4n\u00a0<\/em>l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh, ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 danh v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a. Theo \u0111\u00f3,\u00a0danh\u00a0<\/em>l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3,\u00a0ngh\u0129a\u00a0<\/em>l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m cho \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o. B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi danh v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh trong ba th\u1eddi gian, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0ng\u00f4n y.\u00a0<\/em>Nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i: T\u00f9ng, tr\u00fac, th\u00ec danh v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 sanh di\u1ec7t, bi\u1ebfn ho?i v\u00e0 c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh trong ba th\u1eddi gian, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu vi.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 danh \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 sanh di\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 danh. Nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i: Tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 vi, th\u00ec c\u00e1i danh x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi c\u00f3 sanh di\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng di\u1ec7t l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi nh\u01b0 danh x\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ba ch\u1eef\u00a0danh c\u00e2u ngh\u0129a<\/em>trong v\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch theo hai c\u00e1ch: -Danh v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a kia n\u00f3i l\u00ean b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef y c\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

– Ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 danh kia l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a trong ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1edbi danh.<\/p>\n

3. H\u1eefu ly (Sanihs\u00e0ra): Ly l\u00e0 v\u0129nh ly t\u1ee9c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u0129nh ly \u0111\u00f3, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u0169 ly. Nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00e0i.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a04. H\u1eefu s\u1ef1 (Savastu): S\u1ef1 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 sinh ra, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu s\u1ef1.<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i\u00a0\u0111\u1eb3ng\u00a0<\/em>, t\u1ee9c v\u00e2n v\u00e2n, v\u00ec ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7t danh kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0 h\u1eefu qu\u1ea3, v.v…<\/p>\n

* TI\u1ebeT 2: D\u1eca DANH C\u1ee6A H\u1eeeU L\u1eacU<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb h\u1eefu l\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, c\u00f2n d\u1ecb danh c\u1ee7a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? T\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

* Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u1eefu l\u1eadu danh th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n
\nDi\u1ec7c thuy\u1ebft vi h\u1eefu tr\u00e1nh.
\nC\u1eadp kh\u1ed5 t\u1eadp th\u1ebf gian,
\nKi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9, tam h\u1eefu \u0111\u1eb3ng. (VII)<\/p>\n

* D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u1eefu l\u1eadu c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu tr\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 t\u1eadp th\u1ebf gian, ki\u1ebfn x\u1ee9, tam h\u1eefu,v.v…<\/p>\n

* Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n (Up\u00e0d\u00e0na-skandha): Th\u1ee7 (Up\u00e0d\u00e0na), t\u1ee9c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, v\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng m\u00ea v\u1ecdng ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 trong ba c\u00f5i sanh t\u1eed. Th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n, theo v\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 ba c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: V\u00ec u\u1ea9n do ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 m\u00e0 sanh, v\u00ec h\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i th\u1ee7, v\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng sanh ra th\u1ee7, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n. <\/em><\/p>\n

H\u1eefu tr\u00e1nh (Sarag\u00e0): Tr\u00e1nh t\u1ee9c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o qu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n, g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu kh\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu tr\u00e1nh.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0Kh\u1ed5 t\u1eadp th\u1ebf gian (Dhukkam-samudaya-loka): Kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ea v\u1ecdng. T\u1eadp l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ea v\u1ecdng. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu. \u00d0\u00e3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi l\u1eadu thi\u00ean l\u01b0u d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5i qua b\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng: Sinh, tr\u1ee5, d\u1ecb, di\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00f4 l\u1eadu n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gian. <\/em><\/p>\n

Ki\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 (Drstisthana): l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a tri ki\u1ebfn. Ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 suy c\u1ea7u theo s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a \u00e1c tu\u1ec7 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn, bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m th\u1ee7.<\/em><\/p>\n

Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh v\u1ed1n do hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt t\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “n\u0103m u\u1ea9n h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p”. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e2n do ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh \u1ea5y, m\u00ea ch\u1ea5p cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3. \u00d0\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn\u00a0<\/em>. T\u1eeb th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn sinh ra thi\u00ean ch\u1ea5p cho r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau khi ch\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f2n m\u00e3i, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0bi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn.\u00a0<\/em>Do nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m m\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn\u00a0<\/em>. C\u0169ng do nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m m\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p r\u1eb1ng ba lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, l\u00e0 th\u1eadt, l\u00e0 h\u01a1n h\u1ebft, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee7 ki\u1ebfn.\u00a0<\/em>Do nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e2n cho l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u00e0 gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 cho l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0\u00a0gi\u1edbi th\u1ee7 ki\u1ebfn.<\/em><\/p>\n

Tam h\u1eefu (Bhava): d\u1ee5c h\u1eefu, s\u1eafc h\u1eefu v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc h\u1eefu. Ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ba c\u00f5i, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra ngo\u00e0i ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1eb3ng: V\u00e2n v\u00e2n, ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1c d\u1ecb danh kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu l\u1eadu, nh\u01b0 h\u1eefu nhi\u1ec5m,v.v…\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

* TI\u1ebeT 3: \u00d0O\u1ea0N 1: GI\u1ea2I TH\u00cdCH S\u1eaeC U\u1ea8N<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u0103m u\u1ea9n (s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd…) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec? T\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

* Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u1eafc gi\u1ea3 duy ng\u0169 c\u0103n
\nNg\u0169 c\u1ea3nh c\u1eadp v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u.\u00a0(VIII)<\/p>\n

* D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u1eafc g\u1ed3m n\u0103m c\u0103n, n\u0103m c\u1ea3nh, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u. V\u1ec1 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

T\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

* Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m v\u00f4 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb3ng
\nT\u00f9y l\u01b0u, t\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh.
\n\u00d0\u1ea1i ch\u00fang s\u1edf t\u1ea1o t\u00e1nh
\nDo th\u1eed thuy\u1ebft v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u.\u00a0(IX)<\/p>\n

* D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a:<\/em><\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m, v\u00f4 t\u00e2m,v.v…t\u00f9y l\u01b0u, t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 do \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y, c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u.\u00a0T\u00f9y l\u01b0u\u00a0<\/em>(anubandha) ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u.\u00a0T\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh\u00a0<\/em>ch\u1ec9 t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u. C\u00e2u th\u1ee9 ba n\u00f3i c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. C\u00e2u th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u k\u1ebft, g\u1ecdi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i trong s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 n\u0103m c\u0103n hay n\u0103m c\u1ea3nh. Tuy x\u01b0a nay, \u00d0\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t. \u00d0\u00e2y n\u00f3i kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n sau:<\/p>\n

V\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc: (Avijnatirupa) l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u1ea5y, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u00fac ch\u00fang ta c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, n\u00f3i n\u0103ng, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n hay \u00e1c, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebd kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7n hay \u00e1c. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc hay bi\u1ec3u nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n hay \u00e1c \u1ea5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1ea5y. Do l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng trong t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc. Th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c vi, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 do \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi. V\u00ec t\u00f9y theo th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ra n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o l\u1ebd v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc l\u00e0 s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c theo t\u00e2m, th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc \u1ea5y n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3. V\u00ec n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc.<\/em><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 lu\u1eadt nghi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadt nghi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u, phi lu\u1eadt nghi phi b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadt nghi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

1. Lu\u1eadt nghi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u: T\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, g\u1ed3m ba lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0Bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t lu\u1eadt nghi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u:\u00a0Do xa l\u00e1nh t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i n\u01a1i th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang t\u1eebng gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Ph\u1eadt nh\u1edd th\u1ecd tr\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tr\u1eadt gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt: 5 gi\u1edbi, 10 gi\u1edbi, 250 gi\u1edbi, 348 gi\u1edbi…m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u.b.\u00a0T\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt nghi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u\u00a0: T\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh, khi nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean xa l\u00eca \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i n\u01a1i th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

c.\u00a0V\u00f4 l\u1eadu lu\u1eadt nghi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u:\u00a0Khi ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m v\u00f4 l\u1eadu, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean xa l\u00eca \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u<\/p>\n

Hai lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u sau t\u1ee9c lo\u1ea1i b v\u00e0 c c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u t\u00f9y t\u00e2m chuy\u1ec3n.\u00a0<\/em>Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y t\u00e2m chuy\u1ec3n.<\/em><\/p>\n

2. B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadt nghi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u: Do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4 \u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u, n\u00ean ph\u00e1t sinh th\u1ec3 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u thu\u1ed9c \u00e1c t\u00e1nh.<\/strong><\/p>\n

3. Phi lu\u1eadt nghi phi b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadt nghi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u: \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ecdai v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec7n hay \u00e1c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt nghi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u hay b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadt nghi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u.<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1ee5ng n\u00f3i,\u00a0lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m v\u00f4 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb3ng\u00a0<\/em>l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u. Ch\u1eef\u00a0\u0111\u1eb3ng\u00a0<\/em>(v\u00e2n v\u00e2n) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0: “lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb3ng, v\u00f4 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb3ng” v\u00ec trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m v\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb3ng (Viksipt\u00e0pi): T\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c, v\u00f4 k\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00e1c, h\u1ec5 c\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m, c\u00f2n c\u00e1i n\u00e0o b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m (iksipta). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u thi\u1ec7n th\u00ec g\u1ecdi \u00e1c t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd t\u00e2m l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m; c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u \u00e1c th\u00ec g\u1ecdi thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd t\u00e2m l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m, g\u1ecdi \u00e1c t\u00e2m l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0Xem bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00a0<\/caption>\n
V\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u<\/td>\nThi\u1ec7n<\/td>\n\u00e1c t\u00e2m<\/td>\nlo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
v\u00f4 k\u00fd t\u00e2m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m<\/td>\nb\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00c1c<\/td>\nthi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m<\/td>\nlo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
v\u00f4 k\u00fd t\u00e2m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m<\/td>\nb\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

V\u00f4 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb3ng (Acittapi): V\u00f4 t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 cho v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh. Khi nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y, t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00e2m. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00e2m.<\/em><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb:\u00a0lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m, b\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m, v\u00f4 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00e2m,\u00a0<\/em>n\u00ean n\u00f3i\u00a0lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m v\u00f4 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb3ng\u00a0<\/em>. Nh\u01b0ng lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m, b\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00e2m, th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u1ea7n g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u00eam h\u1eefu t\u00e2m? Lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra; h\u1eefu t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00e2m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u1ea1i sao trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau b\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m v\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00e2m? B\u1edfi v\u00ec thi\u1ec7n v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m v\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00e2m, c\u00f2n \u00e1c v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i \u00e1c t\u00e2m v\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00e2m. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u1ea1. Nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i t\u00e1nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00e2m; \u00e1c v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 \u00e1c t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00e2m. \u00d0\u00e2y m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t. \u00d0\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00eau l\u00ean\u00a0lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m.\u00a0<\/em>..<\/p>\n

T\u00f9y l\u01b0u (Anubandha): T\u00f9y: t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn; l\u01b0u: l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c. Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc \u1edf n\u01a1i b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb: lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m, b\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m, h\u1eefu t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00e2m; n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3, l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c. Tuy v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1ng, bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t lu\u1eadt nghi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb, c\u00f2n t\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt nghi v\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu lu\u1eadt nghi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh n\u01a1i m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb h\u1eefu t\u00e2m m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadt nghi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u1edf hai v\u1ecb lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m, v\u00ec ch\u00fang d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 c\u00f3 sai kh\u00e1c.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1ecbnh – B\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh (Subh\u00e0subha): Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u, th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai t\u00ednh: thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh v\u00f4 k\u00fd. V\u00ec thi\u1ec7n n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh (Subha), v\u00e0 v\u00ec \u00e1c n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh (Asubha).\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00d0\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng s\u1edf t\u1ea1o t\u00e1nh: \u00d0\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i: \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p tuy th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 v\u00e0 l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng do b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc n\u00e0y t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n n\u01a1i b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb, l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t do b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i ch?ng t\u1ea1o. V\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nhau, n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00eau ra nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0Do th\u1eed thuy\u1ebft v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp danh t\u1eeb v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u. Ch\u1eef “thuy\u1ebft” l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa, c\u00f2n \u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c, theo \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft .<\/em><\/p>\n

Th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng. V\u1eady b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? T\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

* Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng v\u1ecb t\u1ee9 gi\u1edbi,
\nT\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba, th\u1ee7y, h\u1ecfa, phong (t\u00ean).
\nN\u0103ng th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec \u0111\u1eb3ng nghi\u1ec7p (d\u1ee5ng),
\nKi\u00ean, th\u1ea5p, no\u00e3n, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1nh (th\u1ec3) .\u00a0(X)<\/p>\n

* D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n gi\u1edbi: \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3; c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p tr\u00ec, nhi\u1ebfp, th\u1ef1c, tr\u01b0\u1edfng. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng, \u1ea9m, n\u00f3ng, \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ba ngh\u0129a:<\/p>\n

1. Th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i: B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c s\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng v\u1eadt n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng do ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh, n\u00ean th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t bao qu\u00e1t.<\/strong><\/p>\n

2. T\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1i: \u00d0\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, n\u00fai cao l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i t\u0103ng th\u1ea1nh; s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i, bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea1i t\u0103ng th\u1ea1nh; gi\u00f3 to, b\u1ea3o l\u1ed1c l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng phong \u0111\u1ea1i t\u0103ng th\u1ea1nh; l\u00f2 l\u1eeda ph\u1eebng ph\u1eebng l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ea1i t\u0103ng th\u1ea1nh. B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u0103ng th\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a03. D\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea1i: \u00d0\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1, duy tri\u00ec m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt; th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ea5m d\u00ednh, l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e8; h\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u1ea5u ch\u00edn, \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y c\u00e2y c\u1ecf; phong \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u1eb7c qu\u1eadt ng\u00e3 c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0Ch\u1ee7ng: B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p do ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra (ph\u00e1p s\u1edf t\u1ea1o). Nh\u01b0 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e2y c\u1ecf, tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sanh m\u1ea7m nh\u00e1nh m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0\u0111<\/strong>\u1ea1i. Nay \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3, t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0Gi\u1edbi: Tr\u00ec gi\u1eef. B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1eef g\u00ecn t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1edf t\u1ea1o s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n gi\u1edbi.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

* TI\u1ebeT 3: \u00d0O\u1ea0N 2: GI\u1ea2I TH\u00cdCH TH\u1ecc, T\u01af\u1edeNG, H\u00c0NH U\u1ea8N:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong 5 u\u1ea9n, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n, c\u00f2n ba u\u1ea9n th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? T\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

*\u00a0Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u1ecd l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p t\u00f9y x\u00fac.
\nT\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi th\u1ec3.
\nT\u1ee9 d\u01b0 danh h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n.
\nNh\u01b0 th\u1ecb th\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb3ng tam,
\nC\u1eadp v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u v\u00f4 vi,
\nDanh ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi .\u00a0(XI)<\/p>\n

* D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u1ecd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p t\u00f9y theo x\u00fac. T\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m th\u1ec3. Ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n ra l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n. Th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u v\u00f4 vi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng r\u01b0\u1ee1i n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh; v\u00e0 c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y trong m\u01b0\u1eddi hai x\u1ee9, ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9; v\u00e0 trong m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ecd l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p t\u00f9y x\u00fac: Th\u1ecd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p t\u00f9y theo x\u00fac. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n. C\u00f3 hai gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch.<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Th\u1ecd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p t\u00f9y theo c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a x\u00fac.
\n2. Th\u1ecd l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p t\u00f9y theo x\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 10 n\u00f3i: “V\u00ec sao n\u00f3i x\u00fac l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p b\u1edfi th\u1ecd?. V\u00ec y c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecd r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi x\u00fac, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ecd y c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i x\u00fac m\u00e0 sanh v\u1eady\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>“.\u00a0Ch\u00e1nh L\u00fd Lu\u1eadn 20<\/strong>\u00a0n\u00f3i, “T\u00f9y x\u00fac m\u00e0 sanh, l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i x\u00fac \u0111\u00e1ng \u01b0a, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ecd”. C\u0169ng Ch\u00e1nh L\u00fd Lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 2 n\u00f3i, “L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c th\u1ecd t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 hai th\u1ee9: ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 th\u1ecd v\u00e0 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh th\u1ecd. Ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 th\u1ecd l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p c\u1ea3nh s\u1edf duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u1ed7i t\u00e2m t\u00e2m s\u1edf. T\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh th\u1ecd l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p c\u00e1c x\u00fac m\u00e0 ch\u00fang n\u00f3 \u0111i theo. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u00e1i s\u1edf duy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u00e3nh b\u1edfi th\u1ecd, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a x\u00fac, t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng sai bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn, tuy th\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Cho n\u00ean, l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p x\u00fac l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh th\u1ecd. T\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh th\u1ecd n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t \u1ea5y d\u1ec5 bi\u1ebft. Hi\u1ec3n T\u00f4ng Lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng n\u00f3i “Th\u1ecd l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p t\u00f9y x\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u00ec th\u1ecd l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 g\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a x\u00fac v\u1eady”. Ch\u1eef “t\u00f9y x\u00fac” theo lu\u1eadt bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch danh t\u1eeb, ch\u1ec9 cho \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, v\u00ec th\u1ecd l\u00e0 t\u00e1c duy\u00ean t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn v\u1eady. Th\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn x\u00fac, l\u1ea5y x\u00fac l\u00e0m nh\u01a1n n\u00ean n\u00f3i “th\u1ecd l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p t\u00f9y x\u00fac”, s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p t\u00f9y x\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ecd.<\/em><\/p>\n

D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u00ean, c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, theo c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u t\u00e2m s\u1edf. T\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u00e0y, qu\u1ea3 th\u1ecd (th\u1ecd nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3) nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn n\u01a1i x\u00fac c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang n\u00f3. Theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, th\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m ba lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

1. Kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd: L\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p c\u00e1i x\u00fac kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng v\u1eeba \u00fd.
\n2. L\u1ea1c th\u1ecd: L\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p c\u00e1i x\u00fac v\u1eeba \u00fd.
\n3. B\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd: L\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p x\u00fac trung dung.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n v\u00ec s\u00e1u c\u0103n l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u1ecd, n\u00ean theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 khai tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh s\u00e1u th\u1ecd:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\u00a0<\/caption>\n
1. Th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sinh b\u1edfi nh\u00e3n x\u00fac
\n2. Th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sinh b\u1edfi nh\u0129 x\u00fac
\n3. Th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sinh b\u1edfi t\u1ef7 x\u00fac
\n4. Th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sinh b\u1edfi thi\u1ec7t x\u00fac
\n5. Th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sinh b\u1edfi th\u00e2n x\u00fac<\/td>\n		thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n th\u1ecd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6. Th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sinh b\u1edfi \u00fd x\u00fac<\/td>\nthu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m th\u1ecd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

T\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi th\u1ec3: \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u01b0\u1edfng u\u1ea9n. T\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u t\u00e2m s\u1edf. T\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3nh duy\u00ean sai bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 kh\u1ed5, vui, th\u01b0\u01a1ng, gh\u00e9t, nam, n\u1eef… l\u00e0m th\u1ec3 t\u00e1nh. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u0103n t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 6 lo\u1ea1i: T\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb nh\u00e3n, nh\u0129, t\u1ef7, thi\u1ec7t, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u00fd.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1ee9 d\u01b0 danh h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n: Ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n ra c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, tr\u1eeb s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd,\u00fc t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n ra, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n \u1ea5y l\u00e0, trong 46 t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u00e1p, tr\u1eeb th\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ra, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 44 ph\u00e1p, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi 14 ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng h\u00e0nh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh 58 ph\u00e1p. 58 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c, l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 58 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f2n c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng qua \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00ec so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c, 58 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n, n\u00ean d\u00f9ng t\u00ean h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n \u0111\u1eb7c cho ch\u00fang.<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00e2y, ba c\u00e2u t\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb ”\u00a0Nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb th\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb3ng tam”\u00a0<\/em>tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ba u\u1ea9n th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc trong s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi, trong m\u01b0\u1eddi hai x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi. S\u1edf d\u0129 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p, v\u00ec th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u, v\u00f4 vi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec7 l\u1ee5c \u00fd th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

* TI\u1ebeT 3 – \u00d0O\u1ea0N 3: GI\u1ea2I TH\u00cdCH T\u01af\u1edeNG U\u1ea8N<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1ed1n trong n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, c\u00f2n u\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 n\u0103m l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n th\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? T\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

* Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9c v\u1ecb c\u00e1c li\u1ec5u bi\u1ec7t.
\nTh\u1eed t\u1ee9c danh \u00fd x\u1ee9,
\nC\u1eadp th\u1ea5t gi\u1edbi \u01b0ng tri.
\nL\u1ee5c th\u1ee9c chuy\u1ec3n vi \u00fd.\u00a0(XII)<\/p>\n

* D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

”\u00a0Th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u1ec5u bi\u1ec7t theo t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang. Th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd x\u1ee9, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3y t\u00e2m gi\u1edbi. N\u00ean bi\u1ebft \u00fd c\u0103n l\u00e0 do s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh\u00a0<\/em>“.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u00fd x\u1ee9 trong m\u01b0\u1eddi hai x\u1ee9 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3y t\u00e2m gi\u1edbi trong m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi. Trong m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi, \u00fd c\u0103n gi\u1edbi do \u1edf s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n di\u1ec7t chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh ra. Th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00fd c\u00f3 ba s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau: 1. Do th\u1eddi gian, th\u1ee9c sinh trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i tr\u00f4i v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 l\u00e0 \u00fd. 2. Do n\u0103ng s\u1edf y, l\u1ee5c th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, \u00fd l\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a. 3. Do n\u0103ng s\u1edf sinh, t\u1eeb \u00fd sinh l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c, sinh ra th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng trong 75 ph\u00e1p, g\u1ed3m s\u00e1u th\u1ee9 l\u00e0: nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c, nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c, t\u1ef7 th\u1ee9c, thi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9c, th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1u t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, tuy m\u1ed7i c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3nh s\u1edf duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u sinh ra t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

– T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t theo s\u1ef1 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

– K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t theo s\u1ef1 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 suy \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

– T\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec1t th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng hai lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 do t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c khi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean th\u1ebf th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Trong ba lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, n\u0103m th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1eeb nh\u00e3n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. \u00d0\u1ec7 l\u1ee5c \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u00ec ngo\u00e0i t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u1eefa. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 suy ra, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u0103m th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. V\u00e0 trong c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn h\u1eefu ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng suy l\u01b0\u1eddng, so s\u00e1nh… Kh\u00e1c th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec7 l\u1ee5c \u00fd th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 ba th\u1eddi (qu\u00e1, hi\u1ec7n, v\u1ecb), v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh hay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, b\u00ean trong hay b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3nh s\u1edf duy\u00ean, s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y sinh ra t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, so v\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u00e1c nhau th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Theo\u00a0Quang k\u00fd\u00a0<\/em>1<\/strong>, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n thuy\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

1. T\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 duy\u00ean t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0\u1edbng, T\u00e2m s\u1edf ch\u1ec9 duy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u1edbng.
\n2. T\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u1edbng, T\u00e2m s\u1edf ch\u1ec9 duy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u1edbng.
\n3. T\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 duy\u00ean t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0\u1edbng, T\u00e2m s\u1edf duy\u00ean c\u1ea3 t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1eabn bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u1edbng.
\n4. T\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh, c\u00f2n duy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, thuy\u1ebft th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 \u00d0\u1ea1i, Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. T\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u00e2m ch\u1ee7 quan duy\u00ean c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1ch quan. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1i n\u00e0o duy\u00ean t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi m\u1eaft ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u00e0u, duy\u00ean l\u1ea5y to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 duy\u00ean l\u1ea5y m\u00e0u \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u1edf n\u01a1i m\u00e0u \u1ea5y, c\u00f2n duy\u00ean l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edbng sai bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0 xanh, v\u00e0ng, xanh \u0111\u1eadm, xanh l\u1ea1t v.v… n\u1ebfu th\u00edch \u00fd th\u00ec sanh mong c\u1ea7u, kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u00fd th\u00ec sanh nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n, ch\u1ec9 s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c: nh\u00e3n, nh\u0129, t\u1ef7, thi\u1ec7t, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c. Ngo\u00e0i s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u00fd c\u0103n gi\u1edbi. V\u1eady, x\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, ph\u00e1p g\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd gi\u1edbi? T\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

* Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Do t\u1ee9c l\u1ee5c th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n,
\nV\u00f4 gi\u00e1n di\u1ec7t vi \u00fd.\u00a0(XIII)<\/p>\n

* D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a:<\/em><\/p>\n

Do ch\u00ednh s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n di\u1ec7t l\u00e0m \u00fd. Ch\u1eef ”\u00a0th\u00e2n”\u00a0<\/em>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ”\u00a0th\u1ec3”\u00a0<\/em>, t\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c. V\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng cho th\u1ee9c sau ph\u00e1t sinh, gi\u1eefa s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n c\u00e1ch, g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd c\u0103n gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, m\u01b0\u1eddi hai x\u1ee9, m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00fang dung nhi\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Nay \u0111\u00e2y, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 n\u0103m v\u1ecb v\u00e0 75 ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 sau:<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed2 BI\u1ec2U \u00d0\u1ed0I CHI\u1ebeU 5 V\u1eca \/ 75 PH\u00c1P<\/p>\n

* 11 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p: s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n
\n* 1 t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p: th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n
\n* 46 t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u00e1p: th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng u\u1ea9n
\n* 14 b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng h\u00e0nh: h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n
\n* 3 v\u00f4 vi ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

* TI\u1ebeT 3: \u00d0O\u1ea0N 4: T\u1ed4NG NHI\u1ebeP<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, c\u1ea3 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, m\u01b0\u1eddi hai x\u1ee9, m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 t\u1ed5ng nhi\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. V\u1eady s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng nhi\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? T\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

* Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng nhi\u1ebfp nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf ph\u00e1p,
\nDo nh\u1ea5t u\u1ea9n, x\u1ee9, gi\u1edbi.
\nNhi\u1ebfp t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh phi d\u01b0,
\nD\u0129 ly tha t\u00e1nh c\u1ed1.\u00a0(XIV)<\/p>\n

* D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a:<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng nhi\u1ebfp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, do m\u1ed9t u\u1ea9n, m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9, m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi. Ch\u1ec9 nhi\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f9ng t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t th\u00ec t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau.<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n tr\u00ean, hai c\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng dung nhi\u1ebfp; hai c\u00e2u sau n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 dung nhi\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng nhi\u1ebfp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p (hai c\u00e2u t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n trong n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, \u00fd x\u1ee9 trong m\u01b0\u1eddi hai x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi trong m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi. V\u00ec sao v\u1eady? M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu g\u1ecdn trong 5 v\u1ecb v\u00e0 75 ph\u00e1p. Trong \u0111\u00f3, s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n t\u1ed5ng nhi\u1ebfp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, \u00fd x\u1ee9 t\u1ed5ng nhi\u1ebfp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng nhi\u1ebfp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf, b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi ph\u00e1p. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong ba khoa: u\u1ea9n, x\u1ee9, gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00eau l\u00ean s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n, \u00fd x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec sao nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? V\u00ec m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1eafc, \u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i tr\u00ean ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 1 u\u1ea9n, 1 x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 1 gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00eau ra. B\u1edfi trong 5 v\u1ecb, s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 11 th\u1ee9: 5 c\u0103n, 5 c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n. C\u00f2n nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc x\u1ee9 hay s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, tuy c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1eb9p, ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 nhi\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o trong s\u1eafc c\u1ea3nh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng nhi\u1ebfp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p. K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn, \u00fd x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e2u nhi\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n, n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00eau \u00fd x\u1ee9 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi th\u00ec c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u01b0 nhau, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u bao tr\u00f9m c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf, b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n u\u1ea9n, x\u1ee9, gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng nhi\u1ebfp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p, n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 n\u00eau ra\u00a0ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/em>m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau\u00a0ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9\u00a0<\/em>d\u00f9 ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9 c\u0169ng t\u1ed5ng nhi\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng dung nhi\u1ebfp (hai c\u00e2u t\u1ee5ng sau) theo H\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ed9, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng dung nhi\u1ebfp. Song \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 dung nhi\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, c\u00f2n d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t nhau th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 dung nhi\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1eafc u\u1ea9n, nh\u00e3n gi\u1edbi, nh\u00e3n x\u1ee9 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u1ea3 ba \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 dung nhi\u1ebfp nhau; c\u00f2n s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m hay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, v\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t nhau n\u00ean t\u00e1ch xa nhau, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 dung nhi\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00ean t\u1ee5ng v\u0103n n\u00f3i, ”\u00a0D\u0129 ly tha t\u00e1nh c\u1ed1<\/strong>\u00a0”\u00a0<\/em>l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

GI\u1ea2I TH\u00cdCH DANH T\u1eea BA KHOA: U\u1ea8N, X\u1ee8, GI\u1edaI<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 u\u1ea9n, x\u1ee9, gi\u1edbi? T\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

* Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1ee5, sanh m\u00f4n, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c,
\nTh\u1ecb u\u1ea9n, x\u1ee9, gi\u1edbi ngh\u0129a. (XV)<\/p>\n

* D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1ee5, sanh m\u00f4n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c,
\n\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a u\u1ea9n, x\u1ee9, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

* Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1ee5: T\u00edch t\u1ee5, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a u\u1ea9n. V\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i sai bi\u1ec7t, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, ho\u1eb7c v\u1ecb lai, ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c trong ngo\u00e0i th\u00e2n, th\u00f4 t\u1ebf, th\u1eafng li\u1ec7t, xa g\u1ea7n v.v…ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i tuy sai bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n. Th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i danh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i th\u1ec3. V\u00ec th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong ba th\u1eddi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai, ch\u1ee9 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00edch t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p trong ba th\u1eddi v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i, cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Sanh m\u00f4n: T\u1ee9c c\u0103n c\u1ee9, c\u01b0\u1ea3 ng\u00f5 sanh kh\u1edfi, l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9. Sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sanh tr\u01b0\u1edfng? V\u00ec 12 x\u1ee9, 6 c\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh, l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t sinh t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sanh kh\u1edfi. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3 th\u00ec h\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu trong ba th\u1eddi n\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i sanh kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 sanh kh\u1edfi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i sanh kh\u1edfi b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c: L\u00e0 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Gi\u1edbi. T\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1eddi t\u00e1m th\u1ee9 (s\u00e1u c\u0103n, s\u00e1u c\u1ea3nh, s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c) ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nhau n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi. Hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p.<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u00edch t\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i sai kh\u00e1c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 u\u1ea9n; c\u0103n, c\u1ea3nh, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ph\u00e1t sinh t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u1ee9; t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p sai bi\u1ec7t n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Ba khoa u\u1ea9n, x\u1ee9, gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y theo T\u00e1t-b\u00e0-\u0111a b\u1ed9 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0\u00a0th\u1eadt h\u1eefu.\u00a0<\/em>Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 n\u00f3i\u00a0u\u1ea9n, x\u1ee9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3, gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi l\u00e0 th\u1eadt.\u00a0<\/em>Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3 hai thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean. N\u0103m u\u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 trong ngo\u00e0i, th\u00f4 t\u1ebf, th\u1eafng li\u1ec7t, xa g\u1ea7n v.v…trong ba th\u1eddi, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3. C\u00f2n m\u01b0\u1eddi hai x\u1ee9, m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi d\u00f9 l\u00e0 s\u1edf duy\u00ean hay n\u0103ng duy\u00ean, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1eadt th\u1ec3, th\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng n\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eadt. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng:\u00a0U\u1ea9n gi\u1ea3, x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi th\u1eadt.<\/em><\/p>\n

NH\u00c2N DUY\u00caN THUY\u1ebeT GI\u00c1O<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00ec l\u00fd do g\u00ec m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ee7 ba khoa u\u1ea9n, x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y? T\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

* Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ngu, c\u0103n, l\u1ea1c tam c\u1ed1,
\nThuy\u1ebft u\u1ea9n x\u1ee9 gi\u1edbi tam.\u00a0(XVI)<\/p>\n

* D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00ec ngu si, v\u00ec c\u0103n t\u00e1nh v\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u01b0a th\u00edch, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ba h\u1ea1ng, n\u00ean Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n n\u00f3i ba khoa: u\u1ea9n, x\u1ee9, gi\u1edbi.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ngu: T\u1ee9c \u00e1m mu\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh s\u1edf duy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh. C\u00f3 3 lo\u1ea1i ngu si:\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Ngu ch\u1ea5p t\u00e2m s\u1edf l\u00e0 th\u1eadt ng\u00e3: \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, n\u00ean Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n n\u00f3i ph\u00e1p n\u0103m u\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 tr\u1eeb. V\u00ec trong n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, s\u1eafc v\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed7i th\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t u\u1ea9n, c\u00f2n t\u00e2m s\u1edf c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn ba u\u1ea9n. V\u1eady n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng th\u1eed xem n\u00f3 c\u00f3 chi l\u00e0 th\u1eadt ng\u00e3?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a02. Ngu ch\u1ea5p s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 th\u1eadt ng\u00e3: \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, n\u00ean Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n n\u00f3i m\u01b0\u1eddi hai x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 tr\u1eeb. V\u00ec trong m\u01b0\u1eddi hai x\u1ee9, tr\u1eeb \u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 kia \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng xem th\u1eed n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 th\u1eadt ng\u00e3?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a03. Ngu ch\u1ea5p s\u1eafc t\u00e2m l\u00e0m th\u1eadt ng\u00e3: H\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1eafc l\u1eabn t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, n\u00ean Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n n\u00f3i m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 tr\u1eeb. V\u00ec trong m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi (n\u0103m c\u0103n, n\u0103m c\u1ea3nh) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi, t\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p; c\u00f2n b\u1ea3y gi\u1edbi kia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hai ngh\u0129a s\u1eafc, t\u00e2m, Ng\u00e0i h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng thuy\u1ebft ra m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi khi\u1ebfn qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1eadt ng\u00e3 ch\u0103ng?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u0103n: l\u00e0 c\u0103n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng chia l\u00e0m ba:<\/em><\/p>\n

1. L\u1ee3i c\u0103n : l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0103n t\u00e1nh r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng minh tho\u00e1ng nghe \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u n\u00ean Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng n\u0103m u\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

2. Trung c\u0103n : h\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y k\u00e9m th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n h\u1ea1ng l\u1ee3i c\u0103n, n\u00ean Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng 12 x\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

3. \u00d0\u1ed9n\u00a0:\u00a0c\u0103n h\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y c\u0103n t\u00e1nh t\u1ed1i t\u0103m, ch\u1eadm l\u1ee5t c\u1ea7n nghe nhi\u1ec1u m\u1edbi l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00ean Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng 18 gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1c: l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ba h\u1ea1ng:<\/em><\/p>\n

1. H\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0a nghe n\u00f3i l\u01b0\u1ee3c : \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i ph\u00e1p n\u0103m u\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

2. H\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0a nghe n\u00f3i v\u1eeba : \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i ph\u00e1p 12 x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

3. H\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0a nghe n\u00f3i r\u1ed9ng\u00a0:\u00a0\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i ph\u00e1p 18 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb l\u01b0\u01a1ng y t\u00f9y b\u1ec7nh cho thu\u1ed1c, Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u0103n c\u01a1 sai kh\u00e1c t\u1eebng h\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sanh, \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch. Do \u0111\u00f3 Ng\u00e0i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3i c\u00f3 ba khoa.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed2 BI\u1ec2U N\u00d3I BA KHOA & C\u00c1C H\u1ea0NG NG\u01af\u1edcI<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00a0<\/caption>\n
Ba khoa<\/td>\nNGU<\/td>\nC\u0102N<\/td>\nL\u1ea0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
U\u1ea8N<\/td>\nT\u00e2m s\u1edf<\/td>\nL\u1ee3i<\/td>\nTh\u00edch g\u1ecdn<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
X\u1ee8<\/td>\nS\u1eafc ph\u00e1p<\/td>\nTrung<\/td>\nTh\u00edch v\u1eeba<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GI\u1edaI<\/td>\nS\u1eafc v\u00e0 t\u00e2m<\/td>\n\u00d0\u1ed9n<\/td>\nTh\u00edch r\u1ed9ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

L\u1eacP V\u00c0 PH\u1ebe C\u00c1C U\u1ea8N.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u t\u00e2m s\u1edf, t\u1ea1i sao trong h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n g\u1ed3m 44 m\u00f3n m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i t\u00e1ch hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eadp ri\u00eang th\u00e0nh hai u\u1ea9n? T\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

* Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Tr\u00e1nh c\u0103n, sanh t\u1eed nh\u00e2n.
\nC\u1eadp th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ed1,
\n\u01af ch\u01b0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u00e1p,
\nTh\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng bi\u1ec7t vi u\u1ea9n. (XVII)<\/p>\n

* D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

”\u00a0V\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh c\u0103n, c\u1ee7a sanh t\u1eed, v\u00e0 v\u00ec nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, cho n\u00ean t\u1eeb n\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf, l\u1eadp ri\u00eang th\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh hai u\u1ea9n”\u00a0<\/em>.<\/p>\n

* Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00fd do l\u1eadp ri\u00eang hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh hai u\u1ea9n, c\u00f3 ba l\u00fd do:<\/p>\n

1. V\u00ec l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e1nh: T\u00e1nh t\u1ee9c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. C\u0103n l\u00e0 c\u1ed9i r\u1ec5. V\u00ec th\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 c\u1ed9i r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o m\u00ea l\u1ea7m, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e1nh c\u0103n. C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh ng\u0169 d\u1ee5c th\u01b0?ng sanh l\u00e0m tham \u0111\u1eafm (\u00e1i).
\nb. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f3ng kh\u1edfi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecdng ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc (ki\u1ebfn).<\/p>\n

Hai s\u1ef1 \u00e1i v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean do \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 c\u00f3? Do c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u1ecd th\u1ecd l\u00e3nh c\u1ea3nh ng\u0169 d\u1ee5c n\u00ean sanh tham \u00e1i. Do t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00f3ng kh\u1edfi nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00ean ph\u00e1t sanh v\u1ecdng ki\u1ebfn. V\u1eady ch\u00ednh th\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu sanh ra c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00ean t\u1eeb trong 46 t\u00e2m s\u1edf, t\u00e1ch th\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ri\u00eang l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh hai u\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

2. V\u00ec nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a sanh t\u1eed: Sanh t\u1eed l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ea l\u1ea7m. C\u00e1i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn k?t qu\u1ea3 m\u00ea l\u1ea7m \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. Ch\u00fang sanh ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm v\u00e0 l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n trong sanh t\u1eed do v\u00e0 tham \u00e1i \u0111\u1eafm say h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 do v\u00ec m\u00f3ng kh\u1edfi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a tho v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00ean ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ri\u00eang l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh hai u\u1ea9n.<\/strong><\/p>\n

3. Do nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1: V\u00ec c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u00f4, nhi\u1ec5m, kh\u00ed v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi bi\u1ec7t n\u00ean l\u1eadp ri\u00eang th\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh hai u\u1ea9n, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n: s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c.<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao n\u0103m u\u1ea9n ch\u1ec9 th\u00e2u t\u00f3m c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi? T\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

* Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

U\u1ea9n b\u1ea5t nhi\u1ebfp v\u00f4 vi
\nNgh\u0129a b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng c\u1ed1. (XVIII)<\/p>\n

* D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

U\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi,
\nV\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng.<\/p>\n

* Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ngh\u0129a bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn ng\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng li\u1ec5u bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng,… cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o n\u0103m u\u1ea9n. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o n\u0103m u\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

V\u1eady, sao kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp th\u00eam u\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2u nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00fang? Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, u\u1ea9n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00edch t\u1ee5. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1, ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, ho\u1eb7c trong, ho\u1eb7c ngo\u00e0i…, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 lo\u1ea1i sai kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2u t\u00f3m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m, v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 n\u0103m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n. C\u00f2n c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u1ecb lai… kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i sai kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a t\u00edch t\u1ee5, th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao m\u00e0 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/p>\n

TH\u1ee8 L\u1edaP DANH T\u1eea N\u0102M U\u1ea8N<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? T\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

* Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00f9y th\u00f4, nhi\u1ec5m, kh\u00ed \u0111\u1eb3ng,
\nGi\u1edbi bi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec7 l\u1eadp.\u00a0(XIX)<\/p>\n

* D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00f9y theo t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u00f4, nhi\u1ec5m, v\u1eadt kh\u00ed v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n

* Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp n\u0103m u\u1ea9n. C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp:<\/p>\n

1. Th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp t\u00f9y th\u00f4: T\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4 sau t\u1ebf, s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n c\u00f3 ng\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i, so v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n sau \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, n\u00ean s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n th\u00f4 h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft. Trong b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n k\u1ebf, th\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea1c…\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea1c, h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00f4 h\u01a1n ba u\u1ea9n sau, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec. Trong ba u\u1ea9n sau, t\u01b0\u1edfng u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng sai bi\u1ec7t nam n\u1eef, v.v… so v\u1edbi hai u\u1ea9n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft h\u01a1n, n\u00ean x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 ba. Trong hai u\u1ea9n cu\u1ed1i, h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o tham s\u00e2n… so v\u1edbi th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, n\u00ean x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0. C\u00f3n th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00f3m th\u00e2u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1edbng, h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi t\u1ebf, kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, n\u00ean x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng sau c\u00f9ng.<\/strong><\/p>\n

2. Th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp t\u00f9y nhi\u1ec5m: Nhi\u1ec5m t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp sanh kh\u1edfi nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra n\u0103m u\u1ea9n. T\u1eeb v\u00f4 th\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, k\u1ebb nam ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eabn nhau \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c hi\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc, nh\u01b0 nhan s\u1eafc, dung m\u1ea1o. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh \u00e1i, l\u1ea1c, do \u00e1i l\u1ea1c m\u00e0 mong c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd s\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ecd \u1ea5y l\u00e0 do \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o m\u00e0 sanh ra. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ea1i sanh kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb nghi\u1ec7p phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (nghi\u1ec7p phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n), v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m ch\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp t\u1eeb s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a03. Th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp t\u00f9y kh\u00ed: \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp theo v\u1eadt kh\u00ed. L\u1ea5y v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u00f3n \u0103n, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n, gia v\u1ecb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00ed d\u1ee5. Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3i kh\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u00f3n \u0103n, k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n nh\u01b0 g\u1ea1o, b\u00fan… ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 gai v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1i, d\u1ea5m,… r\u1ed3i sau m\u1edbi giao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng mang ra \u0111\u00e3i kh\u00e1ch. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Nay \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1eed \u0111em s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a n\u0103m v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean xem th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. S\u1eafc u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 ch\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecd, so v\u1edbi v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u00f3n \u0103n, l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n, gi\u1ed1ng nhau. C\u00f2n l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd trong th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n hay l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd hay l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n hay l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong t\u01b0\u1edfng u\u1ea9n, n\u1ebfu sanh \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e2n \u00e1i, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd, c\u0169ng y nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1i, gi\u1ea5m l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb m\u00f3n \u0103n. Nghi\u1ec7p phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o trong h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n hay t\u1ea1o ra qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ed v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf m\u00f3n \u0103n, c\u00f2n th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n th\u00ec c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3i.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a04. Th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp gi\u1edbi bi\u1ec7t: Gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 ba: D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi. S\u1eafc \u1edf c\u00f5i D\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, n\u00ean s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f2n th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 m\u1eebng vui th\u00ec \u1edf c\u00f5i S\u1eafc th\u00f9 th\u1eafng h\u01a1n, n\u00ean n\u00f3i th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec. Ba x\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu trong c\u00f5i V\u00f4 s\u1eafc, c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng v.v… th\u00f9 th\u1eafng h\u01a1n, n\u00ean x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 ba. C\u00f2n phi t\u01b0\u1edfng, phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng trong c\u00f5i V\u00f4 s\u1eafc, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp, t\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng, n\u00ean x\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0. B\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 s\u1edf tr\u00fa, th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 n\u0103ng tr\u00fa, l\u00e0m ch\u1ed5 tr\u00fa cho ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed, n\u00ean th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n ngh\u0129a: t\u00f9y th\u00f4, t\u00f9y nhi\u1ec5m, t\u00f9y kh\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u00f9y gi\u1edbi bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh ra th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n: s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft ph\u1ea9m Gi\u1edbi, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u00e0i b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi. D\u00f9ng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i hai ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1ea5t t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi, n\u00eau r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a 18 gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb D\u1ee5c gi\u1edb\u00efi \u0111\u1ebfn V\u00f4 s\u0103c gi\u1edbi, h\u1eefu l\u1eadu, v\u00f4 l\u1eadu, ki\u1ebfn phi ki\u1ebfn v.v…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1 H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Si\u00eau H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i Hu\u1ebf, PL. 2543 – TL. 1999 *** LU\u1eacN B\u1ea2N I. PH\u1ea8M PH\u00c2N BI\u1ec6T GI\u1edaI A. BA PH\u1ea6N C\u1ee6A LU\u1eacN Tr\u1eeb ph\u1ea9m Ph\u00e1 ng\u00e3, Lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 600 b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 v\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng, g\u1ed3m trong 8 ph\u1ea9m 29 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":171755,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[59],"tags":[68,69,64],"yoast_head":"\nLu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1 - Ph\u1ea9m 1: Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t Gi\u1edbi - Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/luan-cau-xa-pham-1-phan-biet-gioi-162565.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1 - Ph\u1ea9m 1: Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t Gi\u1edbi - Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1 H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Si\u00eau H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i Hu\u1ebf, PL. 2543 – TL. 1999 *** LU\u1eacN B\u1ea2N I. 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