{"id":162617,"date":"2019-05-02T10:10:30","date_gmt":"2019-05-02T03:10:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/?p=162617"},"modified":"2019-05-02T10:10:30","modified_gmt":"2019-05-02T03:10:30","slug":"thanh-tinh-dao-luan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/thanh-tinh-dao-luan-162617.html","title":{"rendered":"Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadn"},"content":{"rendered":"

Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n

(The Path of Purification – Visuddhimagga )<\/em>
\nLu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Bhadantacariya Buddhaghosa<\/em>
\nChuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb P\u00e0li sang Anh ng\u1eef: Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o Nanamoli<\/em>
\nTh\u00edch Ph\u01b0\u1edbc S\u01a1n<\/strong><\/a> so\u1ea1n d\u1ecbch<\/em>
\n2540 – 1996<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

M\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c<\/strong><\/p>\n

– L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/p>\n

– Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed ng\u00e0i Buddhaghosa<\/p>\n

– Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed ng\u00e0i Nanamoli Thera<\/p>\n

– Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed ng\u00e0i Li\u1ec5u Tham<\/p>\n

– B\u1ea3ng tra ch\u1eef t\u1eaft<\/p>\n

– D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: GI\u1edaI<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I. Gi\u1ea3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. H\u1ea1nh \u00d0\u1ea7u \u00d0\u00e0<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: \u00d0\u1ecaNH<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh. – Ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IV. \u00d0\u1ecbnh – Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. \u00d0\u1ecbnh – Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. \u00d0\u1ecbnh – Qu\u00e1n b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. \u00d0\u1ecbnh – S\u00e1u t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. \u00d0\u1ecbnh- Nh\u1eefng t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX. \u00d0\u1ecbnh – C\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng X. \u00d0\u1ecbnh – C\u00e1c V\u00f4 s\u1eafc x\u1ee9<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XI. \u00d0\u1ecbnh – M\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XII. \u00d0\u1ecbnh – C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XIII. \u00d0\u1ecbnh – C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng (tt)<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba: TU\u1ec6<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XIV. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XV. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 X\u1ee9 v\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XVI. C\u0103n \u00d0\u1ebf: M\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t cho Tu\u1ec7 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XVII. \u00d0\u1ea1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XVIII. Ki\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XIX. \u00d0o\u1ea1n nghi thanh t\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XX. \u00d0\u1ea1o phi \u0111\u1ea1o tri ki\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XXI. \u00d0\u1ea1o tri ki\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XXII. Tri ki\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n

– Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XXIII. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

Kinh s\u00e1ch tham kh\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

L\u1eddi N\u00f3i \u00d0\u1ea7u<\/h3>\n

Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m do lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Buddhaghosa tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c. S\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9, sanh v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5 t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc uy\u00ean th\u00e2m, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng tinh hoa c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec3n Nam truy\u1ec1n so\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, g\u1ed3m 58 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u1ec1 sau, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c N\u00e0namoli, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh tu t\u1ea1i T\u00edch Lan, d\u1ecbch sang Anh v\u0103n, gom l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n 23 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Colombo Ceylon, n\u0103m 1956. Ni s\u01b0 Th\u00edch N\u1eef Tr\u00ed H\u1ea3i, m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 t\u00e0i hoa, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em b\u1ea3n Anh v\u0103n n\u00e0y d\u1ecbch ra Vi\u1ec7t v\u0103n v\u00e0 cho xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, n\u0103m 1991. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u00f9ng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf r\u00fat ng\u1eafn l\u1ea1i – nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu – th\u00e0nh t\u1eadp gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u0103ng ni sinh l\u1edbp Cao c\u1ea5p Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc. Trong khi bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n, ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n xem l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u00f2 l\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n; ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o ch\u01b0a r\u00f5, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tham kh\u1ea3o kinh lu\u1eadn Nik\u00e0ya m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o. \u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i so s\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3n B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n, nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 tinh vi trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

T\u1eadp s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u0103ng Ni tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cao c\u1ea5p, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam cho nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 ho\u00e0i b\u1ea3o th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t khao th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb tinh truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y do \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u00f4i ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3m \u01a1n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 Ni sinh n\u0103m th\u1ee9 4, kh\u00f3a III c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y lo vi\u1ec7c in \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 cho so\u1ea1n ph\u1ea9m ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u00e3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn tay T\u0103ng Ni sinh \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n V\u1ea1n H\u1ea1nh, ng\u00e0y 17-09-1996<\/em>
\nTH\u00cdCH PH\u01af\u1edaC S\u01a0N<\/em><\/p>\n

-ooOoo-<\/p>\n

TI\u1ec2U S\u1eec<\/h3>\n

PH\u1eacT \u00c2M (BUDDHAGHOSA)<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Minh, Gi\u00e1c \u00c2m, Ph\u1eadt \u00d0\u00e0 C\u00f9 Sa, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e0 da, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ma Ki\u1ec7t \u00d0\u00e0 (Magadha), thu\u1ed9c Trung \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V. S\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n, ban \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc Ph\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e0, tinh th\u00f4ng Du gi\u00e0, S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn v.v…, v\u1ec1 sau, S\u01b0 quy y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, tinh th\u00f4ng c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n. V\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ho\u1eb1ng truy\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, r\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfng r\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 t\u1eed m\u00e0 S\u01b0 so\u1ea1n c\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e1t tr\u00ed (Nanodaya), lu\u1eadn Th\u00f9 Th\u1eafng Ngh\u0129a (Atthas\u00e0lini) v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e1p T\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 432 T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean, S\u01b0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n sang T\u00edch Lan, tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 (Mah\u00e0vih\u00e0ra), theo Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0-ba-la (Sanghap\u00e0la Thera) nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a \u1ea5y, r\u1ed3i \u0111em d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng P\u00e0li, v\u00e0 so\u1ea1n Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn (Visuddhimagga), Thi\u1ec7n Ki\u1ebfn Lu\u1eadt ch\u00fa t\u1ef1 (Samantap\u00e0s\u00e0dik\u00e0) ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng (S\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec7n Ki\u1ebfn Lu\u1eadt T\u00ec b\u00e0 sa; Thi\u1ec7n Ki\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn.) v.v…. \u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, S\u01b0 \u0111em gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng To\u1ea1 b\u1ed9 ra so\u1ea1n thu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. Trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m to\u00e1t y\u1ebfu to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Tam t\u1ea1ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn s\u1edb. V\u1ec1 sau, S\u01b0 \u0111em 4 b\u1ed9 kinh Nik\u00e0ya d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Ba l\u1ee3i (P\u00e0li), v\u00e0 so\u1ea1n ch\u00fa s\u1edb t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a Ki\u1ec1n \u00d0\u00e0 la (Granthakara parivena), x\u1ee9 A n\u1ed7 l\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ea1t ph\u1ed5 l\u1ea1p (Anur\u00e0dhapura). Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 kinh th\u00ec c\u00f3 C\u00e1t T\u01b0\u1eddng Duy\u1ec7t \u00fd lu\u1eadn (Sumangalavil\u00e0sin\u00ec); gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch Trung B\u1ed9 kinh th\u00ec c\u00f3 Ph\u00e1 tr\u1eeb nghi ch\u01b0\u1edbng lu\u1eadn (Papa\u0129cas\u00f9dan\u00ec); gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 kinh th\u00ec c\u00f3 Hi\u1ec3n D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2m Ngh\u0129a Lu\u1eadn (S\u00e0ratthappak\u00e0sin\u00ec); gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9 kinh th\u00ec c\u00f3 M\u00e3n t\u00fac hi c\u1ea7u lu\u1eadn (Manorathap\u00f9ra\u1ecb\u00ec). \u00d0\u1ebfn khi \u1ea5y Tam T\u1ea1ng Ba L\u1ee3i m\u1edbi c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a S\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n cu\u1ed9c ch\u1eef n\u00e0o ngh\u0129a n\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u0103n, m\u00e0 bao qu\u00e1t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, thi\u00ean v\u0103n, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v.v…, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, S\u01b0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m th\u00eam k\u00fd thu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00edch Lan ca ng\u1ee3i h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n uy\u00ean b\u00e1c c\u1ee7a S\u01b0 v\u00e0 s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh S\u01b0 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t Di L\u1eb7c t\u00e1i th\u1ebf. L\u00fac cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, S\u01b0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c an d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0. Nh\u01b0ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o S\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n, kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 400 t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc Kim \u00d0\u1ecba (Kim \u0111\u1ecba: ng\u00e0y nay n\u1eb1m v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai \u00c1.) v\u00e0o T\u00edch Lan du h\u1ecdc, r\u1ed3i 3 n\u0103m sau, \u0111em kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5c hung Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n. (C\u0103n b\u1ea3n Ph\u1eadt \u00d0i\u1ec3n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u; The Life and Work of Buddhaghosa, PQ\u00d0T\u00d0, tr 2643 a-c).<\/p>\n

NANAMOLI THERA (Na-na-ma-l\u1ee3i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o) (1905-1960)<\/p>\n

T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Nanamoli sinh ng\u00e0y 25-6-1905 t\u1ea1i Anh qu\u1ed1c, th\u1ebf danh l\u00e0 Osbert Moore (\u00c1o-t\u01b0-b\u00e1- \u0111\u1eb7c-ma-nh\u0129). Thi\u1ebfu th\u1eddi, T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 t\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i Ng\u01b0u T\u00e2n \u00c1i T\u1eafc \u00d0\u1eb7c H\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7n. Trong l\u00fac th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 2 x\u1ea3y ra, T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n Anh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i \u00dd \u00d0\u1ea1i L\u1ee3i. Do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean dun r\u1ee7i, T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 Harold Musson (C\u00e1p-la-\u0111\u1ee9c M\u1eb7c-T\u1ed1n), \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd l\u00e0 J. Evola (Ngh\u1ec7-a-na); v\u00ec th\u1ebf, 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m quy h\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

Sau khi \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft th\u00fac, S\u01b0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1949 S\u01b0 c\u00f9ng M\u1eb7c T\u1ed1n quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m sang T\u00edch Lan nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 may m\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c l\u00e0 N\u1ea1i-na-\u0111\u1ec1- l\u1ed9-bi\u1ec7n h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gia nh\u1eadp T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n, d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c \u00d0\u1ea1i-na-nh\u00e3-bi\u1ec7n-t\u00ec-tr\u00ed-la-na-na. Sang n\u0103m sau (1950), hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi c\u1ee5 t\u00fac v\u1edbi \u00d0\u1ea1i na nh\u00e3 bi\u1ec7n n\u00ean t\u00f4n v\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0m th\u1ea7y, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 N\u00e0namoli.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn n\u0103m 49 tu\u1ed5i (1954) Na-na-ma-l\u1ee3i chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef P\u00e0li, T\u00e2n c\u00e1p l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n. Kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3, S\u01b0 r\u1ea5t tinh th\u00f4ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u1ea7y, nh\u1edd v\u1eady c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 uy\u00ean th\u00e2m. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, S\u01b0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n P\u00e0li \u0111\u1ec3 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c kinh lu\u1eadn P\u00e0li sau \u0111\u00e2y sang Anh v\u0103n: 1. Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn (Visuddhimagga); 2. V\u00f4 Ng\u1ea1i Gi\u1ea3i \u00d0\u1ea1o (Patisambhid\u00e0-magga) 3. Ch\u1ec9 \u00d0\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn (Nettipakarana); 4. T\u1ea1ng lu\u1eadn Th\u00edch (Petakopadesa). Ngo\u00e0i ra, S\u01b0 c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch kinh Trung b\u1ed9. Ch\u1eebng \u1ea5y c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9ng minh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc uy\u00ean th\u00e2m c\u1ee7a S\u01b0.<\/p>\n

S\u01b0 s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh nghi\u00eam (trong su\u1ed1t 11 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1eddng, S\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1eb7c r\u00f2ng y v\u00e0ng, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1ef1 thanh khi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng hi\u1ebfm khi x\u1ecf ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o d\u00e9p). T\u00ednh t\u00ecnh h\u00f2a nh\u00e3, tr\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng, \u00edt n\u00f3i, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a S\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 l\u1eddi v\u00e0ng ng\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m. S\u01b0 xem vi\u1ec7c sinh t\u1eed nh\u1eb9 nh\u01b0 l\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, trong l\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh, \u0111\u00e3 bao l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng S\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n

S\u01b0 vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch n\u0103m 1960. T\u1eeb l\u00fac xu\u1ea5t gia cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac x\u1ea3 b\u00e1o th\u00e2n, r\u00f2ng r\u00e3 11 n\u0103m tr\u1eddi, S\u01b0 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p. S\u01b0 m\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. (T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 truy\u1ec7n, William Peiris so\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng Anh v\u0103n, Mai N\u00e3i V\u0103n d\u1ecbch ra H\u00e1n v\u0103n, xb. 1986, tr. 73)<\/p>\n

LI\u1ec4U THAM hay DI\u1ec6P QU\u00c2N (1916-1985)<\/p>\n

S\u01b0 sinh n\u0103m 1916, t\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh Chi\u1ebft Giang, Trung qu\u1ed1c, xu\u1ea5t gia l\u00fac c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Li\u1ec5u Tham. Sau \u0111\u00f3, S\u01b0 tham h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi \u00d0\u1ea1i s\u01b0 Th\u00e1i H\u01b0 t\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7n Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng. N\u0103m 1944, g\u1eb7p c\u01a1 duy\u00ean thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n, \u00d0\u1ea1i s\u01b0 cho ph\u00e9p S\u01b0 c\u00f9ng Quang T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 B\u1ea1ch Tu\u1ec7 sang T\u00edch Lan du h\u1ecdc. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1953-1956 S\u01b0 d\u1ed1c t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc Anh v\u0103n v\u00e0 P\u00e0li v\u0103n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi theo nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 P\u00e0li B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 Nan \u0111\u00e0 (Pannananda) chuy\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, S\u01b0 \u0111em ph\u1ea7n lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y d\u1ecbch sang H\u00e1n v\u0103n. Sang n\u0103m 1957, S\u01b0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc mang theo b\u1ea3n Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch, r\u1ed3i cho \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh ch\u1eebng 100 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n t\u1ee5c. \u00d0\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1978, S\u01b0 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u00ec gi\u1edd \u0111em b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia ra hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh, t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1980 th\u00ec ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. Nh\u00e2n b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a S\u01b0 \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed “Lan Kh\u1ea3i chi Quang B\u00e1o”, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m, n\u00ean y\u00eau c\u1ea7u S\u01b0 cho xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. Do v\u1eady, nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Hoa v\u0169 b\u00e8n \u0111em \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh 3 t\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1987.<\/p>\n

S\u01b0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u00f4ng minh t\u1eeb b\u00e9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy\u00ean l\u00e0nh sang T\u00edch Lan du h\u1ecdc trong 14 n\u0103m (1944- 1957). Sau khi v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, do ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u00e0m s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p. Ngo\u00e0i b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch tr\u00ean, S\u01b0 c\u00f2n d\u1ecbch kinh Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa v\u00e0 Nhi\u1ebfp A T\u00ec \u00d0\u1ea1t Ma Ngh\u0129a Lu\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Nam t\u1ea1ng. S\u01b0 vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1985 t\u1ea1i qu\u00ea nh\u00e0. (PQ\u00d0T\u00d0, tr. 165. a; Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u00d0\u00e0i Loan xb. 1987)<\/p>\n

-ooOoo-<\/p>\n

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED (B\u1ea2NG TRA CH\u1eee T\u1eaeT)<\/p>\n

A. : Anguttara Nik\u00e0ya
\nAA. : Anguttara Nik\u00e0ya Atthakath\u00e0 (Commentary) = Manorathap\u00f9ran\u00ec
\nCp. : Cariy\u00e0pitaka
\nDh. : Dhammapada
\nDhA. : Dhammapada Atthakath\u00e0 (Commentary)
\nDhs. : Dhammasangan\u00ec
\nDhsA. : Dhammsangan\u00ec Atthakath\u00e0 (Commentary) = Atthas\u00e0lin\u00ec
\nDhsAA. : Dhammasangan\u00ec T\u00eck\u00e0 (Sub-commentary) = M\u00f9la T\u00eck\u00e0 (pt. I)
\nDhk. : Dh\u00e0tukath\u00e0
\nD. : D\u00ecgha Nik\u00e0ya
\nDA. : D\u00ecgha Nik\u00e0ya Atthakath\u00e0 (Commentary) = Sumangalavil\u00e0sin\u00ec
\nIt. : Itivuttaka
\nJ\u00e0. : J\u00e0taka (Fausboll’s ed.)
\nKv. : Kath\u00e0vatthu
\nMv. : Mah\u00e0vamsa
\nM. : Majjhima Nik\u00e0ya
\nMA. : Majjhima Nik\u00e0ya Atthakath\u00e0 (Commentary) = Papancas\u00f9dan\u00ec
\nMiln. : Milinda-panh\u00e0
\nNetti. : Netti-pakarana
\nNd1. : Mah\u00e0 Niddesa
\nNd2. : C\u00f9la Niddesa (Siamese ed.)
\nPs. : Patisambhid\u00e0magga
\nPsA. : Patisambhid\u00e0magga Atthakath\u00e0 (Commentary) = Saddhammappak\u00e0sin\u00ec (Sinhalese Hewavitarne ed.)
\nPtn1. : Patth\u00e0na, Tika Patth\u00e0na
\nPtn2. : Patth\u00e0na, Duka Patth\u00e0na (Siamese and Burmese eds.)
\nPm. : Visuddhimagga Atthakath\u00e0 (Commentary) = Mah\u00e0 T\u00eck\u00e0 (Vis. Chs. I to XVII Sinhalese Vidyodaya ed.; Chs. XVIII to XXIII Burmese ed.)
\nPe. : Petakopadesa
\nPv. : Petavatthu
\nS. : Samyutta Nik\u00e0ya
\nSA. : Samyutta Nik\u00e0ya Atthakath\u00e0 (Commentary) = S\u00e0ratthappak\u00e0sin\u00ec
\nSn. : Sutta-nip\u00e0ta
\nSnA. : Sutta-nip\u00e0ta Atthakath\u00e0 (Commentary) = Paramatthajotik\u00e0
\nThag. : Thera-g\u00e0th\u00e0
\nUd. : Ud\u00e0na
\nVbh. : Vibhanga
\nVbhA. : Vibhanga Atthakath\u00e0 (Commetary) = Sammohavinodan\u00ec
\nVbhAA. : Vibhanga T\u00eck\u00e0 (Sub-commentary) = M\u00f9la-Tik\u00e0 (pt. 2)
\nVv. : Vim\u00e0na-vatthu
\nVin. i. : Vinaya Pitaka (3) – Mah\u00e0vagga
\nVin. ii. : Vinaya Pitaka (4) – C\u00f9lavagga
\nVin. iii. : Vinaya Pitaka (1) – Suttavibhanga 1
\nVin. iv. : Vinaya Pitaka (2) – Suttavibhanga 2
\nVin. v. : Vinaya Pitaka (5) – Pariv\u00e0ra
\nVis. : Visuddhimagga (P.T.S. ed. and Harvard Oriental Series ed.)<\/p>\n

-ooOoo-<\/p>\n

D\u1eabn Nh\u1eadp<\/h3>\n

Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ch\u1eef Thanh t\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. V\u00ec Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf, n\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n Thanh t\u1ecbnh. Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh \u1ea5y, c\u00e1ch \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Trong v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y l\u00e0 do tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n (qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3), nh\u01b0 kinh n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

“T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng
\nV\u1edbi tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y v\u1eady
\n\u00d0au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n
\nCh\u00ednh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Thanh t\u1ecbnh”. (Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa 277)<\/p>\n

Khi th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 do Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, nh\u01b0 kinh n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

“Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 Thi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 tr\u00ed,
\nNh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u1ea7n Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n”. (Pc. 372)<\/p>\n

Khi th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 do nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

“Nghi\u1ec7p minh v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p
\nGi\u1edbi, t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh m\u1ea1ng
\nCh\u00ednh nh\u1edd c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean
\nKhi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang sinh thanh t\u1ecbnh”. (Trung b\u1ed9 III. 262)<\/p>\n

Khi th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 do gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

“Ai lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi
\nTr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 kh\u00e9o \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh
\nCh\u00ed si\u00eang n\u0103ng d\u00f5ng m\u00e3nh
\nV\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ed9c l\u01b0u kh\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t”.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 do B\u1ed1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9, nh\u01b0 khi n\u00f3i: “N\u1ea7y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 thanh t\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh… \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 B\u1ed1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 II, 290)<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00ec con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 3 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 l\u1eadu: Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7. S\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau b\u1eb1ng Gi\u1edbi; tu t\u1eadp t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau b\u1eb1ng \u00d0\u1ecbnh; v\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng tu\u1ec7, b\u1eb1ng Tu\u1ec7. Ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0: Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u1edf ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau b\u1eb1ng Gi\u1edbi; gi\u00e1o l\u00fd t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u1edf ch\u1eb7ng gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau b\u1eb1ng \u00d0\u1ecbnh; v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u1edf ch\u1eb7ng cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau b\u1eb1ng Tu\u1ec7. Ch\u00ednh b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 183 trong kinh Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa t\u00f3m t\u1eaft 3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean:<\/p>\n

“Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c
\nTh\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh l\u00e0nh
\nGi\u1eef t\u00e2m \u00fd trong s\u1ea1ch
\nCh\u00ednh l\u1eddi ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y”.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u k\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Gi\u1edbi, c\u00e2u th\u1ee9 hai n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00d0\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 hai c\u00e2u cu\u1ed1i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ba minh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi; \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee5c th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ecbnh; v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafc b\u1ed1n V\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7. Ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0: \u00d0\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u1eefng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m l\u00e0 nh\u1edd Gi\u1edbi; \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng c\u00e1c \u00e1m \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m l\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u00d0\u1ecbnh; \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng c\u00e1c t\u00f9y mi\u00ean (khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m) l\u00e0 nh\u1edd Tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

Kinh c\u00f2n n\u00f3i r\u00f5: L\u00fd do \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u v\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t lai l\u00e0 nh\u1edd Gi\u1edbi, qu\u1ea3 B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n l\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u00d0\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 A La H\u00e1n l\u00e0 nh\u1edd Tu\u1ec7. V\u00ec b\u1eadc D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u v\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t lai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ” ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u vi\u00ean m\u00e3n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Gi\u1edbi” b\u1eadc B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “vi\u00ean m\u00e3n \u00d0\u1ecbnh”, v\u00e0 A La H\u00e1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ” vi\u00ean m\u00e3n Tu\u1ec7”.<\/p>\n

-ooOoo-<\/p>\n

PH\u1ea6N TH\u1ee8 NH\u1ea4T – GI\u1edaI<\/h3>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG I – GI\u1ea2NG NGH\u0128A V\u1ec0 GI\u1edaI.<\/h4>\n

Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 thanh t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng 3 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc V\u00f4 l\u1eadu l\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eb1m nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Gi\u1edbi, Kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng I, tr 13 c\u00f3 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7:<\/p>\n

“Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00fa gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed<\/p>\n

Tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng<\/p>\n

T\u1ef3 kheo \u1ea5y tho\u00e1t tri\u1ec1n”.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00fa gi\u1edbi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1edbi. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n gi\u1edbi, m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Tr\u00fa gi\u1edbi”. C\u00f3 tr\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 do nghi\u1ec7p sinh. Tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7. T\u00e2m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 \u00d0\u1ecbnh, c\u00f2n tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n. Nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1i ch\u00ed. Th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u0103n. Tho\u00e1t tri\u1ec1n: nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m con dao b\u00e9n ph\u00e1t quang m\u1ed9t b\u1ee5i tre r\u1eadm r\u1ea1p ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sau:<\/p>\n

1. \u00d0\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

2. \u00d0\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

3. L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

4. Ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

1\/ \u00d0\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 theo 5 c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 sau: Ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi b\u1ed5n p\u00e0timokkha; ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c; ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng tri ki\u1ebfn; ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng kham nh\u1eabn; ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng tinh t\u1ea5n. Gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p, v\u00ec n\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p 3 nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u, \u00fd, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n. Gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t sinh. Gi\u1edbi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thanh l\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u00e2n t\u00e2m m\u00e1t m\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

2\/ Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh, ng\u00f5 h\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u00e1c ch\u00e1nh h\u1ea1nh, Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng n\u00f3i: “Gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1, ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e2n hoan, h\u00e2n hoan \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec9, h\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khinh an, khinh an \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1c, l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 d\u1ee5c, v\u00f4 d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ly tham, ly tham \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t tri ki\u1ebfn, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t tri ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 th\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. (Vin, V, 164)<\/p>\n

3\/ L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 II tr.86, k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 sau: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c s\u1ebd h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia t\u00e0i ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o nh\u1edd tinh c\u1ea7n; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed3n xa; kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i r\u1ee5t r\u00e8 khi \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o; khi ch\u1ebft t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n; sau khi m\u1ec7nh chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh v\u00e0o thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa, c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1ng lu\u1eadt c\u00f2n k\u1ec3 10 l\u1ee3i \u00edch kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

1. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 thu nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00fang T\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

2. V\u00ec mu\u1ed1n cho ch\u00fang T\u0103ng hoan h\u1ec9.<\/p>\n

3. V\u00ec mu\u1ed1n cho ch\u00fang T\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng an l\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n

4. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ph\u00e1 gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

5. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0m qu\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an \u1ed5n.<\/p>\n

6. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

7. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tin c\u00e0ng th\u00eam tin.<\/p>\n

8. V\u00ec mu\u1ed1n \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

9. V\u00ec mu\u1ed1n \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/p>\n

10. V\u00ec mu\u1ed1n cho n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. (C\u0103n b\u1ea3n Thuy\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9 T\u1ef3 n\u1ea1i da, \u00d0. 23 tr.629b)<\/p>\n

4\/ Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Gi\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i<\/strong>: Gi\u1edbi mang \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

b. Gi\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c 2 lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ec v\u00e0 T\u00e1c tr\u00ec. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec do Ph\u1eadt c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 Ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ec, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec do Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 t\u00e1c tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi. Gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, gi\u1edbi tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 th\u1ecd tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1ea1ng chung.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi th\u1ebf gian v\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi Xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian. Gi\u1edbi th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1eefu l\u1eadu. Gi\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u00f4 l\u1eadu.<\/p>\n

c. Gi\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c 3 lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi b\u1eadc h\u1ea1, b\u1eadc trung v\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Gi\u1edbi th\u1ecd tr\u00ec v\u00ec m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u danh l\u1ee3i l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi b\u1eadc h\u1ea1; v\u00ec ham qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi b\u1eadc trung; V\u00ec t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi b\u1eadc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

Ho\u1eb7c, gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c tham \u00e1i, c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sinh l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi b\u1eadc h\u1ea1; gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi b\u1eadc trung; th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh gi\u1edbi Ba la m\u1eadt v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cho ch\u00fang sanh l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi b\u1eadc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi V\u1ecb k\u1ef7, v\u1ecb tha v\u00e0 v\u1ecb ph\u00e1p. Gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi v\u1ecb k\u1ef7; gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00ec quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi v\u1ecb tha; gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00ec t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi thanh t\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 nghi. Gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thanh t\u1ecbnh; vi ph\u1ea1m m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng thanh t\u1ecbnh; m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang nghi ng\u1edd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 nghi.<\/p>\n

d. Gi\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c 4 lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a T\u1ef3 kheo, T\u1ef3 kheo ni, gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a th\u1ecd c\u1ee5 t\u00fac, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia. Gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho T\u1ef3 kheo, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi T\u1ef3 kheo, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 250 gi\u1edbi (theo B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n), v\u00e0 227 gi\u1edbi (theo Nam truy\u1ec1n); gi\u1edbi d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho T\u1ef3 kheo ni, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi T\u1ef3 kheo ni, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 348 gi\u1edbi (theo B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n). M\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Sa di v\u00e0 Sa di ni l\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a th\u1ecd c\u1ee5 t\u00fac, gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia g\u1ed3m 5 gi\u1edbi, ho\u1eb7c 8 gi\u1edbi, ho\u1eb7c 58 gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t (theo B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n).<\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, gi\u1edbi theo c\u1ed5 t\u1ee5c, gi\u1edbi t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi do nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n g\u1eafng gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean; m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 ri\u00eang, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi theo phong t\u1ee5c; Gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t khi B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t nh\u1eadp thai “kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec5m” g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu; Gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ra \u0111\u00e3 thanh t\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Ca Di\u1ebfp, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi do nh\u00e2n sinh \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

\u0111. Gi\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c 5 lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi thanh t\u1ecbnh h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, thanh t\u1ecbnh v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, thanh t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, thanh t\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh m\u1eafc v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9. Gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a nh\u1eadp T\u0103ng ch\u00fang, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi thanh t\u1ecbnh h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n; gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp T\u0103ng ch\u00fang, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecd c\u1ee5 t\u00fac, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thanh t\u1ecbnh v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n; gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ph\u00e0m phu c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, chuy\u00ean h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n, \u0111ang vi\u00ean m\u00e3n b\u1eadc h\u1eefu h\u1ecdc, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thanh t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n. Gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc h\u1eefu h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh m\u1eafc t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh m\u1eafc; gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc A la h\u00e1n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, Patisambhid\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ra 47 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng thanh t\u1ecbnh, ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi, th\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p x\u1ea3y ra: Gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb r\u00e1ch n\u00e1t, gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb l\u1ee7ng, gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb hoen \u1ed1, gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb l\u1ed1m \u0111\u1ed1m. Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi do v\u00ec l\u1ee3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, ti\u1ebfng khen, hay b\u1ecb d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng sai khi\u1ebfn, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb r\u00e1ch n\u00e1t, nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u1edf ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi trong l\u00fac \u0111ang tu h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb l\u1ee7ng, nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u1edf gi\u1eefa; khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp 2, 3 l\u1ea7n, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb hoen \u1ed1, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con b\u00f2 \u0111en, b\u1ed7ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng l\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c m\u00e0u \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh; khi v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb l\u1ed1m \u0111\u1ed1m, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f2n b\u00f2 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1m tr\u1eafng kh\u1eafp m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean hoan h\u1ef7, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u1ebb ngoan c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111au kh\u1ed5 khi ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi, v\u00ec b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, v\u00e0 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn khi th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p cho c\u00e1c th\u00ed ch\u1ee7. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ea1ch, nh\u01b0 th\u00f9ng ph\u00e2n d\u01a1 l\u00e2u n\u0103m, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac g\u1ed7 m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean gi\u00e0n h\u1ecfa, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u01b0 s\u0129. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 T\u1ef3 kheo m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i T\u1ef3 kheo, n\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con l\u1eeba \u0111i theo b\u1ea7y b\u00f2. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y lu\u00f4n n\u00f3ng n\u1ea3y, nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. S\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111a v\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh cung k\u00ednh. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 th\u00f9 th\u1eafng, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y b\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb ngh\u00e8o s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00fa c\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00ecnh h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t \u0111au kh\u1ed5, v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i nh\u1eefng \u00e1c qu\u1ea3 do s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi \u0111em l\u1ea1i. (Kinh H\u1ecfa t\u1ee5, A. IV, 128-34).<\/p>\n

Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n l\u00e0: Kh\u00f4ng vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc x\u1ee9, s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u00e1c ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9, h\u1eadn th\u00f9, \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n, khinh th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ed1 k\u1ef5, b\u1ecfn x\u1ebbn, l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, gian l\u1eadn, c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, ki\u00eau c\u0103ng, ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n, cao ng\u1ea1o, khoe khoang, l\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec5nh, m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 \u00edt mu\u1ed1n, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee7, vi\u1ec5n ly. (Trung b\u1ed9 kinh, s\u1ed1 7 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 24)<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 4 s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh: d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb tr\u1ed9m, d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb m\u1eafc n\u1ee3, d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 h\u01b0\u1edfng gia t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 4 v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong T\u0103ng ch\u00fang, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb tr\u1ed9m, M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n Ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c s\u00e1t trong khi d\u00f9ng 4 v\u1eadt c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb m\u1eafc n\u1ee3. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 4 v\u1eadt c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3y b\u1eadc H\u1eefu h\u1ecdc (4 \u0111\u1ea1o, 3 qu\u1ea3), th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 h\u01b0\u1edfng gia t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai, h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng gia t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a cha \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb h\u1ebft phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c sai s\u1eed, l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG II – H\u1ea0NH \u00d0\u1ea6U \u00d0\u00c0 (KH\u1ed4 H\u1ea0NH)<\/h4>\n

Dhutanga-niddesa<\/p>\n

A\/ S\u1ed1 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng C\u00e1c Ph\u00e1p Kh\u1ed5 H\u1ea1nh<\/h5>\n

Khi m\u1ed9t Thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u00edt mu\u1ed1n, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee7, vi\u1ec5n ly, \u0111\u1ed9c c\u01b0, tinh c\u1ea7n v.v… Mong \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n cho ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh 13 ph\u00e1p Kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

1. H\u1ea1nh m\u1eb7c y ph\u1ea5n t\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

2. H\u1ea1nh ch\u1ec9 m\u1eb7c 3 y.<\/p>\n

3. H\u1ea1nh s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

4. H\u1ea1nh kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c theo th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n

5. H\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t t\u1ecda th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

6. H\u1ea1nh ch\u1ec9 \u0103n m\u1ed9t b\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

7. H\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng \u0103n \u0111\u1ed3 d\u01b0 t\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

8. H\u1ea1nh \u1edf r\u1eebng.<\/p>\n

9. H\u1ea1nh \u1edf g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

10. H\u1ea1nh \u1edf gi\u1eefa tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

11. H\u1ea1nh \u1edf ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n

12. H\u1ea1nh ngh\u1ec9 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

13. H\u1ea1nh ng\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m.<\/p>\n

B\/ \u00dd Ngh\u0129a C\u00e1c Ph\u00e1p Kh\u1ed5 H\u1ea1nh<\/h5>\n

C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

1. H\u1ea1nh m\u1eb7c y ph\u1ea5n t\u1ea3o: Ph\u1ea5n t\u1ea3o (pamsuk\u00f9la: b\u1ee5i b\u1eb7m): Lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea3i b\u1ecb v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1ng r\u00e1c b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba, hay nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 m\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t y trong nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i sau: V\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba; t\u1eeb c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng; t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1i; t\u1eeb h\u1ed1 ph\u00e2n; t\u1eeb gi\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ebb; v\u1ea3i t\u1ea9y u\u1ebf; v\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 t\u1eafm; v\u1ea3i b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y; b\u1ecb gia s\u00fac \u0103n; b\u1ecb ki\u1ebfn \u0103n; b\u1ecb chu\u1ed9t \u0103n; v\u1ea3i r\u00e1ch \u1edf bi\u00ean; r\u00e1ch \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u; v\u1ea3i l\u00e0m c\u1edd; v\u1ea3i b\u1ecf t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1edd; y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh; v\u1ea3i t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c l\u1ec5; v\u1ea3i do th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (t\u1ee9c t\u1ea5m y do ph\u00e1p Ph\u1eadt bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00fac Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i “Thi\u1ec7n lai T\u1ef3 kheo”, th\u00ec ph\u00e1p ph\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean v\u1ecb n\u00e0y, nh\u1edd c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7y); v\u1ea3i tr\u00ean xa l\u1ed9; v\u1ea3i gi\u00f3 bay; v\u1ea3i do thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n b\u1ed1 th\u00ed; v\u1ea3i tr\u00f4i gi\u1eefa bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

2. H\u1ea1nh ch\u1ec9 m\u1eb7c 3 y: \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 y T\u0103ng gi\u00e0 l\u00ea, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng y v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 y.<\/p>\n

3. H\u1ea1nh s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c: Ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0103n do \u0111i kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

4. H\u1ea1nh kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c theo th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp: \u00d0i t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eeba m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u00e0o \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

5. H\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t t\u1ecda th\u1ef1c: \u0102n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean r\u1ed3i, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng \u0103n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

6. H\u1ea1nh ch\u1ec9 \u0103n m\u1ed9t b\u00e1t: Ch\u1ec9 \u0103n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong b\u00e1t, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u00eam b\u00e1t th\u1ee9 hai.<\/p>\n

7. H\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng \u0103n \u0111\u1ed3 d\u01b0 t\u00e0n: Kh\u00f4ng \u0103n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n th\u1eeba, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n sau khi \u0103n xong.<\/p>\n

8. H\u1ea1nh \u1edf r\u1eebng: V\u1ecb n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng trong r\u1eebng.<\/p>\n

9. H\u1ea1nh \u1edf g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y: V\u1ecb n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

10. H\u1ea1nh \u1edf gi\u1eefa tr\u1eddi: V\u1ecb n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi<\/p>\n

11. H\u1ea1nh \u1edf ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba: V\u1ecb n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n

12. H\u1ea1nh ngh\u1ec9 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: Ai ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i cho m\u00ecnh ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

13. H\u1ea1nh ng\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m: Khi ng\u1ee7 c\u0169ng ng\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m.<\/p>\n

C\/ Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p Th\u1ecd Tr\u00ec, C\u1ea5p B\u1eadc V\u00e0 L\u1ee3i \u00cdch<\/h5>\n

1. H\u1ea1nh m\u1eb7c ph\u1ea5n t\u1ea3o y:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd tr\u00ec h\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y n\u00f3i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t trong 2 l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 sau: “T\u00f4i nguy\u1ec7n gi\u1eef kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh ph\u1ea5n t\u1ea3o y” ho\u1eb7c “T\u00f4i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng y do gia ch\u1ee7 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng”.<\/p>\n

b. G\u1ed3m 3 c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc: C\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1ee3ng: gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0\u1ee3m v\u1ea3i \u1edf ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m y. C\u1ea5p trung: gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung b\u00ecnh, l\u01b0\u1ee3m v\u1ea3i do ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1ecf. C\u1ea5p h\u1ea1: l\u01b0\u1ee3m v\u1ea3i do m\u1ed9t T\u1ef3 kheo kh\u00e1c cho m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

c. L\u1ee3i \u00edch: V\u1ecb n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 do ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef g\u00ecn y ph\u1ee5c; s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c; kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi y ph\u1ee5c. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng v\u1ea3i \u1ea5y d\u1ec5 ki\u1ebfm, \u00edt gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb; nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sinh k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u00edt mu\u1ed1n, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ea5n tu t\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

2. H\u1ea1nh 3 y:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec: Gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i: “T\u00f4i gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi m\u1eb7c 3 y” ho\u1eb7c “T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i y th\u1ee9 t\u01b0”.<\/p>\n

b. C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc: C\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1ee3ng: khi nhu\u1ed9m ph\u1ea3i nhu\u1ed9m t\u1eebng c\u00e1i, nhu\u1ed9m xong thay c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 nhu\u1ed9m ti\u1ebfp. C\u1ea5p trung: Khi nhu\u1ed9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng v\u1ea3i v\u00e0ng thay c\u00e1i y n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 nhu\u1ed9m. C\u1ea5p h\u1ea1: C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n y c\u1ee7a T\u1ef3 kheo kh\u00e1c m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 nhu\u1ed9m.<\/p>\n

c. L\u1ee3i \u00edch: V\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 mang theo 3 y nh\u01b0 chim mang \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh, kh\u00f4ng t\u00edch tr\u1eef, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1m b\u1ea1c, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u00e1nh tham y ph\u1ee5c, s\u1ed1ng vi\u1ec5n ly.<\/p>\n

3. H\u1ea1nh kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec: Gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i: “T\u00f4i th\u1ecd tr\u00ec h\u1ea1nh kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y”, ho\u1eb7c “T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh (t\u00e0n th\u1ef1c)”. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn 14 th\u1ee9 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m sau \u0111\u00e2y: b\u1eefa \u0103n do c\u01b0 s\u0129 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng; b\u1eefa \u0103n c\u00fang cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 T\u1ef3 kheo \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t; b\u1eefa \u0103n do ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1eddi; b\u1eefa \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t phi\u1ebfu \u0103n; b\u1eefa \u0103n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 trai gi\u1edbi Uposatha; b\u1eefa \u0103n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y r\u1eb1m; b\u1eefa \u0103n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng; b\u1eefa \u0103n d\u00e0nh cho kh\u00e1ch; b\u1eefa \u0103n cho k\u1ebb l\u1eef h\u00e0nh; b\u1eefa \u0103n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh; b\u1eefa \u0103n cho k\u1ebb nu\u00f4i b\u1ec7nh; b\u1eefa \u0103n c\u00fang cho m\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3; b\u1eefa \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh (dhurabhatta); b\u1eefa \u0103n c\u00fang theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

b. Ba c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc: C\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n do ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 sau l\u01b0ng (\u0111i qua r\u1ed3i th\u00ed ch\u1ee7 m\u1edbi ch\u1ea1y theo c\u00fang). C\u1ea5p trung, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i ch\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mang \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n \u0111\u1ebfn. C\u1ea5p h\u1ea1, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0103n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee9a mang \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m sau v\u00e0 h\u00f4m sau n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

c. L\u1ee3i \u00edch: S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c; s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed, m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ecbnh; th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

4. H\u1ea1nh kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c theo th\u1ee9 l\u1edbp:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec: Th\u1ecd tr\u00ec h\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n: “T\u00f4i theo h\u1ea1nh kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1”, ho\u1eb7c “T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn”<\/p>\n

b. Ba c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc: C\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n mang \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb sau l\u01b0ng. C\u1ea5p trung: C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t, ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb sau l\u01b0ng. C\u1ea5p h\u1ea1: Ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n mang \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

c. L\u1ee3i \u00edch: V\u1ecb n\u00e0y t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebfn luy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh; c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb m\u1eabn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng; tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

5. H\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t t\u1ecda th\u1ef1c.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec: H\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp nguy\u1ec7n: “T\u00f4i nguy\u1ec7n theo h\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t t\u1ecda th\u1ef1c”, ho\u1eb7c “T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0103n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n”.<\/p>\n

b. Ba c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc: C\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n v\u00e0o b\u00e1t. C\u1ea5p trung: l\u00fac \u0111ang \u0103n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u00eam th\u1ee9c \u0103n b\u1ecf v\u00e0o b\u00e1t. C\u1ea5p h\u1ea1: C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0103n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac r\u1eddi ch\u1ed7 m\u1edbi th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

c. L\u1ee3i \u00edch: V\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u00edt b\u1ec7nh, \u00edt n\u00e3o, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng tham v\u1ecb ngon v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng thi\u1ec3u d\u1ee5c tri t\u00fac.<\/p>\n

6. H\u1ea1nh \u0103n m\u1ed9t b\u00e1t.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec: \u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n: “T\u00f4i gi\u1eef h\u1ea1nh \u0103n m\u1ed9t b\u00e1t”, ho\u1eb7c “T\u00f4i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0103n b\u00e1t th\u1ee9 hai”.<\/p>\n

b. Ba c\u1ea5p b\u1ef1c: C\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9m b\u1ecf th\u1ee9c \u0103n kh\u00f4ng v\u1eeba \u00fd, tr\u1eeb x\u00e1c m\u00eda. C\u1ea5p trung: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ebb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n trong khi \u0103n. C\u1ea5p h\u1ea1: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ebb nh\u1ecf th\u1ee9c \u0103n b\u1eb1ng tay ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng r\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

c. L\u1ee3i \u00edch: L\u00f2ng tham v\u1ecb ngon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb; mong c\u1ea7u th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf; th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

7. H\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng \u0103n \u0111\u1ed3 d\u01b0 t\u00e0n:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd h\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n: “T\u00f4i th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng \u0103n t\u00e0n th\u1ef1c”, ho\u1eb7c “T\u00f4i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n th\u00eam”.<\/p>\n

b. Ba c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc: C\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1ee3ng: khi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u00ecnh \u0103n v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u00eam th\u1ee9c \u0103n n\u1eefa. C\u1ea5p trung: v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0103n th\u00eam sau khi \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i th\u00f4i. C\u1ea5p h\u1ea1: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0103n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ed7.<\/p>\n

c. L\u1ee3i \u00edch: Kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb b\u1ed9i th\u1ef1c, kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef th\u1ee9c \u0103n, kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u00eam \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n.<\/p>\n

8. H\u1ea1nh \u1edf r\u1eebng:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n: “T\u00f4i l\u1eadp h\u1ea1nh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf r\u1eebng”, ho\u1eb7c “T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 trong x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng”.<\/p>\n

b. Ba c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc: C\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 r\u1eebng v\u00e0o l\u00fac b\u00ecnh minh. C\u1ea5p trung: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t khu l\u00e0ng v\u00e0o 4 th\u00e1ng m\u00f9a m\u01b0a. C\u1ea5p h\u1ea1: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf trong l\u00e0ng lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

c. L\u1ee3i \u00edch: T\u00e2m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb dao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng; tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng lo \u00e2u, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1c th\u00fa \u0111\u1ed9c c\u01b0.<\/p>\n

9. H\u1ea1nh \u1edf g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n: “T\u00f4i theo kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh \u1edf g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y”, ho\u1eb7c “T\u00f4i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t m\u00e1i nh\u00e0”.<\/p>\n

b. Ba c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc: C\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p qu\u00e9t d\u1ecdn s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn. C\u1ea5p trung: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e9t d\u1ecdn g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y. C\u1ea5p h\u1ea1: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa ti\u1ec3u trong ch\u00f9a qu\u00e9t d\u1ecdn s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd, tr\u1ea3i c\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng xung quanh g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

c. L\u1ee3i \u00edch: D\u1ec5 qu\u00e1n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng khi th\u1ea5y l\u00e1 c\u00e2y lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng tham v\u1ec1 tr\u00fa x\u1ee9, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng \u00edt mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

10. H\u1ea1nh \u1edf ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec: \u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n: “T\u00f4i tu h\u1ea1nh \u1edf gi\u1eefa tr\u1eddi”, ho\u1eb7c “T\u00f4i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y”.<\/p>\n

b. Ba c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc: C\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y, hang \u0111\u00e1 hay nh\u00e0, ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m y l\u00e0m l\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u1edf gi\u1eefa tr\u1eddi. C\u1ea5p trung: \u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y, hang \u0111\u00e1 hay nh\u00e0. C\u1ea5p h\u1ea1: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ed1ng m\u00e1ng, ho\u1eb7c d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

c. L\u1ee3i \u00edch: Kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i do ch\u1ed7 tr\u00fa g\u00e2y ra, tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m bi\u1ebfng nh\u00e1c, s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, mu\u1ed1n \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

11. H\u1ea1nh \u1edf ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n: “T\u00f4i l\u1eadp h\u1ea1nh s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba”, ho\u1eb7c “T\u00f4i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ch\u1ed7 tr\u00fa kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba”.<\/p>\n

b. Ba c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc: B\u1eadc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 t\u1eed thi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t v\u00e0 tang l\u1ec5. B\u1eadc trung: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y. B\u1eadc h\u1ea1: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n

c. L\u1ee3i \u00edch: H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, s\u1ed1ng tinh t\u1ea5n, t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh lu\u00f4n hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n, tham d\u1ee5c bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c cao \u0111\u1ed9, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf 3 ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 v\u00f4 b\u1ec7nh, chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i khi\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n

12. H\u1ea1nh ngh\u1ec9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec: \u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n: “T\u00f4i gi\u1eef h\u1ea1nh ngh\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c”, ho\u1eb7c “t\u00f4i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf l\u00f2ng tham \u0111\u1eafm s\u00e0ng to\u1ea1”.<\/p>\n

b. Ba c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc: B\u1eadc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi th\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 d\u00e0nh cho m\u00ecnh. B\u1eadc trung: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p h\u1ecfi, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i quan s\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1eadc h\u1ea1: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i quan s\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 \u1edf kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

c. L\u1ee3i \u00edch: C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f9y h\u1ec9 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f3 t\u00e2m ngh\u0129 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf so \u0111o cao th\u1ea5p, b\u1ecf t\u00e2m thu\u1eadn ngh\u1ecbch, \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00e1i c\u1eeda tham mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

13. H\u1ea1nh ng\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec: \u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd tr\u00ec b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n: “T\u00f4i gi\u1eef h\u1ea1nh ng\u1ed3i, kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m”, ho\u1eb7c “T\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m”.<\/p>\n

b. Ba c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc: B\u1eadc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 t\u1ef1a l\u01b0ng hay d\u00e2y v\u1ea3i n\u1ecbt l\u01b0ng. B\u1eadc trung: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 n\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u1ea5y. B\u1eadc h\u1ea1: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 t\u1ef1a, m\u1ed9t b\u0103ng v\u1ea3i, m\u1ed9t n\u1ecbt l\u01b0ng, m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1i d\u1ef1a.<\/p>\n

c. L\u1ee3i \u00edch: Th\u00f3i l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t, d\u1ec5 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n, d\u1ec5 tinh c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i chung ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh m\u1ea5y h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau: c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh; c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh; c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tu; c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba gi\u1ea3ng v\u1eeba tu.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi 5 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng: \u00edt mu\u1ed1n, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee7, vi\u1ec5n ly, \u0111\u1ed9c c\u01b0 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y. \u00cdt mu\u1ed1n, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n ly l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tham. \u00d0\u1ed9c c\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f4 si. V\u00ec kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u tham v\u00e0 si.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu chia theo nh\u00f3m th\u00ec ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 8: Ba ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 n\u0103m l\u1ebb. Ba ch\u00ednh l\u00e0: Kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1eebng nh\u00e0, nh\u1ea5t t\u1ecda th\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 \u1edf ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi. N\u0103m l\u1ebb l\u00e0: H\u1ea1nh m\u1eb7c y ph\u1ea5n t\u1ea3o, h\u1ea1nh 3 y, h\u1ea1nh \u1edf r\u1eebng, h\u1ea1nh ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh \u1edf ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu chia ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t th\u00ec c\u00f3 13 kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh cho T\u1ef3 kheo, 8 cho T\u1ef3 kheo ni, 12 cho Sa di, 7 cho Sa di ni v\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh n\u1eef, 2 cho nam n\u1eef c\u01b0 s\u0129. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 42 kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

T\u1ef3 kheo c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 13 kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng T\u1ef3 kheo ni th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh 5 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y: H\u1ea1nh \u1edf r\u1eebng, kh\u00f4ng \u0103n t\u00e0n th\u1ef1c, h\u1ea1nh \u1edf gi\u1eefa tr\u1eddi, \u1edf g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u1edf ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Sa di, ch\u1ec9 tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh 3 y, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 12 ph\u00e1p kia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Sa di ni v\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh n\u1eef, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh theo T\u1ef3 kheo ni, ch\u1ec9 tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh 3 y, n\u00ean c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 7 kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh. Nam n\u1eef c\u01b0 s\u0129 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 2 kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t t\u1ecda th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0103n m\u1ed9t b\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

\n

PH\u1ea6N TH\u1ee8 HAI – \u00d0\u1ecaNH<\/h3>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG III – M\u00d4 T\u1ea2 \u00d0\u1ecaNH – CH\u1eccN \u00d0\u1ec0 M\u1ee4C THI\u1ec0N QU\u00c1N<\/h4>\n

(Kammatth\u00e0na-gahana-niddesa)<\/p>\n

Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111ang ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh th\u00ec s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00e1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t m\u1edbi c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. \u00d0\u1ec3 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh sau: \u00d0\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

1\/ \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfng p\u00e0li “Sam\u00e0dhi” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u00d0\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung t\u00e2m \u00fd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i hay m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n hay xao l\u00e3ng.<\/p>\n

2\/ \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ecdi dao \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

3\/ Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i, 2 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn 5 lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

a. \u00d0\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i: \u00dd ngh\u0129a t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

b. \u00d0\u1ecbnh hai lo\u1ea1i: \u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh an ch\u1ec9. \u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng: S\u00e1u t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m, qu\u00e1n x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft, qu\u00e1n s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh an, qu\u00e1n b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c \u0103n, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh an ch\u1ec9. \u00d0\u1ecbnh an ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m theo li\u1ec1n sau c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb s\u1eb5n.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ecbnh th\u1ebf gian v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian: \u00d0\u1ecbnh th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n \u1edf 3 c\u00f5i d\u1ee5c, s\u1eafc, v\u00f4 s\u1eafc. \u00d0\u1ecbnh xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian: l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u00e2u h\u1eefu h\u1ec9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec9. \u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u00e2u h\u1eefu h\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m \u1edf 2 Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u trong 4 Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 3 Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u trong 5 Thi\u1ec1n. \u00d0\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m trong 2 Thi\u1ec1n cu\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

c. \u00d0\u1ecbnh 3 lo\u1ea1i: \u00d0\u1ecbnh b\u1eadc h\u1ea1, b\u1eadc trung v\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u00d0\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 b\u1eadc h\u1ea1, \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 b\u1eadc trung v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u00e2u h\u1eefu h\u1ec9, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e2u h\u1eefu l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e2u h\u1eefu x\u1ea3. \u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u00e2u h\u1eefu h\u1ec9: \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf 2 Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u trong 4 Thi\u1ec1n hay 3 Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u trong 5 Thi\u1ec1n. \u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u00e2u h\u1eefu l\u1ea1c: \u00d0\u1ecbnh \u1edf tam Thi\u1ec1n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 4 Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 5 Thi\u1ec1n. \u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u00e2u h\u1eefu x\u1ea3: \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf Thi\u1ec1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong 2 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m trong c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u00d0\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m trong thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi. \u00d0\u1ecbnh v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

d. \u00d0\u1ecbnh 4 lo\u1ea1i: \u00d0\u1ecbnh kh\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn mau \u0111\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfn l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eafc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfn mau \u0111\u1eafc. Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p Thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, th\u00ec kh\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eafc. Khi tu t\u1eadp ph\u00e1p Thi\u1ec1n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p th\u00ec d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfn mau \u0111\u1eafc. Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edt c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng c\u0103n m\u00f4n c\u00f9n nh\u1ee5t, th\u00ec tu t\u1eadp d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eafc. Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng c\u0103n m\u00f4n s\u1eafc b\u00e9n th\u00ec tu t\u1eadp kh\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng mau \u0111\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 4 lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0, \u1edf S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n, d\u00f9ng 5 Thi\u1ec1n chi t\u1ea7m, t\u1ee9, h\u1ec9, l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb 5 tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i (tham, s\u00e2n, nghi, th\u00f9y mi\u00ean, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed). \u1ede nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n b\u1ecf t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 3 Thi\u1ec1n chi. \u1ede Tam Thi\u1ec1n b\u1ecf h\u1ec9, c\u00f2n 2 Thi\u1ec1n chi. \u1ede T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n b\u1ecf l\u1ea1c, c\u00f2n nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m v\u00e0 x\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\u0111. \u00d0\u1ecbnh 5 lo\u1ea1i: \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 5 Thi\u1ec1n: d\u00f9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 4 Thi\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng chia nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh 2 l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea7m c\u00f3 t\u1ee9 v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng t\u1ee9, do \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ra 5 Thi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

4\/ Nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i trong s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp<\/strong><\/p>\n

Khi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp, c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ghi nh\u1eadn 10 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i sau \u0111\u00e2y: Ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 tr\u00fa x\u1ee9, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, l\u1ee3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00fang, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t, du l\u1ecbch, quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c, \u01b0u n\u00e3o, s\u00e1ch v\u1edf v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u00fac tu t\u1eadp hay b\u1eadn t\u00e2m quy\u1ebfn luy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m gia \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c, ho\u1eb7c do quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c l\u00f4i k\u00e9o, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e0m cho h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00fang b\u1ee7a v\u00e2y chi\u1ebfm h\u1ebft th\u00ec gi\u1edd tu t\u1eadp, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t chi ph\u1ed1i t\u00e2m tr\u00ed, ho\u1eb7c \u01b0a th\u00edch du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft th\u00ec gi\u1edd, ho\u1eb7c do s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n b\u1ef1c l\u00e0m cho tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u kinh s\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m tr\u00ed ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

5\/ Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00e1 t\u00ednh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i tu t\u1eadp th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng chia th\u00e0nh 6 lo\u1ea1i. C\u00e1 t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 sau: C\u00e1 t\u00ednh n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 tham, n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 s\u00e2n, v\u1ec1 si, v\u1ec1 t\u00edn, v\u1ec1 tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy. L\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh tr\u00ean. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 tham. T\u00ednh tham kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee9c tin th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh s\u00e2n. T\u00ednh s\u00e2n sinh kh\u1edfi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bu?c t\u1ed9i ch\u00fang sinh, trong khi tu\u1ec7 sinh kh\u1edfi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi t\u00ednh si, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7m c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a si. T\u00ednh si kh\u00f4ng an l\u00e0 do b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i, t\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng an l\u00e0 do suy ngh\u0129 nhi\u1ec1u. N\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00eam, ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 m\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi tham, v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p hay t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u00ec b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb si.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u tham c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u01b0a th\u00edch; ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng hay \u0111\u00e2m ch\u00e9m hay l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c; c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u si, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng u\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u r\u01b0\u1ee3u, \u00edt ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea5y ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u00f2n cho r\u1eb1ng 4 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh si l\u00e0 do h\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e2n l\u00e0 do th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 phong \u0111\u1ea1i t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u tham l\u00e0 v\u00ec 4 \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh. V\u1ec1 kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t, k\u1ebb n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 tham th\u00ec d\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 si th\u00ec d\u01b0 phong. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1eeba n\u00eau c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00fang h\u1eb3n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh n\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh vi, c\u1eed ch\u1ec9, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi, c\u1eed ch\u1ec9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tham khi \u0111i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 khoan thai. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh s\u00e2n, b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i h\u1ea5p t\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 d\u1edf ch\u00e2n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u nhanh nh\u1eb9n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh si, d\u00e1ng \u0111i b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00e2n xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5c ch\u00e2n l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch do d\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

Khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb t\u1ed1n, c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn; ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e2n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng; ng\u01b0\u1eddi si l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1. Khi \u0103n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham th\u00edch \u0103n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o, b\u00e9o b\u1ed5; ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e2n \u01b0a \u0103n \u0111\u1ed3 dai v\u00e0 chua; ng\u01b0\u1eddi si kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Khi nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh th\u00edch, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ee5n v\u1eb7t, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e2n khi th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p h\u01a1i kh\u00f3 \u01b0a, th\u01b0\u1eddng xoi m\u00f3i c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ecf, m\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c; ng\u01b0\u1eddi si kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 ki\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, khen ch\u00ea theo \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, gian l\u1eadn, ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n, \u00e1c d\u1ee5c, b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ecfm, khoe khoang. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, th\u00f9 h\u1eb1n, ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng, th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, ganh t\u1ecb, bi\u1ec3n l\u1eadn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi si th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1edd \u0111\u1eabn, dao \u0111\u1ed9ng, lo \u00e2u, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u00e1m v\u00edu kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00edn t\u00e2m, t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, mong mu\u1ed1n g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh, mong nghe di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p, vui v\u1ebb, h\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean, th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec g\u1ee3i l\u00ean ni\u1ec1m tin. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh tu\u1ec7, ngoan hi\u1ec1n, bi\u1ebft v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 trong \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c, \u01b0a s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh, c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0 duy, th\u00edch n\u00f3i, d\u1ec5 h\u00f2a m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng ham th\u00edch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ph\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n trong kinh hay lu\u1eadn, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u1ea7y, do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. V\u00ec ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tham, hay s\u00e2n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, n\u1ebfu ta ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, \u00edt c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t tham hay s\u00e2n, m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 xen l\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 t\u00f9y theo m\u1ed7i c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

6\/ Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00e1 t\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp. Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u1ea5y th\u00e0nh 40 lo\u1ea1i: M\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9, m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh, m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m, b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa, b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 s\u1eafc x\u1ee9, m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch.<\/p>\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9: \u0111\u1ea5t, nu\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3, xanh, v\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ecf, tr\u1eafng, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh: Th\u00e2y ph\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbng, th\u00e2y b\u1ea7m xanh, th\u00e2y m\u00e1u m\u1ee7, th\u00e2y n\u1ee9t n\u1ebb, th\u00e2y th\u00fa \u0103n, th\u00e2y ph\u00e2n l\u00eca, th\u00e2y r\u00e3 r\u1eddi, th\u00e2y ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u, th\u00e2y s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ee5c, b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m: ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt, ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p, ni\u1ec7m T\u0103ng, ni\u1ec7m Gi\u1edbi, ni\u1ec7m Th\u00ed, ni\u1ec7m Thi\u00ean, ni\u1ec7m Ch\u1ebft, ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n, ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf v\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa: T\u1eeb, Bi, H\u1ec9, X\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n v\u00f4 s\u1eafc: Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, Th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, V\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, Phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edfng: t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch: ph\u00e2n t\u00edch 4 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng.<\/p>\n

Trong 40 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean, th\u00ec 22 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: 10 bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9, 10 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u1eed thi, ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 12 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c l\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: 8 trong 10 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m – tr\u1eeb ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf, t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c \u0103n b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch 4 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng, Th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 Phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9. C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng duy\u00ean (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n) l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc c\u00e1c Thi\u1ec1n, th\u00ec 9 bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 – tr\u1eeb bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng – l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng V\u00f4 s\u1eafc x\u1ee9. M\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1eafng tr\u00ed (th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng). Ba ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa (v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m) \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa th\u1ee9 t\u01b0. M\u1ed7i v\u00f4 s\u1eafc c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho v\u00f4 s\u1eafc tr\u00ean n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc. Phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng di\u1ec7t th\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t sinh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng an l\u1ea1c trong nh\u1eefng sinh th\u00fa t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n

7\/ \u0110\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 t\u00ednh<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e9p qu\u00e1n b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u1eed thi v\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u tham d\u1ee5c. B\u1ed1n ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay s\u00e2n. Ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh si v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0 duy. S\u00e1u ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u trong 10 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u1ecbnh t\u00edn. Ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ebft, ni\u1ec7m di\u1ec7t, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c \u0103n b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh, l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tu\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f4 s\u1eafc th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh si.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u00f3i theo th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p tu n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edn v.v… N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t th\u00ec: “Tu b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eeb tham d\u1ee5c; tu t\u1eeb bi qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u00e2n h\u1eadn; ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u1ea7m t\u01b0 duy; t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n” (A. IV, 358)<\/p>\n

Khi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m h\u1ea1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng phu, li\u1ec1u b\u1ecf t\u00ednh m\u1ec7nh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i n\u00e0o hay m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG IV: \u00d0\u1ecaNH – PH\u00c2N T\u00cdCH \u00d0\u1ec0 M\u1ee4C \u00d0\u1ea4T<\/h4>\n

(Pathav\u00ec- kasina – niddesa)<\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i an tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n, tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i sau: Tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 qu\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng, m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, t\u1ea3 t\u01a1i, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 c\u00e2y \u0103n tr\u00e1i, c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, g\u1ea7n ch\u1ed7 l\u1ea5y g\u1ed7, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung kh\u1eafc nhau, g\u1ea7n c\u1eeda kh\u1ea9u, g\u1ea7n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, g\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u00f4, thi\u1ebfu thi\u1ec7n tri th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 qu\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh ra b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n; ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a m\u1edbi th\u00ec tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t; c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu ch\u00f9a c\u0169 k\u1ef9 t\u01a1i t\u1ea3, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i lo vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa. N\u1ebfu g\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 kh\u00e1ch lui t\u1edbi. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 c\u00e2y \u0103n tr\u00e1i th\u00ec c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e1i qu\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi lui t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3nh l\u1ec5. N\u1ebfu g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh h\u00e0o nh\u00f3ang \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1eaft. N\u1ebfu g\u1ea7n ch\u1ed7 l\u1ea5y g\u1ed7 s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p c\u1ea3nh \u1ed3n \u00e0o t\u1ea5p n\u1eadp. C\u00f2n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng th\u00ec b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nhau, th\u00ec g\u00e2y n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng b\u1ea5t an. N\u1ebfu ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a g\u1ea7n c\u1eeda kh\u1ea9u th\u00ec b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n v\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u00e0n l\u1eef h\u00e0nh t\u1edbi xin t\u00e1 t\u00fac. N\u1ebfu \u1edf g\u1ea7n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec s\u1ee3 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c tranh ch\u1ea5p, binh \u0111ao x\u1ea3y ra. N\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu thi\u1ec7n tri th\u1ee9c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai d\u00ecu d\u1eaft gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tu t\u1eadp Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp s\u1ebd c\u00f3 5 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n d\u1ea1y: “M\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 xa, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 g\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i l\u1ea1i; ban ng\u00e0y \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi lui t\u1edbi, ban \u0111\u00eam \u00edt \u1ed3n \u00e0o; \u00edt ru\u1ed3i, mu\u1ed7i, gi\u00f3, \u00e1nh n\u1eafng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t; ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ec5 ki\u1ebfm 4 th\u1ee9 nhu y\u1ebfu; trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda T\u1ef3 kheo \u0111a v\u0103n, th\u00f4ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng h\u1ecfi ngh\u0129a l\u00fd kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n th\u00ec nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khai th\u1ecb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u1ecb, tr\u1eeb nghi cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f2n nghi”. (A. v. 15)<\/p>\n

Khi m\u1ed9t T\u1ef3 kheo \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n. \u00d0\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c hay bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eafn c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 mang theo b\u00ean m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec n\u00ean n\u1eafn m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3a hoa sen, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t gang tay, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n khi ng\u1ed3i Thi\u1ec1n, tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c m\u00e0u xanh, v\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c tr\u1eafng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac ng\u1ed3i, ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i t\u1eeb n\u01a1i th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 t\u00f3c v\u00e0 m\u00f3ng tay d\u00e0i, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1eafm r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd, v\u00e1 l\u1ea1i \u00e1o r\u00e1ch, nhu\u1ed9m l\u1ea1i y c\u0169 v.v… Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ebft t\u00e2m t\u01b0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y, ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng: “Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ta s\u1ebd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft”. V\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129: “D\u1ee5c \u0111em l\u1ea1i vui \u00edt m\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec1u, n\u00e3o nhi\u1ec1u”, kh\u1edfi l\u00ean s\u1ef1 khao kh\u00e1t tho\u00e1t ly d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, khao kh\u00e1t t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. Kh\u1edfi l\u00ean ni\u1ec1m h\u00e2n hoan t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p, T\u0103ng, kh\u1edfi l\u00ean ni\u1ec1m k\u00ednh ph\u1ee5c v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng: “\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt, \u00d0\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n”, Kh\u1edfi l\u00ean ni\u1ec1m h\u0103ng h\u00e1i v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129: “B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ta s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed9c c\u01b0”. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ecb n\u00e0y n\u00ean m\u1edf 2 con m\u1eaft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i, qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c khai tri\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang nh\u00ecn g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng soi.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tu t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 \u1ea5y cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u01a1i t\u00e2m, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd d\u00f9 m\u1edf m\u1eaft hay nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \u00d0\u00f3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 S\u01a1 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eadp t\u1eaft, c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng, t\u00e2m tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 T\u1ee3 t\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa S\u01a1 t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 T\u1ee3 t\u01b0\u1edbng, nh\u01b0 sau: Trong S\u01a1 t\u01b0\u1edbng, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u1ed7i n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5, nh\u01b0ng T\u1ee3 t\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi S\u01a1 t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 trong s\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

T\u00e2m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd tr\u1edf n\u00ean an t\u0129nh, m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh 2 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh (upac\u00e0ra) v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ecbnh an ch\u1ec9 (appan\u00e0). \u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 do t\u1eeb b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ecbnh an ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng Thi\u1ec1n chi. Hai lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c nhau ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 khi \u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh th\u00ec c\u00e1c Thi\u1ec1n chi (t\u1ea7m, t\u1ee9, h\u1ec9, l\u1ea1c, nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m) c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00d0\u1ecbnh an ch\u1ec9 th\u00ec c\u00e1c Thi\u1ec1n chi tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, v\u00e0 do th\u1ebf, khi \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t sinh l\u00e0 l\u00fac h\u1eefu ph\u1ea7n d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, t\u00e2m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng t\u1ed1c h\u00e0nh t\u00e2m su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00eam ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

M\u01af\u1edcI THI\u1ec6N X\u1ea2O TRONG \u00d0\u1ecaNH AN CH\u1ec8<\/h4>\n

N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu m\u00e1t m\u1ebb, \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng xa x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 g\u1ea7n x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu tri th\u1ee9c, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tu t\u1eadp m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn 10 thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh an ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 sau: 1. L\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch n\u1ed9i, ngo\u1ea1i x\u1ee9. 2. Duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u0103n. 3. Thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u1edbng. 4. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00e2m \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c. 5. Ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 t\u00e2m l\u00fac \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1. 6. Kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 t\u00e2m l\u00fac \u0111\u00e1ng kh\u00edch l\u1ec7. 7. Nh\u00ecn t\u00e2m v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ea3 khi c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn v\u1edbi x\u1ea3. 8. Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh. 9. G\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh. 10. Quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

1. L\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch n\u1ed9i, ngo\u1ea1i x\u1ee9 l\u00e0 gi\u1eef cho th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

2. Duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u0103n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh 5 c\u0103n t\u00edn, t\u1ea5n, ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7. V\u00ec khi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n n\u00e0o tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh th\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u0103n kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec1u, tu\u1ec7 \u00edt, th\u00ec tin t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ebfu ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n, thi\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9. C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ec7 m\u00e0 \u00edt t\u00edn th\u00ec d\u1ec5 sinh ra ng\u00f4ng cu\u1ed3ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m thu\u1ed1c r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec1u, t\u1ea5n \u00edt, th\u00ec d\u1ec5 sinh gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i; m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea5n nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00edt, th\u00ec d\u1ec5 sinh tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi t\u1ea5n, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i, v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ea5n c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u0103n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

3. Thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh t\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m qua bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

4. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00e2m khi c\u1ea7n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 khi t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean tu t\u1eadp tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p, tinh t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 h\u1ec9. C\u00f3 7 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean cho Tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1c chi l\u00e0: 1. \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi; 2. L\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch n\u1ed9i, ngo\u1ea1i x\u1ee9; 3. Qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh c\u00e1c c\u0103n; 4. Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb thi\u1ebfu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7; 5. Th\u00e2n c\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed; 6. \u00d4n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng tri ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc; 7. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 11 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean cho tinh t\u1ea5n gi\u00e1c chi nh\u01b0 sau: 1. \u00d4n l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecda x\u1ee9; 2. Th\u1ea5y l\u1ee3i \u00edch trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00f9 th\u1eafng thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf gian v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian; 3. Th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00ecnh \u0111i c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i; 4. Ph\u1ea3i t\u1ecf ra x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c; 5. Nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c \u00d0\u1ea1o S\u01b0; 6. Ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p; 7. D\u00f9ng qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean; 8. Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb bi\u1ebfng nh\u00e1c; 9. G\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi si\u00eang n\u0103ng; 10. \u00d4n l\u1ea1i 4 ch\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n; 11. quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tinh t\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 11 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean cho H\u1ec9 gi\u00e1c chi: 1. Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt; 2. Ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p; 3. Ni\u1ec7m T\u0103ng; 4. Ni\u1ec7m gi\u1edbi; 5. Ni\u1ec7m th\u00ed; 6. Ni\u1ec7m Thi\u00ean; 7. Ni\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh an; 8. Tr\u00e1nh g\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4 l\u1ed7; 9. G\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi tao nh\u00e3; 10. \u00d0\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kinh kh\u00edch l\u1ec7; 11. Quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec9.<\/p>\n

5. Ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 t\u00e2m l\u00fac c\u1ea7n ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 l\u00e0 khi t\u00e2m (dao \u0111\u1ed9ng) th\u00ec c\u1ea7n tu t\u1eadp khinh an, \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 gi\u00e1c chi. V\u00ec m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh. Theo lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 7 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean cho khinh an gi\u00e1c chi nh\u01b0 sau: 1. D\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1eadc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng; 2. \u1ede n\u01a1i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu t\u1ed1t; 3. Gi\u1eef t\u01b0 th\u1ebf tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu; 4. L\u00e0m theo trung \u0111\u1ea1o; 5. Tr\u00e1nh k\u1ebb hung h\u0103ng, b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng; 6. G\u1ea7n g\u0169i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh an t\u1ecbnh; 7. Quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 khinh an.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 11 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1c chi: 1. L\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch n\u1ed9i ngo\u1ea1i x\u1ee9; 2. Thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u1edbng; 3. Qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh c\u00e1c c\u0103n; 4. Ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 t\u00e2m khi c\u1ea7n ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1; 5. Tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m l\u00fac c\u1ea7n tu t\u1eadp; 6. Kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 t\u00e2m b\u1eb1ng ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft; 7. Nh\u00ecn m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ea3; 8. Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh; 9. G\u1ea7n g\u0169i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh; 10. \u00d4n t\u1ea7m c\u00e1c Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t; 11. Quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 5 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean cho x\u1ea3 gi\u00e1c chi: 1. Gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh; 2. X\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh (lo\u00e0i v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh); 3. Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p; 4. G\u1ea7n g\u0169i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0a h\u1ec9 x\u1ea3; 5. Quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

6. Kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 t\u00e2m l\u00fac c\u1ea7n kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3nh t\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 sinh, gi\u00e0, b\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ebft, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

7. Nh\u00ecn t\u00e2m v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ea3 khi c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 khi th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef t\u00e2m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n, an t\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

8. Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111a \u0111oan, hi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1, t\u00e2m tr\u00ed t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

9. G\u1ea7n g\u0169i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh l\u00e0 n\u00ean g\u1ea7n g\u0169i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t ly, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

10. Quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ee9c xem \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m tu t\u1eadp theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean th\u00ec s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sinh 4 ho\u1eb7c 5 t\u1ed1c h\u00e0nh t\u00e2m sau \u0111\u00e2y: t\u00e2m chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb; t\u00e2m c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh; t\u00e2m thu\u1eadn th\u1ee9; t\u00e2m chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e1nh; t\u00e2m an ch\u1ec9. Ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecf b\u1edbt t\u00e2m chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 4 t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

S\u01a0 THI\u1ec0N<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ly d\u1ee5c, ly b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00fa S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m, c\u00f3 t\u1ee9, v\u1edbi h\u1ec9 l\u1ea1c do ly d\u1ee5c sinh; t\u1eeb b\u1ecf 5 ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 5 ph\u00e1p, t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u1edf 3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 10 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c bi\u00ean x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ly d\u1ee5c ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, v\u00ec d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 d\u1ee5c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafc S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 t\u1ed1i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng. Danh t\u1eeb “d\u1ee5c” bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9; \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p d\u1ec5 \u01b0a th\u00edch, v\u00e0 d\u1ee5c k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf nh\u01b0 vibhanga n\u00f3i: “\u00d0am m\u00ea l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c, th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c, kh\u00e1t khao l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c”.<\/p>\n

Ly b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 xa l\u00eca c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i d\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ly d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a tham, c\u00f2n ly b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a si. Ly d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p, ly b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ly d\u1ee5c t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u00e2n vi\u1ec5n ly c\u00f2n ly b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m vi\u1ec5n ly.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u0169ng n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c. Ch\u1eef d\u1ee5c th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb chanda, k\u00e0ma v\u00e0 r\u00e0ga. Chanda r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u0103ng say, ham mu\u1ed1n t\u1ed1t ho\u1eb7c x\u1ea5u. K\u00e0ma ch\u1ec9 chung ng\u0169 d\u1ee5c thu\u1ed9c d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, c\u00f2n theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p l\u00e0 d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c. N\u1ebfu k\u00e0ma k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi chanda th\u00ec th\u00e0nh ra k\u00e0macchanda ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c tham. R\u00e0ga l\u00e0 ham mu\u1ed1n, th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t theo \u00fd x\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n

\u1ede tr\u00ean n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m ph\u00e1p t\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 cho 5 Thi\u1ec1n chi l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m, t\u1ee9, h\u1ec9, l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea7m (vitakka) l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o. T\u1ee9 (vic\u00e0ra) l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ed9. \u00d0\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eadp trung tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi nhau, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea7m c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng. C\u00f2n t\u1ee9 l\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7, nh\u01b0 rung chu\u00f4ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 b\u00e0n tay n\u1eafm ch\u1eb7t c\u00e1i \u0111\u0129a kim lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecb hoen r\u1ec9, c\u00f2n t\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 b\u00e0n tay ch\u00e0 x\u00e1t c\u00e1i \u0111\u0129a \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh d\u1ebb t\u1ea9m d\u1ea7u. Ho\u1eb7c khi ta v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n th\u00ec c\u00e2y kim c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1eefa trung t\u00e2m v\u00ed nh\u01b0 t\u1ea7m, c\u00e2y kim di \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f2ng quanh c\u00e1i t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ee9. S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “C\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m t\u1ee9”.<\/p>\n

H\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ec9nh, m\u00e1t m\u1ebb. N\u00f3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 5 c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p l\u00ean cao: ti\u1ec3u h\u1ec9; h\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 ch\u1edbp nh\u00f3ang; h\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 m\u01b0a r\u00e0o; h\u1ec9 n\u00e2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ec9 sung m\u00e3n. Ti\u1ec3u h\u1ec9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 d\u1ef1ng l\u00f4ng t\u00f3c trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. H\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 ch\u1edbp nh\u00f3ang th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng l\u00f3e l\u00ean. H\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 m\u01b0a r\u00e0o n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0 s\u00f3ng v\u1ed7 v\u00e0o b\u1edd. H\u1ec9 n\u00e2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 bay b\u1ed5ng l\u00ean. H\u1ec9 sung m\u00e3n l\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i chai \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m th\u1ee9 h\u1ec9 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i th\u00ec s\u1ebd vi\u00ean m\u00e3n 2 th\u1ee9 khinh an l\u00e0 th\u00e2n khinh an v\u00e0 t\u00e2m khinh an. Khinh an \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i s\u1ebd vi\u00ean m\u00e3n 2 th\u1ee9 l\u1ea1c l\u00e0 th\u00e2n l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u1ea1c. L\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5p \u1ee7 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i, s\u1ebd vi\u00ean m\u00e3n 3 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ed1c l\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh an ch\u1ec9.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1c (sukha) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng, s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. \u00d0\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n. D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. T\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3.<\/p>\n

Khi h\u1ec9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft, th\u00ec h\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a “h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u mong \u01b0\u1edbc”, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1c l\u00e0 “kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c”. C\u00f3 h\u1ec9 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 h\u1ec9. H\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n, l\u1ea1c thu\u1ed9c th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n. L\u00fac m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c tr\u00ean sa m\u1ea1c m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0169ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ven r\u1eebng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 h\u1ec9, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m hay \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1ee9ng (upassampajja) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn, l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i, s\u1edd ch\u1ea1m, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Tr\u00fa (viharati) l\u00e0 an tr\u00fa trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb b\u1ecf 5 ph\u00e1p t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf 5 tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i (tham, s\u00e2n, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, tr\u1ea1o h\u1ed1i v\u00e0 nghi). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00fac \u0111\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 5 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Thi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

Khi t\u00e2m b\u1ecb tham d\u1ee5c chi ph\u1ed1i do th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sai kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t. Khi t\u00e2m b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed9c b\u1edfi s\u00e2n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sinh kh\u1edfi h\u1ec9 l\u1ea1c. Khi t\u00e2m b\u1ecb h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, th\u00f9y mi\u00ean chi ph\u1ed1i, th\u00ec r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c. Khi b\u1ecb tr\u1ea1o h\u1ed1i qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u, th\u00ec t\u00e2m tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t an, l\u0103ng x\u0103ng. Khi ho\u00e0i nghi n\u1ed5i l\u00ean th\u00ec t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng 5 Thi\u1ec1n chi \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb 5 tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec1n chi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i<\/p>\n

T\u1ea7m\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m<\/p>\n

T\u1ee9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nghi<\/p>\n

H\u1ec9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0S\u00e2n<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1c\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tr\u1ea1o h\u1ed1i (c\u1eed)<\/p>\n

Nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m (\u0111\u1ecbnh)\u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb Tham d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 5 tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i: Tham d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn c\u00e1c m\u00e0u xanh, v\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ecf, tr\u1eafng. S\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed3i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang \u0111un s\u00f4i s\u00f9ng s\u1ee5c. H\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb rong r\u00eau che ph\u1ee7. Tr\u1ea1o h\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb gi\u00f3 chao l\u00e0m cho n\u1ed5i s\u00f3ng. Nghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5y b\u00f9n \u0111\u1ee5c ng\u1ea7u. (T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng b\u1ed9 kinh, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II, ph\u1ea9m VI, m\u1ee5c 55, tr. 126-129)<\/p>\n

T\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u1edf 3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho 3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u, gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i. \u1ede S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n, s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 l\u00e0 ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ea7u; s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u1eb7ng gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 to\u1ea1i \u00fd l\u00e0 ch\u1eb7ng cu\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 3, ch\u1eb7ng gi\u1eefa 3 v\u00e0 ch\u1eb7ng cu\u1ed1i 4. Ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ea7u 3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0: t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecdc s\u1ea1ch ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i do Thi\u1ec1n; nh\u1edd l\u1ecdc s\u1ea1ch n\u00f3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh \u1edf ch\u1eb7ng gi\u1eefa t\u1ee9c t\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u1edbng; nh\u1edd t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb, n\u00ean d\u1ec5 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ea5y. Ch\u1eb7ng gi\u1eefa 3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0: h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i x\u1ea3, nh\u00ecn t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh l\u1ecdc; nh\u00ecn t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho t\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9, v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u1edbng. Ch\u1eb7ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f3 4 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0: to\u1ea1i \u00fd v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u1edfi l\u00ean; to\u1ea1i \u00fd v\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u0103n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 duy nh\u1ea5t; to\u1ea1i \u00fd v\u00ec s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3; to\u1ea1i \u00fd v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a l\u00fd thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 10 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh khi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u00fd, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t, th\u00ec l\u00fac xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean quen thu\u1ed9c. V\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 sau: “Thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda v\u00ec g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Thi\u1ec1n chi c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu do b\u1edfi t\u1ea7m, t\u1ee9 c\u00f2n th\u00f4”. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 an t\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n; do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n, m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

NH\u1eca THI\u1ec0N<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, “h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0m t\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9, ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00fa Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n, n\u1ed9i t\u0129nh nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea7m, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ee9, v\u1edbi h\u1ec9 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c do \u0111\u1ecbnh sanh; V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eeb b\u1ecf 2 ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 3 ph\u00e1p, t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u1edf 3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 10 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea5t.”<\/p>\n

L\u00e0m t\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua T\u1ea7m v\u00e0 T\u1ee9, hai Thi\u1ec1n chi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

N\u1ed9i t\u0129nh nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m: N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m. T\u0129nh l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m an \u1ed5n v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin, l\u00e0m l\u1eafng d\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m l\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u00e2m thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t, v\u1eefng ch\u00e3i, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung cao \u0111\u1ed9. T\u1eeb n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 cho \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 h\u1ec9 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1edf S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n. Do \u0111\u1ecbnh sanh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 sinh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n, ho\u1eb7c sinh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb b\u1ecf hai ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9. C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 3 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ec9, l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn Tam Thi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

TAM THI\u1ec0N<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, “H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ly h\u1ec9, tr\u00fa x\u1ea3, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c, th\u00e2n c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c, m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 “C\u00f3 x\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, tr\u00fa trong an l\u1ea1c”, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Tam Thi\u1ec1n, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2 ph\u00e1p, t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u1edf 3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 10 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea5t. “<\/p>\n

Ly h\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua, l\u00e0m r\u01a1i r\u1ee5ng H\u1ec9 \u1edf Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00fa x\u1ea3 (Upekkha-x\u1ea3) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt khi ch\u00fang x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng th\u00eam kh\u00f4ng b\u1edbt, kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m x\u1ea3 n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 10 th\u1ee9: X\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c 6 c\u0103n; X\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c 4 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa; X\u1ea3 k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1c chi; X\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 tinh t\u1ea5n; X\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n; X\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n; X\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c tu\u1ec7; X\u1ea3 k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh trung l\u1eadp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t; X\u1ea3 \u1edf Thi\u1ec1n; V\u00e0 x\u1ea3 k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

X\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c 6 c\u0103n l\u00e0 x\u1ea3 \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn L\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c. X\u1ea3 k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i ch\u00fang sanh. X\u1ea3 k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1c chi l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trung t\u00ednh. X\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 tinh t\u1ea5n l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 tinh c\u1ea7n, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 bi\u1ebfng nh\u00e1c. X\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i. X\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5. X\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch trung l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 suy \u0111\u1ea1t. X\u1ea3 k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh trung l\u1eadp \u0111\u1eb7t bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 4 ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p. X\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 t\u00ednh v\u00f4 t\u01b0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. X\u1ea3 k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i x\u1ea3 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, X\u1ea3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 trung t\u00ednh; Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng can d\u1ef1. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng v\u00f4 d\u1ee5c. Nh\u00e2n g\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf h\u1ec9. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 X\u1ea3. Sau \u0111\u00e2y, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c: V\u1ecb \u1ea5y nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i (sarati) n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m (sati); c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (sampaj\u00e0na). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u1edf 2 Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t l\u1eafm.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e2n c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c l\u00e0 v\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y l\u1ea1c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 sau khi xu\u1ea5t Thi\u1ec1n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n

Tam Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 Thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 3.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 hai ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf h\u1ec9, kh\u1edfi l\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 3 n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tu t\u1eadp Thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra Thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m, n\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn Thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0.<\/p>\n

T\u1ee8 THI\u1ec0N<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc sang giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y “V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ec9 v\u00e0 \u01b0u, v\u1ecb n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00fa T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n, kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1c, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec7m nh\u1edd x\u1ea3. “V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eafc T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 2 ph\u00e1p, t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u1edf 3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 10 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec9 v\u00e0 \u01b0u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. T\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n m\u1edbi x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1c: kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t th\u00e2n kh\u1ed5; Kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1c v\u00ec v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t th\u00e2n l\u1ea1c. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u n\u00e0y, lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 n\u00eau l\u00ean lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1c c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1c, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ea3 – k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd – v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

– S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n b\u1ecf 5 tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 5 Thi\u1ec1n chi. – Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n b\u1ecf t\u1ea7m t\u1ee9, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i h\u1ec9, l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m. – Tam Thi\u1ec1n b\u1ecf h\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m. – T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n b\u1ecf l\u1ea1c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m v\u00e0 X\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 5 Thi\u1ec1n<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u00f2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 5 Thi\u1ec1n. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 4 Thi\u1ec1n \u1edf ch\u1ed7 chia Thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 hai th\u00e0nh ra 2 c\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3ng so s\u00e1nh sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 4 Thi\u1ec1n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 5 Thi\u1ec1n<\/p>\n

S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0=\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n<\/p>\n

Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0=\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n<\/p>\n

Tam Thi\u1ec1n<\/p>\n

Tam Thi\u1ec1n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0=\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n<\/p>\n

T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0=\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ng\u0169 Thi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG V – \u00d0\u1ecaNH \u2013 PH\u00c2N T\u00cdCH NH\u1eeeNG \u00d0\u1ec0 M\u1ee4C KH\u00c1C<\/h4>\n

1. Bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y – c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea5t – c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ebf ng\u1ed3i tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tu t\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec khi c\u1ea7n t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc, bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n ra. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0a tu t\u1eadp bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 mi\u1ec7ng th\u1ea7m nh\u1ee7 “n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u01b0\u1edbc”, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o S\u01a1 t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 T\u1ee3 t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Khi t\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh an ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n hay Ng\u0169 Thi\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

2. Bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 l\u1eeda<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 l\u1eeda c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1eeda. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 tu t\u1eadp, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 lo\u1ea1i l\u1eeda n\u00e0o khi c\u1ea7n. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0a tu t\u1eadp th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t que c\u1ee7i \u0111\u1ed1t l\u00ean, r\u1ed3i ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda, mi\u1ec7ng th\u1ea7m nh\u1ee7 “l\u1eeda, l\u1eeda”, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o 2 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

3. Bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 gi\u00f3<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, r\u1ed3i an tr\u00fa ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0o gi\u00f3 th\u1ea7m nh\u0169 “gi\u00f3, gi\u00f3”, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o S\u01a1 t\u01b0\u1edbng r\u1ed3i T\u1ee3 t\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

4. Bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 xanh<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0u xanh. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tu t\u1eadp t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u xanh \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1eadt g\u00ec. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng tu t\u1eadp, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng hoa sen xanh \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, r\u1ed3i ch\u00fa t\u00e2m tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y, th\u1ea7m nh\u1ee7: “xanh, xanh”, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong ph\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

5. Bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 v\u00e0ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i hoa, hay m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 tu t\u1eadp th\u00ec t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0a tu t\u1eadp, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 xanh, r\u1ed3i ch\u00fa t\u00e2m tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y, th\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng “v\u00e0ng, v\u00e0ng”.<\/p>\n

6-9. Bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf; Bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng; Bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng; Bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng theo c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

10. N\u00f3i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 tr\u00ean.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c \u00d0\u1ea1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 10 bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9, m\u1ed7i th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n cho 4 Thi\u1ec1n hay 5 Thi\u1ec1n. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi. Trong nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y, bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0: “m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n bi\u1ebfn ra nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e2n”. Bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9n th\u1ed5, chui ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t. Bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 l\u1eeda l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m ra kh\u00f3i, ra l\u1eeda, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1t. Bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 gi\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn cu\u1ed3ng phong. Bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 xanh l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0u \u0111en, b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i. Bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 v\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng. Bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecf l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eeba k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

Tuy v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i sau \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 n\u00e0o: “B\u1ecb nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i, b\u1ecb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u00e0m ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i, b\u1ecb nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c (qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p) l\u00e0m ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i, thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9c tin, thi\u1ebfu d\u1ee5c, thi\u1ebfu tu\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e1nh trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p.” (Vbh. 341)<\/p>\n

Nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p k\u00e9o theo qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o t\u1ee9c th\u00ec v\u00e0o l\u00fac t\u00e1i sinh. Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ec9 cho h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn b\u00e1c b\u1ecf nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3. Nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c hay b\u00e1o ch\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ec9 cho h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebft sinh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n. Thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9c tin l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tin Tam b\u1ea3o. Thi\u1ebfu d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu l\u00f2ng ham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 v\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i. Thi\u1ebfu tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gian v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian. T\u00e1nh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 cho Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c tu Thi\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n nam t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u00e1o ch\u01b0\u1edbng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0\u1edbng, nu\u00f4i l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ee9c tin, c\u00f3 d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7, si\u00eang nghe ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i thi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu tri th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG VI: \u00d0\u1ecaNH – QU\u00c1N B\u1ea4T T\u1ecaNH<\/h4>\n

1\/ \u00d0\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t<\/strong><\/p>\n

Theo lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7, 10 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i th\u00e2y ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea7n th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau: 1. T\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u01a1ng; 2. T\u01b0\u1edbng xanh b\u1ea7m; 3. T\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e1u m\u1ee7; 4. T\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ee9t n\u1ebb; 5. B\u1ecb g\u1eadm nh\u1ea5m; 6. B\u1ecb r\u00e3 r\u1eddi; 7. B\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n; 8. B\u1ecb ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u; 9. B\u1ecb tr\u00f9ng \u0103n; 10. T\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng. (Ch. III, 105)<\/p>\n

2\/ T\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

Khi m\u1ed9t Thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp ph\u00e9p qu\u00e1n b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u1eed thi ph\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecd gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y am t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y. L\u00fac \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e3i tha ma hay n\u01a1i c\u00f3 t\u1eed thi, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0a v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda hay m\u1ed9t T\u1ef3 kheo kh\u00e1c bi\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m, v\u00e0 n\u00ean \u0111i theo chi\u1ec1u xu\u00f4i gi\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh h\u00f4i th\u1ed1i l\u00e0m cho m\u00ecnh n\u00f4n m\u1eeda. T\u1eed thi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1eed thi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1i. V\u00ec n\u1ebfu thi th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u00e1i nam. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, n\u1ebfu th\u00e2y m\u1edbi ch\u1ebft, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb9p n\u1eefa l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nguy hi\u1ec3m cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh. Khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u1eed thi \u1edf m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1eeba t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn r\u00f5, kh\u00f4ng xa qu\u00e1, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng g\u1ea7n qu\u00e1. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: 1. Theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; 2. Theo \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; 3. Theo h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng; 4. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng; 5. \u00d0\u1ecbnh x\u1ee9; 6. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng theo c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch tr\u00ean m\u00e0 T\u1ee3 t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng theo 5 c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa: 7. Nh\u1eefng kh\u1edbp x\u01b0\u01a1ng; 8. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 m\u1edf ra; 9. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 l\u1ed3i; 10. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 l\u00f5m; 11. Xung quanh 4 ph\u00eda. Theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u1eed thi, th\u1ea7m nh\u1ee7: “T\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u01a1ng”, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u1eed thi hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 trong t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n: “B\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u01a1ng”, v\u00e0 nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o t\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, d\u00f9 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 m\u1edf m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn hay nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n, T\u1ee3 t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ebd kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, v\u00e0 khi luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u1ee3 t\u01b0\u1edbng, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh an ch\u1ec9. Khi \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1edbi an ch\u1ec9, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tu t\u1eadp tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 A la h\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eed thi ph\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean th\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea7m xanh v.v… c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed5i danh t\u1eeb “ph\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u01a1ng” b\u1eb1ng danh t\u1eeb th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1eed thi m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

3\/ B\u00e0n t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n nh\u1edd b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi tham d\u1ee5c. V\u00ec khi t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

Khi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, ta th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 sau: T\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00e2y ph\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho m\u1eabu ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u x\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng t\u1eed thi. Th\u00e2y b\u1ea7m xanh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho v\u1ecb n\u00e0o tham m\u00e0u da, v\u00ec n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u x\u00ed d\u1ecb h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00e0u da. Th\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ee7 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham m\u00f9i th\u01a1m to\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbp h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00ec v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 m\u00f9i th\u1ed1i tha li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. Th\u00e2y b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham s\u1ef1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng trong th\u00e2n. Th\u00e2y b\u1ecb g\u1eb7m nh\u1ea5m th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham s\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecbt \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u00e2n ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 ng\u1ef1c, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 th\u1ecbt \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn tan r\u00e3. Th\u00e2y r\u00e3 r\u1eddi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u00e1ng ki\u1ec1u di\u1ec5m c\u1ee7a tay ch\u00e2n, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 tay ch\u00e2n b\u1ecb r\u00e3 r\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Th\u00e2y ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb9p, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. Th\u00e2y ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham c\u00e1i v\u1ebb y\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec7u do \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 v\u1ebb gh\u00ea t\u1edfm c\u1ee7a th\u00e2y ch\u1ebft c\u1ea3 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e1u. Th\u00e2y b\u1ecb tr\u00f9ng \u0103n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham s\u1edf h\u1eefu th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 th\u00e2n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i tr\u00f9ng b\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham r\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb9p, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch gh\u00ea t\u1edfm c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i x\u01b0\u01a1ng trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 10 th\u1ee9 t\u00f9y theo t\u00ednh tham.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u1edf trong ph\u1ea1m vi S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n, Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Thi\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00ea t\u1edfm, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb s\u1ef1 b\u1ee9c b\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: “Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ta s\u1ebd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft”. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 thu\u1ed1c x\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111au b\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

Tuy ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 10 lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea1ch, h\u00f4i h\u00e1m, \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00ea t\u1edfm. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eed thi m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh, m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng mang \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft, ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i x\u00e1c s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, v\u00ec n\u00f3 may m\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che d\u1ea5u d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp trang s\u1ee9c kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n x\u00e1c: N\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n 300 c\u00e1i x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau b\u1edfi 180 kh\u1edbp d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n nh\u1edd 900 c\u00e1i g\u00e2n, tr\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u1eafp v\u1edbi 900 mi\u1ebfng th\u1ecbt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng l\u1edbp da trong \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt, bao ngo\u00e0i v\u1edbi l\u1edbp da c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ti\u1ebft ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u00ecnh d\u1ea7u m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 vi tr\u00f9ng c\u01b0 tr\u00fa. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u1eadt b\u1ec7nh, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n r\u1ec9 ra t\u1eeb 9 l\u1ed7 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ung nh\u1ecdt kinh ni\u00ean. N\u01a1i 2 con m\u1eaft gh\u00e8n ch\u1ea3y, n\u01a1i 2 l\u1ed7 tai th\u00ec c\u1ee9t r\u00e1y, t\u1eeb 2 l\u1ed7 m\u0169i l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i, t\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n, m\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e0m, m\u00e1u; t\u1eeb 2 l\u1ed7 b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb 99.000 l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2n l\u00f4ng ti\u1ebft ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i v\u00f4 v\u1ecb, v\u1edbi ru\u1ed3i nh\u1eb7ng bu quanh. C\u00e1i th\u00e2n x\u00e1c n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eafm r\u1eeda, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, kh\u00f3ac y ph\u1ee5c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, th\u00ec x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng t\u1edfm, m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed1t r\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd \u0111\u00e1nh r\u0103ng, s\u00fac mi\u1ec7ng, nh\u1edd thoa \u01b0\u1edbp b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u01a1ng hoa m\u00e0 n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 t\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. C\u1ee9 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng say \u0111\u1eafm \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 say \u0111\u1eafm \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che \u0111\u1eady b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng trang s\u1ee9c mong manh. Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, d\u00f9 nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i, \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 tham \u0111\u1eafm.<\/p>\n

Khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu nh\u1ecf n\u00e0o n\u01a1i th\u00e2n x\u00e1c nh\u01b0 t\u00f3c, l\u00f4ng, r\u0103ng, m\u00f3ng r\u01a1i ra, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n, nh\u1ee5c nh\u00e3, gh\u00ea t\u1edfm. V\u1eady m\u00e0, khi ch\u00fang c\u00f2n \u1edf trong th\u00e2n x\u00e1c – th\u00ec m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00ea t\u1edfm – ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i xem l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu, \u0111\u00e1ng ham mu\u1ed1n, tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu, kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i, t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 v.v… B\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ecb tr\u00f9m k\u00edn trong m\u00e0n t\u1ed1i v\u00f4 minh, b\u1ecb nhu\u1ed1m \u0111\u1ea7y tham \u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c chi con ch\u1ed3n gi\u00e0 tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i hoa \u0111\u1ecf tr\u00ean c\u00e2y m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 mi\u1ebfng th\u1ecbt:<\/p>\n

“X\u01b0a c\u00f3 con ch\u1ed3n gi\u00e0<\/p>\n

Th\u1ea5y c\u00e2y r\u1eebng tr\u1ed5 hoa<\/p>\n

V\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn, ngh\u0129:<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y th\u1ecbt, c\u00e2y sinh ra!<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ed3n ta nhai hoa r\u1ee5ng<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f4i g\u00ec<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecbt tr\u00ean c\u00e2y kh\u00e1c<\/p>\n

Th\u1ecbt r\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 ngon chi.”<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed s\u1ebd qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t th\u00e2n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

“Th\u00e2n x\u00e1c th\u1ed1i tha n\u00e0y<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 x\u00ed<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f3 \u01b0a v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebb ngu say m\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00edn l\u1ed7<\/p>\n

B\u1ecdc trong l\u1edbp \u00e1o da<\/p>\n

R\u1ec9 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh m\u1ecdi ch\u1ed7<\/p>\n

U\u1ebf kh\u00ed, m\u00f9i bay xa.”<\/p>\n

Do v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t T\u1ef3 kheo c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00ean n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o khi th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n, h\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG VII: \u00d0\u1ecaNH – S\u00c1U T\u00d9Y NI\u1ec6M<\/h4>\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 6 th\u1ee9, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00ec c\u00f3 10 t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt, ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p, ni\u1ec7m t\u0103ng, ni\u1ec7m gi\u1edbi, ni\u1ec7m th\u00ed, ni\u1ec7m thi\u00ean, ni\u1ec7m t\u1eed, ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n, ni\u1ec7m t\u1ee9c, ni\u1ec7m di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

1) T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

2) T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb ph\u00e1p, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

3) T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb t\u0103ng, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ni\u1ec7m t\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

4) T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ni\u1ec7m gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

5) T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ni\u1ec7m th\u00ed.<\/p>\n

6) T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ni\u1ec7m t\u1eed.<\/p>\n

7) T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ni\u1ec7m thi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

8) T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n hay th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

9) T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb h\u01a1i th\u1edf ra v\u00e0o, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ni\u1ec7m t\u1ee9c, hay ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf (an\u00e0pan\u00e0sati).<\/p>\n

10) T\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh an, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ni\u1ec7m di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

1\/ Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t Thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5ng Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, th\u00ec n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5ng Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 sau: “\u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n l\u00e0 b\u1eadc A la h\u00e1n, Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 minh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1ea5ng Thi\u1ec7n Th\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ea5ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 th\u1ebf gian, b\u1eadc V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00d0\u1ea1o s\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c, b\u1eadc Th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Ph\u1eadt, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n. (M.I. 37; A. III. 285)<\/p>\n

a. A la h\u00e1n (Arahanta)<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc A la h\u00e1n: – Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u1eadc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi k\u1ebb th\u00f9 (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4). Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u00e1nh xe lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng v\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t \u00e1i. Ng\u00e0i x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi m\u1edd \u00e1m nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ngu \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi, t\u1ef1 khoe th\u00f4ng minh nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m \u00e1c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A la h\u00e1n:<\/p>\n

“B\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh xa u\u1ebf nhi\u1ec5m<\/p>\n

Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng gi\u1eb7c n\u00e3o phi\u1ec1n<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c c\u0103m xe ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/p>\n

X\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng \u00e1c h\u00e0nh b\u00ed m\u1eadt<\/p>\n

V\u00ec n\u0103m l\u00fd do n\u00e0y<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1<\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh b\u1eadc A la h\u00e1n.”<\/p>\n

b. Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1eb3ng Gi\u00e1c (Samm\u00e0sambuddha)<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u1eadc Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1c, v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh (samm\u00e0). Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t b\u1ed1n Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf: Kh\u1ed5, t\u1eadp, di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ea7n th\u1eafng tri \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng tri (t\u1ee9c kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf). C\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ea7n tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp (t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf). C\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf (t\u1ee9c t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf). C\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc (t\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf). Cho n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i x\u1ee9ng danh l\u00e0 b\u1eadc Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9. (Sn. 558)<\/p>\n

c. Minh H\u1ea1nh T\u00fac (Vijj\u00e0caranasampanno)<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 minh tr\u00ed v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, minh tr\u00ed l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho ba minh: Thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n minh, T\u00fac m\u1ea1ng minh v\u00e0 L\u1eadu t\u1eadn minh. C\u00f2n H\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho 15 \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh: Ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng gi\u1edbi; g\u00ecn gi\u1eef c\u00e1c c\u0103n m\u00f4n; bi\u1ebft v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 trong s\u1ef1 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng; Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c; c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p (t\u00edn, t\u00e0m, qu\u00ed, \u0111a v\u0103n, t\u1ea5n, ni\u1ec7m, tu\u1ec7) v\u00e0 4 Thi\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

d. Thi\u1ec7n Th\u1ec7 (Sugat\u00e0)<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng Thi\u1ec7n Th\u1ec7 v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 4 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: C\u00e1ch \u0111i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p; \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p; \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p; v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00fang. C\u00e1ch \u0111i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00e0 \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00e1m ng\u00e0nh. \u00d0\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n b\u1ea5t t\u1eed. \u00d0\u00e3 \u0111i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan n\u00e0o trong 2 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111am m\u00ea d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u00e9p x\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00fang t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0 \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh sau \u0111\u00e2y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3: “B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 Lai bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn tai h\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c bu\u1ed3n kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u00fd, Nh\u01b0 Lai kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u1eddi \u1ea5y. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i n\u00e0o Nh\u01b0 Lai bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn tai h\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ec5 nghe v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u01b0a th\u00edch, Nh\u01b0 Lai kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u1eddi \u1ea5y. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u1eddi n\u00e0o Nh\u01b0 Lai bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn tai h\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c bu\u1ed3n kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch, Nh\u01b0 Lai kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u1eddi \u1ea5y. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u1eddi n\u00e0o Nh\u01b0 Lai bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f3 nghe v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch, Nh\u01b0 Lai bi\u1ebft th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u1eddi \u1ea5y. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u1eddi n\u00e0o Nh\u01b0 Lai bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i, th\u00ec m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vui tai v\u00e0 l\u00e0m k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u01b0a th\u00edch, Nh\u01b0 Lai kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u1eddi \u1ea5y. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i n\u00e0o Nh\u01b0 Lai bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch, d\u1ec5 nghe, l\u00e0m k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u01b0a th\u00edch, Nh\u01b0 Lai bi\u1ebft th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean l\u1eddi \u1ea5y. (M. I, 395). Do v\u1eady, Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u1eadc Thi\u1ec7n Th\u1ec7, v\u00ec tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

\u0111. Th\u1ebf Gian Gi\u1ea3i<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 th\u1ebf gian, v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp th\u1ebf gian v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t, nh\u01b0 kinh n\u00f3i: “N\u00e0y h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng sinh, kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i sinh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y hay \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng du l\u1ecbch, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y Ta kh\u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u00d0\u00fang h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1i th\u00e2n x\u00e1c nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e1c th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 Ta c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.” (T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng b\u1ed9 kinh. IA, 69).<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, Ng\u00e0i bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh; th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 s\u1edf. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1edd th\u1ee9c \u0103n. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i r\u00f5 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u1ee9 s\u1edf t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 10 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hay v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 bao la. Trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh sinh di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

e. V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng S\u0129 \u00d0i\u1ec1u Ng\u1ef1 Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng Phu.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ta b\u00e0 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o cao c\u1ea3 h\u01a1n Ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, do \u0111\u00f3, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai tr\u00ean (V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u0129). Ng\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u1eb3n th\u1ebf gian v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t tri ki\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0 trong kinh \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: “Ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean, Ma, Ph\u1ea1m v\u01b0\u01a1ng, Sa m\u00f4n v\u00e0 B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n h\u01a1n ta v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi…” (S. I. 139). C\u0169ng th\u1ebf trong m\u1ed9t k\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i: “Ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Th\u1ea7y, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.” (M. I, 171).<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i ch\u00fang sinh, t\u1eeb ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u00e0i phi nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh sau \u0111\u00e2y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3: “N\u00e0y Kosi, Ta \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c, khi th\u00ec \u00f4n h\u00f2a, khi th\u00ec c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn, khi th\u00ec v\u1eeba \u00f4n h\u00f2a, v\u1eeba c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn”. (A. II, 112) Do \u0111\u00f3, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng S\u0129 \u00d0i\u1ec1u Ng\u1ef1 Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng Phu.<\/p>\n

g. Thi\u00ean Nh\u00e2n S\u01b0.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi sau, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu, t\u00f9y tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, cho n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u1eadc Th\u1ea7y. M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n trong Niddesa di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3: “\u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n l\u00e0 b\u1eadc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111o\u00e0n l\u1eef h\u00e0nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a k\u1ebb l\u1eef h\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0, \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua sa m\u1ea1c sinh t\u1eed.” (Nd.1, 446)<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a nh\u1ea5t. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nh\u1edd t\u00e0i gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i m\u00e0 lo\u00e0i S\u00fac sanh khi may m\u1eafn nghe di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p, c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sinh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

h. Ph\u1eadt<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9, l\u00e0 b\u1eadc tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n. Ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 Niddesa n\u00f3i: “Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, cho n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 (Buddha); Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang sinh, n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.” (Nd. I. 457)<\/p>\n

i. Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n (Bhagavant) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng, t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng g\u00e1n cho Ng\u00e0i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh, l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gian nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh t\u00f4n k\u00ednh. Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00fac t\u00f4n, v\u00ec gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng. Danh hi\u1ec7u Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea5ng Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, do s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Ch\u00e1nh bi\u1ebfn tri d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9i B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1, n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn th\u1ee9 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb m\u1ecdi kh\u00e1t \u00e1i, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb 10 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c L\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn, nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 sau:<\/p>\n

“T\u1eeb b\u1ecf tham s\u00e2n si<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n L\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c<\/p>\n

\u00c1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadn tr\u1eeb<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n x\u1ee9ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi.”<\/p>\n

Danh hi\u1ec7u Ph\u1eadt \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 k\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u00edn hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 gh\u00e9p V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng S\u0129 v\u00e0 \u00d0i\u1ec1u ng\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng phu th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, theo c\u00e1c Kinh Lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i th\u1eeba th\u00ec danh hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh th\u00e0nh 10, nh\u01b0 sau: 1. Nh\u01b0 Lai; 2. \u1ee8ng C\u00fang; 3. Ch\u00e1nh Bi\u1ebfn Tri; 4. Minh H\u1ea1nh T\u00fac; 5. Thi\u1ec7n Th\u1ec7; 6. Th\u1ebf Gian Gi\u1ea3i; 7. V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng S\u0129; 8. \u00d0i\u1ec1u Ng\u1ef1 Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng Phu; 9. Thi\u00ean Nh\u00e2n S\u01b0; 10. Ph\u1eadt, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n. (Kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n \u00d0\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, quy\u1ec3n 17 v\u00e0 18). V\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i Tr\u00ed \u00d0\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadn l\u1ea1i t\u00e1ch Ph\u1eadt, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n ri\u00eang ra; \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 10 hi\u1ec7u, c\u00f2n Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n hi\u1ec7u bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 10 \u0111\u1ee9c k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

2\/ Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u00e1p<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p, h\u00e3y \u0111i v\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 sau: “Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n kh\u00e9o thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ngay hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed ch\u1ee9ng bi\u1ebft”. (M. I, 37)<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e9o thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00e3o luy\u1ec7n \u1edf ph\u1ea7n nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1, ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. Ho\u1eb7c, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u1edf ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi \u0111em l\u1ea1i an l\u1ea1c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, ch\u1eb7ng gi\u1eefa v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u1edf ch\u1eb7ng cu\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, kh\u00e9o gi\u1ea3ng v\u00ec ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p Ng\u00e0i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p Ng\u00e0i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i: V\u00ec ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao qu\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 xa l\u00eca tham d\u1ee5c n\u01a1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3: “N\u00e0y B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n, khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tham chi ph\u1ed1i, b\u1ecb tham tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp, t\u00e2m b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi tham, th\u00ec n\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 h\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh, h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 hai, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m. Khi tham \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129 h\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh, h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 hai, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m. N\u00e0y B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i”. (A. I. 156). H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ngay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111em l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian. Ho\u1eb7c, thay v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian m\u1edbi c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, th\u00ec ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111em l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ngay t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea9m s\u00e1t nh\u01b0 sau: “H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y”, cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “\u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y” (Ehipassika). V\u00ec ph\u00e1p xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thu\u1ea7n t\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng r\u1eb1m tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng m\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdc mani tr\u00ean t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i tinh s\u1ea1ch. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed ch\u1ee9ng bi\u1ebft ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ee3i c\u0103n, nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ch\u1ee9ng bi\u1ebft. Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3a hoa, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong t\u1ef1 t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed m\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ngu, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp:<\/p>\n

“Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed<\/p>\n

Th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean tu t\u1eadp<\/p>\n

Ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p<\/p>\n

T\u1ed1i th\u1eafng nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng.”<\/p>\n

3\/ Ni\u1ec7m T\u0103ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m T\u0103ng, n\u00ean \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i thanh v\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Th\u00e1nh ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 sau: “Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o, tr\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 4 \u0111\u00f4i 8 v\u1ecb. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, cung k\u00ednh ch\u1ea5p tay ch\u00e0o, l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec1n V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian.” (A. III, 286)<\/p>\n

\u00d0i v\u00e0o thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o, tr\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trung \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf hai c\u1ef1c \u0111oan l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u00e9p x\u00e1c, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng t\u00e0 v\u1ea1y v\u00e0 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f4i 8 v\u1ecb ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong 4 Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3, m\u1ed7i qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 2 b\u1eadc nh\u01b0 sau: D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u h\u01b0\u1edbng, D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u qu\u1ea3; Nh\u1ea5t lai h\u01b0\u1edbng, Nh\u1ea5t lai qu\u1ea3; B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n h\u01b0\u1edbng, B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n qu\u1ea3; v\u00e0 A la h\u00e1n h\u01b0\u1edbng, A la h\u00e1n qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a t\u00edn th\u00ed. B\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho ch\u00fang T\u0103ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa 107 n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

“D\u00f9 tr\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m<\/p>\n

Th\u1edd l\u1eeda t\u1ea1i r\u1eebng s\u00e2u<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng b\u1eb1ng trong gi\u00e2y l\u00e1t<\/p>\n

C\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eadc ch\u00e2n tu.”<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng ph\u01b0\u1edbc V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 T\u0103ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang sinh gieo tr\u1ed3ng ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9c. V\u00ec c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn an l\u1ea1c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u1ec1u y c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o Th\u00e1nh ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, n\u00ean ch\u00fang T\u0103ng l\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng ph\u01b0\u1edbc V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00ec t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tham, s\u00e2n, si chi ph\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn an t\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

4\/ Ni\u1ec7m Gi\u1edbi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tu ph\u00e1p ni\u1ec7m gi\u1edbi n\u00ean \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i thanh v\u1eafng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia hay t\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh th\u1ecd, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u1edf ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ea7u, hay ch\u1eb7ng cu\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0 mi\u1ebfng v\u1ea3i v\u1ecb x\u00e9 r\u00e1ch \u1edf hai \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec gi\u1edbi \u1ea5y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e1ch. N\u1ebfu gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u1edf ch\u1eb7ng gi\u1eefa, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ee7ng, nh\u01b0 mi\u1ebfng v\u1ea3i b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e2m l\u1ee7ng \u1edf gi\u1eefa. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m 2, 3, l\u1ea7n li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb v\u00e1. N\u1ebfu gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp, c\u00e1ch nhau t\u1eebng th\u1eddi kho\u1ea3ng, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ed1m \u0111\u1ed1m, nh\u01b0 con b\u00f2 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1m tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, v\u00ec ch\u00fang gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho d\u1ee5c \u00e1i. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed t\u00e1n th\u00e1n. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn tham d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

Khi chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ni\u1ec7m gi\u1edbi, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p. V\u1ecb n\u00e0y s\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1eafn r\u1ee9t. V\u1ecb n\u00e0y th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng tin vi\u00ean m\u00e3n. V\u1ecb n\u00e0y s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng an l\u1ea1c, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 g\u00ec cao h\u01a1n, th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb9p. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean:<\/p>\n

“Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed<\/p>\n

S\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ni\u1ec7m gi\u1edbi.”<\/p>\n

5\/ Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m th\u00ed n\u00ean ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m b\u1ed1 th\u00ed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u01b0\u1eddng san s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 khi g\u1eb7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn xin. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn v\u00e0 m\u1ebfn m\u1ed9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd an \u1ed5n khi s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 v\u1edbi suy ngh\u0129: “Ta an tr\u00fa v\u1edbi t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m b\u1edfi tham.” hay “Ta th\u00edch th\u00fa trong s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, ta vui m\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ban ph\u00e1t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t \u00edt t\u00e0i v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.” Khi m\u1ed9t T\u1ef3 kheo chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u00e2n hoan trong s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, h\u00e0nh x\u1eed ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u1eeb bi, v\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 \u00fay, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u an l\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n

6\/ Ni\u1ec7m Thi\u00ean<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m thi\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean, v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng: “C\u00f3 ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c c\u00f5i T\u1ee9 thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c c\u00f5i Tam th\u1eadp tam v.v… v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean \u1ea5y c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi… \u0111a v\u0103n, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u1ea5y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1i ta”. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ni\u1ec7m t\u00edn, th\u00ed, gi\u1edbi, v\u0103n, tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean, r\u1ed3i li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u1ea5y, th\u00ec t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tham, s\u00e2n, si \u00e1m \u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t T\u1ef3 kheo chuy\u00ean tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m thi\u00ean s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u1edfng, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 g\u00ec cao, th\u00ec \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i chung, l\u1ee5c ni\u1ec7m v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo tu t\u1eadp. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft ch\u00ed chuy\u00ean ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u1ea5y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i thanh v\u1eafng, d\u1ed1c h\u1ebft t\u00e2m t\u01b0 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn. Nh\u1edd chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean thanh t\u1ecbnh, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c Thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t c\u01b0 s\u0129 n\u1ebfu gi\u1edbi thanh t\u1ecbnh, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp 6 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i s\u1ebd l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng, t\u00e2m tr\u1edf n\u00ean an l\u1ea1c, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG VIII: \u00d0\u1ecaNH – NH\u1eeeNG T\u00d9Y NI\u1ec6M KH\u00c1C<\/h4>\n

(Anussati Kammatth\u00e0na-niddesa)<\/p>\n

1\/ Ni\u1ec7m Ch\u1ebft<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 6 t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ebft. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh 2 lo\u1ea1i: Ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft phi th\u1eddi. Ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c do h\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9c, ho\u1eb7c do h\u1ebft th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng, ho\u1eb7c do h\u1ebft c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f9ng l\u00fac. C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft do h\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111au \u1ed1m g\u00ec. C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft do h\u1ebft th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y. C\u00f2n ch\u1ebft phi th\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t do \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y, n\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng binh kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp ph\u00e9p qu\u00e1n n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c c\u01b0 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m t\u00e1c \u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 sau: “Ch\u1ebft s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn, m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n.” hay “ch\u1ebft, ch\u1ebft”. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chung chung, ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1c \u00fd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh t\u1eebng quen bi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u00ean c\u1ed5. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u00e0 th\u1ea7m nh\u1ee7: “C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn”, l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c, ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an tr\u00fa v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

T\u00c1M C\u00c1CH NI\u1ec6M CH\u1ebeT<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng 8 c\u00e1ch sau: 1. C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n; 2. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n; 3. So s\u00e1nh; 4. Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb san s\u1ebb v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00fang sinh; 5. M\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng mong manh; 6. Kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbng; 7. S\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; 8. S\u1ef1 ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i c\u1ee7a s\u00e1t na.<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n<\/strong>\u00a0ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y n\u00ean ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 mong manh, nh\u01b0 \u0111ang b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n r\u00ecnh r\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sinh t\u1eeb l\u00fac m\u1edbi ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 du h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. Do v\u1eady m\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 c\u1ea3nh t\u1ec9nh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

“Ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 qua<\/p>\n

M\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 \u00edt n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/p>\n

N\u00e0o c\u00f3 vui g\u00ec!<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ea1i ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tinh t\u1ea5n<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00e1y<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/p>\n

Ch\u1edb c\u00f3 ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt.”<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n\u00a0<\/strong>ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u00f9 v\u1ebb vang \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1i m\u1ea7m m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 suy t\u00e0n. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, m\u1ecdi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t b\u1eb1ng t\u1eadt b\u1ec7nh, m\u1ecdi tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e0 nua, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n sinh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u1ec1u do sinh m\u00e0 c\u00f3, b\u1ecb gi\u00e0 \u00e1m \u1ea3nh, b\u1ecb t\u1eadt b\u1ec7nh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1nh g\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch so s\u00e1nh<\/strong>\u00a0l\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 danh v\u1ecdng, c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u00d0\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt to\u00e0n gi\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh cao c\u1ea3, chung c\u1ee5c c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ta nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb san s\u1ebb v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00fang sinh ngh\u0129a<\/strong>\u00a0l\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ta c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00fang sinh c\u01b0 tr\u00fa, m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 80 gia \u0111\u00ecnh vi tr\u00f9ng, s\u1ed1ng b\u00e1m v\u00e0o th\u00e2n ta t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i da cho \u0111\u1ebfn trong x\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee7y.<\/p>\n

5.\u00a0M\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng mong manh<\/strong>\u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3. N\u1ebfu khi th\u1edf v\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1edf ra, khi n\u00f3ng l\u1ea1nh b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a, khi 4 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nhau, hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf th\u1ee9c \u0103n, th\u00ec m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng li\u1ec1n k\u1ebft th\u00fac.<\/p>\n

6.\u00a0Kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/strong>\u00a0ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh, kh\u00f4nh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh g\u00ec, ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o ch\u1ebft, th\u1ecd bao nhi\u00eau tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i n\u00e0o. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng hay t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

7.\u00a0S\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong>\u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea5y ai s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 70, 50, 20 v.v… Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb gi\u00e3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi t\u1eeb l\u00fac c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean n\u00f4i. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

8.\u00a0S\u1ef1 ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i trong s\u00e1t na<\/strong>\u00a0ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i ch\u1ec9 trong kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec7m. Nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i b\u00e1nh xe khi l\u0103n ch\u1ec9 l\u0103n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 khi ngh\u1ec9 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ngh\u1ec9 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m (\u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t). M\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang sinh c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 trong kho\u1ea3ng kh\u1eafc, khi ni\u1ec7m \u1ea5y qua \u0111i, ch\u00fang sinh \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ebft theo ngh\u0129a s\u1ef1 ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i trong s\u00e1t na.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t trong t\u00e1m c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, t\u00e2m v\u1ecb \u1ea5y s\u1ebd an tr\u00fa trong ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Thi\u1ec1n chi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tham luy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1eefu, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf chi ph\u1ed1i, t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u00e2m. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, khi ch\u1ebft v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng. Trong khi nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sinh ch\u01b0a tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u00e3i h\u00f9ng kinh s\u1ee3, b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i d\u1eef d\u1ed9i v\u00e0o l\u00fac ch\u1ebft. Kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sinh \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ebft d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t t\u1eed ngay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, \u00edt ra c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung.<\/p>\n

2\/ Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n Hay Th\u00e2n H\u00e0nh Ni\u1ec7m<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y do \u0111\u1ea5ng \u00d0\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng ai tu t\u1eadp ph\u00e1p Thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch nh\u01b0 \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3: “H\u1ee1i c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, ai th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y n\u1ebfm v\u1ecb b\u1ea5t t\u1eed, ai kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng n\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb b\u1ea5t t\u1eed. ” (A. I, 45)<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 14 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c: Ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf (s\u1ebd x\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c ri\u00eang); n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf ng\u1ed3i; c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c; v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh; qu\u00e1n t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i; v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 9 ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n t\u1eed thi n\u01a1i ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba “\u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc”.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn 32 v\u1eadt b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 kinh v\u0103n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3: “L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, m\u1ed9t T\u1ef3 kheo qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t th\u00e2n n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n tr\u1edf l\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh t\u00f3c, bao b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi da v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh sai bi\u1ec7t. Trong th\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00f3c, l\u00f4ng, m\u00f3ng, r\u0103ng, da, th\u1ecbt, g\u00e2n, x\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1eadn, t\u1ee7y, tim, gan, ho\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u00f4, l\u00e1 l\u00e1ch, ph\u1ed5i, ru\u1ed9t, ph\u00e2n, m\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e0m, ni\u00eam d\u1ecbch, m\u1ee7, m\u00e1u, m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, m\u1ee1, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, m\u1ee1 da, n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i, n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edbp x\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u v\u00e0 n\u00e3o. (M III, 90)<\/p>\n

Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai v\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh 6 nh\u00f3m nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

– Nh\u00f3m 1 (t\u00f3c l\u00f4ng), g\u1ed3m 5 th\u1ee9: t\u00f3c, l\u00f4ng, m\u00f3ng, r\u0103ng, da.<\/p>\n

– Nh\u00f3m 2 (th\u1ecbt x\u01b0\u01a1ng), g\u1ed3m 5 th\u1ee9: th\u1ecbt, g\u00e2n, x\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ee7y, th\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

– Nh\u00f3m 3 (tim ph\u1ed5i), g\u1ed3m 5 th\u1ee9: tim, gan, ho\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u00f4, l\u00e1 l\u00e1ch, ph\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

– Nh\u00f3m 4 (ru\u1ed9t n\u00e3o), g\u1ed3m 5 th\u1ee9: ru\u1ed9t non, m\u00e0ng ru\u1ed9t, m\u1ee1 da, ph\u00e2n, n\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

– Nh\u00f3m 5 (m\u00e1u m\u1ee7), g\u1ed3m 6 th\u1ee9: m\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e0m, m\u1ee7, m\u00e1u, m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, m\u1ee1.<\/p>\n

– Nh\u00f3m 6 (n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u), g\u1ed3m 6 th\u1ee9: n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i, n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng, ni\u00eam d\u1ecbch, n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edbp x\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 k\u1ec3 c\u00f3 32 v\u1eadt b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 chia th\u00e0nh 6 nh\u00f3m; Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh 36 v\u1eadt, v\u00e0 chia th\u00e0nh 3 nh\u00f3m: Nh\u00f3m I g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 12 th\u1ee9 \u1edf ngo\u00e0i th\u00e2n l\u00e0: t\u00f3c, l\u00f4ng, m\u00f3ng, r\u0103ng, gh\u00e8n, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i, n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt, ph\u00e2n, n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u, c\u00e1u b\u1ea9n, m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i. Nh\u00f3m II g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 12 th\u1ee9 \u1edf trong th\u00e2n l\u00e0: da, da non, m\u00e1u, th\u1ecbt, g\u00e2n, m\u1ea1ch, x\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ee7y, l\u1edbp m\u1ee1 da, m\u1ee1, \u00f3c, m\u00e0ng b\u1ecdc g\u00e2n th\u1ecbt. Nh\u00f3m III g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 12 th\u1ee9 n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u trong th\u00e2n l\u00e0: gan, m\u1eadt, ru\u1ed9t, d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y, l\u00e1 l\u00e1ch, th\u1eadn, tim, ph\u1ed5i, b\u00e0ng quang, m\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n, \u0111\u1eddm \u0111\u1ecf, \u0111\u1eddm tr\u1eafng. (Kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n \u00d0\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, quy\u1ec3n 24. \u00d0\u1ea1i S\u1edb Di\u1ec5n Ngh\u0129a Sao, quy\u1ec3n 30).<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c Thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m tu t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. V\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y c\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 7 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp nh\u01b0 sau: 1. H\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt; 2. L\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c n\u1eb1m l\u00f2ng; 3. Bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i v\u1eadt; 4. Bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i v\u1eadt; 5. Bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng; 6. Bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed; 7. Bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 7 thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng 32 v\u1eadt b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 10 thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fa t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 sau: 1. V\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1; 2. Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 nhanh; 3. Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadm; 4. Tr\u00e1nh ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m; 5. V\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m; 6. L\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf; 7. V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh; 8. – 10. V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n kinh tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u00f5 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i chung, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb r\u00f5 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng v\u1eadt; khi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1 nhanh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadm; v\u00ec nhanh hay ch\u1eadm \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho v\u1eadt \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Khi t\u00e2m ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n th\u00ec Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ecb th\u1ed1i th\u1ea5t. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i qu\u00ean t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u00e0 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh gh\u00ea t\u1edfm c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, c\u1ea7n l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 m\u00e0 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m. Nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t T\u1ef3 kheo tu t\u1eadp t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u00ec t\u00e2m d\u1ec5 tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu tinh t\u1ea5n qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, th\u00ec c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 sinh ra tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea3, th\u00ec t\u00e2m s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c L\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c. V\u1ec1 3 b\u1ea3n kinh: Ba b\u1ea3n kinh n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o trong c\u00e1ch tu t\u1eadp ph\u00e1p Thi\u1ec1n k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3: “N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 v\u00e0ng thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n l\u00f2 b\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ed1t l\u00f2 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0ng th\u00f4 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 luy\u1ec7n, th\u00ec v\u1ecb \u1ea5y th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng th\u1ee5t b\u1ec7, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng r\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng ng\u1ed3i canh ch\u1eebng. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 v\u00e0ng \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 th\u1ee5t \u1ed1ng b\u1ec7 th\u00ec v\u00e0ng s\u1ebd ch\u00e1y; n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 r\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec v\u00e0ng s\u1ebd ngu\u1ed9i l\u1ea1nh; v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 ng\u1ed3i nh\u00ecn m\u00e3i th\u00ec v\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu v\u1ecb \u1ea5y th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng th\u1ee5t b\u1ec7, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng r\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng ng\u1ed3i canh ch\u1eebng, th\u00ec v\u00e0ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean nhu nhuy\u1ebfn, d\u1ec5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ee1 b\u1ec3 v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn, mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n, ki\u1ec1ng v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, c\u00f3 3 t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 T\u1ef3 kheo tu t\u1eadp t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng t\u00e1c \u00fd… th\u00ec t\u00e2m v\u1ecb \u1ea5y tr\u1edf n\u00ean nhu nhuy\u1ebfn, d\u1ec5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb L\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0o m\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y mong mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc nh\u1edd v\u00e0o tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.” (A. I, 256)<\/p>\n

B\u00c0N CHI TI\u1ebeT V\u1ec0 32 U\u1ebe V\u1eacT<\/p>\n

Khi kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u00e3y kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a 32 u\u1ebf v\u1eadt, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00f3c v.v… Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o 5 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u00ean, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0: m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng, xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, t\u00f3c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111en, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c. V\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng, t\u00f3c c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh \u1ed1ng d\u00e0i. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng, ch\u00fang \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u00ean. V\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9, ch\u00fang \u1edf trong l\u1edbp da s\u00e1t l\u1edbp da bao b\u1ecdc c\u00e1i s\u1ecd. V\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, \u1edf 2 b\u00ean ch\u00fang l\u00e0 2 v\u00e0nh tai, ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 c\u00e1i tr\u00e1n, v\u00e0 ph\u00eda sau l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00e1y. N\u00f3i chung, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t l\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1ea5t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t 31 v\u1eadt c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch v\u1eeba k\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0i v\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi y h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 r\u0103ng, lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb r\u0103ng c\u1eeda cho \u0111\u1ebfn r\u0103ng c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 4 lo\u1ea1i: t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i r\u0103ng 1 ch\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ebfn 2 ch\u00e2n, 3 ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 4 ch\u00e2n. V\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 300 x\u01b0\u01a1ng, bao g\u1ed3m 64 \u0111\u1ed1t x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2n, 64 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ee5n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1ecbt, 18 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng, 24 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u01b0\u1eddn (g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 2 b\u00ean), 14 x\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1ef1c, 7 x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5 v.v…; c\u1ed9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean. V\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3 tim, lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o: \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 tr\u00e1i tim h\u01a1i r\u1ed9ng, c\u00f2n \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ch\u1ed3i hoa sen. V\u1ec1 m\u1eadt, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 m\u1eadt t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 v\u00e0 m\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u01b0u. M\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u01b0u r\u1ea3i ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt d\u1ea7u lan tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u th\u00e2n, tr\u1eeb t\u00f3c, l\u00f4ng v.v… Khi t\u00fai m\u1eadt b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n, sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ebd n\u1ed5i \u0111i\u00ean kh\u00f9ng, m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft t\u00e0m qu\u00ed, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129. V\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e0m, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng, khi th\u1ee9c \u0103n r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng bao t\u1eed l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e0m s\u1ebd ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean tr\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u1eafp \u0111\u1eady c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00f9ng ph\u00e2n. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e0m y\u1ebfu, th\u00ec bao t\u1eed tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u00f4i h\u00e1m gh\u00ea t\u1edfm nh\u01b0 m\u00f9i ph\u00e2n hay m\u00f9i tr\u1ee9ng th\u1ed1i. V\u1ec1 m\u00e1u: m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh tham th\u00ec m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf; t\u00e1nh s\u00e2n th\u00ec m\u00e0u \u0111en; t\u00e1nh si th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eeda th\u1ecbt; m\u00e1u \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay suy ngh\u0129 th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 canh \u0111\u1eadm m\u00e0u; \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh t\u00edn th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 hoa v\u00e0ng. \u1ede ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh tu\u1ec7 th\u00ec trong s\u00e1ng, kh\u00f4ng v\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ee5c. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00e1u t\u00f9y theo t\u00e2m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf kh\u1edbp x\u01b0\u01a1ng: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eddn \u1edf trong nh\u1eefng kh\u1edbp x\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01a1i c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u00e0m cho tr\u01a1n kh\u1edbp. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u1ee9ng, c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3, l\u00e0m cho t\u1ee9 chi b\u1ecb \u0111au nh\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m quan s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng, tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a 32 v\u1eadt n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac d\u00f9 m\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 trong t\u00e2m. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e3 nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n, r\u1ed3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t gh\u00ea t\u1edfm c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 T\u1ee3 t\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 khai tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ee3 t\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ebd kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng, n\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 32 v\u1eadt b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u1edf trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

3\/ Ni\u1ec7m T\u1ee9c Hay Ni\u1ec7m H\u01a1i Th\u1edf<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c Thi\u1ec1n. \u00d0\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd th\u00e0nh 16 c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 sau: N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho sung m\u00e3n, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn an l\u1ea1c, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4, l\u00e0m cho t\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 duy b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n khi ch\u00fang kh\u1edfi l\u00ean? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, m\u1ed9t T\u1ef3 kheo \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn khu r\u1eebng, hay \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y, ho\u1eb7c ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng, ng\u1ed3i ki\u1ebft gi\u00e0, l\u01b0ng th\u1eb3ng, an tr\u00fa ni\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t, lu\u00f4n t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y th\u1edf v\u00e0o v\u00e0 th\u1edf ra:<\/p>\n

1. Khi th\u1edf v\u00f4 d\u00e0i, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft “T\u00f4i th\u1edf v\u00f4 d\u00e0i”. Khi th\u1edf ra d\u00e0i, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft “T\u00f4i th\u1edf ra d\u00e0i”.<\/p>\n

2. Khi th\u1edf v\u00f4 ng\u1eafn, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft “T\u00f4i th\u1edf v\u00f4 ng\u1eafn”. Khi th\u1edf ra ng\u1eafn, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft “T\u00f4i th\u1edf ra ng\u1eafn”.<\/p>\n

3. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c to\u00e0n th\u00e2n, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf v\u00f4”, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c to\u00e0n th\u00e2n, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf ra”.<\/p>\n

4. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “An t\u1ecbnh th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf v\u00f4”, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “An t\u1ecbnh th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf ra”.<\/p>\n

5. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c h\u1ec9 th\u1ecd, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf v\u00f4”, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c h\u1ef7 th\u1ecd, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf ra”.<\/p>\n

6. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf v\u00f4”, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf ra”.<\/p>\n

7. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf v\u00f4”, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u1edf ra”.<\/p>\n

8. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “An t\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf v\u00f4”, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “An t\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf ra”.<\/p>\n

9. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf v\u00f4”, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf ra”.<\/p>\n

10. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “Khi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m h\u00e2n hoan, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf v\u00f4”, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “Khi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m h\u00e2n hoan, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf ra”.<\/p>\n

11, V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “Khi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf v\u00f4”, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “Khi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf ra”.<\/p>\n

12. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “Khi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m c\u1edfi m\u1edf, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf v\u00f4”, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “Khi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m c\u1edfi m\u1edf, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf ra”.<\/p>\n

13. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “Qu\u00e1n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf v\u00f4”, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “Qu\u00e1n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf ra”.<\/p>\n

14. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “Qu\u00e1n tan ho\u1ea1i, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf v\u00f4”, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “Qu\u00e1n tan ho\u1ea1i, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf ra”.<\/p>\n

15, V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “Qu\u00e1n t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf v\u00f4”, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “Qu\u00e1n t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf ra”.<\/p>\n

16. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “Qu\u00e1n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf v\u00f4”, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eadp “Qu\u00e1n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1edf ra”. (T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng V, 321- 322)<\/p>\n

KHAI TRI\u1ec2N \u00d0\u1ec0 T\u00c0I THEO 4 NI\u1ec6M X\u1ee8<\/p>\n

a. Qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 n\u01a1i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

“H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 n\u01a1i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng 4 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean), \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp nh\u01b0 sau: “T\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, v\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdn c\u1ea3 h\u01a1i th\u1edf m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111ang h\u00edt v\u00e0o. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdn c\u1ea3 h\u01a1i th\u1edf m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111ang th\u1edf ra. T\u00f4i \u0111ang h\u00edt v\u00e0o v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 t\u00f4i tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng. T\u00f4i \u0111ang th\u1edf ra v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 t\u00f4i tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng”. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khi quay m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng d\u00e0i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 ti\u1ec7n kh\u00e9o tay \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang xoay m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng d\u00e0i, v\u00e0 khi xoay m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng ng\u1eafn, \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang xoay m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng ng\u1eafn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 m\u1ed7i khi h\u00edt v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u01a1i d\u00e0i, \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang h\u00edt v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u01a1i d\u00e0i. M\u1ed7i khi th\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t h\u01a1i d\u00e0i, \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang th\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t h\u01a1i d\u00e0i. M\u1ed7i khi h\u00edt v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u01a1i ng\u1eafn, \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang h\u00edt v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u01a1i ng\u1eafn. M\u1ed7i khi th\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t h\u01a1i ng\u1eafn, \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang th\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t h\u01a1i ng\u1eafn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 sau: “T\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdn c\u1ea3 h\u01a1i th\u1edf m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111ang th\u1edf v\u00e0o. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdn c\u1ea3 h\u01a1i th\u1edf m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111ang th\u1edf ra. T\u00f4i \u0111ang th\u1edf v\u00e0o v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 t\u00f4i tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng. T\u00f4i \u0111ang th\u1edf ra v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 t\u00f4i tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng”. C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c trong s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m b\u00ean trong l\u1eabn b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh kh\u1edfi n\u01a1i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t n\u01a1i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. Hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m “c\u00f3 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e2y”, \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eadn. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 n\u01a1i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

b. Qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd n\u01a1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd n\u01a1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u1eeba theo d\u00f5i h\u01a1i th\u1edf – t\u1eeb 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 8 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean – v\u1eeba \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c: “Ta \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c”. M\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng: “Ta \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 \u0111au”. M\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng: “Ta \u0111ang c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au”. Khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng: “Ta \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t”. Khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c tinh th\u1ea7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng: “Ta \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c tinh th\u1ea7n”. Khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng: “Ta \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t”. Khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 \u0111au tinh th\u1ea7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng: “Ta \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 \u0111au tinh th\u1ea7n”. Khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng: “Ta \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au”. Khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng: “Ta \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au”. C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 trong s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd n\u01a1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd, ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m b\u00ean trong, ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd \u1ea5y; ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea3 b\u00ean trong l\u1eabn b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd \u1ea5y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd hay qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd. Ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m: “c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd \u0111\u00e2y”, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3; v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eadn. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd n\u01a1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

c. Qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c h\u01a1i th\u1edf (t\u1eeb 9 \u0111\u1ebfn 12) nh\u01b0 sau: “M\u1ed7i khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 tham d\u1ee5c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 tham d\u1ee5c. M\u1ed7i khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham d\u1ee5c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham d\u1ee5c. M\u1ed7i khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn. M\u1ed7i khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn. M\u1ed7i khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c si m\u00ea, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh si m\u00ea. M\u1ed7i khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng si m\u00ea, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng si m\u00ea. M\u1ed7i khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 thu nhi\u1ebfp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 thu nhi\u1ebfp. M\u1ed7i khi t\u00e2m \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u00f3ang \u0111\u1ea1t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u00f3ang \u0111\u1ea1t. M\u1ed7i khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p. M\u1ed7i khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cao nh\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cao nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed7i khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u1ed7i khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u1ed7i khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. M\u1ed7i khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m b\u00ean trong, ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y, ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea3 b\u00ean trong l\u1eabn b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c hay qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh kh\u1edfi l\u1eabn h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. Ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m: “c\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e2y”, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c; v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eadn. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u01a1i th\u1edf”.<\/p>\n

d. Qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c (qu\u00e1n ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p)<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c qua h\u01a1i th\u1edf (t\u1eeb 13 \u0111\u1ebfn 16 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean) v\u1ec1 5 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u0103n che nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

1) Khi c\u00f3 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c. Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c. Khi m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec7m \u00e1i d\u1ee5c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u sanh kh\u1edfi, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 sanh kh\u1edfi \u1ea5y. Khi m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec7m \u00e1i d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 sinh, \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eed di\u1ec7t, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u1eed di\u1ec7t \u1ea5y. Khi m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec7m \u00e1i d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eed di\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i sanh n\u1eefa, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

2) Khi c\u00f3 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn. Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn. Khi m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec7m s\u00e2n h\u1eadn b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u sanh kh\u1edfi, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 sanh kh\u1edfi \u1ea5y. Khi m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec7m s\u00e2n h\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 sinh, \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t \u1ea5y. Khi m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec7m s\u00e2n h\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

3) Khi c\u00f3 m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7. Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7. Khi s\u1ef1 m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u sanh kh\u1edfi, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 sanh kh\u1edfi \u1ea5y. Khi s\u1ef1 m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eed di\u1ec7t, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u1eed di\u1ec7t \u1ea5y. Khi s\u1ef1 m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eed di\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

4) Khi c\u00f3 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t an (tr\u1ea1o) v\u00e0 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn (h\u1ed1i) h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t an v\u00e0 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn. Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t an v\u00e0 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t an v\u00e0 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn. Khi dao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t an v\u00e0 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn ph\u00e1t sinh, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ea5t an v\u00e0 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn v\u1eeba ph\u00e1t sanh. Khi dao \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ea5t an v\u00e0 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eed di\u1ec7t, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ea5t an v\u00e0 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eed di\u1ec7t. Khi dao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t an v\u00e0 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eed di\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

5) Khi c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi ng\u1edd, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang c\u00f3 nghi ng\u1edd. Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nghi ng\u1edd, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nghi ng\u1edd. Khi s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u sanh kh\u1edfi, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 sanh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3. Khi s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eed di\u1ec7t, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u1eed di\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3. Khi s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eed di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m b\u00ean trong, ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i; ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea3 b\u00ean trong l\u1eabn b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c trong s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sanh kh\u1edfi n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh kh\u1edfi l\u1eabn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t. Ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m: “C\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e2y”, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eadn. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3, l\u1ea5y h\u01a1i th\u1edf l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9” (Ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c, T. Nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1nh, An Ti\u00eam xb. 1976, tr. 75-83)<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf th\u00f4ng qua 4 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i y\u00ean t\u0129nh c\u00e1ch xa m\u1ecdi ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00ec ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 c\u00e2y gai \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p Thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 c\u00f2n cho r\u1eb1ng tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 c\u00f2n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 m\u00f9a n\u00f3ng, th\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u01a1i n\u00fai r\u1eebng. V\u1ec1 m\u00f9a r\u00e9t, th\u00edch h\u1ee3p d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y; v\u1ec1 m\u00f9a m\u01b0a, th\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u01a1i kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m th\u1ea1nh, th\u00ec th\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u01a1i n\u00fai r\u1eebng; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eadt th\u1ea1nh, th\u00ec th\u00edch h\u1ee3p d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi phong th\u1ea1nh th\u00ec th\u00edch h\u1ee3p ch\u1ed7 kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1nh si, th\u00edch \u1edf n\u01a1i r\u1eebng; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1nh s\u00e2n, th\u00edch h\u1ee3p g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1nh tham, th\u00edch h\u1ee3p kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 n\u00eau m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5: C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con kh\u1ec9 \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y l\u0103ng x\u0103ng, mu\u1ed1n cho n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m y\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y bu\u1ed9c n\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ecdc. Con kh\u1ec9 ch\u1ec9 cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta, s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 cho ni\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 c\u00e2y c\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 cho h\u01a1i th\u1edf. \u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi B\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft h\u01a1i th\u1edf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p: M\u1ed9t em b\u00e9 c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ee5ng m\u1eb9, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh v\u00e0o s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc Di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c Thi\u1ec1n ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 tu t\u1eadp. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Duy\u00ean gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 Thanh v\u0103n m\u1edbi quen thu\u1ed9c, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng g\u00ec khi tu t\u1eadp ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n n\u00e0y. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 do tu t\u1eadp ph\u00e1p Thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1p ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf v\u1edbi 16 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u1edbn, l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y: “N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho sung m\u00e3n, th\u00ec 4 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u00ean m\u00e3n. B\u1ed1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho sung m\u00e3n th\u00ec B\u1ea3y gi\u00e1c chi s\u1ebd vi\u00ean m\u00e3n. B\u1ea3y gi\u00e1c chi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, s\u1ebd vi\u00ean m\u00e3n minh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t”. (M. III. 82)<\/p>\n

4\/ Ni\u1ec7m Di\u1ec7t (Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n)<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp ni\u1ec7m di\u1ec7t, h\u00e3y \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t (Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n). \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ly tham, v\u00ec ly tham, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 vi; l\u00e0 nhi\u1ebfp ph\u1ee5c ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n; nh\u1ed5 t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1t \u00e1i, v\u00ec kh\u00e1t \u00e1i l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u00e0i ch\u00fang sinh, 5 th\u00fa, 7 th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 9 c\u00f5i; l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u00e1i sanh; \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. \u00d0\u1ee9c t\u00ednh Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 sau: “N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, ta s\u1ebd d\u1ea1y cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00e1i v\u00f4 vi, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, b\u1ec9 ng\u1ea1n, c\u00e1i kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1i b\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1i, c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu, c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb, c\u00e1i b\u1ea5t t\u1eed, c\u00e1i hi\u1ec1n thi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1i an \u1ed5n, c\u00e1i k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u, c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n, c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea7u, c\u00e1i thanh t\u1ecbnh, h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, ch\u1ed7 tr\u00fa”. (S. IV, 360-372)<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t T\u1ef3 kheo chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t s\u1ebd ng\u1ee7 trong an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c trong an l\u1ea1c, c\u00e1c c\u0103n t\u1ecbch t\u1ecbnh, t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh an, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u00e0m qu\u00ed, tin t\u01b0\u1edfng, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 cao c\u1ea3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng cung k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh. V\u00e0 d\u00f9 cho v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb n\u00e0o cao h\u01a1n, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG IX: \u00d0\u1ecaNH – C\u00c1C PH\u1ea0M TR\u00da<\/h4>\n

(Brahmavih\u00e0ra – niddesa)<\/p>\n

1\/ T\u1eeb (Mett\u00e0)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c Thi\u1ec1n k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c t\u00f9y ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 4 Ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa, t\u1ee9c T\u1eeb, Bi, H\u1ec9 v\u00e0 X\u1ea3. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 T\u1eeb.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c Thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kham nh\u1eabn, nh\u01b0 kinh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y: “Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o cao h\u01a1n nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n n\u00e0o cao h\u01a1n kham nh\u1eabn”. (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng II, 94; Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa 184).<\/p>\n

Theo lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7, l\u00fac m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tu t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m t\u1eeb, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh 5 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sau \u0111\u00e2y: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n; k\u1ebb th\u00f9; ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0ng; ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1i; v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n th\u00ec t\u00e2m ta b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u00f9 th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 n\u1ed5i s\u00e2n. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0ng, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1i, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean tham d\u1ee5c. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft, th\u00ec qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, t\u1ed1t nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean tr\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau: “Mong r\u1eb1ng ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch”. K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean tr\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o th\u1ecd s\u01b0 hay m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1o th\u1ecd s\u01b0 v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc mong: “Mong r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n thi\u1ec7n \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac an vui, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u00e1ch”. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n t\u1eeb t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh an ch\u1ec9. Khi ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebb th\u00f9.<\/p>\n

(Xua tan t\u00e2m h\u1eadn)<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea5y k\u1ebb th\u00f9 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n t\u1eeb t\u00e2m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xua tan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec1m h\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, th\u00ec n\u00ean suy ngh\u0129 theo tinh th\u1ea7n Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n

“H\u1eadn th\u00f9 di\u1ec7t h\u1eadn th\u00f9<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb bi di\u1ec7t h\u1eadn th\u00f9<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt ngh\u00ecn thu”. (PC. 5)<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3nh t\u1ec9nh m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 mong mu\u1ed1n cho k\u1ebb th\u00f9 m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 sau: “Mong r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 x\u1ea5u x\u00ed, mong r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ng\u1ee7 trong \u0111au kh\u1ed5; mong r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 g\u1eb7p \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh; mong r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 b\u1ecb ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed1n; mong r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c; mong r\u1eb1ng sau khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i sinh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i d\u1eef, \u00e1c th\u00fa”. (A. IV. 94). B\u1edfi v\u00ec, n\u1ebfu ta \u0111\u1ec3 cho l\u00f2ng h\u1eadn th\u00f9 c\u1ea5u x\u00e9, th\u00ec ta s\u1ebd ng\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng y\u00ean, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean x\u1ea5u x\u00ed v\u00e0 do th\u1ebf s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho k\u1ebb th\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng suy ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 h\u1eadn th\u00f9 l\u1eafng d\u1ecbu th\u00ec t\u1ed1t, b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean x\u00f3a b\u1ecf m\u1ed1i t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn kia b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i v\u00e0i \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y. V\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9 ngu si, x\u1ea5u xa \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i n\u00e9t d\u1ec5 m\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u1eabn kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, th\u00ec n\u00ean t\u1ef1 tr\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

“C\u01a1n gi\u1eadn d\u1eef ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc h\u1ea1i ai<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u01a1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t<\/p>\n

K\u1ebb s\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e2n sau b\u00e9n g\u00f3t theo sau”.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu hi\u1ec1m h\u1eadn v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt “M\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sinh \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u1eeba t\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang” nh\u01b0 sau: “C\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch g\u00ec khi t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady! H\u00e1 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7p s\u00e2n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn tai h\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u01a1i? V\u00ec ng\u01b0\u01a1i l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u1eeba t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p. Ng\u01b0\u01a1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb tay c\u1ea7m c\u1ee5c than n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ecf, hay c\u1ee5c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u01b0a g\u00ec, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 h\u00f4i th\u1ed1i gh\u00ea t\u1edfm”. L\u1ea1i ngh\u0129: “K\u1ebb t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd ra sao? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i chung c\u1ee5c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn tai h\u1ea1i cho ch\u00ednh n\u00f3? \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c g\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00f3 m\u00e0 tung b\u1ee5i v\u00e0o k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00ednh th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh l\u1ea5m b\u1ee5i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i”:<\/p>\n

“N\u1ebfu h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh t\u1ecbnh v\u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/p>\n

\u00c1c qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd v\u1ec1 ta<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00f3 tung b\u1ee5i”. (PC. 125)<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu hi\u1ec1m h\u1eadn v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ngu\u00f4i, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n trong nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp, nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec7n B\u1ea3n sinh Khantiv\u00e0din k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i: “Khi vua K\u00e0si ngu ng\u1ed1c h\u1ecfi Ng\u00e0i (\u0111ang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129): “N\u00e0y Sa m\u00f4n, ng\u01b0\u01a1i gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p g\u00ec th\u1ebf?” Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1p: “T\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c”. Nh\u00e0 vua li\u1ec1n sai qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh ch\u1eb7t h\u1ebft tay ch\u00e2n Ng\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i v\u1eabn t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1, kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec7m s\u00e2n h\u1eadn n\u00e0o h\u1ebft”. (J\u00e0 III, 39) V\u00e0 c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft bao chuy\u1ec7n B\u1ea3n sinh kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c, t\u1eeb \u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, khi th\u00ec Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng, khi th\u00ec l\u00e0m long v\u01b0\u01a1ng, khi th\u00ec l\u00e0m kh\u1ec9 ch\u00faa v.v… t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng cho ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c \u00d0\u1ea1o S\u01b0.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu ngh\u0129 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, m\u00e0 hi\u1ec1m h\u1eadn v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng l\u1eafng d\u1ecbu, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f2ng sinh t\u1eed n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, nh\u01b0 sau: “N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 g\u00ec t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sinh n\u00e0o ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 ng\u01b0\u01a1i, cha ng\u01b0\u01a1i, anh ng\u01b0\u01a1i, ch\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u01a1i, con trai, con g\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u01a1i”. (S. II. 189) Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u00e3y ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia nh\u01b0 sau: “Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m m\u1eb9 ta, c\u01b0u mang ta su\u1ed1t 10 th\u00e1ng trong b\u1ee5ng, ch\u00ednh tay \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eeda ph\u00e2n, ti\u1ec3u, s\u00e0i, \u0111\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fat nh\u1eddm g\u1edbm, n\u00e2ng niu ta tr\u00ean g\u1ed1i, \u1eb5m b\u1ed3ng ta b\u00ean n\u00e1ch, nu\u00f4i n\u1ea5ng ta su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 tu\u1ed5i \u1ea5u th\u01a1…”, r\u1ed3i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 cha, l\u00e0 anh, ch\u1ecb hay em ta v.v…, c\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng d\u1eadp t\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec1m h\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean g\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i 11 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y sau \u0111\u00e2y: “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb s\u1ebd ng\u1ee7 trong an \u1ed5n; th\u1ee9c trong an \u1ed5n; kh\u00f4ng chi\u00eam bao \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c y\u00eau m\u1ebfn; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi nh\u00e2n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean h\u1ed9 tr\u00ec; l\u1eeda, kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; t\u00e2m d\u1ec5 an \u0111\u1ecbnh; n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t thanh tho\u00e1t; khi ch\u1ebft t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n; v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 g\u00ec cao si\u00eau, th\u00ec \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sinh v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean”. (A. V. 342)<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ebft t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u00e3y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, nh\u01b0 sau: “Khi ng\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn k\u1ebb kia, th\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec n\u01a1i k\u1ebb \u1ea5y l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eadn t\u00f3c, hay l\u00f4ng, hay m\u00f3ng… hay n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u?” N\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n t\u00edch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, v\u1ec1 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i, ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb x\u1ee9 hay th\u1eadp b\u00e1t gi\u1edbi, ta \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e3 th\u1ec3 n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y. Do th\u1ebf n\u00ean c\u01a1n gi\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y, th\u00ec n\u00ean t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u1eb7ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n qu\u00e0. Khi l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec1m h\u1eadn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadn duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafng d\u1ecbu.<\/p>\n

Qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp, nh\u01b0 Kinh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3: “V\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo an tr\u00fa bi\u1ebfn m\u00e3n m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m c\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi t\u1eeb, c\u0169ng v\u1eady ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 hai, c\u0169ng v\u1eady ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 ba, c\u0169ng v\u1eady ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, tr\u00ean, d\u01b0\u1edbi, b\u1ed1n b\u00ean, c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng; v\u1ecb \u1ea5y an tr\u00fa bi\u1ebfn m\u00e3n v\u1edbi t\u00e2m c\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi t\u1eeb, chan ch\u1ee9a, cao c\u1ea3, v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng h\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng n\u00e3o”. (D. I, 250)<\/p>\n

Bi\u1ebfn m\u00e3n ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 cho kh\u1eafp ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u1eafp 10 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 7, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: N\u1eef nh\u00e2n, nam nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m t\u1ee5c, ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sinh \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecda x\u1ee9. M\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u00d0\u00f4ng, T\u00e2y, Nam, B\u1eafc, 4 g\u00f3c v\u00e0 tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7u mong cho 7 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi h\u1eadn th\u00f9, \u01b0u n\u00e3o, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb ch\u00fang sinh hay h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Satta c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ecb gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i, hay b\u1ecb d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng t\u00f3m l\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 tham luy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 5 u\u1ea9n. L\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y t\u1eeb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 h\u01a1i th\u1edf (p\u00e0na), v\u00ec s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u01a1i th\u1edf v\u00f4, h\u01a1i th\u1edf ra; h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 (bh\u00f9ta), v\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh; ng\u01b0\u1eddi (puggala), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch \u00e2m l\u00e0 b\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1eeb ch\u1eef pum: t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0110\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 ch\u1eef galanti: r\u01a1i v\u00e0o. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 (attabh\u00e0va), ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1i th\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u00fd, hay c\u1ea3 ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb ch\u00fang sinh g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a: h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, h\u1eefu th\u1ec3, v\u1eadt c\u00f3 h\u01a1i th\u1edf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 (Satta, p\u00e0na, bh\u00f9ta, puggala v\u00e0 attabh\u00e0va).<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o Vis\u00e0kha an tr\u00fa 4 th\u00e1ng t\u1ea1i tu vi\u1ec7n Cittapabbata, tu t\u1eadp t\u1eeb t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u00e0i phi nh\u00e2n c\u1ea3m m\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac Ng\u00e0i ra \u0111i, phi nh\u00e2n \u1ea5y kh\u00f3c l\u00f3c, Ng\u00e0i h\u1ecfi v\u00ec sao, th\u00ec n\u00f3 n\u00f3i: “B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c, trong l\u00fac Ng\u00e0i tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, th\u00ec c\u00e1c phi nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nhau \u00f4n h\u00f2a v\u00e0 t\u1eed t\u1ebf. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd Ng\u00e0i \u0111i, th\u00ec ch\u00fang s\u1ebd kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 g\u00e2y l\u1ed9n v\u00e0 n\u00f3i t\u1ee5c”.<\/p>\n

2\/ Bi (Karun\u00e0)<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m bi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m do thi\u1ebfu t\u00e2m bi, v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m bi. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn 5 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi: ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, k\u1ebb th\u00f9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1i, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m bi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh, thi\u1ebfu may m\u1eafn, ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng: “Kh\u1ed5 thay v\u1ecb ch\u00fang sinh n\u00e0y, mong sao v\u1ecb \u1ea5y tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111au kh\u1ed5”. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m bi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u00e1c, d\u00f9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00f3 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng: “M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 k\u1ebb kh\u1ed1n n\u1ea1n n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n gi\u1edd \u0111ang h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, vui v\u1ebb h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n, ng\u1eef, \u00fd trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn y s\u1ebd chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecda x\u1ee9”. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111ang b\u1ecb b\u1eaft qu\u1ea3 tang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 l\u1ea5y tr\u1ed9m, r\u1ed3i nh\u00e0 vua ra l\u1ec7nh cho qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh tr\u00f3i ch\u1eb7t n\u00f3, v\u00e0 d\u1eabn n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m bi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m bi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u00f9. V\u1ec1 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m bi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

3\/ H\u1ec9 (Mudit\u00e0)<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m h\u1ec9, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o th\u1ecd s\u01b0 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 2 t\u00e2m t\u1eeb v\u00e0 bi \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i t\u00e2m h\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1eafp 10 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, chung c\u1ee5c s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m t\u1eeb.<\/p>\n

Tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m h\u1ec9 khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 ba, c\u00f2n 2 t\u00e2m t\u1eeb v\u00e0 bi th\u00ec \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 4 Thi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

4\/ X\u1ea3 (Upekkh\u00e0)<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m x\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eafc tam Thi\u1ec1n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 4 Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 5 Thi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m t\u00e2m t\u1eeb, bi, h\u1ec9. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft n\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m x\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng s\u01a1 theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, k\u1ebb th\u00f9 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh. Khi tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 sung m\u00e3n, t\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n s\u1ebd kh\u1edfi l\u00ean n\u01a1i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong ph\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00f2n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m t\u1eeb, bi, h\u1ec9 \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed4NG QU\u00c1T<\/p>\n

a. \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb, bi, h\u1ec9 v\u00e0 x\u1ea3. T\u1eeb c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00f2a tan, l\u00e0 h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng u\u1ea5t k\u1ebft; Bi l\u00e0 ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c; H\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u00e1t, vui v\u1ebb; X\u1ea3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng b\u1eadn t\u00e2m. N\u00f3i chung, T\u1eeb cho vui \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh, Bi l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u kh\u1ed5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh (T\u1eeb n\u0103ng d\u1eef nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u00fang sinh chi l\u1ea1c, Bi n\u0103ng b\u1ea1t nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u00fang sinh chi kh\u1ed5.)<\/p>\n

b. \u00d0\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh, T\u1eeb \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c, l\u00e0m cho \u00e1c t\u00e2m l\u1eafng d\u1ecbu. Bi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt \u0111au kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o. H\u1ec9 l\u00e0 vui m\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t ti\u00eau tan. X\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00ednh th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, n\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u01b0a v\u00e0 gh\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

c. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a 4 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sinh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. T\u1eeb c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t t\u00e2m s\u00e2n; Bi c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 ng\u0103n t\u00e2m \u00e1c; H\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 tr\u1eeb t\u00e2m ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t; X\u1ea3 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00e2m h\u1eadn v\u00e0 tham.<\/p>\n

d. Nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n v\u00e0 xa.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 2 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t g\u1ea7n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t xa. Ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa T\u1eeb c\u00f3 tham l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i (k\u1ebb th\u00f9) g\u1ea7n, s\u00e2n l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i xa. Ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa Bi c\u00f3 n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i xa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa H\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m vui li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i gia l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 gh\u00e9t l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i xa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa X\u1ea3 c\u00f3 x\u1ea3 do v\u00f4 tri li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i gia l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 g\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tham c\u00f9ng ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 xa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u0111. C\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/p>\n

L\u00f2ng h\u0103ng h\u00e1i mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u. Tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh an ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

e. B\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao t\u1eeb, bi, h\u1ec9, x\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 4 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa? T\u1ea1i sao ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 4? Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng?<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u1ea5u. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb tr\u1eddi Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean an tr\u00fa v\u1edbi t\u00e2m cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, Thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng an tr\u00fa ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa theo ngh\u0129a t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. V\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang sinh c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn 4 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u00e0: \u0111em l\u1ea1i an l\u1ea1c (t\u1eeb), t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb \u0111au kh\u1ed5 (bi), vui tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh (h\u1ec9), v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec (x\u1ea3); do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn 4 ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. V\u00ec X\u1ea3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a 3 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa tr\u00ean, do \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea3i theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb, bi, h\u1ec9 v\u00e0 x\u1ea3. Ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 bao la kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00ean ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

g. L\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0ng 3 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u1edf 3 b\u1eadc Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u trong 4 Thi\u1ec1n, hay 4 b\u1eadc Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 5 Thi\u1ec1n. Nh\u01b0ng X\u1ea3 th\u00ec thu\u1ed9c b\u1eadc Thi\u1ec1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong 2 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

h. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e0nh r\u1eb1ng 4 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf c\u00f5i Thi\u1ec1n S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u00fang c\u0169ng l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp \u1edf c\u00f5i V\u00f4 s\u1eafc. Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 cho r\u1eb1ng T\u1eeb l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t nh\u1edd t\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u1edbng (M. II, 12). Bi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9. H\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho Th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9. V\u00e0 X\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho V\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp l\u1ea5y 4 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa t\u1eeb, bi, h\u1ec9, x\u1ea3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG X: \u00d0\u1ecaNH – C\u00c1C V\u00d4 S\u1eaeC X\u1ee8<\/h4>\n

(Aruppa-niddesa)<\/p>\n

1\/ Kh\u00f4ng V\u00f4 Bi\u00ean X\u1ee9 (Ak\u00e0s\u00e0nant\u00e0yatana)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tu t\u1eadp 4 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00fa \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p Thi\u1ec1n \u1edf S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn s\u00e2u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f5i s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n th\u1ee9 nguy hi\u1ec3m, do th\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9 thu\u1ed9c c\u00f5i V\u00f4 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ea7m nh\u1ee7 “Kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng, kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng”. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea7m, t\u1ee9 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi \u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1, ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an tr\u00fa v\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh trong c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i: “V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u00fd sai bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng “H\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u00ean”, ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00fa “Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9. ” (Vbh. 245)<\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

V\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua, si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c Thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf c\u00f5i s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edfng: Ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edfng hay \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean do c\u0103n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi tr\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edfng. Kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u00fd c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng sai bi\u1ec7t: M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 \u00fd gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng sai bi\u1ec7t”.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi sinh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1i kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i sau khi r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c (bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9) tu t\u1eadp g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng”. Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9: C\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong kh\u00f4ng gian th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean. H\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t “x\u1ee9” hay m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 an tr\u00fa. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e2m Thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 l\u00fac n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng bao la. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c Thi\u1ec1n Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

2\/ Th\u1ee9c V\u00f4 Bi\u00ean X\u1ee9<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 r\u1eb1ng Thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m, n\u00ean t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9, xem \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng an t\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n. R\u1ed3i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn “x\u1ee9” \u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 “Th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u00ean”.<\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m Thi\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an tr\u00fa, t\u00e2m tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh trong c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0 kinh v\u0103n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3: “V\u1ecb \u1ea5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9, bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00fa Th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9”. (Vbh. 245)<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u00ean: H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn m\u00e3n b\u1edfi th\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y th\u00ec bao la v\u00f4 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean. Ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u00e3n h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea5y. Th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9: Th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 “x\u1ee9” hay m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m tu t\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

3\/ V\u00f4 S\u1edf H\u1eefu X\u1ee9<\/strong><\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp v\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o theo 5 c\u00e1ch trong Thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 Th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, Thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m trong Th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 sau: “Th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 g\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an t\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9”. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9 t\u00e1c \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 sau: “Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u1ea3”, ho\u1eb7c “Kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng”, v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o, ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an tr\u00fa, v\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u1eadp trung \u1edf c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0 kinh v\u0103n n\u00f3i: “V\u1ecb \u1ea5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9, bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng “Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec”, ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00fa V\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9”. (Vbh. 245)<\/p>\n

V\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9: “x\u1ee9” \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 tr\u00fa, nh\u01b0 “ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean x\u1ee9” l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean; do v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu. N\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a Th\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

4\/ Phi T\u01b0\u1edfng Phi Phi T\u01b0\u1edfng X\u1ee9<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau khi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh V\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u01b0 duy s\u00e2u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m, nh\u01b0 sau: “Thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 Th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 g\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an t\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 Phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9”.<\/p>\n

Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o V\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn Phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9, xem c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 an t\u1ecbnh, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ea7m nh\u1ee7 “an t\u1ecbnh, an t\u1ecbnh”.<\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o, ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an tr\u00fa, t\u00e2m tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung trong c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0 kinh v\u0103n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3: “B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n V\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 an tr\u00fa Phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9”. (Vbh. 245)<\/p>\n

Phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng: V\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edfng vi t\u1ebf. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n, v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i vi t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edfng. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng T\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u00e0 Th\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 phi th\u1ecd phi phi th\u1ecd, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 X\u00fac c\u0169ng th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea7n n\u00eau m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 sau: V\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u00e1t \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1ea7u v\u1eeba m\u1edbi tr\u00fat ra, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o c\u00e1i b\u00e1t \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea7u th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, v\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n d\u00ednh d\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o c\u00e1i b\u00e1t \u1ea5y c\u00f3 d\u1ea7u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n, v\u00ec d\u1ea7u \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed4NG QU\u00c1T<\/p>\n

Trong 4 ph\u00e1p Thi\u1ec1n c\u00f5i V\u00f4 s\u1eafc n\u00e0y, Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 do v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p. Th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 do v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9; V\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 do v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Th\u1ee9c V\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 Phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 do v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua V\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee9c l\u1ea5y h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i Thi\u1ec1n V\u00f4 s\u1eafc n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 2 Thi\u1ec1n chi l\u00e0 x\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nh\u1ee9t t\u00e2m m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Tuy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 2 Thi\u1ec1n chi trong c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n V\u00f4 s\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i Thi\u1ec1n k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng vi t\u1ebf h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1eadc Thi\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: V\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i l\u1ec1u d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 d\u01a1 d\u00e1y. R\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eddm g\u1edbm s\u1ef1 nh\u01a1 u\u1ebf, n\u00ean t\u1ef1a 2 tay v\u00e0o t\u00fap l\u1ec1u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 hai \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn, li\u1ec1n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 ba \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ngh\u0129, c\u1ea3 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu t\u00fap l\u1ec1u s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 th\u00ec ch\u00fang s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p nguy hi\u1ec3m, do v\u1eady ta n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf ngo\u00e0i. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn, th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n c\u1ee7a 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf ngo\u00e0i an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n, n\u00ean y \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eddi b\u1ecf, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u0103n l\u1ec1u d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ed7 d\u01a1 u\u1ebf. Th\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9, l\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng gian l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, do ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t c\u00e1c s\u1eafc vi t\u1ebf, l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e1m v\u00e0o c\u00e1i l\u1ec1u v\u00ec nh\u1eddm g\u1edbm \u0111\u1ed3 d\u01a1. Th\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c Th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9, m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o Th\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9, l\u00e0 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1m c\u00e1i l\u1ec1u. Th\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c V\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9, thay v\u00ec l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i th\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 phi h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 ba sau khi x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n n\u01a1i hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 hai, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf ngo\u00e0i. Th\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c Phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9 ph\u00e1t sinh n\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01a1i th\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c V\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, c\u00e1i th\u1ee9c ra ngo\u00e0i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u1edf n\u01a1i phi h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea5y, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 ba, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u1edf hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 kh\u00e9o \u0111\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 10 n\u00e0y, tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c Thi\u1ec1n V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u00f3m t\u1eaft \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG XI: \u00d0\u1ecaNH – M\u00d4 T\u1ea2<\/h4>\n
1\/ B\u1ed1n Lo\u1ea1i Th\u1ef1c Ph\u1ea9m<\/h5>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ee9c \u0103n. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 4 lo\u1ea1i sau \u0111\u00e2y: 1. \u00d0o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c (th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t); 2. X\u00fac th\u1ef1c, 3. T\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c (h\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c); 4. Th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1ee9c \u0103n c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng: \u00d0o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c nu\u00f4i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. X\u00fac th\u1ef1c: nu\u00f4i 3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd (l\u1ea1c, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c). H\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c nu\u00f4i s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh trong 3 c\u00f5i h\u1eefu. C\u00f2n Th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c nu\u00f4i danh s\u1eafc v\u00e0o l\u00fac t\u00e1i sinh.<\/p>\n

Khi c\u00f3 \u00d0o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c th\u00ec c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7, \u0111em l\u1ea1i nguy hi\u1ec3m. Khi c\u00f3 X\u00fac th\u1ef1c th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u00e1i, \u0111em l\u1ea1i nguy hi\u1ec3m. Khi c\u00f3 H\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c th\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00e1i sinh, \u0111em l\u1ea1i nguy hi\u1ec3m. Khi c\u00f3 Th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c th\u00ec c\u00f3 ki\u1ebft sinh (n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh), \u0111em l\u1ea1i nguy hi\u1ec3m. Trong kinh v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i th\u00e2n x\u00e1c n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0103n th\u1ecbt con m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua b\u00e3i sa m\u1ea1c hoang vu. (T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng II, 98)<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tu t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9c \u0103n, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c Thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, r\u1ed3i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i v\u1eafng v\u1ebb, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c c\u01b0, \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng 10 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c \u0103n sau \u0111\u00e2y: Ra \u0111i, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebft l\u1eadu, ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ee9a, v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ti\u00eau h\u00f3a, v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau h\u00f3a, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, s\u1ef1 tu\u00f4n ra, s\u1ef1 v\u1ea5y b\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t gia, s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p cao c\u1ea3, v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Do v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y tay c\u1ea7m b\u00e1t \u0111i lang thang t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb \u0103n m\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y th\u1ee9c \u0103n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u00ed ch\u1ee7 h\u1ea3o t\u00e2m. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb nguy\u00ean s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u1ea5y khi nu\u1ed1t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ed5, c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ecb s\u1ebd ti\u1ebft ra \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a n\u00f3, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n n\u00f4n. N\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec m\u1ed9t th\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a ph\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 10 n\u0103m, ho\u1eb7c 6, 7 m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng r\u1eeda, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn 70 -80 tu\u1ed5i. Th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u1ea5y n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau h\u00f3a, tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9c \u0103n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i h\u00f4m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e1ng g\u1edbm ghi\u1ebfc, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau h\u00f3a, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 d\u01a1 d\u00e1y g\u1ed3m t\u00f3c, l\u00f4ng, r\u0103ng, m\u00f3ng v.v… Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u1ed1t v\u00e0o, n\u00f3 v\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda nh\u01b0ng khi tu\u00f4n ra, n\u00f3 tho\u00e1t ra b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eeda, n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tho\u00e1t ra b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 9 c\u1eeda (c\u1eedu khi\u1ebfu). Khi nu\u1ed1t v\u00e0o, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u1ed1t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp vui v\u1ea7y, nh\u01b0ng khi tu\u00f4n ra, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft trong qu\u1ea1nh qu\u1ebd c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n. V\u00e0o l\u00fac s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0m b\u1ea9n tay, m\u00f4i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1edbm ghi\u1ebfc, v\u00ec d\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7y th\u1ee9c \u0103n. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 10 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c \u0103n m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ea3ng di\u1ec5n kh\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa.<\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t 10 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, th\u00ec t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00ea t\u1edfm c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c \u0103n hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 n\u01a1i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u1eadp trung \u1edf \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau b\u1ea5t t\u1eed trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n

2\/ B\u1ed1n \u00d0\u1ea1i Ch\u1ee7ng<\/h5>\n

Nh\u1eefng kinh chuy\u00ean tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 4 \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c kinh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu sau \u0111\u00e2y: Kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 (Mah\u00e0satipatth\u00e0na, D. II, 294), T\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edch d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1i kinh (Mah\u00e0hatthip\u00e0d\u00f9pam\u00e0, M. I, 184), Kinh Gi\u00e1o gi\u1edbi La H\u1ea7u La (R\u00e0hulov\u00e0da, M. I. 421) v\u00e0 kinh Gi\u1edbi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (Dh\u00e0tuvibhanga, M. III, 240).<\/p>\n

Kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i Ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ee3i c\u0103n, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1eafn t\u1eaft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n 4 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng nh\u01b0 sau: “N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ec3 thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o hay \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ec3, sau khi gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t con b\u00f2, v\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i \u1edf ng\u00e3 t\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, x\u1ebb n\u00f3 ra th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng mi\u1ebfng, c\u0169ng v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t T\u1ef3 kheo qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t th\u00e2n n\u00e0y, d\u00f9 \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 4 \u0111\u1ea1i: Trong th\u00e2n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea1i, h\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 phong \u0111\u1ea1i”. (D. II, 294).<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u01b0 s\u0129 hay m\u1ed9t T\u1ef3 kheo khi ch\u01b0a tu t\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sinh hay m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3; nh\u01b0ng khi T\u1ef3 kheo \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e2n n\u00e0y c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd, th\u00ec c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang sinh s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t g\u1ed3m 4 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i b\u1ea3n kinh k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1eafn t\u1eaft d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ee3i c\u0103n, ba kinh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 4 \u0111\u1ea1i, d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 kinh Gi\u1edbi Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3: “N\u00e0y ch\u01b0 hi\u1ec1n, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u00ean trong? – B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u1edf n\u1ed9i th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, th\u00f4 ph\u00f9, ki\u00ean c\u1ee9ng, b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7, nh\u01b0 t\u00f3c, l\u00f4ng, r\u0103ng, m\u00f3ng, da, th\u1ecbt, g\u00e2n, x\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ee7y, th\u1eadn, tim, gan, ho\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u00f4, l\u00e1 l\u00e1ch, ph\u1ed5i, ru\u1ed9t, m\u00e0ng ru\u1ed9t, bao t\u1eed, ph\u00e2n, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1eadt g\u00ec kh\u00e1c, thu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i th\u00e2n, thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, th\u00f4 ph\u00f9, ki\u00ean c\u1ee9ng, b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7, \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi (M. I.185).<\/p>\n

“V\u00e0 ch\u01b0 hi\u1ec1n, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 th\u1ee7y gi\u1edbi \u1edf b\u00ean trong? C\u00e1i g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i th\u00e2n, thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, thu\u1ed9c n\u01b0\u1edbc, thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 m\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e0m, m\u1ee7, m\u00e1u, m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, m\u1ee1, m\u1ee1 da, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i, n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edbp x\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i th\u00e2n, thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, thu\u1ed9c n\u01b0\u1edbc, thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7, \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i th\u1ee7y gi\u1edbi (M. I. 187)<\/p>\n

“V\u00e0 ch\u01b0 hi\u1ec1n, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u1ecfa gi\u1edbi? C\u00e1i g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i th\u00e2n, thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, thu\u1ed9c l\u1eeda thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5t n\u00f3ng, b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7, c\u00e1i g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn cho th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 n\u00f3ng l\u00ean, thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t, bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i, c\u00e1i g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, nhai n\u1ebfm c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e9o ti\u00eau h\u00f3a, hay t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i th\u00e2n, thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, thu\u1ed9c l\u1eeda, thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5t n\u00f3ng, b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7; \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u1ecfa gi\u1edbi (M. I. 188).<\/p>\n

“V\u00e0 n\u00e0y ch\u01b0 hi\u1ec1n, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i phong gi\u1edbi? C\u00e1i g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i th\u00e2n, thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, thu\u1ed9c gi\u00f3, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1nh, b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i l\u00ean, gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i xu\u1ed1ng, gi\u00f3 trong b\u1ee5ng, gi\u00f3 trong ru\u1ed9t, gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i qua c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n tay, h\u01a1i th\u1edf v\u00f4, h\u01a1i th\u1edf ra, hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i th\u00e2n, thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, thu\u1ed9c gi\u00f3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7, \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i phong gi\u1edbi (M. I. 188).<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ee3i c\u0103n th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ngay trong m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 sau: “Trong th\u00e2n n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng, th\u00f4 l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i (gi\u1edbi). C\u00e1i g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u00e0m cho d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n, l\u00e0 Th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea1i; C\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0m cho ch\u00edn, l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3ng, l\u00e0 H\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ea1i; C\u00e1i g\u00ec duy tr\u00ec hay chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 phong \u0111\u1ea1i”. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n th\u00e2n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sinh, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh s\u1ebd sinh kh\u1edfi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edfi tu\u1ec7, soi s\u00e1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh an ch\u1ec9, v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c c\u0103n c\u01a1 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec n\u00ean tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c Thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y theo 4 c\u00e1ch: 1. L\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n; 2. Qu\u1ea3ng thuy\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n; 3. L\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh; 4. Qu\u1ea3ng thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

1. L\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n (c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd n\u00f3i r\u00f5 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n Qu\u1ea3ng thuy\u1ebft):<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn nh\u01b0 sau: “C\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ki\u00ean c\u1ee9ng, thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 20 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. C\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea1i, g\u1ed3m 12 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n; C\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0m cho ch\u00edn, thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ea1i, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 4 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n; C\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t duy tr\u00ec, thu\u1ed9c phong \u0111\u1ea1i, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 6 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n”. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 42 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd t\u00e1c \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh s\u1ebd kh\u1edfi l\u00ean n\u01a1i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

2. Qu\u1ea3ng thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n:<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 4 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng n\u00ean d\u00f9ng 32 v\u1eadt b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch 32 v\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng, c\u00f2n \u1edf ch\u01b0\u1edbng VIII, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch 32 v\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh. Trong 32 v\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 20 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: t\u00f3c, l\u00f4ng, r\u0103ng, m\u00f3ng, da, th\u1ecbt, g\u00e2n, x\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ee7y, th\u1eadn, tim, gan, ho\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u00f4, l\u00e1 l\u00e1ch, ph\u1ed5i, ru\u1ed9t non, ru\u1ed9t gi\u00e0, bao t\u1eed, ph\u00e2n, n\u00e3o. Th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 12 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: M\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e0m, m\u1ee7, m\u00e1u, m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, m\u1ee1, m\u1ee1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e3i, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i, n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edbp x\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng l\u00fac h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1eadt b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh t\u00f3c, l\u00f4ng v.v…, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn 4 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c H\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 sau: c\u00e1i l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3ng, c\u00e1i l\u00e0m cho ch\u00edn, c\u00e1i l\u00e0m cho bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u00e0m cho ti\u00eau h\u00f3a. \u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 qua 6 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c phong \u0111\u1ea1i sau \u0111\u00e2y: S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i l\u00ean, s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng, s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong b\u1ee5ng, s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong ru\u1ed9t, s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ngang qua t\u1ee9 chi v\u00e0 h\u01a1i th\u1edf v\u00f4 h\u01a1i th\u1edf ra. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 phong \u0111\u1ea1i theo 6 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n:<\/p>\n

3. L\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh:<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u00e3y t\u00e1c \u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nhu sau: C\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u00d0\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c Th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m cho ch\u00edn l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c H\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c phong \u0111\u1ea1i. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a 4 \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

4. Qu\u1ea3ng thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh:<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c Thi\u1ec1n \u1ea5y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u00e3y t\u00e1c \u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 theo 13 c\u00e1ch sau \u0111\u00e2y: a. V\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a danh t\u1eeb; b. Theo t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m; c. B\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng vi t\u1ebf; d. Do \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh; \u0111. Do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh; e. V\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh d\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng; g. V\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n; h. V\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c; i. V\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ngo\u00e0i; k. V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 bao g\u1ed3m; l. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n; m. V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c; n. V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c duy\u00ean (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n).<\/p>\n

a. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u00fd ngh\u0129a: N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t th\u00ec 4 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi (dh\u00e0tu) mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i theo c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec tr\u1ea3i ra g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba; c\u00e1i g\u00ec tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thu\u1ef7; c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3ng, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ecfa; c\u00e1i g\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phong.<\/p>\n

b. Theo t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m: Trong 32 v\u1eadt b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 2 nh\u00f3m, nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m 20 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m 12 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

c. B\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng vi th\u1ec3: Trong th\u00e2n ta, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh b\u1ee5i nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 c\u1ee1 vi tr\u1ea7n; n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec b\u1eb1ng h\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edd phong \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

d. V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh: \u00d0\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee9ng; Th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea3y; H\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00f3ng; v\u00e0 phong \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n

\u0111. V\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t sinh: Trong 32 v\u1eadt g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 do th\u1eddi sinh v\u00e0 t\u00e2m sinh; h\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0m ti\u00eau h\u00f3a th\u1ee9c \u0103n, l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p sinh; phong \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1ee9c h\u01a1i th\u1edf l\u00e0 t\u00e2m sinh.<\/p>\n

e. V\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh d\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng: B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng tuy \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

g. V\u1ec1 t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n: B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ri\u00eang theo \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n; nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng g\u1ed3m chung trong 4 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u00e0: m\u00e0u, m\u00f9i, v\u1ecb v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

h. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c: M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng chung l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng 2 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 thu\u1ef7 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh n\u1eb7ng, 2 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecfa v\u00e0 phong c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u1eb9. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

i. V\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ngo\u00e0i: B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf n\u1ed9i gi\u1edbi l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho th\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n 4 \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi th\u00ec l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

k. V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 bao g\u1ed3m: \u00d0\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i do nghi\u1ec7p sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed3m chung v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i do nghi\u1ec7p sinh kh\u00e1c. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i do th\u1ee9c sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed3m chung v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

l. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n: \u00d0\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i nh\u1edd n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec b\u1edfi l\u1eeda, v\u00e0 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1edd phong. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean cho nhau, \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

m. V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c: \u00d0\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft “ta l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i”, ho\u1eb7c “ta l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i”. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

n. V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c duy\u00ean (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n): c\u00f3 4 duy\u00ean cho 4 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1ee9c, d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 (th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft). Nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 sanh duy\u00ean cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec do nghi\u1ec7p sanh, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e2n y duy\u00ean cho nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 sanh duy\u00ean cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec do th\u1ee9c sanh, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu sanh duy\u00ean, h\u1eefu duy\u00ean, b\u1ea5t ly kh\u1ee9 duy\u00ean cho nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. D\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 2 lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

L\u1ee2I \u00cdCH C\u1ee6A PH\u00c1P M\u00d4N N\u00c0Y<\/p>\n

V\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo chuy\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 4 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang sinh, v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, nhi\u1ebfp ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, d\u1ee9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec7m \u01b0a gh\u00e9t. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, th\u00ec c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. V\u1ecb n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 5 vi\u1ec7c l\u1ee3i \u00edch sau \u0111\u00e2y: An tr\u00fa trong gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh; tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 khai ph\u00e1t, th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang ch\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n t\u00fac th\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n ra nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e2n; b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p sau khi t\u00e1i sinh trong c\u00f5i d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, ho\u1eb7c sinh v\u00e0o Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec7t th\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch 4 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG XII: \u00d0\u1ecaNH – C\u00c1C TH\u1ea6N TH\u00d4NG<\/h4>\n

1\/ Th\u1ea7n T\u00fac Th\u00f4ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau ph\u1ea7n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 4 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 Th\u1ea7n t\u00fac th\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t 8 Thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c Thi\u1ec1n kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng. \u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng 6 ph\u00e1p sau \u0111\u00e2y: t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00edn, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m kh\u1ecfi dao \u0111\u1ed9ng; t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m kh\u1ecfi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i; t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng Ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m kh\u1ecfi l\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec5nh (th\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m); t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u00d0\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m kh\u1ecfi tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed; t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng Tu\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m kh\u1ecfi m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i; t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb lung l\u1ea1c (b\u1edfi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o). \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 6 ph\u00e1p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 8 ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 sau: T\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n; t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ea7n t\u1ecbnh nh\u1edd t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong s\u00e1ng nh\u1edd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua t\u1ea7m; t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m nh\u1edd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u00e1c d\u1ee5c; t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nh\u1edd c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu nhuy\u1ebfn nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7; t\u00e2m d\u1ec5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1edd c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m; t\u00e2m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng (th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng) th\u00e0nh 10 lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 sau: 1. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng do quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh; 2. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a; 3. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n \u00fd sinh; 4. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed; 5. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh; 6. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3; 7. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng do nghi\u1ec7p; 8. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng do c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c; 9. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng do k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt; 10. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng do n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00fang. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 10 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

1. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng do quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh: ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ra c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m, ngh\u00ecn th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

2. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng do bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a: H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 hay m\u1ed9t con r\u1eafn.<\/p>\n

3. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng do th\u00e2n \u00fd sinh: H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 d\u00f9ng m\u00e3nh l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

4. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng do s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed: H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c L\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c, \u0111\u1eafc A la h\u00e1n qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng do tr\u00ed can thi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

5. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng do s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh: Nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1 L\u1ee3i Ph\u1ea5t \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00eam tr\u0103ng, b\u1ed7ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00e1c qu\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 vang ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 s\u1ea5m n\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 h\u1ea5n g\u00ec c\u1ea3. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng do \u0111\u1ecbnh can thi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

6. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh: H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00ea t\u1edfm m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gh\u00ea t\u1edfm, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

7. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng do qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p: Nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean hay c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim bay \u0111i trong kh\u00f4ng trung, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng do nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

8. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng do c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c: Nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Chuy\u1ec3n lu\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng du h\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i trong kh\u00f4ng gian, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng do nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

9. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng do k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt: Nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng Th\u1ea7y ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y d\u00f9ng b\u00f9a ch\u00fa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay \u0111i trong kh\u00f4ng trung, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng do k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

10. Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng do n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00fang: Nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tu t\u1eadp m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 g\u00ec, do n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i \u0111a m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng do n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn.<\/p>\n

Trong 10 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng do quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, do bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u00e2n \u00fd sinh l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n t\u00fac th\u00f4ng n\u00e0y, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00ean tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh v\u0103n nh\u01b0 sau: “V\u1ecb \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e2n, nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, ho\u1eb7c \u0111i ngang qua t\u01b0\u1eddng, qua v\u00e1ch n\u00fai, qua nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 k\u00edn b\u00edt kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 qua h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9n th\u1ed5 r\u1ed3i tr\u1ed3i l\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc; ho\u1eb7c \u0111i tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 \u0111i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y ng\u1ed3i ki\u1ebft gi\u00e0 m\u00e0 \u0111i tr\u00ean h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 con chim, v\u1edbi b\u00e0n tay, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y s\u1edd ch\u1ea1m m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i oai l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi”. (D I, 77)<\/p>\n

Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sau: 1. B\u1ed1n c\u1ea5p Thi\u1ec1n; 2. B\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n; 3. T\u00e1m b\u01b0\u1edbc; 4. M\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean v\u00e0; 5. Tr\u00ed quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

1. V\u1ec1 4 c\u1ea5p Thi\u1ec1n: nh\u01b0 T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1 L\u1ee3i Ph\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y: “S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n, c\u00f5i ph\u00e1t sinh do vi\u1ec5n ly; Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n, c\u00f5i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec9 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c; Tam Thi\u1ec1n, c\u00f5i c\u1ee7a x\u1ea3 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c; T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n, c\u00f5i c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5. B\u1ed1n c\u00f5i n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Th\u1eafng tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng”. (D. II. 205)<\/p>\n

2. B\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n: \u00d0\u1ecbnh do d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m; \u0111\u1ecbnh do tinh t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m; \u0111\u1ecbnh do thanh t\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m; \u00d0\u1ecbnh do tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

3. T\u00e1m b\u01b0\u1edbc: Y ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c (b\u01b0\u1edbc 1-2); y ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o tinh t\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng tinh t\u1ea5n kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c (b\u01b0\u1edbc 3-4); y ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o t\u00e2m (ni\u1ec7m) \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c (b\u01b0\u1edbc 5-6); y ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c (b\u01b0\u1edbc 7-8).<\/p>\n

4. M\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean: T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i l\u00e0m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng m\u1eebng r\u1ee1 n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed l\u00e0m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u0111am m\u00ea th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tham d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng o\u00e1n gh\u00e9t th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e1c \u00fd l\u00e0m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh m\u1eafc th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tham lam l\u00e0m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ng\u0169 d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c (v\u00ec c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf) th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf l\u00e0m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n r\u00e0o ng\u0103n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e0o ng\u0103n c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf l\u00e0m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u00e2m chuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf sai bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u00e2m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi t\u00edn, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd l\u00e0m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u00e2m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edfi t\u1ea5n, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb u\u1ec3 o\u1ea3i l\u00e0m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u00e2m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edfi ni\u1ec7m th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec5nh l\u00e0m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u00e2m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n l\u00e0m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u00e2m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edfi tu\u1ec7 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb si m\u00ea l\u00e0m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u00e2m qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 16 tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng (Ps. II, 206).<\/p>\n

5. Tr\u00ed quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh: H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadp Thi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1eafng tr\u00ed v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t Thi\u1ec1n, r\u1ed3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 sau: “Ta h\u00e3y bi\u1ebfn ra 100, ta h\u00e3y bi\u1ebfn ra 100”. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u00ed quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t th\u00e2n bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e2n: H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng n\u00e0y – hay c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c – c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, r\u1ed3i d\u00f9ng \u00fd ch\u00ed quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh: “Ta h\u00e3y bi\u1ebfn ra nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e2n”, r\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn ra nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e2n. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 C\u00f9la-panthaka (Ch\u00e2u-l\u1ee3i B\u00e0n-\u0111\u00e0), nh\u01b0 trong lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 (Ps. II, 207). T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 v\u1ed1n t\u1ed1i d\u1ea1, h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3 4 th\u00e1ng tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i k\u1ec7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh Th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111u\u1ed5i Th\u1ea7y ra kh\u1ecfi tu vi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0a Th\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng gi\u1ebb b\u1eaft Th\u1ea7y lau b\u1ee5i. Nh\u01b0ng lau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u00edt l\u00e2u, mi\u1ebfng gi\u1ebb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u00e0u \u0111en, Th\u1ea7y ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng: “Mi\u1ebfng v\u1ea3i v\u1ed1n s\u1ea1ch, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec qu\u1ea5y \u1edf n\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m”, nh\u1edd th\u1ebf Th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n ra nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e9p t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh – l\u00e0m cho bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t: H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi Thi\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u00fd nh\u01b0 sau: “\u00c1nh s\u00e1ng n\u00e0y h\u00e3y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i”, ho\u1eb7c “V\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t”. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u1eadt \u1ea5y s\u1ebd khu\u1ea5t d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f2n tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng \u0111i ngang qua v\u00e1ch, qua t\u01b0\u1eddng, qua n\u00fai, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111i tr\u00ean h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng: H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t Thi\u1ec1n, r\u1ed3i t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ee9c v\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 sau: “H\u00e3y hi\u1ec7n ra h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng”, th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu n\u00fai hay v\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 do m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng sau kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u01b0 v\u00f4 h\u00f3a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i tr\u00e1nh qua n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9n th\u1ed5, r\u1ed3i tr\u1ed3i l\u00ean: M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e9p n\u00e0y th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 n\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi Thi\u1ec1n \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng: “\u00d0\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y h\u00e3y bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc.” Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00f9ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eb7n xu\u1ed1ng, tr\u1ed3i l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111i b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea5y, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1eabn nguy\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng: H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea5t, r\u1ed3i xu\u1ea5t Thi\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh: “N\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y h\u00e3y bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t.”, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh ra ng\u1ecdc, v\u00e0ng, c\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e1 v.v…, n\u1ebfu v\u1ecb n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng bay tr\u00ean h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng: H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e9p n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea5t, r\u1ed3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh: “H\u00e3y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t”, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ra, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 du h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean \u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ecb n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 n\u00fai, c\u00e2y v.v…, tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng b\u00e0n tay r\u1edd m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi: Ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd \u0111\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. V\u1ecb n\u00e0y t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi tr\u00ed: “N\u00f3 h\u00e3y \u1edf trong t\u1ea7m tay ta.”, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi n\u1eb1m ngay trong t\u1ea7m tay, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng tay s\u1edd m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh l\u1edbn, l\u1edbn bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1ecf: Con \u0111\u1ed9c long Nandopananda \u1ef7 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 n\u1eb1m khoanh n\u00fai Tu Di 14 v\u00f2ng, r\u1ed3i tung b\u1ee5i m\u00f9 m\u1ecbt \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n du h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh ch\u00fang. Do \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec1n Li\u00ean d\u00f9ng th\u1ea7n l\u1ef1c h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c n\u00f3. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 xin quy y Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng r\u00fat hay t\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t – l\u00e0m cho xa tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh g\u1ea7n hay g\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh xa: H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e9p n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean, li\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh: “C\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y.” th\u1ebf l\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n. Ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3 xa, li\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh: “Ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y h\u00e3y c\u00e1ch xa ra”, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1ea5y c\u00e1ch xa \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u00edt th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u: T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec1n Li\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e9p n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 kinh B\u1ed5n Sinh \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 (Ja. I, 348). C\u00f3 khi, \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n c\u0169ng t\u1eebng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u00f4 ch\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ee7 cho c\u1ea3 T\u0103ng ch\u00fang d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa no n\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 bi\u1ebfn n\u1eb7ng th\u00e0nh nh\u1eb9, bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eb9 th\u00e0nh n\u1eb7ng, ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con voi hay m\u1ed9t em b\u00e9, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u00d0\u1ec1 B\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1t \u00d0a \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m (Vin. II, 185).<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XII n\u00e0y b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 Th\u1ea7n t\u00fac th\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG XIII: \u00d0\u1ecaNH – C\u00c1C TH\u1ea6N TH\u00d4NG (ti\u1ebfp theo)<\/h4>\n

2\/ Thi\u00ean Nh\u0129 Th\u00f4ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean nh\u0129 th\u00f4ng, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9: “V\u1ecb \u1ea5y d\u1eabn t\u00e2m, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn Thi\u00ean nh\u0129 th\u00f4ng. V\u1edbi Thi\u00ean nh\u0129 thu\u1ea7n t\u1ecbnh, si\u00eau nh\u00e2n, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y nghe c\u1ea3 2 lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m thanh, \u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a Ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, xa c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 g\u1ea7n.” (D. I, 79)<\/p>\n

Thi\u00ean nh\u0129 th\u00f4ng: t\u1ee9c tai gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tai c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean, v\u00ec ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e2m thanh d\u00f9 c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t xa, do h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Thu\u1ea7n t\u1ecbnh: Thi\u00ean nh\u0129 n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong s\u1ea1ch, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Si\u00eau nh\u00e2n: v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 th\u1eafng tr\u00ed, r\u1ed3i xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u00e2m thanh th\u00f4 \u1edf xa m\u00e0 t\u1ea7m tai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng, ti\u1ebfng tr\u1ed1ng trong tu vi\u1ec7n, hay ti\u1ebfng s\u01b0 t\u1eed trong r\u1eebng s\u00e2u. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m thanh vi t\u1ebf, xa x\u00f4i \u1edf 4 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1eddi. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn 4 ho\u1eb7c 5 T\u1ed1c h\u00e0nh t\u00e2m x\u1ea3y ra. Ba hay 4 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 t\u00e2m c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, t\u00e2m thu\u1eadn th\u1ee9, v\u00e0 t\u00e2m chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e1nh thu\u1ed9c d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, c\u00f2n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 hay th\u1ee9 5 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m an ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c Thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u1edf S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t khu l\u00e0ng, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hay xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u00e2m thanh trong ph\u1ea1m vi \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m thi\u00ean nh\u0129 t\u1eebng ph\u1ea1m vi.<\/p>\n

3\/ Tha T\u00e2m Th\u00f4ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 Tha t\u00e2m th\u00f4ng, kinh v\u0103n vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau: “V\u1ecb \u1ea5y d\u1eabn t\u00e2m, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn Tha t\u00e2m th\u00f4ng. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y d\u00f9ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 sau: – T\u00e2m c\u00f3 tham bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u00f3 tham; t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng tham bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng tham; t\u00e2m c\u00f3 s\u00e2n bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u00f3 s\u00e2n; t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng s\u00e2n bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng s\u00e2n; t\u00e2m c\u00f3 si bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u00f3 si; t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 si bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 si; t\u00e2m ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00e2m ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p; t\u00e2m t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n; t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh; t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh; t\u00e2m h\u1eefu th\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1eefu th\u01b0\u1ee3ng; t\u00e2m V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00e2m V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng; t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh; t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh; t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t; t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.” (D.I,79). \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 16 lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh.<\/p>\n

Tha t\u00e2m th\u00f4ng n\u00e0y sinh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n th\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e1u trong tim c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. N\u1ebfu t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang hoan h\u1ec9, th\u00ec m\u00e1u c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf; n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m \u0111ang \u01b0u s\u1ea7u th\u00ec m\u00e1u c\u00f3 m\u00e0u h\u01a1i \u0111en; n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m an t\u1ecbnh, th\u00ec m\u00e1u c\u00f3 m\u00e0u trong nh\u01b0 d\u1ea7u m\u00e8. Do quan s\u00e1t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 khi Tha t\u00e2m th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh \u1edf c\u00f5i S\u1eafc v\u00e0 V\u00f4 s\u1eafc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i xem m\u00e1u trong tim n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y t\u1eeb sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: T\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi. T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh t\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i t\u00e2m tr\u00ean. T\u00e2m h\u1eefu th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 t\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 3 c\u00f5i. T\u00e2m V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 t\u00e2m si\u00eau th\u1ebf – v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i 3 c\u00f5i. T\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh an ch\u1ec9. T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ea3 2. T\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t trong 5 th\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t sau: Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp (nh\u1edd tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n); gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i (nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ecbnh); gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i (nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9); gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 an t\u1ecbnh (nh\u1edd qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9ng); gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf (nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n). T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t l\u00e0 t\u00e2m ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t n\u00e0o trong 5 lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

4\/ T\u00fac M\u1ea1ng Th\u00f4ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 T\u00fac m\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng, kinh v\u0103n vi\u1ebft: “V\u1ecb \u1ea5y d\u1eabn t\u00e2m, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00fac m\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng, nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi, hai \u0111\u1eddi, ba \u0111\u1eddi, b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eddi, n\u0103m \u0111\u1eddi, 10 \u0111\u1eddi, 20 \u0111\u1eddi, 30 \u0111\u1eddi, 40 \u0111\u1eddi, 50 \u0111\u1eddi, 100 \u0111\u1eddi, 1000 \u0111\u1eddi, 100. 000 \u0111\u1eddi, nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp, nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfp, nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfp. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y nh\u1edb t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 kia ta c\u00f3 t\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 l\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Sau khi ch\u1ebft t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 kia, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 n\u1ecd, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, ta c\u00f3 t\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0103n u\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Sau khi ch\u1ebft t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 n\u1ecd, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft”. (D. I. 81)<\/p>\n

T\u00fac m\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng hay T\u00fac m\u1ea1ng tr\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u00e1i tr\u00ed nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eddi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5ng Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t d\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5ng Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 m\u1edbi l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f3 6 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1edb \u0111\u1eddi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: Ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o; \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng; \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed tr\u1ebb xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc; \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed; \u00d0\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c; Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edb 40 ki\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u00ec tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 h\u1ecd y\u1ebfu \u1edbt. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn 100 ki\u1ebfp hay 1000 ki\u1ebfp; v\u00ec tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 h\u1ecd m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t. H\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed tr\u1ebb xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ki\u1ebfp hay m\u1ed9t v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c b\u1eadc \u00d0\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ki\u1ebfp v\u00e0 2 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f2n v\u1edbi ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec tr\u00ed nh\u1edb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn n\u00eau v\u00ed d\u1ee5: C\u00e1i th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 l\u1eeda \u0111om \u0111\u00f3m; c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ph\u00e0m phu nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh \u0111\u00e8n c\u1ea7y; c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 b\u00f3 \u0111u\u1ed1c; c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed nh\u01b0 sao mai; c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng; c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 mu\u00f4n ng\u00e0n tia s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0o m\u00f9a thu quang \u0111\u00e3ng.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t T\u1ef3 kheo m\u1edbi tu t\u1eadp mu\u1ed1n nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 theo c\u00e1ch tr\u00ean, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c c\u01b0, tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadp 4 Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t Thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1eafng tr\u00ed. R\u1ed3i v\u1ecb \u1ea5y h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00fac m\u1edbi ng\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u00f4m qua, th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v.v.. cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi, ho\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfp, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp c\u00f3 3 lo\u1ea1i tai n\u1ea1n l\u00e0 h\u1ecfa tai, th\u1ee7y tai, v\u00e0 phong tai. \u00d0\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tam tai. Ba lo\u1ea1i tai h\u1ecda n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u00d0\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u1ecfa tai n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u1ea7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn 2 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn 7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, thi\u00eau h\u1ee7y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft c\u00f5i S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i th\u1ee7y tai n\u1ed5i l\u00ean ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf Tam Thi\u1ec1n. Sau \u0111\u00f3 phong tai xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y h\u1ebft c\u00f5i Tam Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n. Tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp kh\u1edfi 7 tr\u1eadn h\u1ecfa tai, ti\u1ebfp theo c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn thu\u1ef7 tai n\u1ed5i l\u00ean. Thu\u1ef7 tai n\u00e0y l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i t\u1edbi 7 l\u1ea7n th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn phong tai. (Lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u x\u00e1 q. 12: Theo b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn cho bi\u1ebft khi tham d\u1ee5c qu\u00e1 c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i b\u1edfi th\u1ee7y tai. Khi s\u00e2n h\u1eadn qu\u00e1 c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh th\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i b\u1edfi h\u1ecfa tai, v\u00e0 khi si m\u00ea qu\u00e1 c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh th\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i b\u1edfi phong tai)<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y thi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean gi\u1ea3ng r\u00f5 ch\u1eef ki\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean. Ki\u1ebfp (kalpa) g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 3 lo\u1ea1i: Ti\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfp, trung ki\u1ebfp, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp. Ti\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfp: L\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 10 tu\u1ed5i m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1, c\u1ee9 qua 100 n\u0103m th\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i, cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 84.000 n\u0103m; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfp t\u0103ng. R\u1ed3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb 84.000 tu\u1ed5i, c\u1ee9 qua 100 n\u0103m th\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 10 tu\u1ed5i; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfp gi\u1ea3m. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n ki\u1ebfp t\u0103ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n ki\u1ebfp gi\u1ea3m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Ti\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfp, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 16.800.000 n\u0103m. Trung ki\u1ebfp: L\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ee7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ti\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung ki\u1ebfp, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 (16.800.000 x 20 =) 336.000.000 n\u0103m. \u00d0\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp c\u00f3 4 trung ki\u1ebfp. Tr\u1ea3i qua Trung ki\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfp; tr\u1ea3i qua trung ki\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 ki\u1ebfp; tr\u1ea3i qua trung ki\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 ba g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ho\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp; tr\u1ea3i qua trung ki\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ebfp. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1ed9t \u00d0\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 4 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u00e0: th\u00e0nh, tr\u1ee5, ho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 (336.000.000 x 4 =) 1.344.000.000 n\u0103m. (Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n, m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb Ki\u1ebfp)<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 Th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfp: Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 m\u00f9i v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 l\u1edbp v\u00e1n tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u1ed3i c\u01a1m v\u1eeba c\u1ea1n. R\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sinh \u1edf c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi Quang \u00c2m, do h\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng chung, li\u1ec1n sinh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh trong h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, nghe m\u00f9i \u0111\u1ea5t th\u01a1m h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, ch\u00fang n\u1ebfm th\u1eed v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y th\u00edch th\u00fa, n\u00ean \u0103n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea5y c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u, do \u0111\u00f3, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tan bi\u1ebfn. V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n; sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 tinh t\u00fa xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian, ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam, th\u00e1ng n\u0103m v\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft. K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 n\u00fai non, s\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sinh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1ea5y, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u1ea5u x\u00ed. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb9p khinh b\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ea5u, do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t tinh t\u00fay kia bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ecdc l\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 c\u1ecf, c\u00e2y leo, l\u00faa kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ea5u c\u00e1m. R\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u1ea5u ch\u00edn l\u00faa \u1ea5y th\u00e0nh c\u01a1m, c\u00f3 m\u00f9i th\u01a1m ngon, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh d\u00f9ng th\u1ee9 c\u01a1m \u1ea5y. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n nam c\u0103n v\u00e0 n\u1eef c\u0103n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. V\u00ec c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nam n\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00ean nam gi\u1edbi ngh\u0129 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eef gi\u1edbi, n\u1eef gi\u1edbi ngh\u0129 t\u01b0\u1edfng nam gi\u1edbi. Do kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i ngh\u0129 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 nhau, n\u00ean c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c sinh kh\u1edfi, v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00fang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh l\u1ea1c. Th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3nh h\u00e0nh l\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng khai ch\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eaft, n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u1ea5y. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch che \u0111\u1eady nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea5u kia, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 c\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a th\u1ee9c \u0103n. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00faa sinh ra c\u00e1m v\u00e0 tr\u1ea5u, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i \u0111i l\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 d\u00f9ng. Do v\u1eady ch\u00fang d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean nh\u1eefng ranh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 chia ph\u1ea7n cho m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 th\u1ec3. Tuy th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham lam, l\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ra c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0103n tr\u1ed9m. Do c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp, ch\u00fang b\u00e8n h\u1ed9i nhau l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea7u ra m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 th\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea1t, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 trong th\u1eddi ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n. V\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m, t\u00f4n k\u00ednh, n\u00ean c\u00f3 danh hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n. Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 danh hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 (khetta), l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebf l\u1ee3i (Khettiya), t\u1ee9c giai c\u1ea5p chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 cao qu\u00ed. Ng\u00e0i \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua (R\u00e0j\u00e0). Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng giai c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. (D. III. 85)<\/p>\n

5\/ Thi\u00ean Nh\u00e3n Th\u00f4ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n th\u00f4ng n\u00e0y, kinh v\u0103n vi\u1ebft: “V\u1ecb \u1ea5y d\u1eabn t\u00e2m, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sanh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh. V\u1edbi Thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n thu\u1ea7n t\u1ecbnh si\u00eau nh\u00e2n, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang sinh ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 sinh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ecbu s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn h\u1ea1 li\u1ec7t hay cao sang, \u0111\u1eb9p hay x\u1ea5u, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac hay b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh; v\u1ecb \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh \u0111i theo h\u1ea1nh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang: Nh\u1eefng T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n, v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u00fd, ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh, c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p theo t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, sau khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung, \u0111\u00e3 sinh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i d\u1eef, \u00e1c th\u00fa, \u0111\u1ecda x\u1ee9, \u0110\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c v.v… C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh n\u00e0y, t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n,v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh, c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p theo ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn; sau khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung \u0111\u00e3 sinh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa, thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n thu\u1ea7n t\u1ecbnh si\u00eau nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang sinh ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sinh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1 li\u1ec7t k\u1ebb cao sang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd, k\u1ebb th\u00f4 x\u1ea5u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi may m\u1eafn k\u1ebb b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1ec1u do h\u1ea1nh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang”. (D. I, 82)<\/p>\n

Thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n: m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean. V\u00ec nh\u00e3n quang c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean r\u1ea5t b\u00e9n nh\u1ea1y, do thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t sinh, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf r\u1ea5t xa. M\u1ed9t T\u1ef3 kheo do tinh t\u1ea5n tu h\u00e0nh, trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 nh\u00e3n quang k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n.<\/p>\n

H\u1ea1 li\u1ec7t: b\u1ecb khinh b\u1ec9, b\u1ecb mi\u1ec7t th\u1ecb v.v… V\u00ec ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n; do qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a si. Cao sang: Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1 li\u1ec7t, do qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng si. \u00d0\u1eb9p: c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i d\u1ec5 coi, kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i, do qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 s\u00e2n. X\u1ea5u: c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f3 \u01b0a, kh\u1ea3 \u1ed1, do qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n. May m\u1eafn: \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa, ho\u1eb7c n\u01a1i gi\u00e0u sang, do qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng tham. B\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh: \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u00e1c th\u00fa, ho\u1eb7c n\u01a1i ngh\u00e8o h\u00e8n, do qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a tham lam. H\u1ee7y b\u00e1ng c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh: C\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt, \u00d0\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Thanh v\u0103n, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng gia ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u qu\u1ea3. H\u1ee7y b\u00e1ng c\u00f3 2 c\u00e1ch: ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m, khinh mi\u1ec7t h\u1ecd; ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee7y b\u00e1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t trong 2 c\u00e1ch th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 tu h\u00e0nh s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

C\u00f5i d\u1eef: \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. \u00d0\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c: l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00ea s\u1ee3 nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

\u00c1c th\u00fa: l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 tr\u00fa \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111au kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ecda x\u1ee9: n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f5i d\u1eef ch\u1ec9 cho c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i S\u00fac sanh; \u00e1c th\u00fa l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7; \u0111\u1ecda x\u1ee9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a A tu la, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f5i d\u1eef v\u00e0 \u00e1c th\u00fa.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa: ch\u1ec9 cho c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e9p Thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n th\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tu t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ba bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9: bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 l\u1eeda, bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed4NG QU\u00c1T:<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i Th\u1ea7n t\u00fac th\u00f4ng (\u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XII) li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn 7 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n; \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh (cao c\u1ea3); \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9; \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i; \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ecb lai; \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean trong; \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. H\u1eefu h\u1ea1n: ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi; \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi; b\u00ean trong l\u00e0 ngay trong th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh; b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u1edf ngo\u00e0i th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh. C\u00f2n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u1ecb lai v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau v\u00e0 ngay l\u00fac \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean nh\u0129 th\u00f4ng g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 4 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n; \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i; \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. V\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u1ea5y \u00e2m thanh l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh th\u00ec c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n. V\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 Tha t\u00e2m th\u00f4ng g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 8 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n; \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh; v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9; qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9; hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i; v\u1ecb lai; b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. V\u00e0o l\u00fac bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng (ph\u00e0m phu) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u; m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc Nh\u1ea5t lai; v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn A la h\u00e1n. C\u00f2n A la h\u00e1n th\u00ec bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. V\u00e0o l\u00fac tr\u00ed l\u1ea5y t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 T\u00fac m\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 8 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n; \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh; v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9; qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9; b\u00ean trong; b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i; kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. V\u00e0o l\u00fac nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 danh, t\u00e1nh, trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 th\u00ec tr\u00ed \u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Ngo\u00e0i ra nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n th\u00f4ng, lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 chia th\u00e0nh 3 lo\u1ea1i: tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sanh; tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft v\u1ecb lai; tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft s\u1edf h\u00e0nh t\u00f9y theo nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sinh g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 4 \u0111\u1ed1i tu\u1ee3ng: h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n; hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i; b\u00ean trong; b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft v\u1ecb lai t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi 8 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n; \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh; v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9; v\u1ecb lai; b\u00ean trong; b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i; kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft s\u1edf h\u00e0nh t\u00f9y theo nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi 5 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n; \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh; qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9; b\u00ean trong; b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. V\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c t\u1eeb, xem nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng- \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eafng tr\u00ed hay n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c si\u00eau nhi\u00ean – ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 5 th\u1ee9: Th\u1ea7n t\u00fac th\u00f4ng; Thi\u00ean nh\u0129 th\u00f4ng; Tha t\u00e2m th\u00f4ng; T\u00fac m\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng; Thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n th\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i n\u1eefa l\u00e0 L\u1eadu t\u1eadn th\u00f4ng, th\u00e0nh ra 6 lo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ee5c th\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Ba lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng 3 lo\u1ea1i sau c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 minh hay tr\u00ed nh\u01b0: T\u00fac m\u1ea1ng minh hay T\u00fac m\u1ea1ng tr\u00ed; Thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n minh hay Thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n tr\u00ed; L\u1eadu t\u1eadn minh hay L\u1eadu t\u1eadn tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn k\u1ebft th\u00fac ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 \u00d0\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n sang ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 Tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

\n

PH\u1ea6N TH\u1ee8 BA – TU\u1ec6<\/h3>\n

M\u00d4 T\u1ea2 V\u1ec0 \u00d0\u1ea4T CHO TU\u1ec6 SINH TR\u01af\u1edeNG<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG XIV – M\u00d4 T\u1ea2 V\u1ec0 C\u00c1C U\u1ea8N<\/h4>\n

(Khandha niddesa)<\/p>\n

A\/ Tu\u1ec7:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 \u00d0\u1ecaNH, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c tu t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 TU\u1ec6. Tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i tu\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1n tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c tri. Nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0\u1edfng tri ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 xanh hay v\u00e0ng. Th\u1ee9c tri v\u1eeba bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y xanh, hay v\u00e0ng, v\u1eeba bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t cu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y. C\u00f2n Tu\u1ec7 v\u1eeba bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, v\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 si\u00eau th\u1ebf do tinh t\u1ea5n. T\u01b0\u1edfng tri v\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb khi nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n, ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt kim lo\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd. Th\u1ee9c tri nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 qu\u00ea kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 hay th\u1eadt. Tu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n, bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n. Tuy th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb, kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u1eb1ng: “\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c tri v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7”.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft th\u00ec tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i, 2 lo\u1ea1i, 3 lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 4 lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

– Tu\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i: l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

– Tu\u1ec7 hai lo\u1ea1i: l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gian v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian. Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 th\u1ebf gian; Tu\u1ec7 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 si\u00eau th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

– Tu\u1ec7 ba lo\u1ea1i: v\u0103n tu\u1ec7, t\u01b0 tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tu tu\u1ec7. V\u0103n tu\u1ec7: tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do nghe ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. T\u01b0 tu\u1ec7: Tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do s\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tu tu\u1ec7: Tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u1edd tu Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn an l\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 ba lo\u1ea1i (th\u1ee9 hai) l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n; tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tu\u1ec7 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n. Tu\u1ec7 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi hay V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh. Tu\u1ec7 sinh kh\u1edfi li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng V\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

– Tu\u1ec7 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i: Tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t sinh li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 tr\u00ed. Tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t sinh do bi\u1ebft ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5 t\u1eadp tr\u00ed. Tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t sinh li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t tr\u00ed. Tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t sanh li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5: g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ed. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 4 lo\u1ea1i tu\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 4 bi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: Tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a. Tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p. Tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb. Tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ed, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

B\/ N\u0103m U\u1ea9n:<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 5 u\u1ea9n. N\u0103m u\u1ea9n l\u00e0: S\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

1\/ S\u1eafc u\u1ea9n:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u1ecb qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u b\u1edfi l\u1ea1nh n\u00f3ng v.v… \u0111\u1ec1u bao g\u1ed3m trong s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n. N\u1ebfu \u0111em ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i, hai lo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u1ecb qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u. Hai lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0: \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng s\u1eafc v\u00e0 s\u1edf t\u1ea1o s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng s\u1eafc c\u00f3 4 lo\u1ea1i: \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea1i, h\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 phong \u0111\u1ea1i. (Xem l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XI).<\/p>\n

S\u1edf t\u1ea1o s\u1eafc c\u00f3 24 lo\u1ea1i: 1. M\u1eaft; 2. Tai; 3. M\u0169i; 4. L\u01b0\u1ee1i; 5. Th\u00e2n; 6. s\u1eafc; 7. Thanh; 8. H\u01b0\u01a1ng; 9. V\u1ecb; 10 N\u1eef c\u0103n; 11. Nam c\u0103n; 12. M\u1ea1ng c\u0103n; 13. T\u00e2m c\u01a1; 14. Th\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u; 15. Ng\u1eef bi\u1ec3u; 16. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi; 17. Khinh kho\u00e1i; 18. Nhu nhuy\u1ebfn; 19. Kham nh\u1eadm; 20. Sinh; 21. Tr\u00fa; 22. L\u00e3o; 23. V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng; 24. \u00d0o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

1. M\u1eaft: \u00d0\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a 4 \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

2. Tai: \u00d0\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a 4 \u0111\u1ea1i khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u00e2m thanh.<\/p>\n

3. M\u0169i: \u00d0\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a 4 \u0111\u1ea1i khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

4. L\u01b0\u1ee1i: \u00d0\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a 4 \u0111\u1ea1i khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi v\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

5. Th\u00e2n: \u00d0\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a 4 \u0111\u1ea1i khi x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt s\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng: “Trong con m\u1eaft, h\u1ecfa th\u1ecbnh; trong l\u1ed7 tai, phong th\u1ecbnh; trong l\u1ed7 m\u0169i, \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ecbnh; trong l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u1ee7y th\u1ecbnh; trong th\u00e2n th\u00ec 4 \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh”.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con r\u1eafn, c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u, chim, ch\u00f3, ch\u1ed3n hoang th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ch\u00fang hay lui t\u1edbi l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ki\u1ebfn, n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng gian, l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c, ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba v.v… C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, tai, m\u1eaft, v.v… h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh x\u1ee9 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, thanh v.v…<\/p>\n

6. S\u1eafc: C\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1eaft. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

7. Thanh: C\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o tai. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

8. M\u00f9i: c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u0169i. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho t\u1ec9 th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

9. V\u1ecb: C\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee1i. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho thi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

10. N\u1eef c\u0103n: C\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1eef t\u00e1nh. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

11. Nam c\u0103n: C\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 nam t\u00e1nh. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi n\u1eef gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

12. M\u1ea1ng c\u0103n: C\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc c\u00e2u sinh. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c s\u1eafc \u1ea5y sinh ra.<\/p>\n

13. T\u00e2m c\u01a1: C\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a cho \u00fd gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n cho ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

14. Th\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u: N\u00f3 l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n cho s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi lui. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

15. Ng\u1eef bi\u1ec3u: N\u00f3 l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

16. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi: C\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho s\u1eafc. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00e0y ra nh\u1eefng ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

17. Khinh kho\u00e1i: C\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 xua tan t\u00ednh n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

18. Nhu nhuy\u1ebfn: C\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1edd. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 xua tan t\u00ednh c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1edd c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

19. Kham nh\u1eadm: C\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 xua tan t\u00ednh kh\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

20. Sanh: C\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n

21. Tr\u1ee5: N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

22. Gi\u00e0: C\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n

23. V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng: C\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 tan r\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

24. \u00d0o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c: C\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u00d0\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng s\u1eafc g\u1ed3m 4 th\u1ee9, S\u1edf t\u1ea1o s\u1eafc g\u1ed3m 24 th\u1ee9, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 28 th\u1ee9 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n, t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nh\u00e2n, h\u1eefu duy\u00ean, h\u1eefu l\u1eadu, thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf gian v.v… N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 2 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n: n\u1ed9i s\u1eafc v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc; th\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u1ebf; xa v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n; s\u1edf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 phi s\u1edf t\u1ea1o; t\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc v\u00e0 phi t\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc; c\u0103n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 phi c\u0103n s\u1eafc; h\u1eefu ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 v.v…<\/p>\n

N\u0103m th\u1ee9: m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i v\u00e0 th\u00e2n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i s\u1eafc; v\u00ec ch\u00fang sinh ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc; v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u1edf ngo\u00e0i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u0103m th\u1ee9 tr\u00ean c\u1ecdng th\u00eam s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba, h\u1ecfa, phong th\u00e0nh 12 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 th\u00f4 s\u1eafc; v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac. C\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u1ebf s\u1eafc, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1i g\u00ec t\u1ebf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n s\u1eafc (s\u1eafc xa); v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f3 v\u00e0o s\u00e2u. C\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u00f4 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1eadn s\u1eafc (s\u1eafc g\u1ea7n); v\u00ec ch\u00fang d\u1ec5 v\u00e0o. B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng, \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 13 th\u1ee9 kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb m\u1eaft, th\u00e0nh 18 th\u1ee9, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc; v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p v.v… C\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 phi t\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc; v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc. T\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc, nam c\u0103n, n\u1eef c\u0103n v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u0103n s\u1eafc; v\u00ec t\u00ednh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 phi c\u0103n s\u1eafc; v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u0103n s\u1eafc. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp sau \u0111\u00e2y, k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p sinh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7; c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4 s\u1eafc, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc h\u1eefu ki\u1ebfn, h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ed1i; c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ki\u1ebfn, h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ed1i. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1ebf s\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ki\u1ebfn, v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, s\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c 4 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0: Ki\u1ebfn, v\u0103n, gi\u00e1c, tri. S\u1eafc x\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y, v\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y, n\u00ean thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn. Thanh x\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe, v\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nghe, n\u00ean thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u0103n. H\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac x\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, v\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, n\u00ean thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1c. C\u00e1c s\u1eafc c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, n\u00ean thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 tri.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i chung, S\u1eafc u\u1ea9n hay S\u1eafc ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 2 lo\u1ea1i, \u00d0\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng s\u1eafc v\u00e0 S\u1edf t\u1ea1o s\u1eafc, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 28 th\u1ee9. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba (Duy th\u1ee9c) chia S\u1eafc ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh 2 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u0103n v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7n g\u1ed3m 11 th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 sau: Nh\u00e3n c\u0103n, nh\u0129 c\u0103n, t\u1ec9 c\u0103n, thi\u1ec7t c\u0103n, v\u00e0 th\u00e2n c\u0103n (5 c\u0103n). S\u1eafc tr\u1ea7n, thanh tr\u1ea7n, h\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ea7n, v\u1ecb tr\u1ea7n, x\u00fac tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea7n (6 tr\u1ea7n).<\/p>\n

2\/ T\u00e2m u\u1ea9n (Th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong 5 u\u1ea9n, m\u1ed9t u\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea7u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, 4 u\u1ea9n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn. C\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n. C\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh tri gi\u00e1c, t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u1edfng u\u1ea9n. C\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n. C\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n. Trong c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n tr\u00ean, th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, Th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m hay \u00fd.<\/p>\n

Theo b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh 3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 89 th\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia theo 4 c\u00f5i l\u00e0 D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi; S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi; V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 Si\u00eau th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m \u1edf D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi h\u1ec9, x\u1ea3, tr\u00ed v\u00e0 nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 8 th\u1ee9 sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

1. C\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi h\u1ec9, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi tr\u00ed, c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

2. C\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi h\u1ec9, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi tr\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

3. C\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi h\u1ec9, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi tr\u00ed, c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

4. C\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi h\u1ec9, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi tr\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

5. C\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi x\u1ea3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi tr\u00ed, c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

6. C\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi x\u1ea3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi tr\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

7. C\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi x\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi tr\u00ed, c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

8. C\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi x\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi tr\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/p>\n

1. Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi sung s\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng: “B\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c l\u1edbn”, v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed kh\u00f4ng do d\u1ef1; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi h\u1ec9, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi tr\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

2. Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi sung s\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng do d\u1ef1, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

3. Khi m\u1ed9t em b\u00e9 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn c\u1ed5 v\u0169; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

4. Khi m\u1ed9t em b\u00e9 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

5 – 8. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 4 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec9; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi x\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 8 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn 5 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

9. T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 5 Thi\u1ec1n chi (t\u00e2m S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n).<\/p>\n

10. T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u1ee9, h\u1ec9, l\u1ea1c, nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m (t\u00e2m Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n).<\/p>\n

11. T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi h\u1ec9, l\u1ea1c, nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m (t\u00e2m Tam Thi\u1ec1n).<\/p>\n

12. T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi l\u1ea1c, nh\u1ee9t t\u00e2m (t\u00e2m T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n).<\/p>\n

13. T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi x\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m (t\u00e2m Ng\u0169 Thi\u1ec1n).<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 5 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Ng\u0169 Thi\u1ec1n. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn 4 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

14. T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

15. – 17. T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi Th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9, V\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 Phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 4 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c Si\u00eau th\u1ebf:<\/p>\n

18. – 21. T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi 4 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c 4 Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 21 th\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m: t\u00e2m n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn 3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, l\u00e0 tham, s\u00e2n v\u00e0 si, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 12 th\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tham g\u1ed3m 8 th\u1ee9:<\/p>\n

22. C\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi h\u1ec9, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

23. C\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi h\u1ec9, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

24. C\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi h\u1ec9, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

25. C\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi h\u1ec9, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

26. C\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi x\u1ea3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

27. C\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi x\u1ea3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e0 ki\u1ec1n, c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

28. C\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi x\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

29. C\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi x\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 T\u00e2m b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e2n, g\u1ed3m 2 th\u1ee9:<\/p>\n

30. C\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi \u01b0u, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi h\u1eadn, c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

31. C\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi \u01b0u, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi h\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn si, g\u1ed3m 2 th\u1ee9:<\/p>\n

32. C\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi x\u1ea3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi nghi.<\/p>\n

33. C\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi x\u1ea3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 12 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

T\u00e2m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh: Lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y chia theo 2 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m duy t\u00e1c. T\u00e2m d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i x\u1ebfp theo 4 c\u00f5i l\u00e0 D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 Si\u00eau th\u1ebf. T\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 2 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec7n d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c v\u00e0 B\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c. Thi\u1ec7n d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i chia th\u00e0nh 2 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 h\u1eefu nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec7n d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n: l\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham v.v… l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n cho qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 8 th\u1ee9:<\/p>\n

34. – 38. Nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c, nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c, t\u1ec9 th\u1ee9c, thi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

39. \u00dd gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

40. – 41. Hai \u00fd th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 suy \u0111\u1ea1t v.v…<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c (34) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi con m\u1eaft, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

\u00dd gi\u1edbi (39) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc, k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

\u00dd th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi (40-41) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft 6 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 suy \u0111\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

T\u00e2m d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n (40) t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi h\u1ec9, c\u00f3 2 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m l\u00e0: kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u1edf 5 c\u0103n m\u00f4n (Ng\u0169 m\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m suy \u0111\u1ea1t; kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u1edf cu\u1ed1i t\u1ed1c h\u00e0nh t\u00e2m, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1edf duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

T\u00e2m (41) t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi x\u1ea3, c\u00f3 5 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u00e0: \u1edf t\u00e2m suy \u0111\u1ea1t; \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1edf duy\u00ean; ki\u1ebft sinh; h\u1eefu ph\u1ea7n; t\u1eed t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec7n d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c h\u1eefu nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi v\u00f4 tham, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n, v\u00f4 si, l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n cho qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c, t\u1eeb t\u00e2m (42) – (49). N\u00f3 c\u00f3 8 lo\u1ea1i, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec9, x\u1ea3, tr\u00ed v\u00e0 nh\u1eafc b\u1ea3o, y nh\u01b0 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb (1) – (8).<\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c: Lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n, g\u1ed3m 7 th\u1ee9:<\/p>\n

50. -54. Nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c, nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c, t\u1ec9 th\u1ee9c, thi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9c, th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

55. \u00dd gi\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

56. \u00dd th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 suy \u0111\u1ea1t, c\u00f3 5 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v.v… t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 thi\u1ec7n d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n (34-41).<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa Thi\u1ec7n d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c v\u00e0 B\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec7n d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ea3 \u00fd ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3 \u00fd trung t\u00ednh, c\u00f2n B\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u00fd, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u00fd trung t\u00ednh. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00e2m d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 23 th\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

T\u00e2m d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 5 th\u1ee9:<\/p>\n

57. – 61. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m Thi\u1ec1n (9-13). Nh\u01b0ng, ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 t\u00e2m n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebft sinh, h\u1eefu ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u1eed t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

T\u00e2m d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 4 th\u1ee9:<\/p>\n

62. – 65. C\u00e1c t\u00e2m n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean x\u1ee9 v.v… Nh\u01b0 (14-17). S\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

T\u00e2m d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c Si\u00eau th\u1ebf g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 4 th\u1ee9:<\/p>\n

66. – 69. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi 4 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m (18-21), s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XXII.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00e2m d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c trong c\u1ea3 4 c\u00f5i g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 36 th\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

T\u00e2m duy t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia theo 3 c\u00f5i: D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi. D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi g\u1ed3m 2 lo\u1ea1i, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1eefu nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Duy t\u00e1c v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham v.v… l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n cho qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c, g\u1ed3m 2 lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

70. \u00dd gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o cho nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

71. – 72. \u00dd th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 2 l\u00e0 chung v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng chung. Chung (71) l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi x\u1ea3. Kh\u00f4ng chung (72) l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi h\u1ec9.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u00e2m duy t\u00e1c v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 3 th\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

Duy t\u00e1c h\u1eefu nh\u00e2n? D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, g\u1ed3m 8 th\u1ee9:<\/p>\n

73. – 80. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m \u1edf D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi (1-8). Nh\u01b0ng, ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u1edf b\u1eadc ph\u00e0m phu h\u1eefu h\u1ecdc, c\u00f2n duy t\u00e1c t\u00e2m h\u1eefu nh\u00e2n th\u00ec kh\u1edfi n\u01a1i v\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00e2m duy t\u00e1c \u1edf D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 11 th\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

T\u00e2m Duy t\u00e1c \u1edf S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 5 th\u1ee9:<\/p>\n

81. – 85.<\/p>\n

T\u00e2m Duy t\u00e1c \u1edf V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 4 th\u1ee9:<\/p>\n

86. – 89.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng Thi\u1ec1n t\u00e2m S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m duy t\u00e1c th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean n\u01a1i A la h\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00e2m Duy t\u00e1c \u1edf c\u1ea3 3 c\u00f5i g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 20 th\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 21; B\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 12; B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c c\u00f3 36; B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh duy t\u00e1c c\u00f3 20; t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh 89 t\u00e2m. Xem \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

B\u1ea2NG LI\u1ec6T K\u00ca T\u00d3M T\u1eaeT 89 LO\u1ea0I T\u00c2M<\/p>\n

I. THI\u1ec6N<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
D\u1ee4C<\/strong><\/p>\n

GI\u1edaI<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00d3 8<\/strong><\/td>\n

1.<\/td>\nC\u00e2u h\u1eefu h\u1ec9<\/td>\nt\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng tr\u00ed<\/td>\nkh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\nc\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\nkh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng tr\u00ed<\/td>\nkh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\nc\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.<\/td>\nC\u00e2u h\u1eefu x\u1ea3<\/td>\nt\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng tr\u00ed<\/td>\nkh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\nc\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7.<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\nkh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng tr\u00ed<\/td>\nkh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8.<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\nc\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
S\u1eaeC
\nGI\u1edaI
\nC\u00d3
\n5<\/strong><\/td>\n		9.<\/td>\nS\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10.<\/td>\nNh\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.<\/td>\nTam thi\u1ec1n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.<\/td>\nT\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13.<\/td>\nNg\u0169 thi\u1ec1n (t\u1ed1c h\u00e0nh t\u00e2m ch\u1ee9ng thi\u1ec1n)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
V\u00d4
\nS\u1eaeC
\nGI\u1edaI
\nC\u00d3
\n4<\/strong><\/td>\n		14.<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15.<\/td>\nTh\u1ee9c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.<\/td>\nV\u00f4 s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ee9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.<\/td>\nPhi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9 (ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SI\u00caU
\nTH\u1ebe
\nC\u00d3
\n4<\/strong><\/td>\n		18.<\/td>\nD\u1ef1 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ea1o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.<\/td>\nNh\u1ea5t lai \u0111\u1ea1o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20.<\/td>\nB\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21.<\/td>\nA la h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o (s\u00e1t na ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1o)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

T\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m c\u1ea3 4 c\u00f5i c\u00f3 21<\/p>\n

II. B\u1ea4T THI\u1ec6N (CH\u1ec8 C\u00d3 \u1ede D\u1ee4C GI\u1edaI)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
G\u1ed1c \u1edf
\nTHAM:\u00a08<\/strong><\/td>\n		22.<\/td>\nC\u00e2u h\u1eefu h\u1ec9<\/td>\nt\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/td>\nkh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23.<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\nc\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24.<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\nkh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/td>\nkh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25.<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\nc\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26.<\/td>\nC\u00e2u h\u1eefu x\u1ea3<\/td>\nt\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/td>\nkh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27.<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\nc\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28.<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\nkh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/td>\nkh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
29.<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\nc\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
G\u1ed1c \u1edf
\nS\u00c2N:\u00a02<\/strong><\/td>\n		30.<\/td>\nC\u00e2u h\u1eefu \u01b0u<\/td>\nt\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng h\u1eadn<\/td>\nkh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31.<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\n-nt-<\/td>\nc\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
G\u1ed1c \u1edf
\nSI:\u00a02<\/strong><\/td>\n		32.<\/td>\nC\u00e2u h\u1eefu x\u1ea3<\/td>\nt\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng nghi<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33.<\/td>\nC\u00e2u h\u1eefu x\u1ea3<\/td>\nt\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m c\u00f3 12<\/p>\n

III. B\u1ea4T \u00d0\u1ecaNH<\/strong><\/p>\n

A. D\u1ee4C GI\u1edaI<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. THI\u1ec6N D\u1eca TH\u1ee4C<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
34-38<\/td>\nnh\u00e3n… th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c, l\u1ea1c<\/td>\nv\u00f4 nh\u00e2n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
39<\/td>\n(ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecd) \u00fd gi\u1edbi<\/td>\nv\u00f4 nh\u00e2n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\n(suy \u0111\u1ea1t) \u00fd th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi c\u00e2u h\u1eefu h\u1ec9<\/td>\nv\u00f4 nh\u00e2n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
41<\/td>\n(suy \u0111\u1ea1t, s\u1edf duy\u00ean, c\u00e2u h\u1eefu h\u1ec9 ki\u1ebft sanh, H\u1eefu ph\u1ea7n, t\u1eed)
\n\u00fd th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi c\u00e2u h\u1eefu x\u1ea3<\/td>\n		v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42-49<\/td>\nthi\u1ec7n d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi (gi\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m 1-8),
\n\u1edf \u00d0\u1ed3ng s\u1edf Duy\u00ean, Ki\u1ebft sanh<\/td>\n		h\u1eefu nh\u00e2n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

THI\u1ec6N DUY T\u00c1C<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
70<\/td>\n\u00dd gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o cho nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c.<\/td>\nv\u00f4 nh\u00e2n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
71-72<\/td>\n71. \u00dd th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi, c\u00e2u h\u1eefu v\u1edbi x\u1ea3 (5 m\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m, \u00fd m\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng)<\/p>\n

72. \u00dd th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi (t\u1ed1c h\u00e0nh t\u00e2m)<\/td>\n

v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
73-80<\/td>\nGi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m \u1edf D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi (1-8 t\u1ed1c h\u00e0nh t\u00e2m). Nh\u01b0ng kh\u1edfi n\u01a1i v\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n.<\/td>\nh\u1eefu nh\u00e2n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

2. B\u1ea4T THI\u1ec6N D\u1eca TH\u1ee4C (CH\u1ec8 C\u00d3 V\u00d4 NH\u00c2N)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
50-54<\/td>\nnh\u00e3n nh\u0129 t\u1ec9 thi\u1ec7t th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c, kh\u1ed5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
55<\/td>\n\u00fd gi\u1edbi (ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecd)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
56<\/td>\n\u00fd th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi (suy \u0111\u1ea1t, \u00d0\u1ed3ng s\u1edf Duy\u00ean, Ki\u1ebft sanh, H\u1eefu ph\u1ea7n, t\u1eed)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

B. S\u1eaeC GI\u1edaI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
57-61<\/td>\nn\u0103m thi\u1ec1n t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 T\u00e2m 9-13, \u1edf ki\u1ebft sanh, h\u1eefu ph\u1ea7n, t\u1eed t\u00e2m t\u1ed1c h\u00e0nh, d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
81-85<\/td>\nnh\u01b0 T\u00e2m 9-13, duy t\u00e1c, kh\u1edfi n\u01a1i v\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

C. V\u00d4 S\u1eaeC GI\u1edaI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
62-65<\/td>\nb\u1ed1n \u00d0\u1ecbnh v\u00f4 s\u1eafc, nh\u01b0 T\u00e2m14-17, \u1edf Ki\u1ebft Sanh, H\u1eefu ph\u1ea7n, t\u1eed, t\u1ed1c h\u00e0nh t\u00e2m, d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
86-89<\/td>\nnh\u01b0 T\u00e2m 14-17, duy t\u00e1c, kh\u1edfi n\u01a1i v\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

D. SI\u00caU TH\u1ebe<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
66<\/td>\nD\u1ef1 l\u01b0u qu\u1ea3 (s\u00e1t na ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
67<\/td>\nNh\u1ea5t lai qu\u1ea3 (nt)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
68<\/td>\nB\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n qu\u1ea3 (nt)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
69<\/td>\nA la h\u00e1n qu\u1ea3 (nt)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

T\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft D\u1ecb th\u1ee5c t\u00e2m c\u00f3 36 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 4 c\u00f5i. Duy t\u00e1c c\u00f3 20. T\u1eeb T\u00e2m 72 \u0111\u1ebfn 89 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf b\u1eadc A la h\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadn Duy Th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, chia v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh 100 th\u1ee9 l\u00e0: 11 S\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, 83 T\u00e2m ph\u00e1p (8 T\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng, 51 T\u00e2m s\u1edf, 24 T\u00e2m b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng) v\u00e0 6 V\u00f4 vi ph\u00e1p. V\u1ec1 S\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 so s\u00e1nh \u1edf ph\u1ea7n S\u1eafc u\u1ea9n k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean. V\u1ec1 T\u00e2m ph\u00e1p g\u1ed3m 83 th\u1ee9, n\u1ebfu c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi 6 v\u00f4 vi ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh 89 th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

3\/ Th\u1ecd U\u1ea9n.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 Th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n? B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ecd g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 3 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0: l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd, kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd (b\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd); ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp theo 3 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0: thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh; ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 5 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0: th\u00e2n l\u1ea1c, th\u00e2n kh\u1ed5, t\u00e2m h\u1ec9, t\u00e2m \u01b0u v\u00e0 x\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1c: c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u00e1ng \u01b0a th\u00edch. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 vui s\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n. Kh\u1ed5 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u01b0a. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n. H\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u01b0a th\u00edch. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 vui m\u1eebng trong t\u00e2m. \u01afu c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u01b0a. X\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng vui kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 an t\u0129nh. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 Th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

4\/ T\u01b0\u1edfng U\u1ea9n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1edfng u\u1ea9n? B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh tri gi\u00e1c, t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 T\u01b0\u1edfng u\u1ea9n. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh 3 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0: thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1i g\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. T\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u1edbi t\u00e2m, n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u1ed3m 89 lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh, t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho l\u1ea7n sau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 “\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc”. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 T\u01b0\u1edfng u\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

5\/ H\u00e0nh U\u1ea9n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 H\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n? B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n. Theo \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh th\u00ec H\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t, nh\u01b0ng theo lo\u1ea1i th\u00ec c\u00f3 3 l\u00e0: thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi 89 lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m:<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 27 t\u00e2m s\u1edf bi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, 4 t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 5 t\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 36 t\u00e2m s\u1edf h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

27 t\u00e2m s\u1edf bi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh:<\/p>\n

(1) X\u00fac (Phasso)<\/p>\n

(2) T\u01b0 (Cetan\u00e0)<\/p>\n

(3) T\u1ea7m (Vitakko)<\/p>\n

(4) T\u1ee9 (Vic\u00e0ra)<\/p>\n

(5) H\u1ec9 (P\u00ecti)<\/p>\n

(6) Tinh t\u1ea5n (Viriyam)<\/p>\n

(7) M\u1ea1ng c\u0103n (J\u00ecvitindriyam)<\/p>\n

(8) \u00d0\u1ecbnh (Sam\u00e0dhi)<\/p>\n

(9) T\u00edn (Saddh\u00e0)<\/p>\n

(10) Ni\u1ec7m (Sati)<\/p>\n

(11) T\u00e0m (Hiri)<\/p>\n

(12) Qu\u00ed (Ottapam)<\/p>\n

(13) V\u00f4 tham (Alabho)<\/p>\n

(14) V\u00f4 s\u00e2n (Adoso)<\/p>\n

(15) V\u00f4 si (Amoha)<\/p>\n

(16) T\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u01b0 th\u00e1i (K\u00e0yapassaddhi)<\/p>\n

(17) T\u00e2m th\u01b0 th\u00e1i (Cittapassaddhi)<\/p>\n

(18) T\u00e2m s\u1edf khinh an (K\u00e0yalahut\u00e0)<\/p>\n

(19) T\u00e2m khinh an (Cittalahut\u00e0)<\/p>\n

(20) T\u00e2m s\u1edf nhu nhuy\u1ebfn (K\u00e0yamudut\u00e0)<\/p>\n

(21) T\u00e2m nhu nhuy\u1ebfn (Cittamudut\u00e0)<\/p>\n

(22) T\u00e2m s\u1edf kham nh\u1eadm (K\u00e0yakammannat\u00e0)<\/p>\n

(23) T\u00e2m kham nh\u1eadm (Cittakammannat\u00e0)<\/p>\n

(24) T\u00e2m s\u1edf tinh luy\u1ec7n (K\u00e0yap\u00e0gunnat\u00e0)<\/p>\n

(25) T\u00e2m tinh luy\u1ec7n (Cittap\u00e0gunnat\u00e0)<\/p>\n

(26) T\u00e2m s\u1edf ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c (K\u00e0yujjukat\u00e0)<\/p>\n

(27) T\u00e2m ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c (Cittujjukat\u00e0)<\/p>\n

4 T\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/p>\n

(28) D\u1ee5c (Chanda)<\/p>\n

(29) Th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i (Adhimokkha)<\/p>\n

(30) T\u00e1c \u00fd (Manik\u00e0ra)<\/p>\n

(31) Trung t\u00e1nh (Tatramajjattat\u00e0)<\/p>\n

5 T\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng:<\/p>\n

\u00a0(32) Bi (Karun\u00e0)<\/p>\n

(33) H\u1ec9 (Mudit\u00e0)<\/p>\n

(34) V\u00f4 th\u00e2n \u00e1c h\u1ea1nh<\/p>\n

(35) V\u00f4 ng\u1eef \u00e1c h\u1ea1nh<\/p>\n

(36) T\u00e2m t\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y khi n\u00f3i t\u00e2m th\u01b0 th\u00e1i, khinh an v.v… th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f2n khi n\u00f3i t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u01b0 th\u00e1i, khinh an v.v… th\u00ec c\u1ea3 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m th\u01b0 th\u00e1i… v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u01b0 th\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb tham. Lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 13 t\u00e2m s\u1edf bi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 4 t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u00e0nh ra 17 th\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

13 T\u00e2m s\u1edf bi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u00e0: X\u00fac, t\u01b0, t\u1ea7m, t\u1ee9, h\u1ec9, tinh t\u1ea5n, m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n, \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00f4 t\u00e0m, v\u00f4 qu\u00ed, tham, si, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn. 4 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0: D\u1ee5c, th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u00fd. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb s\u00e2n. Lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 18 th\u1ee9: 11 t\u00e2m s\u1edf bi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, 4 t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

11 T\u00e2m s\u1edf bi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u00e0: X\u00fac, t\u01b0, t\u1ea7m, t\u1ee9, tinh t\u1ea5n, m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n, \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00f4 t\u00e0m, v\u00f4 qu\u00ed, s\u00e2n, si. 4 T\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (xem tr\u00ean), v\u00e0 3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0: T\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1, xan l\u1eabn v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1o h\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 13 t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb si, sau \u0111\u00e2y: 11 t\u00e2m s\u1edf bi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh (xem \u1edf tr\u00ean); 2 t\u00e2m s\u1edf b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh: Tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed, t\u00e1c \u00fd.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 2 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 h\u1eefu nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c h\u1eefu nh\u00e2n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh h\u1eefu nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi (57-61), v\u1edbi t\u00e2m d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi (62-65) v\u00e0 t\u00e2m d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c Si\u00eau th\u1ebf (66-69) l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i (9-21).<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh duy t\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 2 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1eefu nh\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e2m duy t\u00e1c v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n (70-72), g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e2m duy t\u00e1c h\u1eefu nh\u00e2n (73-80), g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh h\u1eefu nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m duy t\u00e1c S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi (81-85) v\u00e0 t\u00e2m duy t\u00e1c V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi (86-89) c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m (9-17).<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf 5 th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n. Gi\u1eefa u\u1ea9n v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c nhau th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? U\u1ea9n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng u\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00f2n L\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi n\u00f3i s\u1eafc th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0ng khi s\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7, th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n. Th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, khi ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n L\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c chi ph\u1ed1i, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u00fang c\u00f2n L\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7, th\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 S\u1eafc th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa; Th\u1ecd th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u01a1n b\u1ec7nh, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5; T\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n v\u00ed nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u01a1n b\u1ec7nh, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi tham; H\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n v\u00ed nh\u01b0 d\u00f9ng th\u1ee9 thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t sinh ra b\u1ec7nh; Th\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi th\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u01a1n b\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, 5 u\u1ea9n l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 lao ng\u1ee5c, h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t, t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y t\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c: S\u1eafc v\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1ng b\u1ecdt; Th\u1ecd v\u00ed nh\u01b0 bong b\u00f3ng n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc; T\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh; H\u00e0nh v\u00ed nh\u01b0 th\u00e2n c\u00e2y chu\u1ed1i; Th\u1ee9c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 tr\u00f2 \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y N\u1ed9i s\u1eafc l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh, th\u00ec hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y Th\u1ecd l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, th\u00ec hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 x\u00fac th\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y T\u01b0\u1edfng, H\u00e0nh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, th\u00ec hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 t\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y Th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1eddng trong v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ed9c l\u01b0u v\u00f4 minh, tho\u00e1t ki\u1ebft s\u1eed v\u00f4 minh, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00f4 minh l\u1eadu, b\u1ebb g\u00e3y h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00e0o l\u1ec5 nghi t\u1ebf t\u1ef1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, k\u1ebft th\u00fac ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XIV “m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n”, trong s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 Tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG XV: M\u00d4 T\u1ea2 V\u1ec0 X\u1ee8 V\u00c0 GI\u1edaI<\/h4>\n

(Aryatana-Dh\u00e0tu-Niddesa)<\/p>\n

1\/ M\u00f4 T\u1ea3 V\u1ec1 X\u1ee9.<\/strong><\/p>\n

X\u1ee9 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 12 th\u1ee9: 1. Nh\u00e3n x\u1ee9; 2. S\u1eafc x\u1ee9; 3. Nh\u0129 x\u1ee9; 4. Thanh x\u1ee9; 5. T\u1ec9 x\u1ee9; 6. H\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9; 7. Thi\u1ec7t x\u1ee9; 8. V\u1ecb x\u1ee9; 9. Th\u00e2n x\u1ee9; 10. X\u00fac x\u1ee9; 11. \u00dd x\u1ee9; 12. Ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 sau: 1. Nh\u00e3n x\u1ee9 (cakkhu) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p. 2. S\u1eafc x\u1ee9 (r\u00f9pa) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u00e0m cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. 3. Nh\u0129 x\u1ee9 (sota) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nghe 4. Thanh x\u1ee9 (sadda) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111i. 5. T\u1ec9 x\u1ee9 (gh\u00e0na) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ng\u1eedi. 6. H\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9 (gandha) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1eedi. 7. Thi\u1ec7t x\u1ee9 (jivh\u00e0) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u1ee3i l\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. 8. V\u1ecb x\u1ee9 (rasa) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u00fang sinh th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c. 9. Th\u00e2n x\u1ee9 (k\u00e0ya) l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p x\u1ea5u xa ch\u1ecbu chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi L\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c. 10. X\u00fac x\u1ee9 (phasso) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1ecb s\u1edd ch\u1ea1m. 11. \u00dd x\u1ee9 (mano) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng. 12. Ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9 (dhamma) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i khi\u1ebfn cho t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, X\u1ee9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00fa x\u1ee9, ch\u1ed7 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1, ch\u1ed7 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. Trong 12 x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc, \u00fd x\u1ee9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 danh, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

Khi m\u1eaft v\u00e0 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p g\u1eb7p nhau th\u00ec nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c sinh kh\u1edfi, do th\u1ebf, con m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1ng \u01b0a v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, 6 n\u1ed9i x\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 6 con v\u1eadt, v\u00e0 6 ngo\u1ea1i x\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ch\u1ed7 lui t\u1edbi c\u1ee7a 6 con v\u1eadt \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

2\/ M\u00f4 T\u1ea3 V\u1ec1 Gi\u1edbi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp theo u\u1ea9n, x\u1ee9 l\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi (xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XIV) g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 18 th\u1ee9: Nh\u00e3n gi\u1edbi, s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi, nh\u0129 gi\u1edbi, thanh gi\u1edbi, nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi, t\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi, h\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi, t\u1ec9 th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi, thi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi, v\u1ecb gi\u1edbi, thi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi, th\u00e2n gi\u1edbi, x\u00fac gi\u1edbi, th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi, \u00fd gi\u1edbi, ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi, \u00fd th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, xem l\u1ea1i \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00f2n \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t th\u00ec Gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a: l\u1ef1a ri\u00eang ra, th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang theo. V\u00ec gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u1ea3 tri. Gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

Hai th\u1ee9 nh\u00e3n gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n, c\u00f2n nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3. V\u00ec c\u0103n (nh\u00e3n gi\u1edbi), tr\u1ea7n (s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi) \u0111\u1ed1i nhau, m\u00e0 th\u1ee9c (nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi) ph\u00e1t sinh.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c kinh lu\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa nh\u01b0, d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi… \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi, th\u1ee7y gi\u1edbi v.v…, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i 18 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. M\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1eefu vi, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 vi.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3 sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh, t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 b\u1ec1n ch\u1eafc, th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, n\u00ean m\u1edbi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn 18 gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u00fang l\u00e0m duy\u00ean cho nhau, th\u00ec c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c d\u1ea1y: “Nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c sinh do duy\u00ean m\u1eaft, s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd. Nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c sinh do duy\u00ean l\u1ed7 tai, ti\u1ebfng, kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u00fd. T\u1ec9 th\u1ee9c sinh do duy\u00ean m\u0169i, m\u00f9i, kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u00fd. Thi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9c sinh do duy\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee1i, v\u1ecb, n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u00fd. Th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c sinh do duy\u00ean th\u00e2n, ch\u1ea1m x\u00fac, \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u00fd. \u00dd th\u1ee9c sinh do duy\u00ean t\u00e2m h\u1eefu ph\u1ea7n, ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u00fd. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai, l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c duy\u00ean (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n).<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 sau: Nh\u00e3n gi\u1edbi v\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i m\u1eb7t tr\u1ed1ng, s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 d\u00f9i tr\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng tr\u1ed1ng. Ho\u1eb7c, nh\u00e3n gi\u1edbi v\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t g\u01b0\u01a1ng, s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p v\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i m\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi v\u00ed nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00e1i m\u1eb7t ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu trong g\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u00fd gi\u1edbi th\u00ec nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng theo sau nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi, song l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00fd th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi. C\u00f2n \u00fd th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi th\u00ec nh\u01b0 con kh\u1ec9 chuy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u1edf y\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7, hay nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u0169 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XV n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 X\u1ee9 v\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi, trong s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 Tu\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG XVI: C\u0102N \u00d0\u1ebe<\/h4>\n

(Indriya-Sacca-Niddesa)<\/p>\n

M\u1ea2NH \u00d0\u1ea4T CHO TU\u1ec6 T\u0102NG TR\u01af\u1edeNG<\/p>\n

A\/ M\u00f4 T\u1ea3 V\u1ec1 C\u0103n.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp theo gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u0103n, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 22 th\u1ee9: Nh\u00e3n c\u0103n, nh\u0129 c\u0103n, t\u1ec9 c\u0103n, thi\u1ec7t c\u0103n, th\u00e2n c\u0103n, \u00fd c\u0103n, n\u1eef c\u0103n, nam c\u0103n, m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n, l\u1ea1c c\u0103n, kh\u1ed5 c\u0103n (th\u00e2n l\u1ea1c, th\u00e2n kh\u1ed5), h\u1ec9 c\u0103n, \u01b0u c\u0103n, x\u1ea3 c\u0103n, t\u00edn c\u0103n, t\u1ea5n c\u0103n, ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0103n, tu\u1ec7 c\u0103n, v\u1ecb tri \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tri c\u0103n, c\u1ee5 tri c\u0103n, d\u0129 tri c\u0103n.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u0103n th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XV, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 3 c\u0103n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

V\u1ecb tri \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tri c\u0103n: C\u0103n n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ea1o, n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp l\u01b0u. D\u0129 tri c\u0103n: \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. C\u1ee5 tri c\u0103n: n\u00f3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb L\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c, bi\u1ebft r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o v\u1ec1 4 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u0103n? C\u0103n g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y ngh\u0129a: 1. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3; 2. \u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y; 3. \u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5; 4. \u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh; 5. \u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. V\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e3n c\u0103n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh ra nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng. Nh\u0129, t\u1ec9, thi\u1ec7t, th\u00e2n c\u0103n c\u0169ng th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi, th\u00ec c\u00f3 10 c\u0103n thu\u1ed9c D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi: Nh\u00e3n, nh\u0129, t\u1ec9, thi\u1ec7t, th\u00e2n, n\u1eef, nam, l\u1ea1c, kh\u1ed5, \u01b0u. T\u00e1m c\u0103n thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 4 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi, D\u1ee5c, S\u1eafc, V\u00f4 s\u1eafc v\u00e0 Si\u00eau th\u1ebf: \u00dd c\u0103n, x\u1ea3 c\u0103n, m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n, t\u00edn, t\u1ea5n, ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7. M\u1ed9t c\u0103n thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 ba c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi D\u1ee5c, S\u1eafc, Si\u00eau th\u1ebf l\u00e0: H\u1ec9. Ba c\u0103n thu\u1ed9c Si\u00eau th\u1ebf l\u00e0: V\u1ecb tri \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tri c\u0103n, D\u0129 tri c\u0103n v\u00e0 C\u1ee5 tri c\u0103n.<\/p>\n

B\/ M\u00f4 T\u1ea3 V\u1ec1 \u00d0\u1ebf<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp c\u0103n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf, t\u1ee9c 4 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf: Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5, Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 t\u1eadp, Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn 4 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0: “B\u1ee9c b\u00e1ch, h\u1eefu vi, b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i; t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0 ng\u1ee5y, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c hay t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00edch t\u1eadp, c\u0103n nguy\u00ean, tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c, ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i. Di\u1ec7t c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tho\u00e1t ly, t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, v\u00f4 vi, b\u1ea5t t\u1eed. \u00d0\u1ea1o c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i ra, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, th\u1ea5y, \u01b0u th\u1eafng. (Ps. 2, 104)<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5 (Dukkha): Du l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u xa, \u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c; Kha l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (kh\u1ed5) l\u00e0 “x\u1ea5u”. V\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i th\u01b0\u1eddng lai v\u00e3ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3m nguy, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb9p, kh\u00f4ng vui, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ee9 hai T\u1eadp (Samudaya): Sam l\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft; U ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, nh\u01b0 udita (\u0111i l\u00ean); Aya ch\u1ec9 l\u00fd do. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do cho s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5, khi ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng duy\u00ean c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ee9 ba Di\u1ec7t (Nirodha): Ni ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t; Rodha l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u00f9. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi sanh th\u00fa, v\u00ec n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ee9c n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 t\u00f9.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u00d0\u1ea1o hay Kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1o (Nirodha-Gamini-Patipad\u00e0): Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5 n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea3 4 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf, v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh m\u1edbi th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt cao c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh. Ho\u1eb7c, b\u1ed1n Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0 \u1ea3o, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn l\u1ea1i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3: Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m \u0111au n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ed5; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n tham \u00e1i; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m an t\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t (Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n); v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1: Kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, v\u00ec n\u00f3 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, v\u00ec n\u00f3 th\u00f4 ph\u00f9, v\u00ec n\u00f3 chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u1ed5 t\u1eadp n\u00eau k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. R\u1ed3i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng khi nh\u00e2n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i sau r\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn di\u1ec7t. V\u00e0 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c c\u0169ng b\u1ea3o: tri kh\u1ed5, \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadp, tu \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u1ee9ng di\u1ec7t. (Bi\u1ebft kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 (t\u1eadp), n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t)<\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadn Vibhanga n\u00eau ra 12 th\u1ee9 Kh\u1ed5: Sanh, gi\u00e0, ch\u1ebft, s\u1ea7u, bi, kh\u1ed5, \u01b0u, n\u00e3o, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a, xa l\u00eca c\u00e1i y\u00eau m\u1ebfn, c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng to\u1ea1i \u00fd, n\u00f3i t\u00f3m, 5 th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. V\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 c\u00f3 3 th\u1ee9: D\u1ee5c \u00e1i, h\u1eefu \u00e1i, phi h\u1eefu \u00e1i. V\u1ec1 Di\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. V\u1ec1 \u00d0\u1ea1o c\u00f3 8 th\u1ee9, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o: Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy, ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef, ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng, ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh. (Vbh. 104)<\/p>\n

1. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ed5 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 3 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0: Kh\u1ed5 kh\u1ed5 (dukkha-dukkha) t\u1ee9c n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 \u1edf n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i; Ho\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 (Viparin\u00e0ma-dukkha), kh\u1ed5 do bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i; v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 (Sankh\u00e0ra-dukkha), kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m, ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed9 li\u1ec5u. Khi c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 kh\u1ed5, v\u00ec t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. Khi c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n sinh ra kh\u1ed5 khi c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd \u1ea5y bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. X\u1ea3 th\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c trong ba c\u00f5i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5, v\u00ec ch\u00fang b\u1ecb b\u1ee9c b\u00e1ch trong sinh di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

a. Sanh (J\u00e0ti): Sanh l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n cho kh\u1ed5 trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecda x\u1ee9; n\u00e0o l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 khi \u0111\u1ea7u thai, khi \u1edf trong b\u00e0o thai v\u00e0 khi sinh ra. L\u00fac \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang sinh c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu bao nhi\u00eau n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5. N\u1ebfu \u1edf \u0110\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c th\u00ec kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec b\u1ecb l\u1eeda d\u1eef thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t. N\u1ebfu \u1edf lo\u00e0i S\u00fac sanh th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng roi, g\u1eady, ho\u1eb7c \u0103n nu\u1ed1t l\u1eabn nhau. N\u1ebfu sinh Ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 th\u00ec \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t b\u1ee9c b\u00e1ch. N\u1ebfu sinh v\u00e0o A tu la th\u00ec \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh, t\u1ed1i t\u0103m.<\/p>\n

b. Gi\u00e0: l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n, kh\u1edfi l\u00ean do nhi\u1ec1u duy\u00ean, nh\u01b0 t\u1ee9 chi n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, c\u00e1c c\u0103n suy y\u1ebfu, tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb tan bi\u1ebfn, s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n, tr\u00ed nh\u1edb s\u00fat k\u00e9m, b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi d\u1ec5 v.v…<\/p>\n

c. Ch\u1ebft: l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sinh, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 ch\u1ebft do th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng h\u1ebft, do c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1eadn, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ebft b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc k\u1ef3 t\u1eed, b\u1ecb tai n\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

d. S\u1ea7u: l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nung n\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y t\u00e2m can n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t th\u00e2n quy\u1ebfn, hay b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh y\u00eau qu\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u0111. Bi: l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111au bu\u1ed3n do m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v.v…, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/p>\n

e. Kh\u1ed5: l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, b\u1ee9c b\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

g. \u01afu: s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

h. N\u00e3o: s\u1ef1 thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t t\u00e2m can.<\/p>\n

S\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea3o d\u1ea7u n\u1ea5u tr\u00ean b\u1ebfp l\u1eeda riu riu. Bi nh\u01b0 n\u1ea5u tr\u00ean b\u1ebfp l\u1eeda m\u1ea1nh. N\u00e3o nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong ch\u1ea3o sau khi n\u1ea5u, c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ea3o kh\u00f4.<\/p>\n

i. Oan gia t\u1ee5 h\u1ed9i: s\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1eadt m\u00ecnh o\u00e1n gh\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

k. \u00c1i bi\u1ec7t ly: ph\u1ea3i xa l\u00eca nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1eadt m\u00e0 ta y\u00eau m\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

l. C\u1ea7u b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc: s\u1ef1 mong c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng to\u1ea1i \u00fd.<\/p>\n

m. N\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5: V\u00ec 5 u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7, nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5m bia thu h\u00fat nh\u1eefng t\u00ean b\u1eafn, nh\u01b0 ru\u1ed3i nh\u1eb7ng bu tr\u00ean th\u00e2n con b\u00f2.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c 5 th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n th\u00ec sinh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, gi\u00e0 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 ch\u1eb7ng gi\u1eefa, ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 ch\u1eb7ng cu\u1ed1i. Kh\u1ed5 nung n\u1ea5u t\u00e2m can, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ea7u. Kh\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c than van kh\u00f3c l\u00f3c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Bi. C\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 do th\u00e2n t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. N\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 b\u1ee9c b\u00e1ch trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u01b0u. Kh\u1ed5 ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m, ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u00e3o. Kh\u1ed5 do th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc kh\u1ed5. Chung quy, khi 5 u\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, Kh\u1ed5 u\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 12 th\u1ee9. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, theo c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, Kh\u1ed5 u\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia g\u1ecdn th\u00e0nh 8 th\u1ee9 l\u00e0: Sinh, l\u00e3o, b\u1ec7nh, t\u1eed, o\u00e1n t\u1eafng h\u1ed9i, \u00e1i bi\u1ec7t ly, c\u1ea7u b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc v\u00e0 ng\u0169 \u1ea5m x\u00ed th\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

2. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u1ed5.<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong ph\u1ea7n duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XVII.<\/p>\n

3. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5.<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00e1t \u00e1i, nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7:<\/p>\n

“Nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1n<\/p>\n

G\u1ed1c c\u00f2n v\u1eabn m\u1ecdc ho\u00e0i<\/p>\n

\u00c1i t\u00f9y mi\u00ean ch\u01b0a nh\u1ed5<\/p>\n

Kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y sanh d\u00e0i d\u00e0i.”<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn n\u00eau m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda nh\u01b0 sau: “Nh\u01b0 con s\u01b0 t\u1eed chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eafn n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 m\u0169i t\u00ean, c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00ec nh\u01b0 con ch\u00f3 b\u1ecb n\u00e9m c\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea5t thay v\u00ec t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e9m. Ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng lo ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t nh\u1eefng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 t\u00e2m. (Pm, 533)<\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t hay Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n:<\/p>\n

Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh. V\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 nh\u1edd d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7. Do th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u1ea3, v\u00ec ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00d0i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn tham, s\u00e2n, si, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1t \u00e1i.<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. Theo b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn th\u00ec Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 H\u1eefu d\u01b0 y v\u00e0 V\u00f4 d\u01b0 y. H\u1eefu d\u01b0 y Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eafng d\u1ecbu, nh\u01b0ng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. V\u00f4 d\u01b0 y Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sinh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n sinh kh\u1edfi n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng u\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 sinh th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n theo b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng trong Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c Lu\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c \u00d0\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, th\u00ec ngo\u00e0i 2 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi tr\u00ean c\u00f2n c\u00f3 2 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n n\u1eefa l\u00e0: B\u1ea3n lai t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh thanh t\u1ecbnh Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n v\u00e0 V\u00f4 tr\u1ee5 x\u1ee9 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, t\u1ee9c g\u1ed3m 4 lo\u1ea1i. B\u1ea3n lai t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh thanh t\u1ecbnh Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n: T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh x\u01b0a nay v\u1ed1n thanh t\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng sinh kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t, v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec b\u1ecb b\u1ee5i b\u1eb7m phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o che khu\u1ea5t n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00f4 tr\u1ee5 x\u1ee9 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n: Khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c, li\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa sinh t\u1eed v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u01b0a th\u00edch hay ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t, ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ed, \u0111\u1ea1i bi l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho ch\u00fang sinh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn \u0111\u1eddi v\u1ecb lai m\u00e0 v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng theo t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng. (Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c Lu\u1eadn, q10, \u00d0TK. 31, tr. 55)<\/p>\n

4. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 8 ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o. T\u00e1m ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong ph\u1ea7n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

a. Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn (Samma-ditthi): Ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

b. Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy (Samma-Sankappa): Suy ngh\u0129 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn.<\/p>\n

c. Ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef (Samma-vaca): N\u00f3i l\u1eddi ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, d\u1ec5 nghe, c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch.<\/p>\n

d. Ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p (Samma-Kammanta): L\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sinh, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e0 d\u00e2m v.v…<\/p>\n

\u0111. Ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng (Samma-j\u00ecvati): Sinh s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

e. Ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n (Samma-Viriya): N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, si\u00eang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

g. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m (Samma-sati): Ngh\u0129 nh\u1edb ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, lu\u00f4n t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o, c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c t\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

h. Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh (Samma-sam\u00e0dhi): T\u1eadp trung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ngo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt chi ph\u1ed1i l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1m ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 sau: Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u bao g\u1ed3m tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac, tu\u1ec7 c\u0103n, tu\u1ec7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1c chi. Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy bao g\u1ed3m 3 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea7m l\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n ly tham, s\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1ea1i. Ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef bao h\u00e0m 3 lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n. Ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng bao h\u00e0m thi\u1ec3u d\u1ee5c, tri t\u00fac. Ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n bao h\u00e0m 4 ch\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n, t\u1ea5n c\u0103n, t\u1ea5n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ea5n gi\u00e1c chi. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m bao h\u00e0m 4 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9, ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n, ni\u1ec7m l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c chi. Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh bao h\u00e0m 4 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m t\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0103n, \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c chi H\u1ec9, Khinh an, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, X\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi T\u00e1m ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn 3 V\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh sau \u0111\u00e2y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3: “B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 Ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef n\u00e0o, Ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o, Ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c Gi\u1edbi u\u1ea9n. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 Ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n n\u00e0o, Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o, Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c \u00d0\u1ecbnh u\u1ea9n. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0o, Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Tu\u1ec7 u\u1ea9n. (M. I, 301)<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn n\u00eau v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u00d0\u1ecbnh v\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y hoa \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; Tinh t\u1ea5n v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0a l\u01b0ng ra cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean; Ni\u1ec7m v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a vai l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a; nh\u1edd v\u1eady m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hoa. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Tinh t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 Ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 gi\u00fap s\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c cho \u00d0\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 4 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Kh\u1ed5 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng; T\u1eadp v\u00ed nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 mang g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng; Di\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng; \u00d0\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng. Ho\u1eb7c Kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh. T\u1eadp nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh. Di\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ebft b\u1ec7nh; \u00d0\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n

Theo ngh\u0129a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, c\u1ea3 4 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi n\u00ean c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t. Do \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 kh\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 s\u1edf t\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m t\u1eaft, hai \u0111\u1ebf Kh\u1ed5, T\u1eadp gi\u1ed1ng nhau, v\u00ec s\u00e2u xa, kh\u00f3 n\u1eafm, thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf gian, h\u1eefu l\u1eadu. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, c\u00e1i c\u1ea7n li\u1ec5u tri (kh\u1ed5), v\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u1ea7n \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb (t\u1eadp). Di\u1ec7t, \u00d0\u1ea1o gi\u1ed1ng nhau, v\u00ec s\u00e2u xa, kh\u00f3 n\u1eafm, v\u00ec xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf, v\u00f4 l\u1eadu. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau khi chia th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng (di\u1ec7t), v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n tu t\u1eadp (\u0111\u1ea1o). L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, Kh\u1ed5, Di\u1ec7t gi\u1ed1ng nhau, v\u00ec c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3; Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00ec kh\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c h\u1eefu vi, di\u1ec7t thu\u1ed9c v\u00f4 vi. T\u1eadp, \u00d0\u1ea1o gi\u1ed1ng nhau, v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n; nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00ec T\u1eadp thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, \u00d0\u1ea1o thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n. Kh\u1ed5, \u00d0\u1ea1o gi\u1ed1ng nhau, v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 h\u1eefu vi; nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf ch\u1ed7 Kh\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf gian, \u00d0\u1ea1o th\u00ec xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, T\u1eadp v\u00e0 Di\u1ec7t gi\u1ed1ng nhau, v\u00ec l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1eefu h\u1ecdc hay v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc; nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00ec T\u1eadp c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f2n Di\u1ec7t th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XVI m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 C\u0103n v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG XVII – \u00d0\u1ea0O L\u00dd DUY\u00caN KH\u1edeI<\/h4>\n

1\/ \u00d0\u1ecbnh Ngh\u0129a Duy\u00ean Sinh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n d\u1ea1y: “V\u00e0 n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0: V\u00f4 minh duy\u00ean H\u00e0nh, H\u00e0nh duy\u00ean Th\u1ee9c, Th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean Danh s\u1eafc, Danh s\u1eafc duy\u00ean L\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp, L\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp duy\u00ean X\u00fac, X\u00fac duy\u00ean Th\u1ecd, Th\u1ecd duy\u00ean \u00c1i, \u00c1i duy\u00ean Th\u1ee7, Th\u1ee7 duy\u00ean H\u1eefu, H\u1eefu duy\u00ean Sinh, Sinh duy\u00ean L\u00e3o t\u1eed, S\u1ea7u, Bi Kh\u1ed5 \u01afu N\u00e3o. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed5 u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y.” (S II, 1)<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi? V\u00ec n\u00f3 do duy\u00ean (paticco) v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng sinh (samupp\u00e0da) n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi hay Duy\u00ean sinh (paticca-samupp\u00e0da). Ho\u1eb7c, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c (paticca) m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi (upp\u00e0da) ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh (samma), t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. V\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u. Khi hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn an l\u1ea1c si\u00eau th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Duy\u00ean, b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn n\u00eau ra 24 duy\u00ean sau \u0111\u00e2y: 1. Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean; 2. S\u1edf duy\u00ean duy\u00ean 3. T\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean; 4. V\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean; 5. \u00d0\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean; 6. C\u00e2u sinh duy\u00ean; 7. H\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean; 8. Y ch\u1ec9 duy\u00ean; 9. Th\u00e2n y duy\u00ean; 10. Ti\u1ec1n sinh duy\u00ean; 11. H\u1eadu sinh duy\u00ean; 12. T\u1eadp h\u00e0nh duy\u00ean; 13. Nghi\u1ec7p duy\u00ean; 14. D\u1ecb th\u1ee5c duy\u00ean; 15. Th\u1ee5c duy\u00ean; 16. C\u0103n duy\u00ean; 17. Thi\u1ec1n duy\u00ean; 18. \u00d0\u1ea1o duy\u00ean; 19. T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng duy\u00ean; 20. B\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng duy\u00ean; 21. H\u1eefu duy\u00ean; 22. Phi h\u1eefu duy\u00ean; 23. Ly kh\u1ee9 duy\u00ean; 24. B\u1ea5t ly kh\u1ee9 duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

1. Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean: l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb n\u00f3 sinh ra, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t duy\u00ean. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 duy\u00ean. Ho\u1eb7c, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n g\u1ed1c).<\/p>\n

2. S\u1edf duy\u00ean duy\u00ean: M\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u1edf duy\u00ean duy\u00ean hay S\u1edf duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

3. T\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean: M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t cho nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

4. V\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean: M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1edf g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

5. \u00d0\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean: M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

6. C\u00e2u sinh duy\u00ean: M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o gi\u00fap cho ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng sinh kh\u1edfi, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00e2u sinh duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

7. H\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean: M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p gi\u00fap cho ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c g\u00e2y th\u00eam th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

8. Y ch\u1ec9 duy\u00ean: M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Y ch\u1ec9 duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

9. Th\u00e2n y duy\u00ean: M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho ph\u00e1p kia sinh kh\u1edfi, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u00e2n y duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

10. Ti\u1ec1n sinh duy\u00ean: M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p kh\u1edfi l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1t sinh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n sinh duy\u00ean<\/p>\n

11. H\u1eadu sinh duy\u00ean: M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o ph\u00e1t sinh, l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1eadu sinh duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

12. T\u1eadp h\u00e0nh duy\u00ean: M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho ph\u00e1p k\u1ebf n\u00f3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, nh\u1edd l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1eadp h\u00e0nh duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

13. Nghi\u1ec7p duy\u00ean: M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

14. D\u1ecb th\u1ee5c duy\u00ean: M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 D\u1ecb th\u1ee5c duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

15. Th\u1ee5c duy\u00ean: B\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c s\u1eafc, v\u00f4 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u00fang, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

16. C\u0103n duy\u00ean: Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nam c\u0103n v\u00e0 n\u1eef c\u0103n, 20 c\u0103n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i (xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XVI) tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u0103n duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

17. Thi\u1ec1n duy\u00ean: M\u1ed9t Thi\u1ec1n chi n\u00e0o tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

18. \u00d0\u1ea1o duy\u00ean: M\u01b0\u1eddi hai \u0111\u1ea1o chi tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c t\u00ecm ra l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1o duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

19. T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng duy\u00ean: C\u00e1c V\u00f4 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u0103n, tr\u1ea7n, kh\u1edfi, di\u1ec7t, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

20. B\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng duy\u00ean: S\u1eafc n\u00e0o gi\u00fap cho v\u00f4 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, hay v\u00f4 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p gi\u00fap cho s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u0103n tr\u1ea7n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

21. H\u1eefu duy\u00ean: M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p gi\u00fap cho m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1eefu duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

22. Phi h\u1eefu duy\u00ean: T\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u1eeba ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 Phi h\u1eefu duy\u00ean cho nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

23. Ly kh\u1ee9 duy\u00ean: C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y, tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ly kh\u1ee9 duy\u00ean<\/p>\n

24. B\u1ea5t ly kh\u1ee9 duy\u00ean: Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1ea5t ly kh\u1ee9 duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 24 duy\u00ean theo b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ch\u1ec9 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng th\u00e0nh 4 duy\u00ean l\u00e0: 1. Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean; 2. \u00d0\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean; 3. S\u1edf duy\u00ean duy\u00ean; 4. T\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean. (Lu\u1eadn Duy th\u1ee9c, \u00d0\u1ea1i tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9). B\u1ed1n duy\u00ean n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 3 duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 duy\u00ean th\u1ee9 5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn. Sau \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn kinh:<\/p>\n

1. Gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft: c\u00e1i g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang sinh b\u1ecb gi\u00e0 y\u1ebfu, suy nh\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00e1c c\u0103n t\u00e0n l\u1ee5i v.v…, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gi\u00e0. C\u00e1i g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang sinh, b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i, ti\u00eau m\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n t\u00e0n l\u1ee5n, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

2. Sinh: c\u00e1i g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang sinh, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n, s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u00e1c x\u1ee9, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sinh.<\/p>\n

3. H\u1eefu: g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 3 th\u1ee9, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: D\u1ee5c h\u1eefu, s\u1eafc h\u1eefu, v\u00f4 s\u1eafc h\u1eefu, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1eefu.<\/p>\n

4. Th\u1ee7: g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 4 th\u1ee9, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: D\u1ee5c th\u1ee7, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee7, gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ng\u00e3 lu\u1eadn th\u1ee7, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

5. \u00c1i: g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 6 th\u1ee9, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: S\u1eafc \u00e1i, thanh \u00e1i, h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1i, v\u1ecb \u00e1i, x\u00fac \u00e1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p \u00e1i, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e1i.<\/p>\n

6. Th\u1ecd: g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 6 th\u1ee9, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: Th\u1ecd do nh\u00e3n x\u00fac sinh, th\u1ecd do nh\u0129 x\u00fac sinh, th\u1ecd do t\u1ec9 x\u00fac sinh, th\u1ecd do thi\u1ec7t x\u00fac sinh, th\u1ecd do th\u00e2n x\u00fac sinh, th\u1ecd do \u00fd x\u00fac sinh, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

7. X\u00fac: g\u1ed3m 6 th\u1ee9, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: nh\u00e3n x\u00fac, nh\u0129 x\u00fac, t\u1ec9 x\u00fac, thi\u1ec7t x\u00fac, th\u00e2n x\u00fac v\u00e0 \u00fd x\u00fac, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 X\u00fac.<\/p>\n

8. S\u00e1u x\u1ee9 (l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp) g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 6 th\u1ee9, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: Nh\u00e3n x\u1ee9, nh\u0129 x\u1ee9, t\u1ec9 x\u1ee9, thi\u1ec7t x\u1ee9, th\u00e2n x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 \u00fd x\u1ee9, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u00e1u x\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

9. Danh s\u1eafc: Th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0, x\u00fac, t\u00e1c \u00fd, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Danh. B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1eafc do 4 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ea1o ra, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u1eafc. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

10. Th\u1ee9c: g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 6 th\u1ee9, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: Nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c, nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c, t\u1ec9 th\u1ee9c, thi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9c, th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c, \u00fd th\u1ee9c; \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

11. H\u00e0nh: g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 3 th\u1ee9, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: Th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh, kh\u1ea9u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u00fd h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

12. V\u00f4 minh: kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 t\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 V\u00f4 minh<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, “N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, V\u00f4 minh duy\u00ean h\u00e0nh, H\u00e0nh duy\u00ean th\u1ee9c; Th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean danh s\u1eafc; Danh s\u1eafc duy\u00ean s\u00e1u x\u1ee9; S\u00e1u x\u1ee9 duy\u00ean x\u00fac; X\u00fac duy\u00ean th\u1ecd; Th\u1ecd duy\u00ean \u00e1i; \u00c1i duy\u00ean th\u1ee7; Th\u1ee7 duy\u00ean h\u1eefu; H\u1eefu duy\u00ean sinh; Sinh duy\u00ean L\u00e3o T\u1eed, s\u1ea7u, bi, kh\u1ed5, \u01b0u, n\u00e3o. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed5 u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi. Nh\u01b0ng do s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t, ly khai v\u00f4 minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, n\u00ean H\u00e0nh di\u1ec7t. Do h\u00e0nh di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean Th\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t. Do th\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean Danh s\u1eafc di\u1ec7t. Do danh s\u1eafc di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean S\u00e1u x\u1ee9 di\u1ec7t. Do s\u00e1u x\u1ee9 di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean X\u00fac di\u1ec7t. Do x\u00fac di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean Th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t. Do th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean \u00c1i di\u1ec7t. Do \u00e1i di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean Th\u1ee7 di\u1ec7t. Do th\u1ee7 di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean H\u1eefu di\u1ec7t. Do h\u1eefu di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean Sinh di\u1ec7t. Do sinh di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean L\u00e3o T\u1eed, s\u1ea7u, bi, kh\u1ed5, \u01b0u, n\u00e3o, \u0111\u1ec1u di\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed5 u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y. ” (T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 Kinh II, tr. 3 – 4).<\/p>\n

\u00d0o\u1ea1n kinh sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n tri\u1ec3n khai th\u00eam: “C\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t? Do duy\u00ean c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u00e0 gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft sinh kh\u1edfi? – Do Sinh c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean Gi\u00e0 Ch\u1ebft c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t; do duy\u00ean sinh m\u00e0 gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft sinh kh\u1edfi. – Do H\u1eefu c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean sinh c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, do duy\u00ean h\u1eefu n\u00ean sinh sanh kh\u1edfi – Do Th\u1ee7 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean h\u1eefu c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t; do duy\u00ean th\u1ee7, n\u00ean h\u1eefu sinh kh\u1edfi. – Do \u00c1i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean th\u1ee7 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t; do duy\u00ean \u00e1i, n\u00ean th\u1ee7 sanh kh\u1edfi – Do Th\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean \u00e1i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t; do duy\u00ean th\u1ecd n\u00ean \u00e1i sanh kh\u1edfi – Do X\u00fac c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean th\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t; do duy\u00ean x\u00fac, n\u00ean th\u1ecd sinh kh\u1edfi – Do S\u00e1u x\u1ee9 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean x\u00fac c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t; do duy\u00ean s\u00e1u x\u1ee9, n\u00ean x\u00fac sanh kh\u1edfi – Do Danh s\u1eafc c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean S\u00e1u x\u1ee9 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t; do duy\u00ean danh s\u1eafc, n\u00ean s\u00e1u x\u1ee9 sanh kh\u1edfi – Do Th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean danh s\u1eafc c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t; do duy\u00ean th\u1ee9c n\u00ean danh s\u1eafc sanh kh\u1edfi – Do H\u00e0nh c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean Th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t; do duy\u00ean h\u00e0nh, n\u00ean th\u1ee9c sanh kh\u1edfi – Do V\u00f4 minh c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t; c\u00f3 duy\u00ean v\u00f4 minh, n\u00ean h\u00e0nh sanh kh\u1edfi”.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i v\u00f2ng 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n sinh kh\u1edfi, kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u1edf l\u00ean:<\/p>\n

“C\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t? Do c\u00e1i g\u00ec di\u1ec7t m\u00e0 gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft di\u1ec7t? – Do Sanh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean Gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t; do sanh di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft di\u1ec7t – Do H\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean sanh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t; do h\u1eefu di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean sanh di\u1ec7t – Do Th\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, do th\u1ee7 di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean h\u1eefu di\u1ec7t – Do \u00c1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean th\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t; do \u00e1i di\u1ec7t n\u00ean th\u1ee7 di\u1ec7t – Do Th\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean \u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t; do th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t n\u00ean \u00e1i di\u1ec7t – Do X\u00fac kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean th\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t; do x\u00fac di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t – Do S\u00e1u x\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean x\u00fac kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t; do s\u00e1u x\u1ee9 di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean x\u00fac di\u1ec7t- Do Danh s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean s\u00e1u x\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t; do danh s\u1eafc di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean s\u00e1u x\u1ee9 di\u1ec7t – Do Th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean danh s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t; do th\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean danh s\u1eafc di\u1ec7t – Do H\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t; do h\u00e0nh di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean th\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t – Do V\u00f4 minh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, n\u00ean h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t; do v\u00f4 minh di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean h\u00e0nh di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, do V\u00f4 minh di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean h\u00e0nh di\u1ec7t. Do H\u00e0nh di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean th\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t. Do Th\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean danh s\u1eafc di\u1ec7t. Do Danh s\u1eafc di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean s\u00e1u x\u1ee9 di\u1ec7t. Do S\u00e1u x\u1ee9 di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean x\u00fac di\u1ec7t. Do X\u00fac di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t. Do Th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean \u00e1i di\u1ec7t. Do \u00e1i di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean th\u1ee7 di\u1ec7t. Do Th\u1ee7 di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean h\u1eefu di\u1ec7t. Do H\u1eefu di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean sanh di\u1ec7t. Do sanh di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean gi\u00e0, ch\u1ebft, s\u1ea7u, bi, kh\u1ed5, \u01b0u, n\u00e3o di\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed5 u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y”. (T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng BK. II, tr. 6-10)<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00e2u: V\u00f4 minh duy\u00ean h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c. H\u00e0nh duy\u00ean th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. Th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean danh s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi c\u00f3 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u00f5 c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng. Danh s\u1eafc duy\u00ean s\u00e1u x\u1ee9…, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 nh\u00ecn, nghe, ng\u1eedi, n\u1ebfm, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, x\u00fac, c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd, kh\u00e1t \u00e1i, ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh, sanh, gi\u00e0, ch\u1ebft. V\u1eady, b\u00e1nh xe sanh t\u1eed n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn n\u00eau v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf c\u00e1c kh\u00e2u tr\u00ean: V\u00f4 minh nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh chung v\u00e0 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. H\u00e0nh do duy\u00ean v\u00f4 minh v\u00ed nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 v\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a anh m\u00f9. Th\u1ee9c do h\u00e0nh v\u00ed nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e9 ng\u00e3. Danh s\u1eafc do th\u1ee9c, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ung nh\u1ecdt ph\u00e1t sinh. S\u00e1u x\u1ee9 do danh s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 m\u00e1u m\u1ee7 t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i. X\u00fac do duy\u00ean s\u00e1u x\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 m\u00e1u t\u1ee5. Th\u1ecd nh\u01b0 c\u01a1n \u0111au do b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh. \u00c1i v\u00ed nh\u01b0 khao kh\u00e1t m\u1ed9t li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c. Th\u1ee7 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 v\u1edb nh\u1eb1m th\u1ee9 thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p. H\u1eefu v\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eafp v\u00e0o v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p \u1ea5y. Sanh v\u00ed nh\u01b0 v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng do x\u1ee9c thu\u1ed1c b\u1eady. Gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ung nh\u1ecdt v\u1ee1 ra, sau khi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed2 BI\u1ec2U 1: TAM TH\u1ebe L\u01af\u1ee0NG TR\u00d9NG NH\u00c2N QU\u1ea2<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
TAM
\nTH\u1ebe<\/td>\n		Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/td>\n– V\u00f4 minh
\n– H\u00e0nh<\/td>\n		Nh\u00e2n<\/td>\nNh\u1ea5t tr\u00f9ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/td>\n– Th\u1ee9c
\n– Danh s\u1eafc
\n– L\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp
\n– X\u00fac
\n– Th\u1ee5<\/td>\n		Qu\u1ea3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
– \u00c1i
\n– Th\u1ee7
\n– H\u1eefu<\/td>\n		Nh\u00e2n<\/td>\nNh\u1ea5t tr\u00f9ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
V\u1ecb lai<\/td>\n– Sinh
\n– L\u00e3o t\u1eed<\/td>\n		Qu\u1ea3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
<\/div>\n

\u00d0\u1ed2 BI\u1ec2U 2: V\u00d4 MINH DUY\u00caN KH\u1edeI V\u00c0 \u00c1I D\u1ee4C DUY\u00caN KH\u1edeI<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/td>\nNh\u00e2n<\/td>\n– V\u00f4 minh
\n– H\u00e0nh<\/td>\n		– \u00c1i, th\u1ee7
\n– H\u1eefu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Qu\u1ea3<\/td>\n– Th\u1ee9c
\n– Danh s\u1eafc
\n– L\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp
\n– X\u00fac
\n– Th\u1ee5<\/td>\n		– Sinh
\n– L\u00e3o t\u1eed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ph\u1ea7n sau<\/td>\nNh\u00e2n<\/td>\n– \u00c1i
\n– Th\u1ee7
\n– H\u1eefu<\/td>\n		– V\u00f4 minh
\n– H\u00e0nh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Qu\u1ea3<\/td>\n– Sinh
\n– L\u00e3o t\u1eed<\/td>\n		– Th\u1ee9c
\n– Danh s\u1eafc
\n– L\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp
\n– X\u00fac
\n– Th\u1ee5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
<\/div>\n

B\u00e0i k\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 2:<\/p>\n

“V\u00f4 minh, \u00c1i, Th\u1ee7 tam phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh, H\u1eefu nh\u1ecb chi thu\u1ed9c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/p>\n

T\u1ef1 Th\u1ee9c ch\u00ed Th\u1ecd tinh Sinh T\u1eed<\/p>\n

Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3ng danh vi kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1o”.<\/p>\n

\u00a0(V\u00f4 minh, \u00c1i, Th\u1ee7 ba phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh, H\u1eefu, hai chi thu\u1ed9c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb Th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ecd c\u00f9ng Sinh T\u1eed<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng t\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1o.)<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed2 BI\u1ec2U 3: V\u00d2NG LU\u00c2N H\u1ed2I (A)<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed2 BI\u1ec2U 4: NH\u1eca TH\u1ebe NH\u1ea4T TR\u00d9NG<\/p>\n

(C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb 1-4, l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng lu\u1eadn, Kimura Taiken tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c, TT. Qu\u1ea3ng \u00d0\u1ed9 d\u1ecbch, Khu\u00f4ng Vi\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n 1971; tr, 447- 454)<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG XVIII: KI\u1ebeN THANH T\u1ecaNH<\/h4>\n

(Ditthi-Visuddhi-Niddesa)<\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 Ki\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ki\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang danh s\u1eafc. Danh l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho 4 u\u1ea9n: Th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c, thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 3 c\u00f5i. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t c\u00e1i Danh \u1ea5y, t\u00ecm cho ra s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1i g\u00ec, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 y c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i tim. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch S\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a cho tr\u00e1i tim, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1edf t\u1ea1o s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c. R\u1ed3i v\u1ecb \u1ea5y nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y Danh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1, v\u00e0 S\u1eafc c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u1ecb qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu k\u1ec3 chi ti\u1ebft th\u00ec S\u1eafc u\u1ea9n g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 27 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 17 hi\u1ec3n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 10 \u1ea9n s\u1eafc. M\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y hi\u1ec3n s\u1eafc l\u00e0: 4 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng trong n\u1ed9i th\u00e2n, m\u00e0u, m\u00f9i, v\u1ecb, th\u1ef1c t\u1ed1, 5 tinh s\u1eafc (m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n), s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m c\u01a1, t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t, m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n, v\u00e0 thanh; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 17 hi\u1ec3n s\u1eafc. V\u00e0 10 \u1ea9n s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c l\u00e0: th\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u, ng\u1eef bi\u1ec3u, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi, khinh kho\u00e1i, nhu nhuy\u1ebfn, kham nh\u1eadm, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c, l\u00e3o, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 10 \u1ea9n s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tu t\u1eadp thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc tr\u00ean 3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n 18 gi\u1edbi, 12 x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 5 u\u1ea9n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: ngo\u00e0i Danh s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3, hay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean hay Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

“C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn k\u1ebft t\u1ee5<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc xe<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng v\u1eady u\u1ea9n quy t\u1ee5<\/p>\n

N\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh.” (S. I, 135)<\/p>\n

“V\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gian, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao b\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7, d\u00e2y, c\u1ecf, \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t, th\u00ec c\u00f3 ra danh t\u1eeb nh\u00e0, c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, khi m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e2y k\u00edn b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng, g\u00e2n, th\u1ecbt da, th\u00ec c\u00f3 ra danh t\u1eeb S\u1eafc”. (M. I, 190)<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 2 c\u1ee5m lau t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nhau, c\u1ee5m n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 t\u1ef1a v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho c\u1ee5m kia, v\u00e0 khi c\u1ee5m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed5 th\u00ec c\u1ee5m kia \u0111\u1ed5; c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, trong th\u00e2n 5 u\u1ea9n, danh s\u1eafc sinh kh\u1edfi l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhau, ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 t\u1ef1a v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 cho ph\u1ea7n kia, v\u00e0 khi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng do c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n kia c\u0169ng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, y c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o s\u1eafc m\u00e0 t\u00e2m sinh, y c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o t\u00e2m, m\u00e0 s\u1eafc sinh. Khi Danh c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, \u0111i \u0111\u1ee9ng, n\u1eb1m, ng\u1ed3i, th\u00ec ch\u00ednh S\u1eafc l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

“V\u00ed nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o<\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e8 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng v\u1eady, danh th\u00e2n n\u00e0y<\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n s\u1eafc th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 sinh”.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t danh s\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG XIX – \u00d0O\u1ea0N NGHI THANH T\u1ecaNH<\/h4>\n

(Kankh\u00e0vitarana-Visuddhi-Niddesa)<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i tr\u00ed ph\u00e1t sinh do v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 3 th\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a danh s\u1eafc, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d0o\u1ea1n nghi thanh t\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i, khi th\u00e2n n\u00e0y sinh ra, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t b\u00f4ng sen, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra \u1edf gi\u1eefa b\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9a th\u1ee9c \u0103n, \u0111\u1eb1ng sau m\u00e0ng b\u1ee5ng, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 h\u00f4i h\u00e1m, d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ki\u1ec3u \u1ea5y, nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 4 th\u1ee9: V\u00f4 minh, \u00e1i, th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p. V\u00ec ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ra s\u1ef1 sinh c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n x\u00e1c. V\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n l\u00e0 duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00ec ch\u00ednh th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 5 th\u1ee9 l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 duy\u00ean cho s\u1eafc th\u00e2n. Trong 5 th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y, th\u00ec 3 th\u1ee9 v\u00f4 minh, \u00e1i, th\u1ee7 l\u00e0 th\u00e2n y duy\u00ean, nh\u01b0 b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0i nhi; v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p sinh ra n\u00f3, th\u00ec nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9, c\u00f2n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec n\u00f3, th\u00ec nh\u01b0 v\u00fa nu\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nghi ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u0169 b\u1ecf. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 5 m\u1ed1i nghi v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9: “Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, ta c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t ch\u0103ng? hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t? Ta l\u00e0 g\u00ec trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9? Ta nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9? Ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec n\u1eefa, trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9?”<\/p>\n

N\u0103m m\u1ed1i nghi v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai: “Trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ta c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t ch\u0103ng? hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t? Ta s\u1ebd l\u00e0 g\u00ec trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai? Ta s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai? Sau khi l\u00e0 g\u00ec, ta s\u1ebd l\u00e0 g\u00ec n\u1eefa, trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai?”<\/p>\n

N\u0103m m\u1ed1i nghi v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i: “Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ta c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t ch\u0103ng? hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t? Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ta l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ta nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i? T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 n\u00e0y \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn? T\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u?” (M. I, 8)<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 suy c\u1ee9u l\u00fd duy\u00ean sinh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng t\u1eeb gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft tr\u1edf l\u00ean, v\u00e0 suy x\u00e9t thu\u1eadn chi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng, t\u1ee9c “V\u00f4 minh duy\u00ean h\u00e0nh v.v… Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 suy c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 4 l\u1ecdai nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0: Nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd ngay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n b\u00e1o; nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o khi t\u00e1i sinh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sinh b\u00e1o; nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eadu b\u00e1o; v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 b\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

Ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch theo 4 lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c l\u00e0: C\u1ef1c tr\u1ecdng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u1eadn t\u1eed nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y nghi\u1ec7p. C\u1ef1c tr\u1ecdng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, ho\u1eb7c nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m theo th\u00f3i quen, v\u00e0 l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. C\u1eadn t\u1eed nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o l\u00fac l\u00e2m chung. T\u00edch l\u0169y nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00edch t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i. \u00d0\u00f4i khi v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do, qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n h\u1ea1n, ho\u1eb7c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. V\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

“Nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nghi\u1ec7p<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c<\/p>\n

H\u1eefu trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb nghi\u1ec7p<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf gian lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n”.<\/p>\n

Khi th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 16 lo\u1ea1i nghi ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 b\u00e1o:<\/p>\n

“Nh\u01b0 l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, ng\u1ecdc, ph\u00e2n b\u00f2<\/p>\n

M\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf ngo\u00e0i ch\u00fang,<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y”.<\/p>\n

Ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n kh\u00f4ng di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1i tim n\u00e0y sang c\u00e1i tim kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n kh\u00e1c. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb h\u1eefu qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, hay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi v\u1ecb lai, nh\u01b0ng u\u1ea9n x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi v\u1eabn sinh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, l\u1ea5y u\u1ea9n x\u1ee9, gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, l\u00e0m duy\u00ean, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ebd sinh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, l\u1ea5y u\u1ea9n, x\u1ee9, gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0m duy\u00ean, nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

“C\u0169ng v\u1eady trong ki\u1ebft sinh<\/p>\n

D\u00f2ng t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c ch\u1ea3y<\/p>\n

T\u00e2m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eeba ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/p>\n

T\u00e2m sau li\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t sinh”.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t nghi ho\u1eb7c nh\u1edd ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t danh s\u1eafc theo nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d0o\u1ea1n nghi thanh t\u1ecbnh, hay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p hay Ch\u00e1nh tri, Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed n\u00e0y, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG XX: \u00d0\u1ea0O PHI \u00d0\u1ea0O TRI KI\u1ebeN THANH T\u1ecaNH<\/h4>\n

(Magg\u00e0magga- Nanadassana- Visuddhi- Niddesa)<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 phi \u0111\u1ea1o, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1o phi \u0111\u1ea1o tri ki\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh. Khi tr\u00ed n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00ec c\u00f9ng l\u00fac h\u00e0o quang c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. \u00d0\u00f4ng th\u1eddi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh 3 th\u1ee9 tu\u1ec7: Tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t sinh do bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c n\u00e3o, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 tri ki\u1ebfn. Tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t sinh do bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ee7a th\u1ecd l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 suy \u0111\u1ea1t. Tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t sinh do t\u1eeb b\u1ecf th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 sau: “(1) Qu\u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1edfng. (2) Qu\u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edfng. (3) Qu\u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ng\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edfng. (4) Qu\u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u01b0a, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf th\u00edch th\u00fa. (5) Qu\u00e1n ly tham, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf tham. (6) Qu\u00e1n di\u1ec7t, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf sanh (sinh kh\u1edfi). (7) Qu\u00e1n x\u1ea3 ly, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 qu\u00e1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

“B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1eafc n\u00e0o, qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i hay v\u1ecb lai, n\u1ed9i hay ngo\u1ea1i, th\u00f4 hay t\u1ebf, h\u1ea1 li\u1ec7t hay th\u00f9 th\u1eafng, xa hay g\u1ea7n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc \u1ea5y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ecd n\u00e0o, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00e0nh n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u mang 3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i qu\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

QU\u00c1N 40 \u00d0\u1eb6C T\u00cdNH C\u1ee6A 5 U\u1ea8N<\/h4>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch 5 u\u1ea9n, th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh: v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, nh\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh, c\u1ee5c b\u01b0\u1edbu, nh\u01b0 m\u0169i t\u00ean, m\u1ed1i h\u1ecda, xa l\u1ea1, ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a, c\u01a1n d\u1ecbch, tai \u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1, \u0111e d\u1ecda, ph\u00f9 du, kh\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n, v\u00f4 h\u1ed9, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed7 tr\u00fa, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, v\u00f4 vi, kh\u00f4ng, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, nguy hi\u1ec3m, b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f5i, g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a tai \u01b0\u01a1ng, s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n, b\u1ecb ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t, h\u1eefu l\u1eadu, h\u1eefu vi, m\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a ma, ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb sinh, gi\u00e0, b\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ebft, s\u1ea7u, bi, \u01b0u, n\u00e3o, b\u1ecb c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf. Khi qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh tr\u00ean, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tinh c\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh, Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 50 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 qu\u00e1n m\u1ed7i u\u1ea9n g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 10 th\u1ee9: V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, tan r\u00e3, ph\u00f9 du, kh\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n, b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f5i, ph\u1ea3i \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t, h\u1eefu vi, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft. M\u1ed7i u\u1ea9n c\u00f3 10 th\u1ee9 n\u00ean 5 u\u1ea9n th\u00e0nh ra 50 th\u1ee9. Qu\u00e1n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 c\u00f3 25 th\u1ee9: m\u1ed7i u\u1ea9n g\u1ed3m – xa l\u1ea1, tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, v\u00f4 v\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. N\u0103m u\u1ea9n, m\u1ed7i u\u1ea9n c\u00f3 5 th\u1ee9 th\u00e0nh ra 25 th\u1ee9. Qu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5 c\u00f3 125 th\u1ee9: d\u00f9ng 25 ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i (trong s\u1ed1 40 ph\u00e1p k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean) nh\u00e2n cho 5 u\u1ea9n, th\u00e0nh ra 125 th\u1ee9: Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 5 u\u1ea9n tr\u00ean 3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, s\u1ebd g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 200 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i s\u00e2u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o t\u1eebng u\u1ea9n m\u1ed9t, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh. S\u1eafc do nghi\u1ec7p sinh; s\u1eafc do t\u00e2m sinh; s\u1eafc do \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c sinh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc do th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft sinh.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch S\u1eafc do nghi\u1ec7p sinh v\u1ec1 6 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n: (1) Nghi\u1ec7p; (2) C\u00e1i do nghi\u1ec7p sinh; (3) C\u00e1i c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m duy\u00ean; (4) C\u00e1i do t\u00e2m sinh, c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m duy\u00ean; (5) C\u00e1i do \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n sinh, c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m duy\u00ean; (6) C\u00e1i do th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft sinh c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch S\u1eafc do t\u00e2m sinh theo 5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n: (1) t\u00e2m; (2) do t\u00e2m sinh; (3) do duy\u00ean t\u00e2m; (4) do th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, c\u00f3 t\u00e2m l\u00e0m duy\u00ean; (5) do th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft sinh c\u00f3 t\u00e2m l\u00e0m duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch S\u1eafc do \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c sinh, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean 5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n: (1) \u00d0o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c; (2) do \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c sinh; (3) do duy\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c; (4) do \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c sinh v\u00e0 do duy\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c; (5) do th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft sinh v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c l\u00e0m duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch S\u1eafc do th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft sinh, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean 5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n: (1) Th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft; (2) do th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft sinh; (3) do th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft l\u00e0m duy\u00ean; (4) do th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft sinh v\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft l\u00e0m duy\u00ean; (5) do \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c sinh c\u00f3 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft l\u00e0m duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f2n \u0111i s\u00e2u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: (1) l\u1ea5y l\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng; (2) s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian; (3) do \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c sinh; (4) do th\u1eddi sinh; (5) do nghi\u1ec7p sinh; (6) do t\u00e2m sinh; (7) do t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

(1) L\u1ea5y l\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng: l\u1ea5y l\u00ean ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00fac sinh ra, \u0111\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00fac ch\u1ebft. (2) S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian: H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng con s\u1ed1 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 100 n\u0103m, chia th\u00e0nh 3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, ho\u1eb7c chia l\u00e0m 10 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean nh\u01b0 sau: th\u1eadp ni\u00ean th\u01a1 \u1ea5u, th\u1eadp ni\u00ean th\u1ec3 thao, th\u1eadp ni\u00ean th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, th\u1eadp ni\u00ean s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, th\u1eadp ni\u00ean tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, th\u1eadp ni\u00ean suy t\u00e0n, th\u1eadp ni\u00ean c\u00fai xu\u1ed1ng, th\u1eadp ni\u00ean c\u00f2ng l\u01b0ng, th\u1eadp ni\u00ean l\u1ea9m c\u1ea9m, th\u1eadp ni\u00ean n\u1eb1m d\u00e0i. Ho\u1eb7c chia th\u00e0nh 4 m\u00f9a trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, ho\u1eb7c chia th\u00e0nh 2 th\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t, ho\u1eb7c chia t\u1eebng n\u1eeda th\u00e1ng, ho\u1eb7c chia th\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam, ho\u1eb7c chia m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam th\u00e0nh 24 gi\u1edd, ho\u1eb7c chia nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i s\u1eafc th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

(3) Do \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c sinh: S\u1eafc s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c nhau r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i no c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

(4) Do th\u1eddi sinh: S\u1eafc s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t khi th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft n\u00f3ng, ho\u1eb7c khi th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft l\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

(5) Do nghi\u1ec7p sinh: S\u1eafc s\u1ebd kh\u00e1c nhau r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t trong t\u1eebng c\u0103n m\u00f4n, v\u00ec s\u1eafc sinh \u1edf nh\u00e3n c\u0103n kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi s\u1eafc \u1edf nh\u0129 c\u0103n v.v…<\/p>\n

(6) Do t\u00e2m sinh: S\u1eafc s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p c\u1ea3nh vui hay c\u1ea3nh bu\u1ed3n, v\u00ec t\u00e2m thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00ec s\u1eafc di\u1ec7n c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

(7) Do t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean: M\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3i qua bao th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua 3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 7 ph\u00e9p qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean 3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. B\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn 7 ph\u00e9p qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: (1) Theo nh\u00f3m; (2) theo \u0111\u00f4i; (3) theo s\u00e1t na; (4) theo lo\u1ea1t; (5) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u1eeb t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn; (6) tr\u1eeb ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n; (7) Tr\u1eeb ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

(1) Theo nh\u00f3m: ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 d\u00f9ng nh\u00f3m 5 th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 x\u00fac, t\u00e1c \u00fd, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 t\u01b0, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 theo nh\u00f3m;<\/p>\n

(2) Theo \u0111\u00f4i: H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i t\u00e2m n\u0103ng qu\u00e1n c\u0169ng bao h\u00e0m 3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tr\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n theo \u0111\u00f4i;<\/p>\n

(3) Theo s\u00e1t na: H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi 3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp t\u00e2m th\u1ee9 2, th\u1ee9 3 v.v…, c\u0169ng qu\u00e1n 3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tr\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n theo s\u00e1t na;<\/p>\n

(4) Theo lo\u1ea1t: ti\u1ebfp theo h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 qu\u00e1n nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9 5… T\u00e2m th\u1ee9 10 b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9 11, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n theo lo\u1ea1t;<\/p>\n

(5) B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u1eeb t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn;<\/p>\n

(6) Tr\u1eeb ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n;<\/p>\n

(7) Tr\u1eeb ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7: Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu t\u00ednh n\u00e0o \u1edf trong s\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc, th\u00ec ng\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, do th\u1ebf, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u1eeb t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1eeb ng\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u00ec ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1eeb ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1eeb ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n, th\u00ec tham \u00e1i kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 tham \u00e1i kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi, th\u00ec ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1eeb ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111i s\u00e2u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh th\u00ec th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 thi th\u1ed1, do th\u1ebf ch\u00fang l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3; th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng, do th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng; th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a sinh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t, do th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3; c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng; c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

18 TU\u1ec6 QU\u00c1N CH\u00cdNH<\/h4>\n

Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c Thi\u1ec1n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n s\u1ebd th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong 18 tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

(1) Qu\u00e1n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1eeb b\u1ecf th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1edfng; (2) Qu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edfng; (3) Qu\u00e1n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ng\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edfng; (4) Qu\u00e1n x\u1ea3 ly t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa; (5) Qu\u00e1n ly tham t\u1eeb b\u1ecf tham; (6) Qu\u00e1n di\u1ec7t t\u1eeb b\u1ecf sinh; (7) Qu\u00e1n x\u1ea3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7; (8) Qu\u00e1n ho\u1ea1i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u01b0\u1edfng ki\u00ean c\u1ed1; (9) Qu\u00e1n s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p; (10) Qu\u00e1n bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 d\u00e0i l\u00e2u; (11) Qu\u00e1n v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u01b0\u1edbng; (12) Qu\u00e1n v\u00f4 d\u1ee5c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf d\u1ee5c; (13) Qu\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i; (14) Qu\u00e1n tu\u1ec7 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i do ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i l\u00f5i; (15) Qu\u00e1n ch\u00e1nh tri ki\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i do m\u00ea m\u1edd; (16) Qu\u00e1n nguy hi\u1ec3m t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i do \u1ef7 l\u1ea1i; (17) Qu\u00e1n t\u01b0 duy t\u1eeb b\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0 duy; (18) Qu\u00e1n y\u1ec3m ly t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i do ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc (PS. I, 32)<\/p>\n

TR\u00cd QU\u00c1N SINH DI\u1ec6T<\/h4>\n

Sau khi t\u00e1c \u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 sinh di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t sinh c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

(1) C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t sinh c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t sinh c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n; (2) C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t sinh c\u1ee7a \u00e1i, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t sinh c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n; (3) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t sinh c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t sinh c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n; (4) C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t sinh c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t sinh c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n; (5) Ai th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a xu\u1ea5t sinh, s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 sinh c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng: (1) v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n; c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i (2) (3) (4) v\u00e0 (5) c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf khi di\u1ec7t \u00e1i, nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn 4 u\u1ea9n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng theo 2 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n sinh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n v\u1eeba n\u00eau. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 sinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 sinh c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh v.v…, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n khi v\u00f4 minh v.v… di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t sinh di\u1ec7t theo duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n. Do v\u1eady, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i: C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3, sau khi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt s\u01b0\u01a1ng mai d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 b\u1ecdt n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ebd tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t m\u00e8 tr\u00ean m\u0169i d\u00f9i, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0n ch\u1edbp. V\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f5i nh\u01b0 tr\u00f2 \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0 v\u00f2ng l\u1eeda quay, nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh C\u00e0n th\u00e1t b\u00e0 (th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a y\u00eau qu\u00e1i), nh\u01b0 b\u1ecdt s\u1ee7i, nh\u01b0 th\u00e2n c\u00e2y chu\u1ed1i v.v… \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u01b0 \u1ea3o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

NH\u1eeeNG C\u1ea4U U\u1ebe C\u1ee6A TU\u1ec6<\/h4>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu \u1edbt, th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i 10 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i, hay 10 c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 sau \u0111\u00e2y: (1) H\u00e0o quang; (2) tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7; (3) h\u1ec9; (4) Khinh an; (5) l\u1ea1c; (6) quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh; (7) tinh t\u1ea5n; (8) v\u1eefng ch\u1ea3i; (9) x\u1ea3; (10) r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

(1) H\u00e0o quang: khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u00e1c \u00fd c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sinh, r\u1ed3i v\u1ecb \u1ea5y cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3, do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e2m b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang ch\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1eeb (2) \u0111\u1ebfn (10) v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 khi tu\u1ec7 v\u1eeba m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t sinh, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc, t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 cao c\u1ea3, m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh, th\u00ec th\u00e0nh ra c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf, ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u vi\u00ean m\u00e3n. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng khi th\u1ea5y h\u00e0o quang ph\u00e1t sinh, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t, nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 h\u00e0o quang \u1ea5y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u1eefu vi, duy\u00ean sinh, kh\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1i; h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean xem h\u00e0o quang \u1ea5y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ta, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ta, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ta. Th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb dao \u0111\u1ed9ng nao n\u00fang v\u00ec h\u00e0o quang. Do \u0111\u00f3, tr\u00ed h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean thanh t\u1ecbnh trong s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 phi \u0111\u1ea1o, th\u00ec c\u00e1i tri ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1o phi \u0111\u1ea1o tri ki\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG XXI: \u00d0\u1ea0O TRI KI\u1ebeN THANH T\u1ecaNH<\/h4>\n

(Patipad\u00e0- Nanadassana-Visuddhi-Niddesa)<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u1edbi 8 tr\u00ed v\u00e0 v\u1edbi tr\u00ed thu\u1eadn th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn, nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1o tri ki\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh. T\u00e1m tr\u00ed n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u01b0 sau: (1) Sinh di\u1ec7t tr\u00ed; (2) Di\u1ec7t tr\u00ed; (3) B\u1ed1 \u00fay tr\u00ed; (4) Qu\u00e1 ho\u1ea1n tr\u00ed; (5) Ly d\u1ee5c tr\u00ed; (6) D\u1ee5c tho\u00e1t tr\u00ed; (7) T\u01b0 duy tr\u00ed; (8) H\u00e0nh x\u1ea3 tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

(1) Sinh di\u1ec7t tr\u00ed:<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i tr\u00ed qu\u00e1n s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n sinh, c\u00e1i tr\u00ed qu\u00e1n s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n di\u1ec7t. C\u00e1i tr\u00ed d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n c\u1ea3 2 chi\u1ec1u sinh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sinh di\u1ec7t tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn n\u00eau v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 sau: V\u00ed nh\u01b0 khi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i d\u0129a r\u1edbt xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1ee1 toang, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00e0 khi m\u1ed9t ung nh\u1ecdt xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ta th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, d\u00f9 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hay kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

(2) Di\u1ec7t tr\u00ed (tr\u00ed qu\u00e1n tan r\u00e3):<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i tr\u00ed qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 qu\u00e1n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ebd t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1edfng; khi qu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5, s\u1ebd t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edfng; khi qu\u00e1n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, s\u1ebd t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edfng… Do v\u00f4 d\u1ee5c, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ham th\u00edch. L\u00e0m cho tham t\u00e0n t\u1ea1, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham. Th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 di\u1ec7t, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 sinh; v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ea3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 b\u1ecf ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 suy di\u1ec5n c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai: Ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 tan r\u00e3 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, s\u1ebd tan ra \u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111ang tan r\u00e3 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn n\u00eau v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eaft s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u01a1n m\u01b0a l\u1edbn, s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n ra tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t s\u00f4ng r\u1ed3i tan ngay sau \u0111\u00f3. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tan ho\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Khi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 8 l\u1ee3i \u00edch nh\u01b0 sau: B\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 h\u1eefu, b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n tinh c\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng thanh t\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n lo \u00e2u, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n v\u00e0 hoan l\u1ea1c. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 8 s\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a Di\u1ec7t tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

(3) B\u1ed1 \u00fay tr\u00ed:<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i tr\u00ed th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tu t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1n di\u1ec7t sung m\u00e3n, s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh th\u1eadt kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp, ch\u00fang ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec s\u01b0 t\u1eed, c\u1ecdp beo, ma qu\u1ec9 v.v… xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e1t gan, khi y mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng y\u00ean \u1ed5n.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn n\u00eau v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Nh\u01b0 b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a 3 \u0111\u1ee9a con trai ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p, ch\u00fang b\u1ecb vua ra l\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft, b\u00e0 \u0111ang ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111ao ph\u1ee7 ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ee9a l\u1edbn, b\u00e0 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng 2 \u0111\u1ee9a kia c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Khi th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, B\u1ed1 \u00fay tr\u00ed sinh kh\u1edfi n\u01a1i b\u00e0.<\/p>\n

(4) Qu\u00e1n ho\u1ea1n tr\u00ed (tr\u00ed qu\u00e1n s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m):<\/strong><\/p>\n

Khi tu t\u1eadp sung m\u00e3n tr\u00ed b\u1ed1 \u00fay, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o trong 3 c\u00f5i l\u00e0 y\u00ean \u1ed5n. Ba h\u1eefu b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed1 than h\u1eebng; 4 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 r\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3; 5 u\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n \u0111ang tu\u1ed1t ki\u1ebfm d\u01a1 l\u00ean; 6 n\u1ed9i x\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 khu l\u00e0ng tr\u1ed1ng; 6 ngo\u1ea1i x\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111ang x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o l\u00e0ng; 7 th\u1ee9c tr\u00fa v\u00e0 9 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh c\u01b0 nh\u01b0 khu r\u1eebng \u0111ang b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y h\u1eebng h\u1ef1c; v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, to\u00e0n nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nguy hi\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3 \u00fd, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 ung nh\u1ecdt, nh\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh, nh\u01b0 m\u0169i t\u00ean, nh\u01b0 tai h\u1ecda, nh\u01b0 s\u1ea7u n\u00e3o (M. I, 436). \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e1 ho\u1ea1n tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa tr\u00ed v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7. Tr\u00ed l\u00e0 n\u00f3i theo ngh\u0129a c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft (s\u1edf tri), c\u00f2n tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft (n\u0103ng tri).<\/p>\n

(5) V\u00f4 d\u1ee5c tr\u00ed:<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i tr\u00ed nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng ham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh. V\u00ec khi th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c h\u1eefu, th\u00fa, th\u1ee9c tr\u00fa, v\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh c\u01b0. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa trong \u0111\u00f3. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 con ng\u1ed7ng v\u00e0ng y\u00eau m\u1ebfn r\u1eebng n\u00fai bao la, kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch th\u00fa n\u01a1i ao h\u1ed3 t\u00f9 t\u00fang. \u00d0\u00f3, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u00f4 d\u1ee5c tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ba lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ed B\u1ed1 \u00fay, qu\u00e1 ho\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5c, tuy t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

(6) D\u1ee5c tho\u00e1t tr\u00ed:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed mong mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh n\u00e0o n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 mong m\u1ecfi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh, th\u00ec D\u1ee5c tho\u00e1t tr\u00ed sinh kh\u1edfi n\u01a1i v\u1ecb \u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0 con c\u00e1 \u0111ang v\u01b0\u1edbng trong l\u01b0\u1edbi, con chim \u0111ang b\u1ecb nh\u1ed1t trong l\u1ed3ng v.v…, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

(7) T\u01b0 duy tr\u00ed:<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i tr\u00ed t\u01b0 duy v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh. Khi t\u01b0 duy s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y 4 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 sau: C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3. C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, v\u00ec ch\u00fang b\u1ecb b\u1ee9c b\u00e1ch kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu. C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u01b0a, gh\u00ea t\u1edfm. C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, v\u00ec ch\u00fang tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft c\u00e1 nh\u01b0ng khi th\u1ea5y l\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ecb dao \u0111\u1ed9ng, anh ta \u0111\u01b0a tay xu\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eaft c\u00e1, th\u00ec v\u1edb ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t con r\u1eafn. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd anh ta h\u1ecfang s\u1ee3, ch\u1ec9 mong tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111ang \u0111e d\u1ecda m\u00ecnh. Khi t\u01b0 duy tr\u00ed kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh c\u0169ng v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

(8) H\u00e0nh x\u1ea3 tr\u00ed:<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i tr\u00ed d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u00e0nh x\u1ea3 tr\u00ed. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch th\u00fa, m\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng, kh\u00f4ng xem ch\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u00f4i hay c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn v\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ly d\u1ecb v\u1ee3. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 n\u00e9t y\u00eau ki\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0ng sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian s\u1ed1ng chung, anh ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1ea5y, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t ly kh\u1ecfi c\u00f4 ta, kh\u00f4ng xem n\u00e0ng l\u00e0 v\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

TAM GI\u1ea2I THO\u00c1T M\u00d4N:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ba c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng, ly d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c tin hay quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u1edbn, t\u00e1c \u00fd h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c V\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, t\u00e1c \u00fd c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 nguy\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 trong s\u00e1ng, t\u00e1c \u00fd c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t (Ps. 2, 58)<\/p>\n

Danh t\u1eeb V\u00f4 nguy\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi Ly d\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng. V\u00e0 trong Ly d\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u00ec y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt, v\u00e0 trong Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u00ec y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tu\u1ec7 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea2Y H\u1ea0NG HI\u1ec0N TH\u00c1NH<\/h4>\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c kinh lu\u1eadn li\u1ec7t k\u00ea hi\u1ec1n Th\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh 7 h\u1ea1ng sau \u0111\u00e2y: (1) T\u00f9y t\u00edn h\u00e0nh; (2) T\u00edn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t; (3) Th\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng; (4) C\u00e2u ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t; (5) T\u00f9y ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh; (6) Ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1o; (7) Tu\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u00e1c \u00fd c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 t\u00edn c\u0103n t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1eadc T\u00edn h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, khi v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u00e1c \u00fd c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, do \u0111\u00f3 t\u00edn c\u0103n t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00edn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n nh\u1edd th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1o (hay Ki\u1ebfn ch\u00ed). Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu v\u1ecb \u1ea5y v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo ph\u00e1p tu h\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00f9y ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u1ea3 2 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, b\u1eb1ng Thi\u1ec1n v\u00f4 s\u1eafc v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00e2u ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. \u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd li\u1ec5u tri, t\u1ee9c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, do \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 7 h\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec1n Th\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eeba tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 3 c\u1eeda h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, v\u00e0 7 b\u1eadc hi\u1ec1n Th\u00e1nh, c\u1ea3 2 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 H\u00e0nh x\u1ea3 tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ba lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ed sau c\u00f9ng trong 8 tr\u00ed k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f9y theo di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean D\u1ee5c tho\u00e1t tr\u00ed, \u1edf ch\u1eb7ng gi\u1eefa n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 T\u01b0 duy tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1eb7ng cu\u1ed1i, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u00e0nh x\u1ea3 tr\u00ed. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi sanh, v.v… n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ly d\u1ee5c, \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n \u1ea5y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 D\u1ee5c tho\u00e1t tr\u00ed. Ti\u1ebfn sang giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hai, tr\u00ed t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ph\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u01b0 duy tr\u00ed. B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, tr\u00ed \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u00e0nh x\u1ea3 tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

TR\u00cd THU\u1eacN TH\u1ee8<\/h4>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tu t\u1eadp, l\u00e0m cho sung m\u00e3n tr\u00ed h\u00e0nh x\u1ea3, th\u00ec t\u00edn l\u1ef1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y tr\u1edf n\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n, t\u1ea5n l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u00eau luy\u1ec7n h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c an tr\u00fa h\u01a1n, t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0129nh h\u01a1n, c\u00f2n h\u00e0nh x\u1ea3 th\u00ec tinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb. K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1c h\u00e0nh t\u00e2m th\u1ee9 hai kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed thu\u1eadn th\u1ee9. Tr\u00ed n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u00e0nh, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb hay c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a 8 tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 sau: Sinh di\u1ec7t tr\u00ed l\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 sinh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 sinh di\u1ec7t. Di\u1ec7t tr\u00ed hay ho\u1ea1i tr\u00ed l\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb tan r\u00e3. B\u1ed1 \u00fay tr\u00ed l\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. Qu\u00e1 ho\u1ea1n tr\u00ed l\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m. Ly d\u1ee5c tr\u00ed l\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ec5n ly. D\u1ee5c tho\u00e1t tr\u00ed l\u00e0 tr\u00ed \u01b0\u1edbc mong gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. T\u01b0 duy tr\u00ed l\u00e0 tr\u00ed suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129. H\u00e0nh x\u1ea3 tr\u00ed l\u00e0 tr\u00ed d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua c\u00f4ng ch\u00e1nh ng\u1ed3i \u1edf ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 nghe nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a quan t\u00f2a, v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed s\u1ef1 thi\u00ean v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00f4 t\u01b0. Nh\u00e0 vua v\u1eeba thu\u1eadn theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u1eeba theo lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y tr\u00ed thu\u1eadn th\u1ee9 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 vua, 8 lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ed v\u00ed nh\u01b0 8 quan t\u00f2a v\u00e0 37 ph\u1ea9m tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00ed nh\u01b0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XXI n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u00d0\u1ea1o tri ki\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y xong.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG XXII: TRI KI\u1ebeN THANH T\u1ecaNH<\/h4>\n

(Nanadassana-visuddhi-Niddesa)<\/p>\n

Sau ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 \u00d0\u1ea1o tri ki\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Tri ki\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh. Tri ki\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y qua 2 ph\u1ea7n, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 4 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 4 qu\u1ea3, ph\u1ea7n hai n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

I. B\u1ed0N \u00d0\u1ea0O V\u00c0 B\u1ed0N QU\u1ea2<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ea1o (D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u h\u01b0\u1edbng, Tu \u0111\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u01b0\u1edbng)<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp Tr\u00ed Thu\u1eadn Th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Chuy\u1ec3n T\u00e1nh, tr\u00ed n\u00e0y sinh kh\u1edfi n\u01a1i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3, khi\u1ebfn v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ra kh\u1ecfi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e0m phu, \u0111i v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng Th\u00e1nh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi, sinh, gi\u00e0, b\u1ec7nh, ch\u1ebft v.v…, \u0111i v\u00e0o t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t, Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e1nh. B\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn cho bi\u1ebft, Tr\u00ed Thu\u1eadn Th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xua tan m\u00e2y m\u00f9 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o che l\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, Tr\u00ed Chuy\u1ec3n T\u00e1nh th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9 m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xua tan m\u00e2y m\u00f9 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o che l\u1ea5p ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Tr\u00ed Chuy\u1ec3n T\u00e1nh n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi D\u1ef1u l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ea1o (hay D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u h\u01b0\u1edbng). Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111i v\u00e0o D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 5 H\u1ea1 ph\u1ea7n ki\u1ebft s\u1eed l\u00e0: th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn, nghi, gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m th\u1ee7, d\u1ee5c tham v\u00e0 s\u00e2n. Hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sau, ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t vi t\u1ebf v\u1eabn c\u00f2n.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Chuy\u1ec3n T\u00e1nh t\u1eeb ph\u00e0m \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u00e1nh, b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn n\u00eau v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1eaft ban \u0111\u00eam ra ngo\u00e0i, ng\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi nh\u00ecn tr\u0103ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u0103ng v\u00ec b\u1ecb m\u00e2y che ph\u1ee7. R\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, th\u1ed5i tan \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y d\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn kh\u00e1c th\u1ed5i tan \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y m\u1ecfng h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngon kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa l\u00e0m tan c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i m\u00e2y mong manh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u1edf tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng m\u00e2y. Trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean, 3 lo\u1ea1i m\u00e2y d\u00e0y, m\u1ecfng v\u00e0 m\u1ea5y s\u1ee3i mong manh l\u00e0 v\u00ed cho 3 lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf d\u00e0y, trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1ecfng che l\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Ba ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho 3 lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m thu\u1eadn th\u1ee9, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng d\u1ee5 cho Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 th\u1ed5i tan c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m Thu\u1eadn th\u1ee9 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t xua tan b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i che l\u1ea5p ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, 3 ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ed5i tan m\u00e2y che khu\u1ea5t m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ed5i tan nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, Tr\u00ed chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e1nh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1eb9p tan phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

2. D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u qu\u1ea3 (Tu \u0111\u00e0 ho\u00e0n qu\u1ea3)<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp ngay Tr\u00ed Chuy\u1ec3n T\u00e1nh, s\u1ebd kh\u1edfi l\u00ean hai ho\u1eb7c ba qu\u1ea3 t\u00e2m. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 sau: “\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p”. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 sau: “\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c”. R\u1ed3i qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t ti\u1ebfp: “\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf”. L\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t: “\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong ta”. V\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n b\u1ea5t t\u1eed nh\u01b0 sau: “\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ta th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp”. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00e0 5 th\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ea3 D\u1ef1 l\u01b0u. \u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n qua l\u1ea1i trong v\u00f2ng sinh t\u1eed \u1edf c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn 7 l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u0111a. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, v\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Th\u1ea5t lai.<\/p>\n

3. Nh\u1ea5t lai \u0111\u1ea1o (Nh\u1ea5t lai h\u01b0\u1edbng, T\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0 h\u00e0m h\u01b0\u1edbng)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau khi qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, v\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u00ea li\u1ec7t (mu\u1ed9i l\u01b0\u1ee3c) d\u1ee5c tham v\u00e0 s\u00e2n nhu\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 hai, t\u1ee9c Nh\u1ea5t lai \u0111\u1ea1o hay Nh\u1ea5t lai h\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n

4. Nh\u1ea5t lai qu\u1ea3 (T\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0 h\u00e0m qu\u1ea3)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau khi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 Nh\u1ea5t lai v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sinh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa trong nh\u00e2n gian m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

5. B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1o (B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n h\u01b0\u1edbng, A na h\u00e0m h\u01b0\u1edbng)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn c\u1ea3 tham (thu\u1ed9c D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi) v\u00e0 s\u00e2n, l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u01b0 t\u00e0n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n, t\u1ee9c B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 \u1ea5y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

6. B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n qu\u1ea3 (A na h\u00e0m qu\u1ea3)<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 t\u00e2m theo li\u1ec1n sau tr\u00ed n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean. V\u1ecb n\u00e0y sau khi m\u1ec7nh chung s\u1ebd nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, hay c\u00f2n l\u01b0u c\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00f5i T\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 thi\u00ean, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00f5i th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n hay qu\u1ea3 A na h\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

7. A la h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o (A la h\u00e1n h\u01b0\u1edbng)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ecb n\u00e0y v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb 5 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n ki\u1ebft s\u1eed l\u00e0: S\u1eafc tham, V\u00f4 s\u1eafc tham, m\u1ea1n, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh, l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat d\u01b0 t\u00e0n n\u00e0o n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c A la h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o. V\u00ec tr\u00ed n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn A la h\u00e1n, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A la h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

8. A la h\u00e1n qu\u1ea3 (V\u00f4 sanh qu\u1ea3)<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 t\u00e2m theo li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ed v\u1eeba n\u00f3i, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn c\u00e1c L\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c, th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u00e2n sau r\u1ed1t, g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 s\u1ea1ch h\u1eefu ki\u1ebft s\u1eed, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean. V\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 A la h\u00e1n, hay qu\u1ea3 V\u00f4 sanh.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i chung, c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ee9 song b\u00e1t b\u1ed1i (4 \u0111\u00f4i, 8 ch\u00fang) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0: Tu \u0111\u00e0 ho\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1o, Tu \u0111\u00e0 ho\u00e0n qu\u1ea3, T\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0 h\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o, T\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0 h\u00e0m qu\u1ea3, A na h\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o, A na h\u00e0m qu\u1ea3, A la h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 A la h\u00e1n qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

II. C\u00c1C PH\u00c1P T\u01af\u01a0NG \u01afNG V\u1edaI \u00d0\u1ea0O L\u1ed8.<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a tri ki\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 4 lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00e2y: (1) S\u1ef1 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n c\u00e1c B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n; (2) s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1edfi; (3) s\u1ef1 song h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c; (4) c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf; (5) h\u00e0nh vi t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ch\u00fang; (6) c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 li\u1ec5u tri; (7) c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

(1) S\u1ef1 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n c\u00e1c B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n: \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 37 ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: 4 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9; 4 ch\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n; 4 th\u1ea7n t\u00fac; 5 c\u0103n; 5 l\u1ef1c; 7 gi\u00e1c chi; v\u00e0 8 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap hay d\u1ef1 ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn 4 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 hay 4 Ni\u1ec7m tr\u00fa: Tr\u00fa (patth\u00e0na) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 an tr\u00fa, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y hay \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 an tr\u00fa ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m tr\u00fa hay ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9. N\u00f3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 4 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0: qu\u00e1n th\u00e2n b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh qu\u00e1n th\u1ecd l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, qu\u00e1n t\u00e2m v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1ng, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n, ch\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c. N\u00f3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t 4 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5: Tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 sinh; ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n; l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u01b0a sinh v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 sinh.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n th\u1ea7n t\u00fac hay b\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u00e0: D\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac; tinh t\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac; nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m (hay ni\u1ec7m) nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac, v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eafng tr\u00ed, l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m c\u0103n: C\u0103n l\u00e0 n\u00f3i theo ngh\u0129a t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh, hay th\u1eafng l\u01b0\u1edbt c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t t\u00edn, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i, th\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m, t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ch\u00e1nh tri. N\u00f3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 5 th\u1ee9 l\u00e0: t\u00edn c\u0103n, t\u1ea5n c\u0103n, ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0103n v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 c\u0103n.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m l\u1ef1c T\u00edn l\u1ef1c, t\u1ea5n l\u1ef1c, ni\u1ec7m l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 l\u1ef1c. C\u0103n l\u00e0 n\u00f3i theo ngh\u0129a l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 n\u00f3i theo ngh\u0129a t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1edd c\u00e1c c\u0103n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u1eefu \u00edch.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3y gi\u00e1c chi: Ni\u1ec7m, tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p, tinh t\u1ea5n, h\u1ec9, khinh an, \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh x\u1ea3. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1c chi v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 gi\u00fap cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c chi.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1m Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o hay Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o: Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy, Ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef, Ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p, Ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng, Ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n, Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ch\u00fang mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a: m\u1ed9t ng\u00f5 ra hay m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1 ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 37 ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n Th\u1ea7n t\u00fac, T\u00edn, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7, Ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 Tinh t\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 sau: V\u1ec1 Th\u1ea7n t\u00fac g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 9: D\u1ee5c, nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m, h\u1ec9, khinh an, x\u1ea3, ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy, ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef, ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng. V\u1ec1 T\u00edn g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 2 th\u1ee9: c\u0103n v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c. V\u1ec1 \u00d0\u1ecbnh g\u1ed3m 4 th\u1ee9: C\u0103n, l\u1ef1c, gi\u00e1c chi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o chi. V\u1ec1 Tu\u1ec7 g\u1ed3m 5 th\u1ee9: t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 4 th\u1ee9 tr\u00ean k\u00e8m th\u00eam nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac. V\u1ec1 Ni\u1ec7m g\u1ed3m 8 th\u1ee9: t\u1ee9c 4 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9, m\u1ed9t c\u0103n, m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1c chi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o chi. V\u1ec1 Tinh t\u1ea5n g\u1ed3m 9 th\u1ee9: t\u1ee9c 4 ch\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac, m\u1ed9t c\u0103n, m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1c chi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o chi.<\/p>\n

(2) S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1edfi: Ngoi l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi t\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh, l\u00e0m cho Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. Hay, sau khi r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi sinh, n\u00f3 \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00f4 sinh, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1edfi hay chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

(3) S\u1ef1 song h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c: V\u00e0o s\u00e1t na th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ec7 song h\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1i n\u00e0o th\u1eafng l\u01b0\u1edbt c\u00e1i n\u00e0o, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o c\u00e1i th\u1ebf qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

(4) C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf: Ki\u1ebft s\u1eed, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, th\u1ebf gian ph\u00e1p, tham, \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o, tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c, t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh, L\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c, b\u1ed9c l\u01b0u, h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c, tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, t\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i, ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7, t\u00f9y mi\u00ean, c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p, t\u00e1c \u00fd b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Ki\u1ebft s\u1eed: G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ki\u1ebft s\u1eed, v\u00ec ch\u00fang tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n \u0111\u1eddi k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, hay tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3, ho\u1eb7c tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111au kh\u1ed5, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ki\u1ebft s\u1eed. Ki\u1ebft s\u1eed g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 2 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 5 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n ki\u1ebft s\u1eed: s\u1eafc tham, v\u00f4 s\u1eafc tham, m\u1ea1n, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh; v\u00e0 5 h\u1ea1 ph\u1ea7n ki\u1ebft s\u1eed: Th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn, nghi, gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m th\u1ee7, d\u1ee5c tham (tham thu\u1ed9c d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi) v\u00e0 s\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o: v\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi ch\u00fang n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m 10 th\u1ee9: Tham, s\u00e2n, si, m\u1ea1n, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, nghi, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed, v\u00f4 t\u00e0m, v\u00f4 qu\u00ed.<\/p>\n

T\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn: Th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 8 th\u1ee9: t\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy, t\u00e0 ng\u1eef, t\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p, t\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng, t\u00e0 tinh t\u1ea5n, t\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh; ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 10 th\u1ee9, n\u1ebfu th\u00eam t\u00e0 tr\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n cho r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t l\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf gian ph\u00e1p: 8 th\u1ee9: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, thua, vinh, nh\u1ee5c, vui, kh\u1ed5, khen, ch\u00ea, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf gian, v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u1ee9 theo nhau ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Tham: Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu san s\u1ebb quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh, l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c v.v.. v\u1edbi k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tham. Lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh 5 th\u1ee9: ch\u1ed7 \u1edf, quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c, l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c, ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng khen.<\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o: V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng cho l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 cho l\u00e0 vui, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 cho l\u00e0 ng\u00e3, b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh cho l\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 3 th\u1ee9: T\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o, t\u00e2m \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c: V\u00ec ch\u00fang bu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0o v\u1edbi c\u00e1i th\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u00fd, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 4 th\u1ee9: Tham, s\u00e2n, gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

T\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh: L\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ebd ra kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ebd ra ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 4: tham, s\u00e2n, si v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i.<\/p>\n

L\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c: V\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf n\u00e0y sinh kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u0103n m\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9, nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb b\u00ecnh r\u1ec9 ra, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 4 th\u1ee9: D\u1ee5c tham, h\u1eefu tham, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed9c l\u01b0u: Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n tr\u00f4i, l\u00f9a v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3n sinh t\u1eed, v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9c l\u01b0u.<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c: V\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p g\u1ee1 ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, hay n\u1ed7i \u0111au kh\u1ed5, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1ed9c l\u01b0u v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi L\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c.<\/p>\n

Tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i: Ch\u00fang l\u00e0m ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u00e0 che m\u1edd t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 5 th\u1ee9: Tham, s\u00e2n, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed v\u00e0 nghi.<\/p>\n

T\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i: V\u00ec n\u00f3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i. N\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7: D\u1ee5c th\u1ee7 v.v… \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong ph\u1ea7n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XVII.<\/p>\n

T\u00f9y mi\u00ean: Ch\u00fang ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00f9y mi\u00ean, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 7 th\u1ee9: D\u1ee5c tham, s\u00e2n, m\u1ea1n, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, nghi, h\u1eefu tham, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea5u u\u1ebf: V\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 3 th\u1ee9: Tham, s\u00e2n v\u00e0 si.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p: V\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1c th\u00fa, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 10 th\u1ee9: S\u00e1t sinh, tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp, t\u00e0 d\u00e2m, \u00e1c kh\u1ea9u, l\u01b0\u1ee1ng thi\u1ec7t, v\u1ecdng ng\u00f4n, \u1ef7 ng\u1eef, tham, s\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c \u00fd b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n: G\u1ed3m c\u00f3 12 th\u1ee9, 8 t\u00e2m g\u1ed1c \u1edf tham, 2 \u1edf s\u00e2n v\u00e0 2 \u1edf si, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XIV.<\/p>\n

(5) H\u00e0nh vi t\u1eeb b\u1ecf: Khi th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5. Khi c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 – s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf hay \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n

(6) C\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 li\u1ec5u tri: Th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t, \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb, ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp. C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c n\u00eau v\u00ed d\u1ee5: “C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n l\u00e0m 4 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, l\u00e0: \u00d0\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y tim, xua tan b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i, l\u00e0m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 d\u1ea7u”. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ed th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp 4 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na duy nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch: Th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t, th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb, th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ed th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y tim. \u00d0\u1ea1o tr\u00ed \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh \u0111\u00e8n xua tan b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i. \u00d0\u1ea1o tr\u00ed tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e8n l\u00e0m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. \u00d0\u1ea1o tr\u00ed ch\u1ee9ng di\u1ec7t v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 d\u1ea7u cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t, th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd qua 16 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, t\u1ee9c m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ebf g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n th\u1ee9. Kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f3 4 ngh\u0129a: b\u1ee9c b\u00e1ch, h\u1eefu vi, \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f3 4 ngh\u0129a: t\u00edch l\u0169y, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i. Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f3 4 ngh\u0129a: v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t, vi\u1ec5n ly, v\u00f4 vi v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed. \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f3 4 ngh\u0129a: l\u1ed1i ra, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

(7) C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: B\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn n\u00eau ra 18 ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb trong khi tu t\u1eadp nh\u01b0 sau: 1. Qu\u00e1n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1edfng. 2. Qu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb l\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edfng. 3. Qu\u00e1n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb ng\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edfng. 4. Qu\u00e1n ly d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb d\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u1edfng. 5. Qu\u00e1n ly tham \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb tham tr\u01b0\u1edbc. 6. Qu\u00e1n di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb sinh. 7. Qu\u00e1n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7. 8. Qu\u00e1n tan ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edfng nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n 9. Qu\u00e1n ti\u00eau vong \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb t\u00edch l\u0169y. 10. Qu\u00e1n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ec1n ch\u1eafc. 11. Qu\u00e1n v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng. 12. Qu\u00e1n v\u00f4 d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eeb d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng. 13. Qu\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb t\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i. 14. Qu\u00e1n t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb t\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i do ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7. 15. Qu\u00e1n ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb t\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i do m\u00ea m\u1edd. 16. Qu\u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb t\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i do b\u00e1m v\u00edu. 17. Qu\u00e1n t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb phi t\u01b0 duy. 18. Qu\u00e1n x\u1ea3 ly \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb t\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i do tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XXII n\u00e0y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Tri ki\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y xong.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG XXIII: NH\u1eeeNG L\u1ee2I \u00cdCH C\u1ee6A S\u1ef0 TU TU\u1ec6<\/h4>\n

(Pann\u00e0bh\u00e0van\u00e0nisamsa-Niddesa)<\/p>\n

Tu t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 Tu\u1ec7 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec3m sau: (1) T\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o; (2) N\u1ebfm v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3; (3) C\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh; (4) X\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

(1) T\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o: M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a tu t\u1eadp tu\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0 t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 sau \u0111\u00e2y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3:<\/p>\n

“Nh\u01b0 s\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1nh tan t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 gi\u00f3 t\u1ea1t l\u1eeda ch\u00e1y r\u1eebng<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi xua b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng v\u1eady, tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp<\/p>\n

S\u1ebd \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn r\u1eebng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 s\u1ea7u”.<\/p>\n

(2) N\u1ebfm v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3: Tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp c\u00f2n c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3. V\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfm khi tu\u1ec7 sinh kh\u1edfi trong l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00e2m v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 t\u00e2m. Qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ph\u00e0m phu, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh m\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc. M\u1ed7i v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 ri\u00eang t\u00f9y theo c\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb vua th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 hoan l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c thi\u00ean l\u1ea1c, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh l\u1ea1c si\u00eau th\u1ebf. Th\u00e1nh l\u1ea1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch: Kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u00fd m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3:<\/p>\n

“Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed tu t\u1eadp tu\u1ec7<\/p>\n

S\u1ebd n\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u00e1nh l\u1ea1c<\/p>\n

Ni\u1ec1m ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1c v\u00f4 song<\/p>\n

Do Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i.”<\/p>\n

(3) C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp tu\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng di\u1ec7t th\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ea5y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch sau \u0111\u00e2y: a. Ch\u1ee9ng di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 g\u00ec? b. Ai ch\u1ee9ng? c. Ai kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng? d. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng di\u1ec7t? \u0111. T\u1ea1i sao ch\u1ee9ng? e. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc ph\u00e1t sanh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? g. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i n\u00f3? h. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? i. T\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u00ec? k. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? l. Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 h\u1eefu vi hay v\u00f4 vi?<\/p>\n

a. Ch\u1ee9ng di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 g\u00ec? L\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, kh\u00f4ng sinh kh\u1edfi n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf.<\/p>\n

b. Ai ch\u1ee9ng Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbnh? Nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn c\u00e1c L\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c.<\/p>\n

c. Ai kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng? Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ph\u00e0m phu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

d. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng Di\u1ec7t? \u1ede h\u1eefu 5 u\u1ea9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng Di\u1ec7t, v\u00ec c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c Thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

\u0111. T\u1ea1i sao ch\u1ee9ng? T\u1ea1i v\u00ec th\u1ea5m m\u1ec7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 sinh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh, n\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

e. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tinh c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 2 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7, s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u00e2m Phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbnh, n\u1ebfu kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 sau: “Trong ph\u1ea1m vi 7 ng\u00e0y h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt kia kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1eeda ch\u00e1y, n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00f4i v.v…” th\u00ec trong v\u00f2ng 7 ng\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt \u1ea5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i t\u00ed n\u00e0o. Ho\u1eb7c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u00ec sau khi \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i ki\u1ebft gi\u00e0 nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

g. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbnh? – H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian bao l\u00e2u th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Thi\u1ec1n t\u1ecda.<\/p>\n

h. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u1ea3y ra theo 2 c\u00e1ch: nh\u1edd ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3 B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n; ho\u1eb7c nh\u1edd ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3 A la h\u00e1n, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

i. T\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u00ec? T\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb n\u00e0y h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

k. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? – “Khi m\u1ed9t T\u1ef3 kheo ch\u1ebft th\u00ec th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, t\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9; ng\u1eef h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u00fd h\u00e0nh c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac, c\u00e1c c\u0103n h\u01b0 ho\u1ea1i. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, khi m\u1ed9t T\u1ef3 kheo nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbnh, d\u00f9 th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh, ng\u1eef h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u00fd h\u00e0nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, t\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eadn, h\u01a1i th\u1edf ch\u01b0a d\u1ee9t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n.” (M. I, 296). M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh kh\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00eam: N\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eafc nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n, ng\u1eef h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9. N\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eafc t\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n, th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 h\u01a1i th\u1edf v\u00f4 h\u01a1i th\u1edf ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9. N\u01a1i m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafc Di\u1ec7t th\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u00fd h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 th\u1ecd (c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c) v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng (tri gi\u00e1c) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9.<\/p>\n

l. Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 h\u1eefu vi hay v\u00f4 vi? Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1eefu vi hay v\u00f4 vi, th\u1ebf gian hay xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

(4) X\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng: L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp tu\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9ng Di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng ph\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian, x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i th\u00eam v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a 4 \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ee9c Tu \u0111\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sinh t\u1ed1i \u0111a 7 l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa trong th\u1ebf gian m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n duy\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh Th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i sinh 3 hay 2 l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. Ho\u1eb7c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 s\u1eafc b\u00e9n, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i sinh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa trong nh\u00e2n gian, r\u1ed3i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 hai, t\u1ee9c b\u1eadc Nh\u1ea5t lai th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 ba, t\u1ee9c B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1ecb n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gian n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ecb n\u00e0y sau khi sinh l\u00ean c\u00f5i T\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 thi\u00ean, c\u00f3 5 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p x\u1ea3y ra: (1) Nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n ngay khi v\u1eeba m\u1edbi sinh l\u00ean; (2) Nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n khi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua n\u1eeda cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi; (3) Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu tri th\u1ee9c nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf m\u1edbi nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n; (4) Ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ai nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf; (5) Ho\u1eb7c tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i th\u1ee9 5 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a T\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 thi\u00ean, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea1t Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, t\u1ee9c b\u1eadc A la h\u00e1n: V\u1ecb n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc T\u00edn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, Tu\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, C\u00e2u ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba minh, s\u00e1u th\u00f4ng, \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn L\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c, \u0111\u1eafc v\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i, x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XXIII n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed4NG LU\u1eacN<\/h3>\n

B\u1ed9 Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadn g\u1ed3m 3 quy\u1ec3n, do v\u1ecb cao T\u0103ng Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m (Buddhaghosa) ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u00d0\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh thu\u1ed9c Nam truy\u1ec1n, quy\u1ec3n 62-64. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu thu\u1ed9c Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng To\u1ea1 b\u1ed9. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ee7y D\u00e3 Ho\u1eb1ng Nguy\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ra Nh\u1eadt v\u0103n (1937- 1940), Di\u1ec7p Qu\u00e2n (Li\u1ec5u Tham) d\u1ecbch ra H\u00e1n v\u0103n v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1987. \u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o N\u00e0namoli c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch ra Anh v\u0103n v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Colombo Ceylon, n\u0103m 1956.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ecdn b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn g\u1ed3m 23 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng To\u1ea1 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn (do Upatissa so\u1ea1n kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III), nh\u01b0ng b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 xen nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi lu\u1eadn bi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch \u1ea5y. B\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1 v\u00e0 2 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Gi\u1edbi. T\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 13 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u00d0\u1ecbnh, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y kh\u00fac chi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 14 \u0111\u1ebfn 23 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Tu\u1ec7. Trong \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 14 \u0111\u1ebfn 17 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 5 u\u1ea9n, T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf, B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n b\u00e0n t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 3 t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n thanh t\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t tinh m\u1eadt. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau s\u00e1ch, c\u00f3 b\u00e0i t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean t\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng 3 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc Gi\u1edbi \u00d0\u1ecbnh Tu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00e0m l\u1eddi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n uy t\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nam truy\u1ec1n. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 b\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh ngang v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1ef3 B\u00e0 Sa lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng To\u1ea1 H\u1eefu b\u1ed9. Nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc \u00c1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Hoa nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: “Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf.”<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y d\u00f9ng ba v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p, h\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn thanh t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u00e2m thanh t\u1ecbnh, t\u1ee9c Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

KINH S\u00c1CH THAM KH\u1ea2O<\/h3>\n

1. The Path of Purification, Bhikkhu N\u00e0namoli d\u1ecbch, xb. t\u1ea1i Colombo Ceylon, 1956.<\/p>\n

2. Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadn, Di\u1ec7p Qu\u00e2n d\u1ecbch, Hoa V\u0169 xb. 1987.<\/p>\n

3. Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o, Th\u00edch N\u1eef Tr\u00ed H\u1ea3i d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb Anh sang Vi\u1ec7t, xb. t\u1ea1i Hoa k\u1ef3 1991.<\/p>\n

4. Kinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

5. Kinh Trung B\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

6. Kinh T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

7. Kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng B\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

8. Kinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

9. Kinh Trung A H\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

10. Kinh T\u0103ng Nh\u1ea5t A H\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

11. Kinh T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

12. Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa.<\/p>\n

13. Nguy\u00ean Thu\u1ef7 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng lu\u1eadn, Th\u00edch Qu\u1ea3ng \u00d0\u1ed9 d\u1ecbch, Tu th\u01b0 V\u1ea1n H\u1ea1nh xb. 1971.<\/p>\n

14. Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng lu\u1eadn (nt) 1969.<\/p>\n

15. \u00d0\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng lu\u1eadn (nt).<\/p>\n

16. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p, nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng Anh v\u0103n c\u1ee7a N\u00e0rada Thera, Ph\u1ea1m Kim Kh\u00e1nh d\u1ecbch ra Vi\u1ec7t v\u0103n, S. 1970.<\/p>\n

17. Th\u00e0nh Duy Th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn, \u00d0TK. 31.<\/p>\n

18. Ph\u1eadt Quang \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u1eeb \u00d0i\u1ec3n, Ph\u1eadt Quang S\u01a1n xb. 1989.<\/p>\n

19. T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 truy\u1ec7n, William Peiris so\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng Anh v\u0103n, Mai N\u00e3i V\u0103n d\u1ecbch ra H\u00e1n v\u0103n, Hoa V\u0169 xb. 1986.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadn (The Path of Purification – Visuddhimagga ) Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Bhadantacariya Buddhaghosa Chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb P\u00e0li sang Anh ng\u1eef: Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o Nanamoli Th\u00edch Ph\u01b0\u1edbc S\u01a1n so\u1ea1n d\u1ecbch 2540 – 1996 M\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c – L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u – Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed ng\u00e0i Buddhaghosa – Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed ng\u00e0i Nanamoli Thera – Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed ng\u00e0i Li\u1ec5u […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":172116,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[59],"tags":[31],"yoast_head":"\nThanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadn - Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/thanh-tinh-dao-luan-162617.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadn - Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadn (The Path of Purification – Visuddhimagga ) Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Bhadantacariya Buddhaghosa Chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb P\u00e0li sang Anh ng\u1eef: Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o Nanamoli Th\u00edch Ph\u01b0\u1edbc S\u01a1n so\u1ea1n d\u1ecbch 2540 – 1996 M\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c – L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u – Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed ng\u00e0i Buddhaghosa – Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed ng\u00e0i Nanamoli Thera – Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed ng\u00e0i Li\u1ec5u […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/thanh-tinh-dao-luan-162617.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Kinh Lu\u1eadt Lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-05-02T03:10:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/phap-bao-3.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"768\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"446 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/thanh-tinh-dao-luan-162617.html\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/thanh-tinh-dao-luan-162617.html\",\"name\":\"Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadn - Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2019-05-02T03:10:30+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-05-02T03:10:30+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/#\/schema\/person\/d3b3df29f4bd65d225de4a009301422e\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/thanh-tinh-dao-luan-162617.html#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/thanh-tinh-dao-luan-162617.html\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/thanh-tinh-dao-luan-162617.html#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadn\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/\",\"name\":\"Kinh Lu\u1eadt Lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o\",\"description\":\"Just another WordPress site\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/#\/schema\/person\/d3b3df29f4bd65d225de4a009301422e\",\"name\":\"Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/3bec025aa636c3ca5f639852dfa4ac6a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/3bec025aa636c3ca5f639852dfa4ac6a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/author\/ppud\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadn - Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/thanh-tinh-dao-luan-162617.html","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadn - Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o","og_description":"Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadn (The Path of Purification – Visuddhimagga ) Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Bhadantacariya Buddhaghosa Chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb P\u00e0li sang Anh ng\u1eef: Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o Nanamoli Th\u00edch Ph\u01b0\u1edbc S\u01a1n so\u1ea1n d\u1ecbch 2540 – 1996 M\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c – L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u – Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed ng\u00e0i Buddhaghosa – Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed ng\u00e0i Nanamoli Thera – Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed ng\u00e0i Li\u1ec5u […]","og_url":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/thanh-tinh-dao-luan-162617.html","og_site_name":"Kinh Lu\u1eadt Lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o","article_published_time":"2019-05-02T03:10:30+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1024,"height":768,"url":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/phap-bao-3.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng","Est. reading time":"446 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/thanh-tinh-dao-luan-162617.html","url":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/thanh-tinh-dao-luan-162617.html","name":"Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadn - Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/#website"},"datePublished":"2019-05-02T03:10:30+00:00","dateModified":"2019-05-02T03:10:30+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/#\/schema\/person\/d3b3df29f4bd65d225de4a009301422e"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/thanh-tinh-dao-luan-162617.html#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/thanh-tinh-dao-luan-162617.html"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/thanh-tinh-dao-luan-162617.html#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o","item":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadn"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/#website","url":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/","name":"Kinh Lu\u1eadt Lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o","description":"Just another WordPress site","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/#\/schema\/person\/d3b3df29f4bd65d225de4a009301422e","name":"Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/3bec025aa636c3ca5f639852dfa4ac6a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/3bec025aa636c3ca5f639852dfa4ac6a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng"},"url":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/author\/ppud"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/162617"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=162617"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/162617\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/172116"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=162617"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=162617"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=162617"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}