{"id":163039,"date":"2019-05-03T06:57:15","date_gmt":"2019-05-02T23:57:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/?p=163039"},"modified":"2019-05-03T06:57:15","modified_gmt":"2019-05-02T23:57:15","slug":"ke-tung-a-ty-dat-ma-cau-xa-luan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/ke-tung-a-ty-dat-ma-cau-xa-luan-163039.html","title":{"rendered":"K\u1ec7 T\u1ee5ng A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma C\u00e2u X\u00e1 Lu\u1eadn"},"content":{"rendered":"

K\u1ec7 T\u1ee5ng A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma C\u00e2u X\u00e1 Lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n

A T\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1t Ma C\u00e2u X\u00e1 Lu\u1eadn B\u1ed5n T\u1ee5ng<\/em><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t t\u1ea1o \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1ng d\u1ecbch<\/em><\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a\u00a0Th\u00edch Tu\u1ec7 S\u1ef9<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

***<\/em><\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch theo b\u1ea3n Sanskrit<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n bi\u00ea\u0323t gi\u01a1\u0301i<\/strong><\/p>\n

PRATHAMA\u1e42 KO\u015aASTH\u0100NAM<\/strong><\/p>\n

(Dh\u0101tunirde\u015ba\u1e25)<\/strong><\/p>\n

I. Quy ki\u0309nh<\/h2>\n

[1] V\u1ecb m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n[1],<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e3 v\u1edbt th\u1ebf gian l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi v\u0169ng l\u1ea7y lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n;<\/p>\n

Sau khi k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1o s\u01b0 nh\u01b0 l\u00fd nh\u01b0 v\u1eady,<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i lu\u1eadn Abhidharmko\u015ba.[2]<\/p>\n

Khi mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch hi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1o s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, (Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7) tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

(\u0110\u1ea1i t\u1eeb) v\u1ecb m\u00e0[3] ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n.[4] \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ecb \u1ea5y, hay do b\u1edfi v\u1ecb \u1ea5y, b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u201cm\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb.\u201d B\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i, trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i, \u201ct\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n.\u201d Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 tri[5] l\u00e0 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1o ngh\u0129a ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Duy ch\u1ec9 Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, do ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb[6], m\u1edbi di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 tri \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sinh trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c[7]. Do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u00edch-chi-ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Thanh v\u0103n t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. Tuy \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ngu si \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m[8] nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n.\u201d Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 tri kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt[9], \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng xa v\u1eddi trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a l\u00fd sai bi\u1ec7t v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

Sau khi t\u00e1n th\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, (Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7) t\u00e1n th\u00e1n \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh l\u1ee3i tha, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i, \u201c\u0111\u00e3 v\u1edbt th\u1ebf gian l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi v\u0169ng l\u1ea7y lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n.\u201d V\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n[10] th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gian b\u1ecb d\u00ednh m\u1eafc, kh\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 v\u0169ng s\u00ecnh. Do v\u00ec th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t th\u1ebf gian ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua, \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, t\u00f9y tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u00edch \u1ee9ng, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00eca ra b\u00e0n tay \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt.<\/p>\n

\u201cSau khi k\u00ednh l\u1ec5\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 sau khi c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i tha nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

\u201cNh\u01b0 l\u00fd s\u01b0\u201d (yath\u0101rtha\u015b\u0101stra) l\u00e0 v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ea1o ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o. B\u1eb1ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 n\u00eau r\u00f5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u1ee3i tha. \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n l\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1o S\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt th\u1ebf gian l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi v\u0169ng s\u00ecnh lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng, \u00e2n hu\u1ec7, uy l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

Sau khi k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ebd l\u00e0m g\u00ec? Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3i, \u201cT\u00f4i s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i lu\u1eadn.\u201d V\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cLu\u1eadn\u201d (\u015a\u0101stra). Lu\u1eadn g\u00ec? Lu\u1eadn Abhidharmako\u015ba.<\/p>\n

Abhidharma n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

II. \u0110i\u0323nh nghi\u0303a abhidharmako\u015ba<\/h2>\n

a. Abhidharma<\/h3>\n

[1a] Abhidharma l\u00e0 hu\u1ec7 v\u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m[11] v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00f9y h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Hu\u1ec7 (praj\u00f1\u0101) \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p[12]. V\u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m (amala) ch\u1ec9 cho v\u00f4 l\u1eadu (an\u0101srava). Tu\u1ef3 h\u00e0nh[13] ch\u1ec9 cho t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3[14]. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u0103m u\u1ea9n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu (an\u0101srava\u1e25 pa\u00f1caskandhako) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 Abhidharma. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Abhi\u00acdharma theo ngh\u0129a si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t[15]. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i theo ngh\u0129a th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m[16] th\u00ec<\/p>\n

[1b] V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc hu\u1ec7 \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hu\u1ec7, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c hu\u1ec7 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh do nghe, do t\u01b0 duy, do tu t\u1eadp (\u015bruta-cint\u0101bh\u0101van\u0101may\u012b), v\u00e0 do b\u1ea9m sinh (upa\u00acpatti\u00acpratilambhika), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f9y h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. V\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn[17] m\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc hu\u1ec7 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu \u1ea5y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Abhidharma, v\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u01b0 c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Theo ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean, do duy tr\u00ec y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n (svalak\u1e63a\u1e47a) n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p[18]. Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Abhidharma l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t t\u1ee9c Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 cho ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n[19] v\u1edbi y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p (dharmasvalak\u1e63a\u1e47a).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i xong ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Abhidharma.<\/p>\n

b. Ko\u015ba<\/h3>\n

Lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y v\u00ec sao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Abhidharmako\u015ba?<\/p>\n

[2cd] Theo ngh\u0129a l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o[20] trong \u0111\u00e2y,<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1edf y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Abhidharmako\u015ba.<\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 ti\u00eau danh l\u00e0 Abhidharma, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc th\u00ec Abhidharma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong Lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y n\u00ean Lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 bao ch\u1ee9a (ko\u015basth\u0101n\u012bya) c\u1ee7a Abhidharma[21]. Ho\u1eb7c Abhidharma l\u00e0 s\u1edf y c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn, l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn, cho n\u00ean Abhidharma l\u00e0 kho ch\u1ee9a (ko\u015ba) c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn[22]. V\u00ec v\u1eady, Lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Abhidharmako\u015ba\u015b\u0101stram.<\/p>\n

III. \u00dd h\u01b0\u01a1\u0301ng abhidharma<\/h2>\n

Do \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng g\u00ec m\u00e0 Abhidharma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng thuy\u1ebft? V\u00e0 ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 cung k\u00ednh di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i? T\u1ee5ng n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

[3] Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ee9t s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m.<\/p>\n

Do b\u1edfi \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gian lang thang trong bi\u1ec3n h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, Abhidharma \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1o S\u01b0 gi\u1ea3ng thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng do s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p (dharmapravicaya)[23] th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ee9t s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Ch\u00ednh do phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gian lang thang trong bi\u1ec3n h\u1eefu n\u00e0y. Do b\u1edfi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 t\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p, m\u00e0, theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft (kila)[24], \u0111\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1o S\u01b0, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng n\u00f3i Abhidharma. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu Abhidharma kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n n\u00f3i Abhidharma m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c; r\u1ed3i \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c K\u0101ty\u0101yan\u012bputra c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c Dharmatr\u0101ta t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 t\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m \u201cUd\u0101navagga.\u201d C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Vaibh\u0101\u1e63ika n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

*<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1] Skt. sarvath\u0101 sarvahat\u0101ndhak\u0101ra\u1e25, Ht. nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng ch\u01b0 minh di\u1ec7t \u4e00\u5207\u7a2e\u8af8\u51a5\u6ec5 Quang k\u00fd 1 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0: \u201cnh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng minh di\u1ec7t\u201d ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb v\u00f4 tri kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4, v\u00e0 \u201cch\u01b0 minh di\u1ec7t\u201d ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb v\u00f4 tri c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00e0y hi\u1ec3u sarvath\u0101 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh dung t\u1eeb; trong khi, trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb hay ph\u00f3 t\u1eeb, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n.\u201d C\u0111.: nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng tr\u00ed di\u1ec7t ch\u01b0 minh \u4e00\u5207\u7a2e\u667a\u6ec5\u8af8\u51a5.<\/p>\n

[2] ya\u1e25 sarvath\u0101sarvahat\u0101ndhak\u0101ra\u1e25 sa\u1e43s\u0101rapa\u1e45kaj jagad ujjah\u0101ra\/ tasmai namask\u1e5btya yath\u0101rtha-\u015b\u0101stre \u015b\u0101stra\u1e43 pravak\u1e63y\u0101my abhidharmako\u015bam \/\/1\/ Ht. \u8af8\u4e00\u5207\u7a2e\u8af8\u51a5\u6ec5\u62d4\u773e\u751f\u51fa\u751f\u6b7b\u6ce5\u656c\u79ae\u5982\u662f\u5982\u7406\u5e2b\u5c0d\u6cd5\u85cf\u8ad6\u6211\u7576\u8aaa. C\u0111. \u4e00\u5207\u7a2e\u667a\u6ec5\u8af8\u51a5\u3000\u62d4\u51fa\u773e\u751f\u751f\u6b7b\u6ce5\u9802\u79ae\u5927\u5e2b\u5982\u7406\u6559\u3000\u5c0d\u6cd5\u4ff1\u820d\u6211\u7576\u8aaa.<\/p>\n

[3] Skt. ya\u1e25, \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb li\u00ean h\u1ec7, s\u1ed1 \u00edt: yad … tasmai. Ht. ch\u01b0 \u8af8; Quang k\u00fd (T41n1821 p2c5) hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cCh\u01b0, bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i.\u201d<\/p>\n

[4] Skt. buddho bhagav\u0101n. Sphut., tr.5: c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i Vinayavibh\u0101\u1e63\u0101 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p: 1. Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n; ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Pratyekabuddha v\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p. 2. Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt; ch\u1ec9 B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u00e2n. 3. Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n. 4. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n.<\/p>\n

[5] Skt. aj\u00f1\u0101na, Ht.: v\u00f4 tri \u7121\u77e5; C\u0111.: v\u00f4 minh \u7121\u660e. C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 tri: nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 v\u00f4 tri (kli-\u1e63\u1e6dam aj\u00f1\u0101nam) v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 v\u00f4 tri (akli\u1e63\u1e6dam aj\u00f1\u0101nam).<\/p>\n

[6] Skt. pratipak\u1e63a, Ht.: \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n \u5c0d\u6cbb\u5206 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch; ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m.<\/p>\n

[7] Skt. j\u00f1eya; Ht: s\u1edf tri \u6240\u77e5.<\/p>\n

[8] Skt. kli\u1e63\u1e6dasa\u1e43moha. Ht.: nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 v\u00f4 tri \u67d3\u6c61\u7121.<\/p>\n

[9] Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 18 ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng (\u0101venik\u0101 buddhadharm\u0101\u1e25), l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t n\u01a1i Ph\u1eadt. (Sphut., tr.7)<\/p>\n

[10] Skt. sa\u1e43s\u0101ra, lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n hay lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. Ht., C\u0111.: sinh t\u1eed \u751f\u6b7b .<\/p>\n

[11] Skt. praj\u00f1\u0101 amal\u0101, hu\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1u b\u1ea9n. Ht., t\u1ecbnh hu\u1ec7 \u6de8\u6167; C\u0111., t\u1ecbnh tr\u00ed \u6de8\u667a.<\/p>\n

[12] Skt. dharma-pravicaya, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0 duy gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch hay tuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ea1ch, s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, kh\u1ea3o nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p. Ht., C\u0111.: tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p \u64c7\u6cd5.<\/p>\n

[13] s\u0101nucara, c\u00f9ng \u0111i theo; \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng. Ht., t\u00f9y h\u00e0nh \u96a8\u884c; C\u0111., tr\u1ee3 b\u1ea1n \u52a9\u4f34.<\/p>\n

[14] Skt. sapariv\u0101ra, \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng, h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng. Ht., quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c \u7737\u5c6c; C\u0111., nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean t\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u56e0\u7de3\u8cc7\u7ce7.<\/p>\n

[15] Skt. p\u0101ram\u0101rthiko\u2019 bhidharma\u1e25. Ht., th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a a-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u52dd\u7fa9\u963f\u6bd8\u9054\u78e8; C\u0111., ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt a-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u771f\u5be6\u963f\u6bd8\u9054\u78e8.<\/p>\n

[16] Skt. s\u0101\u1e43ketika, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn, \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7. Ht., th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u4e16\u4fd7 C\u0111., gi\u1ea3 danh \u5047\u540d.<\/p>\n

[17] Lu\u1eadn, Skt. \u015b\u0101stra, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 Abhidharma-\u015b\u0101stra, lu\u1eadn A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, t\u1ee9c Lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng, Abhidharmapi\u1e6daka. Ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 cho J\u00f1\u0101naprasth\u0101na, lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e1t tr\u00ed, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f9y h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u00e1u t\u00fac lu\u1eadn (lu\u1eadn ch\u00e2n), \u1e63ad p\u0101d\u0101. Sphut., tr.12.<\/p>\n

[18] \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb dharma, Skt.: svalak\u1e63a\u1e47adh\u0101ra\u1e47\u0101d dharma\u1e25, theo \u0111\u00f3, dharma l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb ph\u00e1i sinh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb dh\u1e5b: duy tr\u00ec, g\u00ecn gi\u1eef.<\/p>\n

[19] Lu\u1eadn th\u00edch, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1eef abhi- l\u00e0 praty-abhimukha, xoay m\u1eb7t h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1, \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n; Ht. di\u1ec5n th\u00e0nh hai ngh\u0129a: \u0111\u1ed1i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u5c0d\u5411 (Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i qu\u00e1n \u5c0d\u6163 (b\u1ed1n Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf); C\u0111.: hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n \u73fe\u524d.<\/p>\n

[20] Skt. samanuprave\u015b\u0101t. Ht.: nhi\u1ebfp \u651d; C\u0111.: nh\u1eadp nhi\u1ebfp \u5165\u651d.<\/p>\n

18 Sphut., tr.13: yatra hy asi\u1e25 praiva\u015bati sa tasya ko\u015ba\u1e25: \u201cc\u00e1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00fat ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0o, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 bao ki\u1ebfm.\u201d Theo \u0111\u00e2y, ko\u015ba c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cbao ki\u1ebfm.\u201d<\/p>\n

[22] Cf. Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd 1, tr.329c1: \u201cT\u1ea1ng \u85cf (ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 t\u00e0ng), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1eafc th\u1eadt \u5805\u5be6, nh\u01b0 l\u00f5i c\u00e2y… Ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 s\u1edf y, nh\u01b0 bao ki\u1ebfm (\u0111ao t\u00e0ng \u5200\u85cf).\u201d<\/p>\n

20 Skt. dharmapravicaya, s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t ph\u00e1p. Ht.: tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p \u64c7\u6cd5 C\u0111.: gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p \u7c21\u64c7\u6cd5. Trong ph\u1ea7n lu\u1eadn th\u00edch, C\u0111. n\u00f3i r\u00f5: tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ea3y gi\u00e1c chi (bodhya\u1e45ga). Sphut., tr.14: (…) r\u016bpa\u1e43 vedan\u0101nitya\u1e43 du\u1e25kham ity evam \u0101k\u0101rena, \u201c(v\u1edbi) bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y: s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5.\u201d<\/p>\n

[24] Skt. kila, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd 1, tr.329c: \u201cKinh ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng tin A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma do ch\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft.\u201d<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Ti\u00ea\u0301t 1: T\u00f4\u0309ng lu\u00e2\u0323n pha\u0301p<\/h2>\n

I. Ba\u0309n th\u00ea\u0309 cu\u0309 pha\u0301p<\/h3>\n

A. Tu\u0323ng v\u0103n<\/h4>\n

C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu v\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi, tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf,<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu, do b\u1edfi c\u00e1c l\u1eadu<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5c trong \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

V\u00f4 l\u1eadu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf,<\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ba ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 hai di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3n ng\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Di\u1ec7t do t\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec<\/p>\n

Tho\u00e1t ly h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng sinh kh\u1edfi<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 di\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng do t\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n

B. Lu\u00e2\u0323n thi\u0301ch<\/h4>\n

1. T\u00f4\u0309ng thuy\u00ea\u0301t<\/h5>\n

Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p m\u00e0, v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch ch\u00fang, Abhidharma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng thuy\u1ebft? Lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

[4a] C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu v\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

2. H\u01b0\u0303u l\u00e2\u0323u<\/h5>\n

Trong \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu (s\u0101srava)[1]?<\/p>\n

[4b] C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi, tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf,<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu,<\/p>\n

Tr\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf (m\u0101rgasatya), t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi (sa\u1e43sk\u1e5bta) c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu. V\u00ec sao?<\/p>\n

[4c-d] (L\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu), do b\u1edfi c\u00e1c l\u1eadu<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5c trong \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00e1c l\u1eadu (\u0101srava) c\u0169ng sinh kh\u1edfi do vin b\u00e1m v\u00e0o Di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5c (anu\u015berate)[2] trong \u0111\u00f3, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 trong \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i r\u00f5 trong ph\u1ea9m \u201cTu\u1ef3 mi\u00ean\u201d \u1edf sau.<\/p>\n

3. V\u00f4 vi<\/h5>\n

Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu?<\/p>\n

[5a-b] V\u00f4 l\u1eadu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf,<\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ba ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi<\/p>\n

Ba ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

[5c] L\u00e0 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 hai di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 hai? L\u00e0 di\u1ec7t do t\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ch[3] v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng do t\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ch. Ba v\u00f4 vi n\u00e0y, h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 hai di\u1ec7t, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 l\u1eadu. V\u00ec sao? V\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u1eadu kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5c trong \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

a. H\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 vi<\/p>\n

Ba v\u00f4 vi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u00f3,<\/p>\n

[5d] \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3n ng\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

T\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng[4] l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3n ng\u1ea1i (an\u0101vara\u1e47a)[5], m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eafc l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

b. Tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 vi<\/p>\n

[6a-b] Di\u1ec7t do t\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec<\/p>\n

Tho\u00e1t ly h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tho\u00e1t ly h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c[6] \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1eefu l\u1eadu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t (pratisa\u1e43khy\u0101nirodha) t\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t do t\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ch. Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do b\u1edfi hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc[7] m\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy, l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i[8] m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf kh\u1ed5, v.v…, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t do t\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ch. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb \u201cxe b\u00f2\u201d[9] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh do l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb \u1edf gi\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t do t\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ch cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu? Lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i: kh\u00f4ng. V\u00ec sao?<\/p>\n

[5b] c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t[10].<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c (sa\u1e43yogadravya)[11] th\u00ec c\u00f3 b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t ly h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00ec khi th\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y Kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf, khi \u1ea5y c\u0169ng th\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb sai bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 phi \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i (asabh\u0101ga); \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n (sabh\u0101gahetu) c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u00ec, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i.[12]<\/p>\n

C. Phi tra\u0323ch di\u00ea\u0323t v\u00f4 vi<\/h4>\n

[6c-d] Ngo\u00e0i ra, s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng sinh kh\u1edfi<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 di\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng do t\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi di\u1ec7t do tho\u00e1t ly h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c, di\u1ec7t do tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u1ecb lai v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng sinh kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng do t\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ch hay phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t (apratisa\u1e43khy\u0101nirodha). Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng do t\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ch, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 do thi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khi con m\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u1eadp trung tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, t\u1ee9c thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00fac, ch\u00ecm m\u1ea5t; khi \u1ea5y n\u0103m th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n (vij\u00f1\u0101nak\u0101ya) v\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sinh kh\u1edfi; v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 vin b\u00e1m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh v\u1ef1c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang, di\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng do t\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ch m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 do thi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p:<\/p>\n

1\/ C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng sinh kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n

2\/ C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi v\u00f4 l\u1eadu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng sinh kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n

3\/ C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng sinh kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n

4\/ C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 l\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng sinh kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i xong ba ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi.<\/p>\n

*<\/p>\n

II. Pha\u0301p th\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng nghi\u00ea\u0323m<\/h3>\n

A. Tu\u0323ng v\u0103n<\/h4>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi \u1ea5y<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, g\u1ed3m s\u1eafc, v.v…<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ed9, ng\u00f4n y,<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 h\u1eefu ly, h\u1eefu s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

H\u1eefu l\u1eadu l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i h\u1eefu tr\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, t\u1eadp, th\u1ebf gian,<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn x\u1ee9, v\u00e0 h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n

B. Lu\u00e2\u0323n thi\u0301ch<\/h4>\n

1. H\u01b0\u0303u vi<\/h5>\n

a. \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a<\/p>\n

T\u1ee5ng v\u0103n n\u00f3i, \u201cC\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi, tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf, l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu.\u201d C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

[7a-ba] L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi \u1ea5y, l\u00e0 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, g\u1ed3m s\u1eafc, v.v…<\/p>\n

S\u1eafc u\u1ea9n, th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n, t\u01b0\u1edfng u\u1ea9n, h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n, th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi (sa\u1e43sk\u1e5bta), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p (sametya, sambh\u016bya), ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh do b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu vi, c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n sinh do m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t. Do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u00e1c th\u1eddi v\u1ecb lai, nh\u01b0 s\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eaft (dugdha)[13].<\/p>\n

b. \u0110\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a<\/p>\n

[7c-d] Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ed9, ng\u00f4n y, l\u00e0 h\u1eefu ly, h\u1eefu s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

1\/ C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ed9 (adhvan)[14], v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i, \u0111ang \u0111i v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111i; ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec ch\u00fang b\u1ecb s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eefng.<\/p>\n

2\/ Ng\u00f4n (kath\u0101)[15] t\u1ee9c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u (vastu)[16] c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb (n\u0101ma). H\u1eefu vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n y, ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn (kath\u0101vastu), v\u00ec n\u00f3 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi Prakra\u1e47agrantha. Lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y n\u00f3i, \u201cNh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao qu\u00e1t b\u1edfi m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi[17].\u201d<\/p>\n

3\/ Ly (ni\u1e25sara\u1e47a) t\u1ee9c tho\u00e1t ly (ni\u1e25s\u0101ra)[18], l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tho\u00e1t ly n\u00e0y do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u1eefu ly (sani\u1e25s\u0101ra).<\/p>\n

4\/ Do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u1eefu s\u1ef1 (savastuka)[19]. S\u1ef1 (vastu) l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n (hetu); \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Vaibh\u0101\u1e63ika.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecb danh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi.<\/p>\n

2. H\u01b0\u0303u l\u00e2\u0323u<\/h5>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

a. Th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n (up\u0101d\u0101naskandha)<\/p>\n

[8a-b] H\u1eefu l\u1eadu l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? C\u00e1c th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n (up\u0101d\u0101naskandha)[20] c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n (skandha). Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh v\u00f4 l\u1eadu (an\u0101srav\u0101\u1e25 sa\u1e43sk\u0101r\u0101h)[21].<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 (up\u0101d\u0101na) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (kle\u015ba).[22] Ho\u1eb7c u\u1ea9n ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb th\u1ee7, n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n; nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i: l\u1eeda r\u01a1m.[23] Ho\u1eb7c u\u1ea9n l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c th\u1ee7 n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n; nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i: v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea7n.[24] Ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n; nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i: c\u00e2y hoa.[25]<\/p>\n

b. H\u1eefu tr\u00e1nh (sara\u1e47a)<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i<\/p>\n

[8c] L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i h\u1eefu tr\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00e1nh hay \u0111\u1ea5u tranh (ra\u1e47a) ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. V\u00ec ch\u00fang g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c[26], v\u00e0 v\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u1ea9n ph\u1ee5c trong \u0111\u00f3[27], n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u1eefu tr\u00e1nh; nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i \u201ch\u1eefu l\u1eadu.\u201d<\/p>\n

c. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ean kh\u00e1c<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa:<\/p>\n

[8c-d] L\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, t\u1eadp, th\u1ebf gian, ki\u1ebfn x\u1ee9, v\u00e0 h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n

1\/ V\u00ec ngh\u1ecbch \u00fd c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh, n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 (du\u1e25kha).<\/p>\n

2\/ Kh\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u1eadp (samudaya).<\/p>\n

3\/ V\u00ec b\u1ecb b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i, n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gian[28].<\/p>\n

4\/ C\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p tr\u1ee5 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ti\u1ec1m ph\u1ee5c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 (d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6disth\u0101na)[29].<\/p>\n

5\/ N\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u1eefu.[30]<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb danh c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu l\u1eadu.<\/p>\n

*<\/p>\n

III. Ph\u00e2n ti\u0301ch u\u00e2\u0309n<\/h3>\n

A. Tu\u0323ng v\u0103n<\/h4>\n

S\u1eafc g\u1ed3m n\u0103m c\u0103n, n\u0103m c\u1ea3nh, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

Con m\u1eaft v.v… l\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc, s\u1edf y c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

S\u1eafc c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i hay hai m\u01b0\u01a1i lo\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng thanh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

V\u1ecb c\u00f3 s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i. H\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i. X\u00fac c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u00f4 t\u00e2m, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, t\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh,<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n gi\u1edbi: \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng duy tr\u00ec, v.v… C\u1ee9ng, d\u00ednh, \u1ea5m, v\u00e0 lay \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi s\u1eafc m\u00e0u v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3, theo quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian.<\/p>\n

N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u1eeda. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c c\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ecd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m. T\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, ba u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y<\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u, v\u00f4 vi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t; v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd x\u1ee9;<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y \u00fd gi\u1edbi, t\u1ee9c s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1u th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n c\u00e1ch, th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh s\u1edf y cho th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, n\u00ean nh\u1edb, c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

B. Lu\u00e2\u0323n thi\u0301ch<\/h4>\n

1. S\u0103\u0301c u\u00e2\u0309n (r\u016bpaskandha)<\/h5>\n

i. T\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cn\u0103m u\u1ea9n: s\u1eafc, v.v…\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y,<\/p>\n

[9a-b] S\u1eafc g\u1ed3m n\u0103m c\u0103n, n\u0103m c\u1ea3nh, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m c\u0103n (pa\u00f1cendriy\u0101ni)[31]: m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, v\u00e0 th\u00e2n. N\u0103m c\u1ea3nh (pa\u00f1c\u0101rth\u0101s)[32], nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u0103n con m\u1eaft, v.v… l\u00e0 n\u0103m c\u1ea3nh v\u1ef1c: s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 x\u00fac. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u (avij\u00f1apti), cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n (r\u016bpaskandha).<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: s\u1eafc, v.v…<\/p>\n

ii. N\u0103m c\u0103n (pa\u00f1cendriy\u0101\u1e47i)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

[9c-d] Con m\u1eaft v.v… l\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc, s\u1edf y c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 s\u1edf y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng[33] v\u1edbi s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1edf x\u00fac, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i t\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc[34] m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc. N\u00ean bi\u1ebft, theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i v\u00e0 th\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n c\u00f3 n\u00f3i: \u201cCon m\u1eaft, n\u00e0y T\u00ec-kheo, l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i x\u1ee9, l\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ho\u1eb7c, c\u00e1c c\u0103n con m\u1eaft v.v… l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc l\u00e0m s\u1edf y cho th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c con m\u1eaft v.v… nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng (t\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc) l\u00e0 s\u1edf y c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c con m\u1eaft, v.v… N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn Prakara\u1e47agrantha,[35] theo \u0111\u00f3: \u201cCon m\u1eaft l\u00e0 g\u00ec? L\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc, l\u00e0m s\u1edf y cho th\u1ee9c con m\u1eaft.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i xong n\u0103m c\u0103n.<\/p>\n

iii. N\u0103m c\u1ea3nh (arth\u0101\u1e25 pa\u00f1ca)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y s\u1ebd n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 n\u0103m c\u1ea3nh, theo \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n

a. S\u1eafc<\/p>\n

[10a] S\u1eafc c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc m\u00e0u[36] v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3.[37] Trong \u0111\u00f3, s\u1eafc m\u00e0u c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n th\u1ee9: xanh, v.v… C\u00e1c m\u00e0u kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb ch\u00fang. H\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1m: b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 d\u00e0i, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1eb3ng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c s\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 s\u1eafc x\u1ee9 (r\u016bp\u0101yatana).<\/p>\n

[10a] hay hai m\u01b0\u01a1i lo\u1ea1i<\/p>\n

T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, xanh, v\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ecf, tr\u1eafng; d\u00e0i, ng\u1eafn, vu\u00f4ng, tr\u00f2n, cao, th\u1ea5p, ph\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1eb3ng; m\u00e2y, kh\u00f3i, b\u1ee5i, m\u00f9, b\u00f3ng, m\u00e0u n\u1eafng, m\u00e0u s\u00e1ng, b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ec3 th\u00eam da tr\u1eddi[38] l\u00e0 m\u00e0u th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t.[39]<\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00e2y, ph\u1eb3ng (s\u0101tam) l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng.[40] Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng.. M\u00f9 (mahik\u0101) t\u1ee9c s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 (n\u012bh\u0101ra)[41]. S\u00e1ng n\u00f3ng (\u0101tapa)[42] t\u1ee9c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. S\u00e1ng \u00e1nh (\u0101loka)[43] t\u1ee9c \u00e1nh tr\u0103ng, \u00e1nh sao, \u00e1nh l\u1eeda, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u00e2u ng\u1ecdc. B\u00f3ng (ch\u0101y\u0101)[44] c\u00f3 \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1eafc. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i (andh\u0101kara). Nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i th\u00ec d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i g\u1ecdn.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc x\u1ee9 (r\u016bp\u0101yatana) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1eafc m\u00e0u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3[45]. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0, xanh, v\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ecf, tr\u1eafng, b\u00f3ng, s\u00e1ng n\u00f3ng, s\u00e1ng \u00e1nh, b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

Ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eafc m\u00e0u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 d\u00e0i v.v… l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u (k\u0101yavij\u00f1apti)[46].<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc x\u1ee9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 hai.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 v\u1ecb n\u00f3i, ch\u1ec9 m\u00e0u n\u1eafng v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 s\u1eafc m\u00e0u. B\u1edfi v\u00ec xanh, \u0111\u1ecf c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y theo c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 d\u00e0i, ng\u1eafn, v.v…<\/p>\n

L\u00e0m sao trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 hai?[47] V\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ee9c c\u1ea3 hai. Trong \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n vid h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (praj\u00f1\u0101na), ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i (satta)[48].<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i xong s\u1eafc x\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

b. Thanh<\/p>\n

[10b] Nh\u01b0ng thanh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1m<\/p>\n

C\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: thanh c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5[49] ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 (up\u0101tt\u0101nup\u0101ttamah\u0101bh\u016btahetuka), thu\u1ed9c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c phi h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh (sattv\u0101sattv\u0101khya)[50]. M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c th\u00edch \u00fd, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u00fd (manoj\u00f1\u0101manoj\u00f1a), ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i thanh.[51]<\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00f3, thanh c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb b\u00e0n tay, t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i. Thanh c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng gi\u00f3, ti\u1ebfng r\u1eebng c\u00e2y, ti\u1ebfng su\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. Thu\u1ed9c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh l\u00e0 thanh c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef (v\u0101gvij\u00f1apti)[52]. Ngo\u00e0i ra l\u00e0 phi h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i thanh c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 thanh ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb tay v\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1c vi c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc m\u00e0u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh hai t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i xong v\u1ec1 thanh.<\/p>\n

c. V\u1ecb<\/p>\n

V\u1ecb c\u00f3 s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0, ng\u1ecdt, chua, m\u1eb7n, cay, \u0111\u1eafng, nh\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

d. H\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/p>\n

[10c] H\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u00f9i th\u01a1m v\u00e0 m\u00f9i th\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c b\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c g\u1eaft. Nh\u01b0ng trong B\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn[53] ch\u1ec9 k\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i: th\u01a1m, th\u1ed1i v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh[54].<\/p>\n

e. X\u00fac<\/p>\n

[10d] X\u00fac c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m[55]: b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng, tr\u01a1n, nh\u00e1m, n\u1eb7ng, nh\u1eb9, l\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u00f3i, kh\u00e1t. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i sau. Tr\u01a1n (\u015blak\u1e63\u1e47atva) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ec1m d\u1ecbu (m\u1e5bdu)[56]. Nh\u00e1m (karka\u015ba) t\u1ee9c th\u00f4 c\u1ee9ng (paru\u1e63t\u0101). N\u1eb7ng (gurutva) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eb9 (laghu). L\u1ea1nh (\u015b\u012bta) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n \u1ea5m. \u0110\u00f3i (jighats\u0101) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n \u0103n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp theo nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

\u201cPh\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1c thay l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

\u201cPh\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1c thay l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

\u201cPh\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1c thay l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0.<\/p>\n

\u201cPh\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1c thay l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n tu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang.\u201d[57]<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, trong s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi (r\u016bpadh\u0101tu) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1t. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, trong s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, t\u1eebng c\u00e1i m\u1ed9t th\u00ec y ph\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft[58] n\u00f3i, trong c\u00f5i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i l\u1ea1nh t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i l\u1ea1nh h\u1eefu \u00edch th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc, trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 khi th\u1ee9c con m\u1eaft kh\u1edfi l\u00ean v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 duy nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ri\u00eang r\u1ebb. C\u00f3 khi v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadt th\u1ec3; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ri\u00eang r\u1ebb. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb xa m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 s\u1eafc m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n hay m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng ch\u00e2u ng\u1ecdc.[59]<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tai v.v… c\u0169ng n\u00ean bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i, th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n sinh kh\u1edfi v\u1edbi t\u1ed1i \u0111a n\u0103m x\u00fac. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c x\u00fac kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 tr\u01a1n, v.v… Thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i, t\u1ed1i \u0111a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t x\u00fac.[60]<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, n\u0103m th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t (s\u0101m\u0101nya-lak\u1e63a\u1e47a)[61] ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh v\u1ef1c c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t (svalak\u1e63a\u1e47a), v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p?<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 sai l\u1ea7m \u1ea5y. C\u1ea3nh v\u1ef1c c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (\u0101yatana: x\u1ee9) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 (dravya: s\u1ef1).[62]<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy nghi\u1ec7m. C\u0103n c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc c\u1ea3nh, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi tr\u01b0\u1edbc? Th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh, th\u1ee9c v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c kh\u1edfi tr\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1edfi v\u00ec xu h\u01b0\u1edbng mu\u1ed1n \u0103n l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t duy tr\u00ec th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i xong \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u0103m c\u0103n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

iv. V\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nay s\u1ebd n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u[63].<\/p>\n

[11] \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u00f4 t\u00e2m, chu\u1ed7i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, t\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh,<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng, th\u1eadt v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m (vik\u1e63ipta), ch\u1ec9 t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00e2m n\u00e0y[64]. V\u00f4 t\u00e2m (acittaka), ch\u1ec9 t\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecbnh (asa\u1e43j\u00f1isam\u0101patti) v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh (nirodha-sam\u0101patti). T\u1eeb k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 (api), ch\u1ec9 k\u1ec3 lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m v\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00e2m. Chu\u1ed7i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c (anubandha)[65], ch\u1ec9 d\u00f2ng ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c (prav\u0101ha)[66]. T\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Trong thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eafc (pr\u0101pti)[67], n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Vaibh\u0101\u1e63ika[68] n\u00f3i, ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh (up\u0101d\u0101ya) l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n (hetu). V\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a sanh v.v…[69] \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u. T\u1eeb \u201cth\u1eadt v\u1eady\u201d (hi) ch\u1ec9 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 danh t\u1eeb v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u. V\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u tuy c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 h\u1eefu bi\u1ec3u (vij\u00f1apti) nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. T\u1eeb \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i,\u201d (ucyate) b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a S\u01b0 ph\u00f3 (\u0101c\u0101rya).[70]<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t sanh b\u1edfi bi\u1ec3u (nghi\u1ec7p) hay \u0111\u1ecbnh (s\u0101madhi).<\/p>\n

v. \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng (mah\u0101bh\u016bta)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

a. B\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng.\u201d V\u1eady, \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

[12a-b] \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n gi\u1edbi: \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y do duy tr\u00ec[71] s\u1eafc ph\u00e1i sinh (up\u0101d\u0101yar\u016bpa)[72] v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi (dh\u0101tu)[73]. B\u1ed1n gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng[74]. N\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i\u201d v\u00ec l\u00e0 s\u1edf y cho h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c; v\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u00f4 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec kh\u1ed1i l\u1edbn t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p trong c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3.[75]<\/p>\n

b. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u00ec? T\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

[12c] Ch\u00fang t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng duy tr\u00ec, v.v…<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec, c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft, th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

c. T\u1ef1 th\u1ec3<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3, theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1:<\/p>\n

[12d] C\u1ee9ng, d\u00ednh, \u1ea5m, v\u00e0 lay \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

C\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t. D\u00ednh, c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u1ea4m, c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda. Lay \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a gi\u00f3. Do b\u1ecb lay \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 sinh kh\u1edfi. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 lay \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c Prakara\u1e47a[76] v\u00e0 trong Kinh c\u00f3 n\u00f3i: \u201cGi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a gi\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? L\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nh\u1eb9.\u201d Prakara\u1e47a c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: \u201cTr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nh\u1eb9 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1i sinh.\u201d Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i lay \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 theo ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

d. Quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

[13a-b] \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi s\u1eafc m\u00e0u v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3, theo quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t, s\u1eafc m\u00e0u v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

[13c] N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u1eeda.<\/p>\n

S\u1eafc m\u00e0u v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn theo quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian.<\/p>\n

[13c-d] Nh\u01b0ng gi\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, ch\u00ednh gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 gi\u00f3 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 gi\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong th\u1ebf gian.<\/p>\n

[13d] V\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u00f3i s\u1eafc m\u00e0u v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 theo th\u1ebf gian; v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 gi\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i, gi\u00f3 lam (n\u012blak\u0101 v\u0101ty\u0101)[77], gi\u00f3 tr\u00f2n (ma\u1e47\u1e0dalik\u0101 v\u0101ty\u0101)[78].<\/p>\n

vi. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m s\u1eafc<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00ec sao s\u1eafc n\u00e0y, cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1eafc u\u1ea9n\u201d? V\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1ecb b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i (r\u016bpa\u1e47a)[79]. Nh\u01b0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u00f3 b\u1ecb b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 b\u1ecb b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u00ec-kheo, do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n. N\u00f3 b\u1ecb b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1i g\u00ec? N\u00f3 b\u1ecb b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m b\u1edfi tay, hay b\u1edfi \u0111\u00e1.\u201d[80] N\u00f3 b\u1ecb b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 b\u1ecb b\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1i[81]. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong Arthavarg\u012bya[82]:<\/p>\n

\u201cV\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai kh\u00e1t khao d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng;<\/p>\n

M\u00e0 khi c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n,<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y b\u1ecb b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb tr\u00fang t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c.\u201d<\/p>\n

V\u1ea3, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1eafc?[83] \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi ph\u00e1t sinh s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb (vipari\u1e47\u0101ma)[84].<\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i, n\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng b\u1edfi s\u1eafc[85].<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, s\u1eafc c\u1ef1c vi (param\u0101\u1e47ur\u016bpa)[86] kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1eafc, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i. Qu\u1ea3 v\u1eady[87], nh\u01b0ng s\u1eafc c\u1ef1c vi kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t. T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong h\u1ee3p th\u1ec3 n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1eafc? N\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i[88]; v\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7i.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1eafc? N\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1eafc. V\u00ec do s\u1ef1 b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc m\u00e0 n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i b\u1ecb b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 do s\u1ef1 di \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y m\u00e0 \u1ea3nh c\u0169ng di \u0111\u1ed9ng. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang; v\u00ec v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i (avik\u0101ra)[89]. Ho\u1eb7c khi bi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t th\u00ec v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng c\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: do s\u1ef1 b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc l\u00e0m s\u1edf y.[90] N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, th\u1ee9c con m\u1eaft v.v… c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, v\u00ec do s\u1ef1 b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1edf y? N\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u y tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1ea3nh y c\u00e2y; \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng y ch\u00e2u ng\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, th\u1ee9c con m\u1eaft v.v… y tr\u00ean c\u0103n con m\u1eaft v.v… m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n tai, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u00e1c c\u0103n duy ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi (utpattinimitta)[91] c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c[92].<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u1ea3nh y n\u01a1i c\u00e2y, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng y n\u01a1i ch\u00e2u ng\u1ecdc m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i; \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Vaibh\u0101\u1e63ika. Vaibh\u0101\u1e63ika n\u00f3i, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1c vi cho s\u1eafc m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a b\u00f3ng c\u00e2y c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u y ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 y ch\u1ec9 \u1ea5y, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 y ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a b\u00f3ng c\u00e2y, v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u00e2u ng\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, d\u00f9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng, l\u00e0 s\u1edf y c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 di\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t. Cho n\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p kh\u00e1c: c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u1edf y c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c con m\u1eaft v.v… C\u00f3 c\u00e1i b\u1ecb b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 con m\u1eaft c\u00e1c th\u1ee9. C\u00f3 c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 \u00fd[93]. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady. V\u00ec v\u1eady, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. V\u1eady, nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, n\u00f3i l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, v\u00ec n\u00f3 b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i xong s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

2. Ca\u0301c u\u00e2\u0309n phi s\u0103\u0301c<\/h5>\n

i. T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p u\u1ea9n x\u1ee9 gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u1ea5y,<\/p>\n

[14a-b] C\u00e1c c\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0[94] m\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9[95], c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9: m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a con m\u1eaft,[96] m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc,[97] cho \u0111\u1ebfn, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n,[98] v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a x\u00fac.[99] Trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi[100], ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi: gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a con m\u1eaft, gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc, cho \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a x\u00fac.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i xong s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n, v\u00e0 x\u1ee9, gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

Nay s\u1ebd n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecd c\u00e1c th\u1ee9. Trong \u0111\u00f3,<\/p>\n

ii. Th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n (vedan\u0101skandha)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

[14c] Th\u1ecd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ba tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m[101] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n: kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 phi kh\u1ed5 phi l\u1ea1c. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 s\u00e1u t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a th\u1ecd[102]: th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a con m\u1eaft, cho \u0111\u1ebfn, th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a \u00fd.<\/p>\n

iii. T\u01b0\u1edfng u\u1ea9n (sa\u1e43j\u00f1\u0101skandha)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

[14d] T\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng[103] xanh, v\u00e0ng, d\u00e0i, ng\u1eafn, nam, n\u1eef, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 phi kh\u1ed5 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng u\u1ea9n. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u00e1u t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edfng[104] c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

iv. H\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n (sa\u1e43sk\u0101raskandha)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

[15a-b] Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

a. H\u00e0nh t\u1ee9c \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n. Nh\u01b0ng trong Kinh Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n n\u00f3i: \u201cC\u00f3 s\u00e1u t\u01b0 th\u00e2n.\u201d[105] \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i theo \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, do b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c. V\u00ec v\u1eady, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u00f3 t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh h\u1eefu vi, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n.\u201d[106] N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady,[107] c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng t\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb. V\u00e0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p[108] kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t, Ta n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5.\u201d C\u0169ng n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ec1 \u201cKh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdan tr\u1eeb.\u201d[109]<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

b. T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p u\u1ea9n, x\u1ee9, gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p<\/p>\n

[15b] L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, ba u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y<\/p>\n

Trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi, ba u\u1ea9n th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

[15b-d] C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u, v\u00f4 vi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3y th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi.[110]<\/p>\n

v. Th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n (vij\u00f1\u0101naskandha)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

a. \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a<\/p>\n

[16a] Th\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t;<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 tri nh\u1eadn,[111] s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu t\u1eebng c\u1ea3nh v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 s\u00e1u t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c;[112] th\u1ee9c con m\u1eaft, cho \u0111\u1ebfn, \u00fd th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

b. \u00dd x\u1ee9 (man\u0101yatana)<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9,<\/p>\n

[16b] v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd x\u1ee9;<\/p>\n

c. \u00dd gi\u1edbi (manodh\u0101tu)<\/p>\n

Trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi, ch\u00ednh n\u00f3<\/p>\n

[16c] V\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y \u00fd gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y?<\/p>\n

[16d] T\u1ee9c s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0, gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c con m\u1eaft, cho \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00fd.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh n\u01a1i n\u0103m u\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u, s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n g\u1ed3m m\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh, ba u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f4 vi, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 \u00fd x\u1ee9, s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 \u00fd gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

d. T\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u00fd gi\u1edbi<\/p>\n

S\u00e1u t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n. V\u1eady, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u00fd gi\u1edbi? Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p g\u00ec kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

[17a-b] S\u00e1u th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n c\u00e1ch[113], th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ee9c v\u1eeba di\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd gi\u1edbi. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 con nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c y l\u00e0 cha. Ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y gi\u1edbi, hay m\u01b0\u1eddi hai m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.[114] B\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u00fd gi\u1edbi bao h\u00e0m l\u1eabn nhau, l\u00e0m sao thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi?<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng,<\/p>\n

[17c-d] V\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh s\u1edf y cho th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, n\u00ean nh\u1edb, c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 n\u0103m s\u1edf y l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi x\u1ee9 con m\u1eaft c\u00e1c th\u1ee9. \u00dd th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1edf y n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp s\u1edf y cho n\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u00fd gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u00e1u n\u0103ng y, s\u00e1u s\u1edf y v\u00e0 s\u00e1u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu t\u00e2m[115] c\u1ee7a A-la-h\u00e1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00fd; v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n c\u00e1ch? Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady. V\u00ec t\u00e2m t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu \u1ea5y c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u00fd, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c n\u00ean th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp theo kh\u00f4ng sinh kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n

*<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1] C\u0111.: h\u1eefu l\u01b0u \u6709\u6d41. Sphut., tr.16: sah\u0101sravai\u1e25 s\u0101srav\u0101\u1e25, h\u1eefu l\u1eadu, c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1eadu. Ht. h\u1eefu l\u1eadu \u6709\u6f0f; C\u0111., h\u1eefu l\u01b0u \u6709\u6d41.<\/p>\n

[2] Skt. anu\u015berate, ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c theo, \u1ea9n n\u00fap. Ht.: t\u00f9y t\u0103ng \u96a8\u589e; C\u0111.: t\u00f9y t\u0103ng mi\u00ean \u96a8\u589e\u7720.<\/p>\n

[3] Skt. pratisa\u1e43khy\u0101nirodha, H. tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t \u64c7\u6ec5, s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t hay t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t do t\u01b0 duy gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n

[4] Skt. \u0101k\u0101\u015ba, H., kh\u00f4ng, h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u865b\u7a7a. Sphut., tr.19, c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: a. avak\u0101\u015ba\u1e43 dad\u0101t\u012bty \u0101k\u0101\u015bam iti nirvacanam, \u201ctheo ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean, n\u00f3i h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng.\u201d b. bh\u1e5b\u015bam asy\u0101nta\u1e25 k\u0101\u015bante bh\u0101v\u0101 itry \u0101k\u0101\u015bam ity apare, \u201cn\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu to\u1ea3 s\u00e1ng m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t.\u201d<\/p>\n

[5] Skt. an\u0101v\u1e5bti, an\u0101varra\u1e47a, v\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i \u7121\u7919, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u00f9m k\u00edn, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb che k\u00edn.<\/p>\n

[6] Skt. visa\u1e41yoga, Ht., ly h\u1ec7 \u96e2\u7e4b, C\u0111., v\u0129nh ly \u6c38\u96e2.<\/p>\n

[7] Skt. praj\u00f1\u0101vi\u015be\u1e63a, t\u00ednh (hay kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh) \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 (hay \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc) c\u1ee7a hu\u1ec7. Ht., hu\u1ec7 sai bi\u1ec7t \u6167\u5dee\u522b (sai bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a hu\u1ec7); C\u0111., tr\u00ed th\u1eafng nh\u00e2n \u667a\u52dd\u56e0 (nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a hu\u1ec7). Sphut., tr. 20: \u201cHu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc, ch\u1ec9 cho hu\u1ec7 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o.\u201d<\/p>\n

[8] Skt. pratisa\u1e43khy\u0101na\u1e43 pratisa\u1e43khy\u0101, suy l\u00fd tr\u1ea7m t\u01b0, t\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ch t\u01b0 kh\u1ea3o. H., gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch \u7c21\u64c7.<\/p>\n

[9] Skt. goratha = goyuktaratha, xe b\u00f2 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o b\u1edfi b\u00f2 (l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf t\u1eeb yukta \u1edf gi\u1eefa, madhyamapada-lopin).<\/p>\n

[10] Ht.: t\u00f9y h\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u96a8\u7e6b\u4e8b\u5404\u5225, \u201cm\u1ed7i ly h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t theo t\u1eebng h\u1ec7 s\u1ef1.\u201d<\/p>\n

[11] sa\u1e43yogadravya, Ht. h\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 \u7e6b\u4e8b; C\u0111., k\u1ebft \u7d50 (s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

[12] Sphut., tr. 22: sabh\u0101gahetu\u1e25 sabh\u0101ga ity eko\u2019rtha\u1e25, hetu\u015babdalop\u0101t, \u201c\u0110\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n, do l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n.\u201d<\/p>\n

[13] Skt. dugdha, nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eaft (s\u1eefa), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m danh t\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 chung cho s\u1eefa. T\u1eeb sa\u1e43sk\u1e5bta, nguy\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m danh t\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 theo ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f9ng n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai. C\u0111.: nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0 \u5982\u7368\u9640; Ht.: nh\u01b0 nh\u0169 nh\u01b0 t\u00e2n \u5982\u4e73\u5982\u85aa (nh\u01b0 s\u1eefa, nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7i).<\/p>\n

[14] Skt. adhvan: \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i, \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9; cu\u1ed9c l\u1eef h\u00e0nh; c\u1ef1 ly, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch; th\u1eddi gian. Ht., th\u1ebf l\u1ed9 \u4e16\u8def.<\/p>\n

[15] Skt. kath\u0101: s\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i tho\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e0m tho\u1ea1i, ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn, tr\u1ea7n thu\u1eadt hay tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. Ht.: ng\u00f4n \u8a00.<\/p>\n

[16] Skt.: vastu: s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t; ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u; s\u1edf y, c\u01a1 s\u1edf.<\/p>\n

[17] Cf. Ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i t\u00fac lu\u1eadn 9, tr.728a24.<\/p>\n

[18] Ht.: ly t\u1ee9c v\u0129nh ly \u96e2\u5373\u6c38\u96e2. C\u0111.: v\u0129nh xu\u1ea5t danh ly \u6c38\u51fa\u540d\u96e2.<\/p>\n

[19] C\u0111.: h\u1eefu lo\u1ea1i \u6709\u985e. Sphut., tr.17: vasanty asmin pr\u0101k k\u0101ry\u0101\u1e47i pa\u015bcat tata utpatt\u1ec9 iti, \u201cc\u00e1c t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 sinh kh\u1edfi n\u01a1i kia.\u201d Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 hay vastu l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ph\u00e1i sinh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb VAS: t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 196, tr.980b29: \u201cNh\u00e2n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1. H\u1ebft th\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng do nh\u00e2n.\u201d<\/p>\n

[20] C\u0111.: th\u1ee7 \u1ea5m \u53d6\u9670.<\/p>\n

[21] S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa u\u1ea9n v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n, xem T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 75, tr.387a9.<\/p>\n

[22] C\u0111.: ho\u1eb7c \u60d1.<\/p>\n

[23] Sphut., tr.28: \u201cL\u1eeda ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb r\u01a1m, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1eeda r\u01a1m.\u201d<\/p>\n

[24] Skt. r\u0101japuru\u1e63a. Ht.: \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea7n, \u201cb\u1ec1 t\u00f4i c\u1ee7a vua.\u201d C\u0111.: v\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n \u738b\u4eba.<\/p>\n

[25] C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n, xem T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 75, tr.386c12.<\/p>\n

[26] Ht.: x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea9m, t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 tha \u89f8\u52d5\u5584\u54c1\u640d\u5bb3\u81ea\u4ed6. C\u0111., ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

[27] Skt., tadanu\u015bayitatv\u0101t, Ht.: tr\u00e1nh t\u00f9y t\u0103ng c\u1ed1 \u8acd\u96a8\u589e\u6545. C\u0111.: \u0111\u1ea5u tranh s\u1edf t\u00f9y mi\u00ean c\u1ed1 \u9b25\u722d\u6240\u96a8\u7720\u6545.<\/p>\n

[28] D\u1eabn b\u1edfi Sphut., tr.28, Kinh n\u00f3i: l\u1ee5yatel\u1ee5yate t\u00e1m\u0101l loka\u1e25, \u201cN\u00f3 b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gian.\u201d Theo \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1ebf gian, Skt. loka, do \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb LUJ (RUJ). Tham chi\u1ebfu, P\u0101li, S. iv., tr. 52: loko loko ti bhante vuccati. kitt\u0101vat\u0101 nu kho bhante loko ti vuccat\u012bti. lujat\u012bti kho bhikkhu tsam\u0101 loko ti vuccati., \u201cTh\u1ebf gian, b\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gian. B\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gian? N\u00f3 b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i, T\u00ec-kheo, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gian.\u201d<\/p>\n

[29] D\u1eabn b\u1edfi Sphut., nt.: ye kecid bhik\u1e63ava \u0101tmata \u0101tm\u012byata\u015b ca samanupa\u015byanti ta im\u0101neva pa\u00f1cop\u0101d\u0101naskandh\u0101n\u0101tmata \u0101tm\u012byata\u015b ca samanupa\u015byanti, \u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u00ec-kheo, nh\u1eefng ai nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 ng\u00e3 s\u1edf, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ngay \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 ng\u00e3 s\u1edf.\u201d<\/p>\n

51 Skt., bhavat\u012bti bhava\u1e25. Ht.: di\u1ec7c danh tam h\u1eefu. H\u1eefu nh\u00e2n, h\u1eefu y, tam h\u1eefu nhi\u1ebfp c\u1ed1\u4ea6\u540d\u4e09\u6709\u3002\u6709\u56e0\u6709\u4f9d\u4e09\u6709\u651d\u6545, \u201cC\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 Tam h\u1eefu. V\u00ec (c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu) l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu, l\u00e0 s\u1edf y c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong Ba H\u1eefu.\u201d<\/p>\n

[31] V\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u0103n hay indriya, xem Ch.ii.<\/p>\n

[32] Skt. artha, \u00fd ngh\u0129a, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, l\u1ee3i \u00edch; t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n; s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n; \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c). Ht. c\u1ea3nh \u5883; C\u0111.: tr\u1ea7n \u5875. Sphut., tr. 30: arth\u0101\u1e25 vi\u1e63ay\u0101\u1e25, arthyante j\u00f1\u0101yante ity artha\u1e25, \u201cC\u1ea3nh (\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng) t\u1ee9c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi (c\u1ea3nh v\u1ef1c). Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c\u201d<\/p>\n

[33] Skt. tad: c\u00e1i \u1ea5y. H\u00e1n: b\u1ec9 \u5f7c Tham chi\u1ebfu, Ht.: \u201cc\u00e2u t\u1ee5ng: b\u1ec9 th\u1ee9c y t\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc \u5f7c\u8b58\u4f9d\u6de8\u8272\u201d c\u00f3 hai gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. 1. B\u1ec9 ch\u1ec9 cho n\u0103m c\u1ea3nh. Th\u1ee9c t\u1ee9c n\u0103m th\u1ee9c. N\u0103m lo\u1ea1i t\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc, l\u00e0 s\u1edf y c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi n\u0103m c\u1ea3nh kia. 2. B\u1ec9 t\u1ee9c n\u0103m c\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp. Th\u1ee9c t\u1ee9c n\u0103m th\u1ee9c. N\u0103m c\u0103n l\u00e0 n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i t\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc, l\u00e0 s\u1edf y c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c y tr\u00ean n\u0103m c\u0103n.\u201d Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd, tr.333b20: b\u1ec9, ch\u1ec9 5 c\u0103n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i. Th\u1ee9c, ch\u1ec9 5 th\u1ee9c. Y, ch\u1ec9 s\u1edf y l\u00e0 con m\u1eaft v.v…<\/p>\n

[34] Skt. r\u016bpapras\u0101da, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t minh t\u1ecbnh, trong su\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Ht.: \u6de8\u8272.<\/p>\n

[35] Ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i t\u00fac lu\u1eadn 1, tr.692c13.<\/p>\n

[36] Skt. var\u1e47a. Ht.: hi\u1ec3n s\u1eafc \u986f\u8272.<\/p>\n

[37] Skt. sa\u1e43sth\u0101na. Ht.: h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc \u5f62\u8272.<\/p>\n

[38] Skt. nabhas, m\u00e0u thi\u00ean thanh. Ht. kh\u00f4ng \u7a7a. Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd, tr.334a11: \u201c\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 sai bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi s\u1eafc.\u201d Ch\u1ec9 m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a v\u00f2m tr\u1eddi, t\u1ee9c m\u00e0u thi\u00ean thanh hay m\u00e0u da tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

[39] Ph\u00e1p u\u1ea9n 10, tr.500a18. Cf. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 13, tr.64a5<\/p>\n

[40] Skt. s\u0101tam samasth\u0101na. Ht.: ch\u00e1nh \u6b63, l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng.<\/p>\n

[41] B\u1ea3n H\u00e1n, Ht.: \u201cH\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ed1c l\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00f9 \u9727.\u201d<\/p>\n

[42] Skt. \u0101tapa, h\u01a1i n\u00f3ng; \u00e1nh n\u1eafng. HT.: quang \u5149, nh\u1eadt quang\u65e5\u5149.<\/p>\n

[43] Skt. \u0101loka. HT.: minh \u660e, quang minh \u5149\u660e.<\/p>\n

[44] Skt. ch\u0101ya. \u1ea3nh \u5f71.<\/p>\n

[45] Cf. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 75, tr.390b25; 122, tr.635a1.<\/p>\n

[46] T\u1ee9c th\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u nghi\u1ec7p \u8eab\u8868\u696d. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu b\u1ed9: h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc (sa\u1e43sath\u0101na) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ra trong khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

[47] Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd, tr.334a14: N\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m H\u1eefu b\u1ed9. B\u1ea3o s\u1edb, tr.478b22: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Kinh b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

[48] Skt., \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb vidyate, trong c\u00e2u eka\u1e43 dravyam ubhayath\u0101 vidyate, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u201cn\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t\u201d v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u201cn\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft.\u201d<\/p>\n

[49] Skt. up\u0101tta; Ht.: h\u1eefu ch\u1ea5p th\u1ecd \u6709\u57f7\u53d7. Sphut., tr.34: pratyutpann\u0101n\u012bndriy\u0101vinnirbh\u0101g\u0101ni bh\u016bt\u0101ny up\u0101tt\u0101ni, \u201cc\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u00e1c quan n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5.\u201d T\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n

[50] H\u00e1n: h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh danh \u6709\u60c5\u540d, h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh s\u1ed1 \u6709\u60c5\u6578. Sphut., tr.34: sattvam \u0101ca\u1e63\u1e6de sattv\u0101khya\u1e25, \u201cc\u00e1i g\u1ecdi t\u00ean h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh (ch\u00fang sinh), c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh danh (s\u1ed1).\u201d<\/p>\n

[51] Cf. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 13, tr.64b20.<\/p>\n

[52] H\u00e1n: ng\u1eef bi\u1ec3u \u8a9e\u8868.<\/p>\n

[53] Ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i 1, tr.692c22.<\/p>\n

[54] H\u00e1n: b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u5e73\u7b49\u9999.<\/p>\n

[55] H\u00e1n: x\u00fac, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai ngh\u0129a: sp\u1e5b\u015bya, c\u00e1i x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m (n\u0103ng x\u00fac); v\u00e0 spra\u1e63\u1e6davya, c\u00e1i b\u1ecb x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m (s\u1edf x\u00fac)<\/p>\n

[56] H\u00e1n, Ht.: m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u01a1n \u67d4\u8edf\u540d\u6d3b.<\/p>\n

[57] Skt.: buddh\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 sukkha utp\u0101da\u1e25 sukh\u0101 dharmasya de\u015ban\u0101\/ sukh\u0101 sa\u1e45ghasya s\u0101magr\u012b samagr\u0101\u1e47\u0101\u1e43 tapa\u1e25 sukham\/\/ Dhmmapada, 194 (P\u0101li): sukho buddh\u0101nam upp\u0101do, sukh\u0101 saddhammadesan\u0101, sukh\u0101 sa\u1e45ghassa s\u0101magg\u012b, samagg\u0101na\u1e43 tapo sukho.<\/p>\n

[58] Sphut., tr.36, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Vaibh\u0101\u1e63ika. Theo lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7, h\u1eefu \u00edch do \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

[59] Cf. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 13, tr. 64a11. Thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu: kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eafc. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp thu r\u1ea5t nhanh, do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi. Theo \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c, khi ti\u1ebfp thu s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng th\u00ec duy\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eafc m\u00e0 sanh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 ng\u1eafm r\u1eebng c\u00e2y m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp thu l\u00e1 c\u00e2y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chung chung.<\/p>\n

[60] T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 13, tr.65a6.<\/p>\n

[61] Skt. s\u0101m\u0101nya-lak\u1e63a\u1e47a. Ht. c\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edbng \u5171\u76f8. Quang k\u00fd 1B, tr.21c2: Theo Kinh, n\u0103m th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t. N\u1ebfu duy\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

[62] Skt. svalak\u1e63a\u1e47a. Ht. t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u81ea\u76f8. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 13, tr.65a13: T\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 hai th\u1ee9: 1. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbng (dravya-svalak\u1e63a\u1e47a); 2. x\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbng (\u0101yatana-svalak\u1e63a\u1e47a). N\u1ebfu y s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u1ea3 n\u0103m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u duy\u00ean c\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edbng. N\u1ebfu y x\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbng, n\u0103m th\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 duy\u00ean t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n

[63] Skt. avij\u00f1apti. Ht.: v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u \u7121\u8868; C\u0111.: v\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u7121\u6559. Chi ti\u1ebft, xem Ch.iv, t\u1ee5ng 3d.<\/p>\n

[64] Sphut., tr.38: t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u thi\u1ec7n. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, v\u00f4 k\u00fd.<\/p>\n

[65] Skt. anubandha, Ht.: t\u00f9y l\u01b0u \u96a8\u6d41.<\/p>\n

[66] Skt. prav\u0101ha: d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y. Sphut, tr.38: prav\u0101ha, ch\u1ec9 cho ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y. Ht. t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c \u76f8\u4f3c\u76f8\u7e8c.<\/p>\n

[67] V\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eafc (prapti), xem Ch.ii, t\u1ee5ng 36.<\/p>\n

[68] Cf. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 127, tr.663a22: \u201cT\u1ea1o (up\u0101d\u0101ya) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec? … T\u1ea1o c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n (hetu).\u201d<\/p>\n

[69] B\u1ea3n H\u00e1n, Ht.: n\u0103m nh\u00e2n, sanh v.v… T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 127, nt., n\u0103m nh\u00e2n: sanh nh\u00e2n (janana-hetu), y nh\u00e2n (ni\u015braya-hetu), l\u1eadp nh\u00e2n (sth\u0101na-hetu), tr\u00ec nh\u00e2n (upastambha-hetu), d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u00e2n upab\u1e5b\u1e43ha\u1e47a-hetu). V\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, xem C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 7, Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd 20.<\/p>\n

[70] Ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Vaibh\u0101\u1e63ika.<\/p>\n

[71] Ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb dh\u0101tu: (…) dh\u0101ra\u1e47\u0101d dh\u0101tava\u1e25, do \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb Dh\u1e5b: dh\u0101rayati: n\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

[72] Skt. up\u0101d\u0101ya-r\u016bpa. Ht.: s\u1edf t\u1ea1o s\u1eafc \u6240\u9020\u8272.<\/p>\n

[73] Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd 2, tr.335c13: \u201cV\u00ec duy\u00ean c\u1edb g\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi? V\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t sinh h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p… Trong th\u1ebf gian, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi.\u201d<\/p>\n

[74] Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd 2, tr.335c18: \u201cV\u00ec sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng? … Khi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i sai bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc sinh kh\u1edfi, nh\u1eefng sai bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng sinh kh\u1edfi; do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng… Ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1p xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu. Sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1eefu t\u00ednh, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng\u201d Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb bh\u016bta (ch\u1ee7ng) do g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb Bh\u016b: t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

[75] Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd 2, tr. 335c-336a: \u201cV\u00ec d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea1i, n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i… Ho\u1eb7c, b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1edf y c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc, n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i.\u201d<\/p>\n

[76] Ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i 1, tr.692c12. Cf. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 75, tr.388a18.<\/p>\n

[77] Ht.: h\u1eafc phong \u9ed1\u98a8.<\/p>\n

[78] Ht.: \u0111o\u00e0n phong \u5718\u98a8.<\/p>\n

[79] Skt. r\u016bpa\u1e47a; C\u0111.: bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i \u8b8a\u58de; Ht,: bi\u1ebfn ng\u1ea1i \u8b8a\u7919.<\/p>\n

[80] Cf., P\u0101li, Samyutta iii, tr. 86: ki\u00f1ca bhikkhave r\u016bpa\u1e43 vadetha. ruppat\u012bti kho bhikkhave tasm\u0101 r\u016bpan ti vuccati kena ruppati. s\u012btena\u2026 \u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u00ec-kheo, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc? N\u00f3 b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u00ec-kheo, v\u00ec v\u1eady n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc. B\u1ecb b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1i g\u00ec? B\u1edfi \u0111\u00e1, v.v\u2026\u201d Theo ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean n\u00e0y, r\u016bpa, do \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb rump [lump]: v\u1ee1, tan v\u1ee1.<\/p>\n

[81] Skt. b\u0101dhyate. Ht.: n\u00e3o ho\u1ea1i \u60f1\u58de; C\u0111.: \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1ea1i \u5c0d\u7919.<\/p>\n

[82] C\u0111.: Ngh\u0129a b\u1ed9 kinh; Ht.: Ngh\u0129a ph\u1ea9m. B\u1ea3o s\u1edb 1B, tr.23c6: t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m bi\u00ean t\u1eadp b\u1edfi Ph\u00e1p C\u1ee9u. Xem, d\u1eabn b\u1edfi T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 34, tr.176b2.<\/p>\n

[83] Ht.: \u201cS\u1eafc b\u1ecb n\u00e3o ho\u1ea1i b\u1edfi d\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\u201d<\/p>\n

[84] Ht.: \u201cDo b\u1ecb s\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec5u b\u1edfi d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t sinh.\u201d<\/p>\n

[85] Skt. pratigh\u0101to r\u016bpe\u1e47ety apare. Sphut., tr.44: pratigh\u0101ta iti svade\u015be parasyotpatti-pratibandha\u1e25, \u201cpratigh\u0101ta, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n.\u201d Ht.: \u201cThuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i, do bi\u1ebfn ng\u1ea1i \u8b8a\u7919 cho n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 s\u1eafc.\u201d C\u0111.: \u201cDo \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1ea1i \u5c0d\u7919cho n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 s\u1eafc.\u201d Cf. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 97, tr. 503a14: \u201cH\u1ecfi: bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i, kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110\u00e1p: Bi\u1ebfn, bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng vi t\u1ebf. Ho\u1ea1i, bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

[86] C\u0111.: l\u00e2n h\u01b0 s\u1eafc \u9130\u865b\u8272.<\/p>\n

[87] T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 75, tr.390a1: \u201cT\u1eebng c\u00e1i m\u1ed9t, c\u1ef1c vi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn ng\u1ea1i (\u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng). Nh\u01b0ng t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ef1c vi th\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn ng\u1ea1i.\u201d<\/p>\n

[88] Cf. T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 75, tr.389c29.<\/p>\n

[89] C\u0111.: v\u00f4 bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i \u7121\u8b8a\u58de; Ht.: v\u00f4 bi\u1ebfn ng\u1ea1i \u7121\u8b8a\u7919.<\/p>\n

[90] T\u00ec-b\u00e0-sa 75, tr.390a3: \u201cDo b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng, s\u1edf y c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u, c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn ng\u1ea1i, cho n\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn ng\u1ea1i.\u201d<\/p>\n

[91] C\u0111.: sinh duy\u00ean \u751f\u7de3; Ht.: tr\u1ee3 sinh duy\u00ean \u52a9\u751f\u7de3.<\/p>\n

[92] Quang k\u00fd 1B, tr.24a15: \u201cC\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n (n\u0103m nh\u00e2n) cho s\u1eafc s\u1edf t\u1ea1o do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m th\u1ee9c y n\u0103m c\u0103n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u1ee3 sinh t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.\u201d<\/p>\n

[93] C\u0111.: \u00fd th\u1ee9c. Ht.: v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n \u00fd.<\/p>\n

[94] Skt.: i\u1e63\u1e6da; Ht.: h\u1ee9a \u8a31. T\u1ecf \u00fd Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 quan ni\u1ec7m c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu. Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ta evokt\u0101: n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0; Ht.: t\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft \u537d\u8aac.<\/p>\n

[95] \u0101yatanavyavasth\u0101; Ht. x\u1ee9 m\u00f4n \u8655\u9580.<\/p>\n

[96] Skt. cak\u1e63ur\u0101yatana: nh\u00e3n x\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

[97] Skt. r\u016bp\u0101yatana: s\u1eafc x\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

[98] Skt. k\u0101y\u0101yatana: th\u00e2n x\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

[99] Skt. spra\u1e63\u1e6davy\u0101yatana: x\u00fac x\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

[100] Skt. dh\u0101tuvyavasth\u0101, Ht. gi\u1edbi m\u00f4n\u754c\u9580.<\/p>\n

[101] Skt. anubhava. Sphut., tr.48: anubh\u016btir anubhava\u1e25 upabhoga\u1e25: tri gi\u00e1c, l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng. Ht.: l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p t\u00f9y x\u00fac \u9818\u7d0d\u96a8\u89f8; C\u0111.: l\u00e3nh t\u00f9y x\u00fac \u9818\u96a8\u89f8.<\/p>\n

[102] Skt. vedan\u0101k\u0101ya. Ht.: th\u1ecd th\u00e2n \u53d7\u8eab; C\u0111.: th\u1ecd t\u1ee5 \u53d7\u805a. Cf. T\u1eadp d\u1ecb 15, tr.429a26: \u201cS\u00e1u th\u1ecd th\u00e2n… Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 th\u1ecd th\u00e2n ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb x\u00fac c\u1ee7a con m\u1eaft? Con m\u1eaft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1eafc l\u00e0m duy\u00ean sinh th\u1ee9c con m\u1eaft. Ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7p do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 x\u00fac. X\u00fac l\u00e0m duy\u00ean cho n\u00ean th\u1ecd…\u201d Tham chi\u1ebfu P\u0101li, D. 33. Sa\u1e45g\u012bti, tr.243: cha vedan\u0101-k\u0101y\u0101 cakkhusamphassaj\u0101 vedan\u0101, sotasamphasaj\u0101 vedan\u0101 gh\u0101nasamphassaj\u0101 vedan\u0101 jhivh\u0101samphassaj\u0101 vedan\u0101 k\u0101ya-samphassaj\u0101 vedan\u0101 manosamphassaj\u0101 vedan\u0101.<\/p>\n

[103] Skt. nimitta, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng, d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u hay t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u. Sphut., tr.48: nimitta\u1e43 vastuno\u2019 vasth\u0101vi\u015be\u1e63o, \u201ct\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n v\u1ecb sai bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3.\u201d C\u0111.: t\u01b0\u1edbng \u76f8; Ht.: t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u50cf.<\/p>\n

[104]Skt. \u1e63a\u1e0d sa\u1e43j\u00f1\u0101k\u0101y\u0101. l\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e2n \u516d\u60f3\u8eab.<\/p>\n

[105] Skt. cetanak\u0101ya. Ht.: \u601d\u8eab. Sphut., tr.48 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: sa\u1e43sk\u0101raskandha\u1e25 katama\u1e25? \u1e63a\u1e0d cetan\u0101k\u0101y\u0101\u1e25, \u201cNh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh? S\u00e1u t\u01b0 th\u00e2n.\u201d Tham chi\u1ebfu P\u0101li, S. iii, tr. 63: katame ca bhikkhave sa\u1e45kh\u0101r\u0101? cha yime bhikkhave cetan\u0101k\u0101y\u0101… Cf. T\u1eadp d\u1ecb 15, nt.; P\u0101li, Sa\u1e45g\u012bti, nt.: cha sa\u00f1cetan\u0101k\u0101y\u0101.<\/p>\n

[106] Tham chi\u1ebfu P\u0101li, S.iii., tr. 87: sa\u1e45khata\u1e43 abhisa\u1e45karont\u012bti bhikkhave tasm\u0101 sa\u1e45kh\u0101r\u0101 ti vuccati, \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh h\u1eefu vi, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u00ec-kheo, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh.\u201d<\/p>\n

[107] Sphut., tr.49: N\u1ebfu duy ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0 (t\u00e2m s\u1edf) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eafc, v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 trong th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c Kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf. Do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn tri Kh\u1ed5, \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb T\u1eadp…<\/p>\n

[108] M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p, Skt. ekadharma, ch\u1ec9 Kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf ph\u00e1p. Cf., Quang k\u00fd 1B, tr.25c13.<\/p>\n

[109] Ch\u1ec9 T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn tri (parij\u00f1\u0101) l\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf; v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb (prah\u0101\u1e47a) l\u00e0 T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf. Cf. Quang k\u00fd, nt.<\/p>\n

[110] Skt. dharm\u0101yatana, ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9; dharmadh\u0101tu, ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

[111] Skt. upalabdhi, Sphut., tr.50: upalabdhir vastum\u0101tragraha\u1e47am, s\u1ef1 tri nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n. Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd 3, tr.342a: nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp thu s\u1eafc ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp thu thanh c\u00e1c th\u1ee9. Ht.: t\u1ed5ng th\u1ee7 c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1edbng \u7e3d\u53d6\u5883\u76f8. Quang k\u00fd 1B, tr.26a10: S\u00e1u th\u1ee9c kia, m\u1ed7i th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp thu bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u1edbng, m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp thu t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

[112] Sphut., tr. 50: \u1e63a\u1e0d vij\u00f1\u0101nak\u0101y\u0101 iti \u1e63a\u1e0d vj\u00f1\u0101nasam\u016bh\u0101\u1e25. Ht.: l\u1ee5c th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n \u516d\u8b58\u8eab; C\u0111.: l\u1ee5c th\u1ee9c t\u1ee5 \u516d\u8b58\u805a. Cf. T\u1eadp d\u1ecb 15, tr.429a14. Tham chi\u1ebfu P\u0101li, D. xxxiii Sa\u1e45g\u012bti, tr.243: cha vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a-k\u0101y\u0101.<\/p>\n

[113] Skt. Skt. anantar\u0101t\u012bta, qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. C\u0111.: v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n t\u1ea1 \u7121\u9593\u8b1d; Ht.: v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n di\u1ec7t \u7121\u9593\u6ec5. Sphut., tr. 50: T\u1eeb v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n (anantara), ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n c\u00e1ch, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1edf y c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

[114] C\u0111.: \u201cT\u00f9y theo m\u1ed9t trong s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n di\u1ec7t, th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd gi\u1edbi.\u201d<\/p>\n

[115] Sphut., tr. 52: carama\u1e43 cittam iti nirupadhi\u015be\u1e63anirv\u0101\u1e47ak\u0101le, t\u00e2m t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu, l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eadp v\u00f4 d\u01b0 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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