V\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ghi<\/strong><\/u><\/p>\n(1) Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 in n\u0103m 2493 (1949). B\u1ea3n n\u00e0y tuy c\u00f2n t\u1ea1m d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m g\u1ea7n 40 n\u0103m r\u1ed3i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n
Ch\u00ednh v\u0103n d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3i l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ecbch. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ch\u00fa th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u1ecdng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 1 b\u1ea3n ch\u00fa th\u00edch \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 T\u00e2m minh (1) v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3i c\u0169 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n
Tuy \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 tham kh\u1ea3o, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n xuy\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh v\u0103n m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft tr\u1ea1ch nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n
(2) Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i T\u00f9ng b\u1ea3n, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Nh\u1eadt, n\u00f3i Schopenhauer cho \u00c1o ngh\u0129a th\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1ed1i cao, nh\u01b0ng \u0111em Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi \u00c1o ngh\u0129a th\u01b0 th\u00ec lu\u1eadn \u1ea5y h\u01a1n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m (L\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u1ea3i Si\u00eau d\u1eabn, Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c 1). L\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u1ea3i Si\u00eau \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m k\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn r\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft khi th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Nh\u1eadt cho Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a T\u00e0u (coi xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 m\u1edbi d\u1eabn).<\/p>\n
Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o d\u00e1m m\u1ea1o nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf, v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch ra Anh v\u0103n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1ebfu l\u00e1o theo s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1o nh\u1eadn \u1ea5y (2) .<\/p>\n
(3) Hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 g\u00ec khi n\u00f3i Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a T\u00e0u. Th\u00ec gi\u1edd c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 ghi t\u1ea1m, theo v\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, c\u00f3 1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn Ch\u1ec9 qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn Ch\u1ec9 qu\u00e1n l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Tu\u1ec7 t\u01b0, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i 515-577; lu\u1eadn Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i 553. Lu\u1eadn Ch\u1ec9 qu\u00e1n r\u1ea5t t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng v\u00e0 d\u1eabn d\u1ee5ng Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Nhi\u1ebfp lu\u1eadn (563). V\u1eady lu\u1eadn Ch\u1ec9 qu\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n 14 n\u0103m sau 2 lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, v\u00e0o trung di\u1ec7p th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 6. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb bi\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5y v\u1ec3 Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 L\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u1ea3i Si\u00eau, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn Ch\u1ec9 qu\u00e1n. Ri\u00eang L\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u1ea3i Si\u00eau \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i l\u1ed7i to l\u1edbn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, khi bi\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5y v\u1ec1 kinh T\u1ee9 th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n v\u0103n kinh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n
Lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a L\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ecbch n\u00f3i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 M\u00e3 minh \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129, ng\u00e0i Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf d\u1ecbch n\u0103m 553 (Ch\u00ednh 32\/575). Nh\u01b0ng Ch\u00ednh 49\/99 n\u00f3i n\u0103m 550(?) ng\u00e0i Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf d\u1ecbch lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng n\u0103m s\u1edb gi\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh 2 cu\u1ed1n. L\u1eddi t\u1ef1a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch c\u0169ng n\u00f3i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 M\u00e3 minh \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129, ng\u00e0i Th\u1eadt xoa nan \u0111\u00e0 d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i n\u0103m 699 (Ch\u00ednh 32\/583) (3) .<\/p>\n
C\u1ea7n ghi th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 Tu\u1ec7 kh\u1ea3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ecdng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft t\u1ef1a L\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ecbch, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f2n trong V\u1ea1n 71\/263-264. Sau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 Tu\u1ec7 vi\u1ec5n (522-592) ch\u00fa th\u00edch kh\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f2n trong V\u1ea1n 71\/281-309. R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1ng (?-712) t\u1ed5 th\u1ee9 ba Hoa nghi\u00eam t\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ecdng t\u00e1c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch, c\u0169ng ch\u00fa th\u00edch L\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ecbch, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f2n trong V\u1ea1n 71\/381-435. H\u00e3y x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng ghi t\u1ea1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, khi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t g\u1ed1c t\u00edch Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n
Ngo\u00e0i ra, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u00edch ma ha di\u1ec5n lu\u1eadn (Ch\u00ednh 32\/592-668). L\u1eddi t\u1ef1a ghi lu\u1eadn \u1ea5y d\u1ecbch n\u0103m 401 (Ch\u00ednh 32\/592). T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u00e0 Long th\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129. Ch\u00ednh v\u0103n m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn \u1ea5y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, d\u00f2 ky? l\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ecbch. R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ecdc v\u0103n ngh\u0129a th\u00ec th\u1ea5y kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, n\u00ean, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u00ec gi\u1edd m\u1edbi c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadn \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n
(4) D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi v\u1ec1 M\u00e3 minh \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129, theo c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (4) .<\/p>\n
– M\u00e3 minh \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ee9 11 trong 23 (hay 25) v\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00fa ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u00fa ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean (Ch\u00ednh 50\/314), k\u1ebf th\u1eeba Ph\u00fa na xa t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 –v\u1ecb n\u00e0y k\u1ebf th\u1eeba Hi\u1ebfp t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 (5) . Nh\u01b0ng Ch\u00ednh 50\/183 n\u00f3i M\u00e3 minh \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7\u00a0t\u1eed Hi\u1ebfp t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n
– M\u00e3 minh \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Thi\u00ean tr\u00fac. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Hoa th\u1ecb, c\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ma ki\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e0.<\/p>\n
– Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a M\u00e3 minh \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 l\u00e0 b\u00e1ch k\u1ef7 6 (hay cu\u1ed1i b\u00e1ch k\u1ef7 5 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e1ch k\u1ef7 7) sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Ca n\u1ecb s\u1eafc ca.<\/p>\n
– C\u00e1i t\u00ean M\u00e3 minh (Asvaghosa hay Ashvagosha) l\u00e0 do lo\u00e0i ng\u1ef1a c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 m\u00e0 k\u00eau l\u00ean.<\/p>\n
– M\u00e3 minh \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, nh\u00e0 h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n, nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1eadt, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia, m\u1ed9t thi h\u00e0o, m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c s\u0129. Gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7u nh\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i tra h\u00f2a la (rastrapala). Thi v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng th\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p, n\u00ean nghe \u0111\u1ebfn, ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u00f3i c\u0169ng b\u1ecf \u0103n.<\/p>\n
– Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n r\u1eb1ng M\u00e3 minh \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n
– Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra Hoa v\u0103n m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ea5y, k\u00ea theo s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 sau: 192 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u00e0nh t\u00e1n, 201 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i trang nghi\u00eam kinh lu\u1eadn, 1643 l\u00e0 Ni ki\u1ec1n t\u1eed v\u1ea5n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 ngh\u0129a, 1666 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn, 1669 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecba huy\u1ec1n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn, 1687 l\u00e0 S\u1ef1 s\u01b0 ng\u0169 th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb 1666 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, n\u00f4\u1ec3i dung vi\u1ebft theo th\u1ec3 t\u1ea3n v\u0103n; l\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ed1 1669 n\u00ean n\u00f3i th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t ky? nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c \u0111a s\u1ed1 tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y thi nh\u1ea1c. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t s\u1ed1 192 l\u00e0 thi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng ca v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c B\u1ed5n s\u01b0.<\/p>\n
(5) Ch\u00ednh 50\/163 ghi c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n M\u00e3 minh \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c Hi\u1ebfp t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng Ch\u00ednh 50\/314 ghi c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c Ph\u00fa na xa t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3. Xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 v\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5p th\u1eadt ng\u00e3. Khi bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Ph\u00fa na xa t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3, t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 n\u00f3i Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng (th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf) th\u00ec n\u00f3i gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ng\u00e3, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf) th\u00ec n\u00f3i ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 h\u00e3y suy ngh\u0129 cho ky?r\u1ed3i ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1eebng n\u00f3i l\u1ee1 l\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ng\u00e3 ng\u0169 ai th\u1eafng. \u0110\u1ea1i s\u0129 ngh\u0129: ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng n\u00f3i gi\u1ea3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00f3i ch\u1eafc th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3, v\u1eady l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ta n\u1eafm c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5? \u0110\u1ea1i s\u0129 \u0111\u00e0nh khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t gia theo Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n
T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eadt ng\u00e3, M\u00e3 minh \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5u su\u1ed1t v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, n\u00ean trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129, s\u1ed1 1643 chuy\u00ean n\u00f3i v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 qua th\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1edbng si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng (Ch\u00ednh 32\/172-173).<\/p>\n
Trong s\u1ed1 192, qua ph\u1ea9m 12, \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 b\u00e0i x\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf, v\u1ec1 ng\u00e3 (Ch\u00ednh 4\/34-35). C\u00f2n trong Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn th\u00ec \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch n\u00f3i r\u00f5 “c\u1eadp b\u1ec9 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ea3i : v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 c\u00fa ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1p” (Ch\u00ednh 32\/384). C\u00e2u \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a T\u00e2m th\u00ec v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u01112 c\u1ee7a c3, \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 b\u00e0i x\u00edch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m s\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ng\u00e3. Do v\u1eady, v\u1ec1 sau, khi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 ph\u00fa ph\u00e1p cho T\u1ef3 la tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o, v\u1ecb n\u00e0y vi\u1ebft V\u00f4 ng\u00e3 lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 ph\u00fa ph\u00e1p cho Long th\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 (Ch\u00ednh 50\/317).<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i M\u00e3 minh \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 ch\u1ec9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 Kh\u00f4ng. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i Kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i C\u00f3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn ghi r\u00f5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n
(6) N\u00ean n\u00f3i s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn. Lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u1ed1t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, n\u00f3i th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba l\u00e0 T\u00e2m ch\u00fang sinh. \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba kh\u1edfi t\u00edn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a nhi\u1ec1u r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, m\u00e0 ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba: \u0111\u1ee9c tin tin c\u00e1i T\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n
T\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u01b0\u1edbt c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh \u01b0\u1edbt, t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a T\u00e2m nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 s\u00f3ng. T\u1ef1 t\u00edn v\u1ec1 T\u00e2m \u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 L\u0103ng nghi\u00eam \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: Ai c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft T\u00e2m kh\u1eafp m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng gian m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc l\u00e1 trong l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n tay. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 T\u00e2m. T\u00e2m bao h\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i th\u00e2n do cha m\u1eb9 sinh ra th\u00ec th\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i trong kh\u00f4ng gian. Th\u00e2n \u1ea5y c\u00f2n hay m\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i b\u1ecdt n\u1ed5i l\u00ean hay tan m\u1ea5t trong bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 (Ch\u00ednh 19\/119). T\u00e2m l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean th\u00e2n t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n t\u00e2m, ch\u1ec9 to\u00e0n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a T\u00e2m. T\u00e2m \u1ea5y Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn hay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m : c\u00e1i T\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t –gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang sinh v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sinh, gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang sinh v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0.<\/p>\n
T\u00e2m \u1ea5y th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf hay phi\u1ebfm th\u1ea7n, b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi N\u00f3. Do v\u1eady, v\u1edbi ng\u00e3, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1t. \u0110o\u1ea1t th\u00ec ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, t\u00fang th\u00ec nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n n\u00f3i, ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00f3i ng\u00e3 th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 s\u00e2u \u0103n l\u00e1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef m\u00e0 th\u00f4i (Ch\u00ednh 12\/378).<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba l\u00e0 tin v\u00e0o th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a T\u00e2m. T\u00e2m \u1ea5y v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, T\u00e2m \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng b\u00e2\u1ec3c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 t\u00edn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf hay \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ng\u00e3. Tin Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ea5ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 T\u00e2m, khai th\u1ecb T\u00e2m \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 h\u1ed9 tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u00e2m \u1ea5y, tin Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n
(7) C\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n 5 v\u00e0 6 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i g\u00ec. Lu\u1eadn \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean th\u1ec9 v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, lu\u1eadn \u1ea5y c\u0169ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi n\u00f3i th\u1eb3ng r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba l\u00e0 T\u00e2m ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e2y. T\u00e2m \u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong 2 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 T\u00e2m \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n
T\u00f4i v\u1eeba n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean th\u1ec9, b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u1ed1i ph\u00e2n chia n\u00e0y. T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e9t 3 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 T\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n
Trong 2 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u, khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 T\u00e2m th\u00ec ph\u00e1p s\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 5 u\u1ea9n. Ph\u00e1p s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean (6) . T\u00e2m trong tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 6 th\u1ee9c. R\u1ed3i, v\u1edbi duy\u00ean sinh quan c\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia c\u00f3, 6 th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 6 c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi nhau, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 6 nh\u1eadp (do v\u1eady, n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e9o th\u00ec duy\u00ean sinh quan l\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt lu\u1eadn). N\u00ean ngay 6 th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft minh g\u00ec s\u00e2u v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 Duy th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh c\u1ea3nh, hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u00e0nh s\u1edf t\u00e1c tr\u00ed v\u00e0 di\u1ec7u quan s\u00e1t tr\u00ed, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec s\u00e2u v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ec9 gi\u00e1c. V\u00e0 trong 1 ph\u00e1p s\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 4 \u0111\u1ebf th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 chung c\u1ee5c (ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n) c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i cao nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u00fd (hay tr\u00ed \u0111\u00e1p: v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p, hay gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra). T\u00e2m, t\u1ee9c 6 th\u1ee9c, k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i, d\u1ea7u c\u1ed1 n\u00f3i phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef3 b\u00e0 sa hay C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn th\u00ec th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba cho th\u1ea5y, ngay trong duy\u00ean sinh quan, T\u00e2m l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 6 th\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 6 th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 6 c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a 6 th\u1ee9c to\u00e0n l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a a l\u1ea1i da. T\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y sung m\u00e3n m\u1ecdi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u00e0 gi\u1eb7c hay con \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 N\u00f3: ch\u00fang sinh hay Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch d\u1ee5ng hay thu\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a T\u00e2m. \u1ea4y th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang sinh phong ph\u00fa bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0 c\u00e0ng phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau, ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1eadt ng\u1eeda c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i b\u00e0n tay h\u1ebft l\u1eadt \u00fap, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i g\u00ec. T\u00e2m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 T\u00e2m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u1ea5y m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n
T\u00e2m \u1ea5y m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 duy t\u00e2m (7) c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, v\u00e0 ch\u1eef T\u00e2m \u1ea5y \u0111\u1eebng \u0111em ch\u1eef t\u00e2m hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ch\u1eef g\u00ec kh\u00e1c, c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai m\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 N\u00f3.<\/p>\n
(8) Sau h\u1ebft, n\u00ean n\u00f3i s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a M\u00e3 minh \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 v\u00e0 Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn, trong \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u1ea5y (8) .<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u00f3 4 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u01b0 sau.<\/p>\n
Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u00e1ch k\u1ef7 1 sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, khi Ca di\u1ebfp t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 La h\u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9), t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec, s\u1ed1 La h\u00e1n \u1ea5y l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng, A nan t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 t\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1p tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 3 t\u1ea1ng (m\u00e0 th\u1eadt ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 A h\u00e0m v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt). Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ea5y v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn ph\u00e1p tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt (9) . M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn ph\u00e1p tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt b\u1ecb l\u1ef1a b\u1ecf th\u00ec trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea1i s\u0129 t\u1ea1ng (10) . Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb La h\u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a l\u00e0 La h\u00e1n (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9), ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec b\u1edfi Ba s\u01b0 ba t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 (Vaspa, 1 trong 5 v\u1ecb t\u1ef7 kheo \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean), t\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea1i s\u0129 t\u1ea1ng (11) .<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 2 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a ch\u00e9p ra v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea9u truy\u1ec1n cho h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng. Do v\u1eady m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi sai ch\u1eady, th\u00eam th\u1eaft, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t (12) , \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n
Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e1ch k\u1ef7 2 hay cu\u1ed1i b\u00e1ch k\u1ef7 1 sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, ng\u00e0i \u0110\u1ea1i thi\u00ean (13) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0a ra 5 s\u1ef1 (14) m\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb La h\u00e1n, l\u1ea1i x\u1ebfp \u0110\u1ea1i s\u0129 t\u1ea1ng v\u00e0o 3 t\u1ea1ng. R\u1ed3i 3 t\u1ea1ng (d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2 b\u1ed9 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00e9p ra v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. T\u00e2y t\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Maharastra, ng\u1eef v\u0103n th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 Maharastra; Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9 l\u1ea5y Ujayana l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, ng\u1eef v\u0103n th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 Paisaci; Ch\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y Surasena, ng\u1eef v\u0103n th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 Apabhramsa; Thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9 th\u1ecbnh l\u00ean \u1edf Kasmira v\u00e0 Gandhara, ng\u1eef v\u0103n th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 Samkrta. Nay bi\u1ebft ng\u1eef v\u0103n Paisaci ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u1eef v\u0103n Paly (15) ; th\u1eddi A d\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u1eef v\u0103n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o d\u00e3y Ujayana (16) .<\/p>\n
Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 b\u00e1ch k\u1ef7 6 (hay cu\u1ed1i b\u00e1ch k\u1ef7 5 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e1ch k\u1ef7 7) sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, M\u00e3 minh \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba (17) , bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9, v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba. Ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n tr\u00e1ng ghi, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f3 M\u00e3 minh, (v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3) nam c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ec1 b\u00e0, t\u00e2y c\u00f3 Long m\u00e3nh, b\u1eafc c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1ecd (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u00e0i La th\u1eadp), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 4 V\u1ea7ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa th\u00ec c\u00f3 anh em c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i V\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf th\u00e2n. Do v\u1eady, h\u1ecdc l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n
Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, khi M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba b\u1ecb t\u00e0o t\u1ea1p. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111em v\u00e0o T\u00e2y t\u1ea1ng, gi\u1eef cho kinh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u00f2n m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 x\u00e1c h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 Hoa v\u0103n, l\u00e0 do c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n
Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft, v\u1ec1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 ba. M\u1ecdi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng L\u0103ng gi\u00e0, B\u00e1t nh\u00e3, Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, Hoa nghi\u00eam, Ph\u00e1p hoa, Thi\u1ec1n, T\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng duy th\u1ee9c sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa, Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 –c\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111an k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau, x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 th\u1eeba s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n
Ph\u1ea7n M\u00f4t: K\u00ednh Tam B\u1ea3o<\/h3>\n
Ch\u00ednh V\u0103n.<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nK\u00ednh l\u1ea1y Tam b\u1ea3o<\/p>\n
kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng:<\/p>\n
Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5ng<\/p>\n
l\u00e0m th\u00ec h\u01a1n h\u1ebft (18)<\/p>\n
bi\u1ebft th\u00ec kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3<\/p>\n
th\u00e2n th\u00ec v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n (19) ,<\/p>\n
t\u1eeb bi c\u1ee9u h\u1ed9<\/p>\n
t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gian.<\/p>\n
Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/p>\n
c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt,<\/p>\n
t\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p t\u00e1nh<\/p>\n
ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 phi ng\u00e3 (20) .<\/p>\n
T\u0103ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb<\/p>\n
tu t\u1eadp ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c (21)<\/p>\n
kho t\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c (22)<\/p>\n
c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i tr\u00ean (23) .<\/p>\n
L\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nTam b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed. Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed th\u00ec l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y Tam b\u1ea3o l\u00e0m qui t\u00fac, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n
B\u1ea1ch \u00dd Nguy\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh V\u0103n.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u> Con vi\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang sinh di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb ho\u00e0i nghi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u1ea5p l\u1ea7m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u1ee9c tin (24) \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba (25) l\u00e0m cho gi\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i.<\/p>\nL\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nHo\u00e0i nghi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Ch\u1ea5p l\u1ea7m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ch\u01b0a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Ho\u00e0i nghi v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p l\u1ea7m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c-tin-\u0111\u1ea1i-th\u1eeba: t\u1ef1 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh T\u00e2m m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 La h\u00e1n, l\u1ea1i x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0. M\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0 l\u00e0 do \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba l\u00e0m h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. N\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao, Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra.<\/p>\n
Ph\u00e2n \u0110\u1ecbnh 5 Ph\u1ea7n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nCh\u00ednh V\u0103n.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nC\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba (26) n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i. N\u00f3i b\u1eb1ng n\u0103m ph\u1ea7n: ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 l\u00fd do, ph\u1ea7n hai l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft, ph\u1ea7n ba l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tu (27) , ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m l\u00e0 khuy\u00ean tu (28) .<\/p>\n
L\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nDo 5 ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba kh\u1edfi t\u00edn: \u0111em t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba – \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i T\u00e2m-\u0111\u1ea1i-th\u1eeba. Trong c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c, 5 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u1ed1t n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i T\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t huy c\u00e1i T\u00e2m \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i L\u00fd Do<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\nCh\u00ednh V\u0103n.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nTr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft n\u00f3i ph\u1ea7n l\u00fd do.<\/p>\n
H\u1ecfi, v\u00ec l\u00fd do g\u00ec m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1eadt Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn? \u0110\u00e1p, l\u00fd do \u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u00e1m. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tho\u00e1t ly kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00ean vui to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i mong c\u1ea7u danh l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf nh\u00e2n. Hai l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ngh\u0129a l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 lai \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. Ba l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ee9c tin. B\u1ed1n l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u00ea\u1ec3n c\u0103n k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ee9c tin. N\u0103m l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i do nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eef g\u00e2y ra, kh\u00e9o gi\u1eef t\u00e2m tr\u00ed (29) , t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ngu si, ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a bao s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i (30) . S\u00e1u l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch tu t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa l\u1ea7m l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba (31) . B\u1ea3y l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0 th\u00ec quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tho\u00e1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ee9c tin. T\u00e1m l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch tu h\u00e0nh. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1eadt Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n
L\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nL\u00fd do 1 th\u00ec t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u1ea5y. C\u00f2n 7 l\u00fd do sau l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i dung Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn. L\u00fd do 2 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c2 v\u00e0 d1 d2 trong c3. L\u00fd do 3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a d3 trong c3. Nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do 4 \u0111\u1ebfn 7 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c4: l\u00fd do 4 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, l\u00fd do 5 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i, l\u00fd do 6 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 qu\u00e1n, l\u00fd do 7 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt. L\u00fd do 8 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c5.<\/p>\n
Gi\u1ea3i Th\u1eafc M\u1eafc<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\nCh\u00ednh V\u0103n.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nH\u1ecfi, trong kinh v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do tr\u00ean n\u00eau l\u00ean, c\u1ea7n g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u00e0y? \u0110\u00e1p, trong kinh v\u0103n tuy c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0 khi \u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 lai c\u00f2n \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng lanh l\u1ee3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 lai th\u00ec th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec1u si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t (32) , n\u00ean \u00e2m thanh to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o (33) m\u1ed9t khi ph\u00e1t ra l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn v\u0103n. Nh\u01b0ng sau khi \u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 lai nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111em tr\u00ed l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nghe kinh v\u0103n nhi\u1ec1u m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i; c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111em tr\u00ed l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng nghe kinh v\u0103n \u00edt m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i phong ph\u00fa; c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u kinh v\u0103n, ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd lu\u1eadn v\u0103n phong ph\u00fa m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i; c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u kinh v\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng cho lu\u1eadn v\u0103n phong ph\u00fa l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c, ch\u1ec9 th\u00edch n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u00e0o v\u0103n t\u1ef1 \u00edt m\u00e0 ngh\u0129a l\u00fd \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1edbi l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau h\u1ebft \u1ea5y m\u00e0 c\u00f3 lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u00e0y. Lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t ngh\u0129a l\u00fd v\u00f4 bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p phong ph\u00fa v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 lai, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft ra.<\/p>\n
L\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\n\u0110o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y m\u1edbi th\u1eadt l\u00e0 l\u00fd do c\u1ee7a Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn. V\u1edbi l\u1ed1i kh\u00e1i lu\u1eadn, Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3.<\/p>\n
Ph\u1ea7n Ch\u1ee7 Thuy\u1ebft<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nCh\u00ednh V\u0103n.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nN\u00f3i ph\u1ea7n l\u00fd do r\u1ed3i, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u00f3i ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba m\u00e0 n\u00f3i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t th\u00ec c\u00f3 hai: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111ai th\u1eeba, hai l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u1ea5y. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba th\u00ec ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 T\u00e2m ch\u00fang sinh (34) . T\u00e2m \u1ea5y bao g\u1ed3m to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf gian v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf (35) , n\u00ean c\u0103n c\u1ee9 T\u00e2m \u1ea5y m\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba: m\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 (36) c\u1ee7a T\u00e2m \u1ea5y bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba; m\u1eb7t sinh di\u1ec7t (36b) c\u1ee7a T\u00e2m \u1ea5y bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ee5ng (37) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba th\u00ec ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ba \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 (38) nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn (39) ; hai l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 lai t\u1ea1ng (40) \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi t\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ee9c (41) ; ba l\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t sinh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf. H\u1ebft th\u1ea3y Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111ang v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1i T\u00e2m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb Nh\u01b0 lai (42) .<\/p>\n
L\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\n\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba l\u00e0 g\u00ec? L\u00e0 T\u00e2m ch\u00fang sinh. T\u00e2m \u1ea5y v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i, T\u00e2m \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eeba. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn. Lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n
Ph\u00e2n \u0110\u1ecbnh 3 Ti\u1ebft M\u1ee5c<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\nCh\u00ednh V\u0103n.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nN\u00f3i ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft r\u1ed3i, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u00f3i ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch.<\/p>\n
Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ba ti\u1ebft m\u1ee5c: ti\u1ebft m\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb ngh\u0129a l\u00fd ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 T\u00e2m, ti\u1ebft m\u1ee5c hai l\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 T\u00e2m, ti\u1ebft m\u1ee5c ba l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ph\u00e1t huy v\u1ec1 T\u00e2m (43) .<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i T\u00e2m C\u00f3 2 M\u1eb7t<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nCh\u00ednh V\u0103n.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nCh\u1ec9 th\u1ecb ngh\u0129a l\u00fd ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 T\u00e2m l\u00e0 T\u00e2m c\u00f3 hai m\u1eb7t: m\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t sinh di\u1ec7t. M\u1eb7t n\u00e0o c\u0169ng bao qu\u00e1t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, t\u1ea1i sao, v\u00ec hai m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi l\u1eabn nhau.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i V\u1ec1 Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nCh\u00ednh V\u0103n.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nCh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a T\u00e2m l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p t\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t (44) , c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebft m\u1ee5c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y (45) v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t (46) . Ph\u00e1p t\u00e1nh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 phi sinh di\u1ec7t. H\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p (47) ch\u1ec9 do ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (48) m\u00e0 c\u00f3 sai bi\u1ec7t (49) , t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Do v\u1eady m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p x\u01b0a nay phi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, phi v\u0103n t\u1ef1, phi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, to\u00e0n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean m\u1ec7nh danh ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0. M\u1ecdi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 t\u00f9y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (50) , m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh, do ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1ea5y m\u00e0 h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 th\u00ec phi h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf, v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p to\u00e0n l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n, l\u1ea1i phi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p to\u00e0n l\u00e0 nh\u01b0. Ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p phi di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3, phi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0.<\/p>\n
H\u1ecfi:\u00a0ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec ch\u00fang sinh l\u00e0m sao th\u00edch \u1ee9ng m\u00e0 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp? \u0110\u00e1p, n\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p tuy di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3, tuy ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, th\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u00e0 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng; t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp.<\/p>\n
L\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nCh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a T\u00e2m. B\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn (phi sinh di\u1ec7t) th\u00ec si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef v\u0103n, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Do v\u1eady, mu\u1ed1n th\u00edch \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 ra m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i x\u00e9t v\u00e0 t\u1eadp b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t theo c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd n\u00f3i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, trong ch\u00ednh v\u0103n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i V\u1ec1 2 M\u1eb7t C\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\nCh\u00ednh V\u0103n.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nTh\u00eam n\u1eefa, ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u00ec c\u00f3 hai m\u1eb7t: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, v\u00ec bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb th\u1eadt th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n; hai l\u00e0 C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, v\u00ec th\u1eadt th\u1ec3 sung m\u00e3n m\u1ecdi ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 m\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay.<\/p>\n
Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 x\u01b0a nay kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, v\u00ec ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 th\u00ec phi ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng nhau, si\u00eau ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c (51) . H\u00e3y nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 phi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, phi ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, phi c\u1ea3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh (52) , phi kh\u00f4ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh; phi \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, phi bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, phi c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, phi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp (53) . N\u00f3i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, ch\u00fang sinh th\u00ec hay ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t li\u1ec1n li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u1ea5y to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0, n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00ec th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho kh\u00f4ng \u0111i.<\/p>\n
C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 th\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, th\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, sung m\u00e3n m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 trong s\u00e1ng, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00f3. C\u00f3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng m\u1edbi th\u00edch \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n
L\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nCh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m: kh\u00f4ng m\u1ecdi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 trong s\u00e1ng: c\u00f3 m\u1ecdi ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 m\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay.<\/p>\n
C\u0169ng n\u00ean bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 2 \u0111o\u1ea1n, g1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 g2 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1ec7 B\u00e1t nh\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0, h\u1ec7 Hoa nghi\u00eam v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p hoa l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i M\u1eb7t Sinh Di\u1ec7t C\u1ee7a T\u00e2m \u0110\u1ec3 Bi\u1ec3u Th\u1ecb Th\u1ec3 T\u01b0\u1edbng D\u1ee5ng V\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1i C\u1ee7a T\u00e2m<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nL\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nN\u00ean n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1ec7 L\u0103ng gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 Ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng duy th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 g1, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng 3 th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 g2.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i N\u1ed9i Dung Sinh Di\u1ec7t<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nL\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nR\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, il l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m – v\u1ec1 a l\u1ea1i da: v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p t\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec5m (tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c), v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y do t\u00e2m \u1ea5y m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh. C\u00f2n i2 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00fd v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c: v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec5m t\u1ecbnh y v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p t\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec5m, v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y do \u00fd v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec5m.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i T\u1ed5ng Qu\u00e1t<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nCh\u00ednh V\u0103n.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nSinh di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a T\u00e2m l\u00e0 do Nh\u01b0 lai t\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m sinh di\u1ec7t (54) . T\u00e2m sinh di\u1ec7t \u1ea5y h\u00f3a h\u1ee3p b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 sinh di\u1ec7t (55) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 a l\u1ea1i da th\u1ee9c (56) . A l\u1ea1i da th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 hai m\u1eb7t, bao g\u1ed3m v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p (57) ; hai m\u1eb7t \u1ea5y l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n
L\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nSinh di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a T\u00e2m. Chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn (sinh di\u1ec7t) l\u00e0, \u1edf ch\u00fang sinh, Nh\u01b0 lai t\u1ea1ng chuy\u1ec3n danh a l\u1ea1i da th\u1ee9c: ch\u1ee7 th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ee7 h\u1ebft th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i T\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n
V\u1ec1 gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c n\u01a1i a l\u1ea1i da, th\u00eam n\u1eefa l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u1ec9 gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c, n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 sau. Gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c (hay tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1eef cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a kk1 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y). B\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m (hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c, t\u1ee9c v\u00f4 minh). B\u1ea3n gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 (hay tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n). Th\u1ec9 gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 (hay tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n gi\u00e1c). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 \u1ea5y. B\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1c t\u00e2m th\u1ec3, gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 gi\u00e1c sai.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i V\u1ec1 Tu\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1c V\u00e0 Th\u1ec9 Gi\u00e1c C\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1c<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nCh\u00ednh V\u0103n.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nTu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. T\u00e2m th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p t\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng gian, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 — l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n (58) b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 lai \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9. Ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u1ed1n c\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c m\u1edbi c\u00f3, m\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u1ed1n c\u00f3.<\/p>\n
Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 l\u00e0 do tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c (59) , gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 c\u00e1i b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c \u1ea5y th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c m\u1edbi c\u00f3. Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 n\u00e0y th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c ch\u01b0a tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 \u00e1c n\u00ean ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t sau kh\u00f4ng cho n\u1ed5i l\u00ean (60) , nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tuy c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 v\u1eabn b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c. Th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m, gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 c\u00e1i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 (61) , n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 theo c\u00e1i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00f4 nh\u1ea5t, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n, gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 c\u00e1i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u00e1m tr\u1ee5 t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 (62) , n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 theo c\u00e1i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m tr\u1ee5, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf c\u00e1i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00f4 nh\u1ea5t, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c t\u00f9y ph\u1ea7n. Sau h\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch tu, th\u00edch \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu n\u00ean gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 (63) — nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 c\u00e1i kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m th\u1ec3, t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n trong s\u00e1ng (64) , n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. Do b\u1ed1n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 kh\u1ebf kinh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y, r\u1eb1ng ai bi\u1ebft chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m. N\u00f3i kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00ec ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (65) . Do v\u1eady m\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c, v\u00ec l\u1ebd x\u01b0a nay ch\u00fang sinh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 t\u1eeb v\u00f4 th\u1ec9. N\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00ec gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00e1t sinh, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t (66) c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng. N\u00ean th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n
L\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nCh\u00ednh v\u0103n n\u00e0y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c, n\u1ed9i dung c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u1ec9 gi\u00e1c. B\u1ea3n gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ec3. Th\u1ec9 gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c, ph\u1ea3n gi\u00e1c, n\u00ean r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Th\u1ec9 gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 4 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i (m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 4 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n). M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 danh gi\u00e1c, c\u00e1i gi\u00e1c ch\u01b0a th\u1eadt l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ngh\u0129 x\u1ea5u m\u00e0 \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 ngh\u0129 \u1ea5y \u0111i. Hai l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c, c\u00e1i gi\u00e1c bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng nhau l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e2m th\u1ec3, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ba l\u00e0 t\u00f9y ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1c, c\u00e1i gi\u00e1c bi\u1ebft ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a t\u00e2m th\u1ec3, n\u00ean h\u1ee7y c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a \u1ea5y. B\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c, t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp t\u00e2m th\u1ec3. Gi\u1ea3 danh gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta; t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m; t\u00f9y ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t trong 10 \u0111\u1ecba; c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i V\u1ec1 Th\u1ec3 V\u00e0 D\u1ee5ng C\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1c Sau Khi Ho\u00e0n Thi\u1ec7n Th\u1ec9 Gi\u00e1c<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nCh\u00ednh V\u0103n.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nTh\u00eam n\u1eefa, do lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u00f3 hai s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u1edbi N\u00f3. Hai s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c trong s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t d\u1ee5ng si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n
Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c trong s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 nh\u1edd s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p (67) hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp m\u00e0 tu h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch tu h\u00e0nh n\u00ean ph\u00e1 th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ee3p (68) , di\u1ec7t t\u00e2m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c (69) , ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9, tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft. \u00dd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? M\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c to\u00e0n l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c, m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0ng, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00ec gi\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u1ed5i s\u00f3ng, s\u00f3ng v\u1edbi gi\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean v\u1edbi nhau m\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u01b0\u1edbt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u00ean gi\u00f3 ng\u1eebng th\u00ec s\u00f3ng l\u1eb7ng m\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u01b0\u1edbt y nguy\u00ean. T\u00e2m th\u1ec3 trong s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh c\u0169ng v\u1eady, v\u00ec b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng (70) (t\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp), nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u00ean h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t th\u00ec t\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t m\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n
Ho\u1ea1t d\u1ee5ng si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 trong s\u00e1ng ho\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ebf: v\u00f4 bi\u00ean c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c (71) th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n hay ti\u00eau ma, t\u00f9y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u00edch \u1ee9ng, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c, l\u00e0m cho ai c\u0169ng thu \u0111\u1ea1t \u00edch l\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n
L\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nCh\u00ednh v\u0103n n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u0103n ti\u1ebfp theo d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba n\u00f3i g\u00ec v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd tu h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb; nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba n\u00f3i g\u00ec v\u1ec1 sau khi tu h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb –v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt, v\u1ec1 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y th\u00ec b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t hay bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf t\u1eeb c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean th\u1ec9 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i R\u00f5 Th\u00eam V\u1ec1 S\u1ef1 Trong S\u00e1ng C\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1c Tr\u01b0\u1edbc V\u00e0 Sau Khi Ho\u00e0n Thi\u1ec7n Th\u1ec9 Gi\u00e1c<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nCh\u00ednh V\u0103n.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nN\u00f3i th\u00eam v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c th\u00ec c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 in nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0i g\u01b0\u01a1ng trong s\u00e1ng. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0i g\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, l\u00e0 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, v\u00ec l\u00e0 phi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, phi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. Hai l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0i g\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp (72) cho ch\u00fang sinh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt: to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t ra hay nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 hay h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t, to\u00e0n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn –c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p to\u00e0n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec5m m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4, tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u00ean sung m\u00e3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft, l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng cho ch\u00fang sinh tu h\u00e0nh. Ba l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0i g\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2m th\u1ec3 si\u00eau tho\u00e1t m\u1ecdi ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00f3i tr\u00ean si\u00eau tho\u00e1t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng (73) , t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi tr\u1ea1ng hu\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00e1p n\u00ean tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft, trong su\u1ed1t. B\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0i g\u01b0\u01a1ng Duy\u00ean t\u1ed1 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp (72A) cho ch\u00fang sinh, l\u00e0 T\u00e2m th\u1ec3 si\u00eau tho\u00e1t n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u00f9y t\u00e2m m\u00e0 soi s\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp cho t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang sinh, l\u00e0m duy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho ch\u00fang sinh tu h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n
L\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch 4 s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch t\u1eaft l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau, r\u00f5 th\u00eam cho L\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ecbch tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y : m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, hai l\u00e0 C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, ba l\u00e0 C\u00f3 \u1ea5y si\u00eau tho\u00e1t ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i, b\u1ed1n l\u00e0 C\u00f3 \u1ea5y bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n
B\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y, 2 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay sau th\u1ec9 gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, 2 s\u1ef1 sau l\u00e0 sau khi ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n th\u1ec9 gi\u00e1c. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, T\u00e2m th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, n\u00ean c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u1ef1 tha nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 tha v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p. B\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 tr\u00ean, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 th\u00ec, khi \u0111ang l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh, T\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t, T\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt h\u1eefu l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a hai; khi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0, T\u00e2m si\u00eau tho\u00e1t ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a ba, T\u00e2m bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a b\u1ed1n. N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tha th\u00ec, khi m\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh, do s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a T\u00e2m t\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 tu h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a hai; nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0 l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a b\u1ed1n. — S\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c khi m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0.<\/p>\n
Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t b\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chung c\u1ee5c to\u00e0n l\u00e0 T\u00e2m c\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n trong nguy\u00ean th\u1ec9 hay b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i; ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n \u1ea5y n\u1ebfu b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft, d\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ch\u1eef ch\u1ebft vi\u1ebft hoa, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng oan u\u1ed5ng l\u1eafm, v\u00e0 hoa my?l\u1eafm th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i V\u1ec1 B\u1ea5t Gi\u00e1c<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nCh\u00ednh V\u0103n.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nB\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. Do s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u1ed1n c\u00f3. T\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00ec c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (74) , kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng; ch\u00fang sinh c\u0169ng v\u1eady, do tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c. Do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 c\u00e1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebft danh t\u1eeb v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i cho v\u1ec1 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c (75) ; n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn (76) .<\/p>\n
Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, do b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh ba tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u1edbi n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c th\u00ec v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p; gi\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o, v\u00ec h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. Hai l\u00e0 n\u0103ng ki\u1ebfn, l\u00e0 v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng. Ba l\u00e0 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n
R\u1ed3i do \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh s\u00e1u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1eefa. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1i d\u1ec5 \u01b0a c\u00e1i d\u1ec5 gh\u00e9t. Hai l\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, l\u00e0 do ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh kh\u1ed5 vui, l\u00e0m cho c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Ba l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7, l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00edu \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, kh\u1ed5 vui gi\u1eef m\u00e3i trong l\u00f2ng. B\u1ed1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef v\u0103n. N\u0103m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c, l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh vi. S\u00e1u l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o, l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 do.<\/p>\n
H\u00e3y nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m to\u00e0n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n
L\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nTh\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i 3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 3 t\u1ebf, 6 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i sau l\u00e0 6 th\u00f4. Qu\u00e1n xuy\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh v\u0103n Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn th\u00ec th\u1ea5y 3 t\u1ebf 6 th\u00f4, n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 9 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e2m hay t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edbng (t\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng). S\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n xuy\u1ebfn \u1ea5y c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y 9 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u00fd v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ebd l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh 5 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00fd v\u00e0 3 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c, l\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh 6 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e2m, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong i2 sau \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ed1i Qu\u00e1n Tu\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1c V\u1edbi B\u1ea5t Gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\nCh\u00ednh V\u0103n.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nGi\u1eefa tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 hai tr\u1ea1ng hu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m to\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ecbn, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 huy\u1ec5n d\u1ee5ng, tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c, to\u00e0n l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0. N\u00ean trong kinh c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y m\u00e0 n\u00f3i h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sinh x\u01b0a nay th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadp ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1; ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u00e0m ra, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc. B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1edbng; th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 huy\u1ec5n d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n theo huy\u1ec5n nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n
D\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00e1i n\u00e0o, tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 huy\u1ec5n d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00ec kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a huy\u1ec5n d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n
L\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/p>\n
V\u00ec b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t n\u00ean ch\u00fang sinh ph\u1ea3i tu, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean ch\u00fang sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 L\u00e0m Cho \u00d4 Nhi\u1ec5m (B\u1ea5t Gi\u00e1c)<\/p>\n
Ch\u00ednh V\u0103n.-<\/p>\n
Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sinh di\u1ec7t l\u00e0, \u1edf ch\u00fang sinh, do t\u00e2m m\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ra \u00fd v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c (77) . \u00dd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Do a l\u1ea1i da m\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c n\u0103ng ki\u1ebfn, n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n, c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd.<\/p>\n
\u00dd nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 n\u0103m t\u00ean. M\u1ed9t, t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng do b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c. Hai, t\u00ean l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng ki\u1ebfn do n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ba, t\u00ean l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh do n\u0103ng ki\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh — Nh\u01b0 g\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ng hi\u1ec7n ra h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau, v\u00ec hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9c l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c (78) . B\u1ed1n, t\u00ean l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00e9t c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e1ng \u01b0a (79) . N\u0103m, t\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c th\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c — Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y duy tr\u00ec, l\u00e0m cho kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c c\u00f3 t\u1eeb bao \u0111\u1eddi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c, l\u00e0m cho kh\u00f4ng sai nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 vui kh\u1ed5 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb lai; v\u00e0 ngay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ch\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 qua th\u1ed1t nhi\u00ean nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean ngh\u0129 ra.<\/p>\n
Do v\u1eady m\u00e0 ba c\u00f5i h\u01b0 \u1ea3o, duy t\u00e2m chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn, r\u1eddi t\u00e2m th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 s\u00e1u c\u1ea3nh. \u00dd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p to\u00e0n do t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn, do ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (80) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t l\u1ea5y t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc. H\u00e3y nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00fang sinh to\u00e0n do b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh m\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f2n. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 b\u00f3ng trong g\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, duy t\u00e2m v\u1ecdng hi\u1ec7n: t\u00e2m sinh th\u00ec ph\u00e1p sinh, t\u00e2m ng\u1eebng th\u00ec ph\u00e1p ng\u1eebng.<\/p>\n
B\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd th\u1ee9c. Th\u00ec ch\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c th\u1ee9c n\u00f3i tr\u00ean m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u, ch\u1ea5p t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3 s\u1edf, ch\u1ea5p l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch, vin n\u00edu m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1, b\u1ee7a r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 s\u00e1u th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, n\u00ean t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c (81) , c\u0169ng t\u00ean ph\u00e2n ly th\u1ee9c (82) , l\u1ea1i t\u00ean ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c (83) . Th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbn th\u00eam l\u00e0 do ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u00e1i (84) .<\/p>\n
L\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nNh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, i2 n\u00e0y c\u1ed1t n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00fd: v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 7 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec5m t\u1ecbnh y, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c: v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 6 l\u00e0m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t y — do 2 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p nhi\u1ec5m t\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec5m t\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00fd l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e2m l\u00e0 3 t\u1ebf 6 th\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i trong 5 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00fd (v\u00e0 3 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c). Ri\u00eang 3 t\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 3 th\u1ee9c th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee9c (n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00fd, chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c (n\u0103ng ki\u1ebfn) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00fd, hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9c (n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00fd. Nh\u01b0ng ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00fd l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng th\u1ea9m t\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00f9y (th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3), n\u00ean n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00fd l\u00e0 “l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c”. \u00dd l\u00e0m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
Trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00fd c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd tam gi\u1edbi duy t\u00e2m. C\u00e1ch n\u00f3i cho th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea3m duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 duy nghi\u1ec7p).<\/p>\n
C\u00f2n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u00ec cho th\u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb \u00fd m\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, ng\u00e3 s\u1edf –lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00ec ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u00e1i.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1ch n\u00f3i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sinh di\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00fd v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Kh\u1edfi t\u00edn lu\u1eadn, cho th\u1ea5y tu t\u1eadp l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 trong 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, \u00e1i v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 L\u00e0m Cho Trong S\u00e1ng (Tu\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1c)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nCh\u00ednh V\u0103n.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nNh\u01b0ng do b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e2m (85) , \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5u su\u1ed1t. Ph\u1ea3i do c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t t\u1eeb khi s\u1ef1 tin ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o (86) th\u00ec h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n th\u00ec bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt ph\u1ea7n; nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u0169ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. Bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0. T\u1ea1i sao nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? v\u00ec t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 trong s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c, v\u00ec b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e2m, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e2m m\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1ec9 Ph\u1eadt th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t, r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 \u1ea5y m\u00e0 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n
Nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e2m c\u00f3 s\u00e1u th\u1ee9. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t s\u1ef1 tin ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o (87) . Hai l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t s\u1ef1 tin ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c trong su\u1ed1t (88) . Ba l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o (89) , cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng (90) . B\u1ed1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh (91) . N\u0103m l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m (92) . S\u00e1u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb (93) , nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb Nh\u01b0 lai. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb s\u1ef1 tin ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o th\u00ec h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c trong su\u1ed1t th\u00ec h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb Nh\u01b0 lai th\u00ec h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n.<\/p>\n
Trong s\u00e1u nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e2m tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ba th\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng, ba th\u1ee9 sau l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng. C\u00f3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, khi d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n khi trong s\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c nhau, khi n\u00e0o nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nhau, khi n\u00e0o nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng (94) .<\/p>\n
Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e2m th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u01b0\u1edbng, ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1i tr\u00ed c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 tr\u00ed h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0; c\u00f2n b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1edf tri ch\u01b0\u1edbng, ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1i tr\u00ed s\u1ef1 d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 tr\u00ed to\u00e0n gi\u00e1c v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu (95) . L\u00fd do l\u00e0 v\u00ec nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e2m th\u00ec n\u0103ng ki\u1ebfn, n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n, c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng; v\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3n lai b\u00ecnh l\u1eb7ng, b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u1ea5y n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng m\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ebf gian.<\/p>\n
L\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nVi\u1ec7c h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e2m, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p trong s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec9 gi\u00e1c h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc; 6 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 4 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ec9 gi\u00e1c \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i S\u1eafc Th\u00e1i Sinh Di\u1ec7t<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\nCh\u00ednh V\u0103n.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nS\u1eafc th\u00e1i sinh di\u1ec7t th\u00ec c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y, l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng; hai l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y, l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc th\u00e1i d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t trong lo\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y th\u00ec thu\u1ed9c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng; c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc th\u00e1i kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n trong lo\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc th\u00e1i d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n trong lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y, th\u00ec to\u00e0n l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t; c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc th\u00e1i kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t trong lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0.<\/p>\n
T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lo\u1ea1i sinh di\u1ec7t n\u00e0y to\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u00ec b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp: v\u00ec nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 v\u00ec duy\u00ean t\u1ed1 — nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c, duy\u00ean t\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh do b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 di\u1ec7t th\u00ec duy\u00ean t\u1ed1 di\u1ec7t: nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng di\u1ec7t, duy\u00ean t\u1ed1 di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng di\u1ec7t. H\u1ecfi, t\u00e2m di\u1ec7t th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n? kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao n\u00f3i di\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n? \u0110\u00e1p, di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edbng di\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc do gi\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u1ed5i s\u00f3ng, gi\u00f3 l\u1eb7ng th\u00ec s\u00f3ng ng\u1eebng m\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t: n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n. Ch\u00fang sinh c\u0169ng v\u1eady, v\u00ec b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9ng (96) , b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c h\u1ebft th\u00ec v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n. N\u00ean di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c di\u1ec7t th\u00ec t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edbng di\u1ec7t (97) m\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n
L\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\n\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i s\u1eafc th\u00e1i sinh di\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c duy\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e2m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n
\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean l\u00fd sinh di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0ng L\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch m\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n v\u0103n m\u1ea5y ch\u1eef.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i T\u1ed5ng Qu\u00e1t<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nCh\u00ednh V\u0103n.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nTh\u00eam n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp l\u00e0m cho nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh th\u1ec3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0. Hai l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5m nh\u00e2n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c. Ba l\u00e0 v\u1ecdng t\u00e2m, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee9c. B\u1ed1n l\u00e0 v\u1ecdng c\u1ea3nh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u00e1u c\u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n
Hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 y ph\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u01a1i g\u00ec nh\u01b0ng x\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbp b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 h\u01a1i g\u00ec th\u00ec y ph\u1ee5c c\u00f3 h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng v\u1eady, ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp th\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t d\u1ee5ng trong s\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp th\u00ec c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t d\u1ee5ng trong s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n
L\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nN\u00f3i hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp l\u00e0m cho li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan m\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u1ea5y cho th\u1ea5y, trong \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh n\u00f3 phong ph\u00fa ho\u1ea1t b\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang sinh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00ea c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ng\u1ed9 — \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 t\u00edn m\u00ecnh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i Nhi\u1ec5m Ph\u00e1p Li\u00ean T\u1ee5c Nh\u01b0 Th\u1ebf N\u00e0o<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nCh\u00ednh V\u0103n.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nNhi\u1ec5m ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u00ec c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 n\u00ean c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c, v\u00ec c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c (nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00e1p) n\u00ean hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0, v\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp n\u00e0y n\u00ean c\u00f3 v\u1ecdng t\u00e2m; v\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u1ecdng t\u00e2m n\u00ean hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c, l\u00e0m cho b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c c\u00e0ng b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 n\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1ecdng c\u1ea3nh; v\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ea3nh (duy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00e1p) n\u00ean hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i v\u1ecdng t\u00e2m, l\u00e0m cho v\u1ecdng t\u00e2m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7, t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n
Trong \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ecdng c\u1ea3nh hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t, l\u1edbn th\u00eam ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 hai, l\u1edbn th\u00eam c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7; v\u1ecdng t\u00e2m hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee9c, l\u00e0m cho La h\u00e1n, Duy\u00ean gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 sinh di\u1ec7t (98) , v\u00e0 hai, da t\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c, l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 nghi\u1ec7p bu\u1ed9c (99) ; b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t, l\u1edbn th\u00eam b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee9c (100) , v\u00e0 hai, xu\u1ea5t ra ki\u1ebfn \u00e1i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c (101) .<\/p>\n
L\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nNhi\u1ec5m ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp m\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, cho ta th\u1ea5y ta, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u00fang sinh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i T\u1ecbnh Ph\u00e1p Li\u00ean T\u1ee5c Nh\u01b0 Th\u1ebf N\u00e0o<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\nCh\u00ednh V\u0103n.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\nT\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u00ec c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 n\u00ean hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c, do s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp n\u00e0y m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho v\u1ecdng t\u00e2m ch\u00e1n c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 sinh t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u c\u00e1i vui ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. V\u00ec v\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y m\u00e0 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0, l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang sinh t\u1ef1 t\u00edn ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ecdng t\u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng theo v\u1ecdng c\u1ea3nh, tu ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec5n ly. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u00ec bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecdng c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt, n\u00ean v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp th\u00edch h\u1ee3p ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng c\u1ea3nh n\u1eefa; cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1edd s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp n\u00e0y l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t, b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t n\u00ean t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00ean v\u1ecdng c\u1ea3nh di\u1ec7t theo: nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 duy\u00ean t\u1ed1 di\u1ec7t h\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edbng di\u1ec7t c\u1ea3, v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u di\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n
\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ecdng t\u00e2m hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, \u00fd th\u1ee9c hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp, l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba ch\u00e1n c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 sinh t\u1eed, t\u00f9y n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ti\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng (102) ; v\u00e0 hai, \u00fd hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp, l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t n\u1ed5i l\u00ean t\u00e2m ch\u00ed d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh, m\u00e3nh ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng (102) . C\u00f2n ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp, v\u00e0 hai, d\u1ee5ng hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp.<\/p>\n
Th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd, ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 sung m\u00e3n t\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ee9c thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u00e0 sung m\u00e3n ho\u1ea1t d\u1ee5ng si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t (l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9), ch\u00ednh v\u00ec c\u00f3 hai s\u1ef1 sung m\u00e3n n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp \u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u00ean l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang sinh ch\u00e1n c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 sinh t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u c\u00e1i vui ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 t\u00edn r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 n\u00ean ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 \u1ea5y v\u00e0 tu h\u00e0nh t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n
H\u1ecfi:\u00a0n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n ch\u01b0 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0, t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau kh\u00e1c nhau n\u1eefa? L\u1ebd ra ai c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 v\u00e0 tinh ti\u1ebfn tu t\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00edch nghi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i. \u0110\u00e1p, ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. T\u1eeb g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u1ecdn, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00ec n\u1eb7ng nh\u1eb9 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng; v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u00e1t s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec1u do b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o thu\u1ed9c hai lo\u1ea1i ng\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ng\u00e3 \u00e1i c\u0169ng do b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Bao nhi\u00eau phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f9ng do b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c ph\u00e1t sinh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 lai m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft. Do v\u1eady m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tin ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tin, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau kh\u00e1c nhau (103) .<\/p>\n
Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, theo Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p th\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 duy\u00ean t\u1ed1, nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh l\u1eeda trong c\u00e2y c\u1ee7i l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y, th\u00ec c\u00e2y c\u1ee7i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ch\u00e1y l\u00ean. Ch\u00fang sinh c\u0169ng v\u1eady, d\u1eabu c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu l\u00e0m duy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n y\u1ebfu, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o m\u00e0 nh\u1eadp ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n; tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c, d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 duy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n y\u1ebfu l\u00e0m s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u1edf ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u1edf trong l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0, th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00e1n kh\u1ed5 sinh t\u1eed, c\u1ea7u vui ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 – ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t t\u1eeb bi h\u1ed9 tr\u00ec, m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft ch\u00e1n c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a sinh t\u1eed, m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft tin c\u00e1i vui c\u1ee7a ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft tu nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n; r\u1ed3i nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh n\u00e0y thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y, thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1edfng (104) , m\u1edbi \u0111i th\u1eb3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch mau l\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n (102) .<\/p>\n
D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp l\u00e0 duy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c v\u1eeba n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean. Duy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u00f3 hai, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 duy\u00ean t\u1ed1 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t, hai l\u00e0 duy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng. Duy\u00ean t\u1ed1 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i l\u1ef1c th\u00ec t\u1eeb khi h\u1ecd m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n gi\u00e1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh b\u1eadc to\u00e0n gi\u00e1c (105) , trong th\u00ec gian \u1ea5y ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0m th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 cha m\u1eb9 b\u00e0 con, ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung c\u1ea5p hay k\u1ebb ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch, ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0m b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t, ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0m k\u1ebb th\u00f9, ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0m b\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ebfp h\u00f3a (106) ; n\u00f3i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i l\u00e0m v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 duy\u00ean t\u1ed1, xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb t\u00e2m nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i bi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd l\u1edbn th\u00eam \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh, th\u1ea5y nghe hay ho\u00e0i ni\u1ec7m (107) \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch. Duy\u00ean t\u1ed1 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, lo\u1ea1i mau ch\u00f3ng, l\u00e0m cho mau ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t; v\u00e0 hai, lo\u1ea1i l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y, l\u00e0m cho l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t; ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1eefa th\u00ec hai lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, l\u00e0m cho t\u0103ng th\u00eam ph\u00e1p h\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 hai, l\u00e0m cho ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p. Duy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec1u nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang sinh, n\u00ean hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp cho ch\u00fang sinh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 do s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ec3 (108) , c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i t\u00f9y ch\u00fang sinh n\u00ean th\u1ea5y nghe v\u00e0 n\u00ean ho\u00e0i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, do v\u1eady m\u00e0 trong kinh \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec5 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c th\u00ec ai c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n
Th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp cho ch\u00fang sinh nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y chia ra hai lo\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a th\u00edch \u1ee9ng, l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp n\u00ean d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00edn l\u1ef1c (109) m\u00e0 tu h\u00e0nh, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i tr\u00ed v\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (110) th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i tu v\u00f4 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng (111) th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0. Hai l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng, l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i tr\u00ed v\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u00ea\u1ec3t th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ph\u00e1p l\u1ef1c (109) m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1eadn tu h\u00e0nh, hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0, h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n
L\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i.-<\/strong><\/em><\/u><\/p>\n