{"id":163854,"date":"2019-05-08T11:46:29","date_gmt":"2019-05-08T04:46:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/?p=163854"},"modified":"2019-05-08T11:46:29","modified_gmt":"2019-05-08T04:46:29","slug":"tieu-thua-phat-giao-tu-tuong-luan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/tieu-thua-phat-giao-tu-tuong-luan-163854.html","title":{"rendered":"Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Kimura Taiken<\/em><\/p>\n

H\u00e1n D\u1ecbch: Th\u00edch Di\u1ec5n B\u1ed3i – Vi\u1ec7t D\u1ecbch: Th\u00edch Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ed9<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Xu\u1ea5t B\u1ea3n: Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc V\u1ea1n H\u1ea1nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1969 – Ch\u00f9a Kh\u00e1nh Anh, France<\/em><\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch<\/h3>\n

Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u00edch Ca, tuy c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t ban, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1eeba th\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0, ng\u00e0y nay, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Nh\u1eadt-B\u1ea3n, B\u00e1c s\u0129 M\u1ed9c-Th\u00f4n-Th\u00e1i-Hi\u1ec1n (Kimura Taiken), \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft chung v\u1edbi B\u00e1c s\u0129 Cao-Nam m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch d\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o S\u1eed, trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 m\u00e0, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t r\u00f5, r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1i b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0ng, Kumara Taiken l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, ch\u00ed \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u1edf s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u00e0, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, mu\u1ed1n m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tham c\u1ee9u, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n: \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u00e0y ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0: Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn (s\u1ebd in m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y), Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn (\u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n). T\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? V\u00ec, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba v\u00e0 t\u1eeb Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba, c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfn xa, ti\u1ebfn cao v\u00e0, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1i sai-d\u1ecb-t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Kimura Taiken \u0111\u00e3 chia th\u00e0nh ba b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn, Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn, r\u1ed3i ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 manh nha c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y, \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba: \u0111\u1ecdc ba b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ta s\u1ebd t\u00ecm ra manh m\u1ed1i. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc ba b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, cu\u1ed1n Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00c2u D\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e3n T\u1ed3n phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o n\u0103m D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c XXII v\u00e0 do Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i Th\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u1ee5 \u1ea4n Th\u01b0 Qu\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n; cu\u1ed1n \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn do ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, (Th\u00edch Di\u1ec5n B\u1ed3i) phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch n\u0103m D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c XXXXIII v\u00e0 do H\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ea3ng N\u1ed9i Minh Xu\u1ea5t B\u1ea3n X\u00e3 \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh. Hai cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch nhau h\u01a1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 coi tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1ee7 bi\u1ebft gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i. C\u00e1i m\u00f4i gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch cu\u1ed1n sau n\u00e0y n\u1eefa th\u00ec kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. V\u00ec c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb h\u1eb1ng l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

C\u1ee9 theo Kimura Taiken \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i th\u00ec Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma-T\u01b0-T\u01b0\u1edfng-Lu\u1eadn. Ngay khi \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o r\u1ed3i v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ti\u00ean khu v\u1eady. Sau, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 \u00f4ng h\u1eb1ng mong \u01b0\u1edbc. Ph\u1ea1m vi li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng, hay, n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee5c trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o, n\u1ebfu suy r\u1ed9ng ra th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1eed nh\u1ea5t ban c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u00edt ra l\u00e0 quan li\u00ean t\u1eeb sau khi Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh, do \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea1m vi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng. Song, kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m hay hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Lu\u1eadn Th\u01b0 ri\u00eang, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu do m\u1ed7i ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng, ph\u00e0m mu\u1ed1n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u00e1ch v\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1ed3i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec n\u00f3i m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Song, ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do c\u1ea3 nam v\u00e0 b\u1eafc l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i c\u00f3, c\u00f2n A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Lu\u1eadn Th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch v\u1edf truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i th\u00ec t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u1ea3n m\u1ea1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u1ebd d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Cho n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i: \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn khi \u00f4ng n\u00f3i: \u201cV\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 th\u1eadt ra v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai, khi lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Tuy n\u00f3i th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Lu\u1eadn Th\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7y c\u00f4ng nhi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u1edbi c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc uy\u00ean b\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y xem n\u1ed9i dung t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5. Duy c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0: trong c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh \u0110i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c phi\u1ec1n t\u1ecfa, v\u1ea3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 khan v\u00f4 v\u1ecb n\u1eefa, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf ta th\u1ea5y trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, khi \u00f4ng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1eadp nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ef1c phi\u1ec1n t\u1ecfa ho\u1eb7c c\u1ef1c v\u00f4 v\u1ecb khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ebb nh\u1ea1t. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n, v\u00ec l\u1ebd thuy\u1ebft minh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Lu\u1eadn Th\u01b0 th\u00ec th\u1eadt \u201cv\u00f4 ph\u00e1p kh\u1ea3 thi\u201d. Song, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu r\u1ed3i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1i \u00fd ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf t\u00f4i cho \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ai h\u1eb1ng l\u01b0u t\u00e2m t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc qua.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1edbn l\u00e0 T\u1ed4NG T\u1ef0 v\u00e0 B\u1ea2N LU\u1eacN. Trong ph\u1ea7n T\u1ed4NG T\u1ef0 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 n\u0103m TI\u1ebeT, cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 d\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i ra sao, A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Lu\u1eadn Th\u01b0 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb bao gi\u1edd, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ra sao v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma l\u00e0 g\u00ec, v.v\u2026 Trong ph\u1ea7n B\u1ea2N LU\u1eacN g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 s\u00e1u Thi\u00ean l\u1edbn: Thi\u00ean th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u1edf th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y, lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt Th\u00e2n Quan. Thi\u00ean th\u1ee9 hai, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ef1\u01a1c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, thuy\u1ebft minh t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, cho \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean Lu\u1eadn. Thi\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Quan, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, trong ph\u1ea7n T\u1ed5ng Lu\u1eadn, n\u00f3i r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Quan, k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, thuy\u1ebft minh Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Quan c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma, r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa, l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Quan c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 La m\u00f4n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, Thi\u00ean th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 T\u00e2m L\u00fd Lu\u1eadn, t\u1eeb c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, t\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m,v.v\u2026 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh t\u1ef1, \u00fd ch\u00ed, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, m\u1ed9ng m\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t cu\u1ed3ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn. Thi\u00ean th\u1ee9 n\u0103m Lu\u00e2n L\u00fd Lu\u1eadn trong \u0111\u00f3 chia ra t\u00e1m CH\u01af\u01a0NG, n\u00f3i r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 do h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 c\u00f3 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, ba t\u00ednh thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c, v\u00f4 k\u00fd, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ba t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m ra sao, h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 g\u00ec, t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, do nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o s\u01b0\u1edbng, kh\u1ed5 ra sao, t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi Lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean Lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, v.v\u2026 \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Thi\u00ean r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu, Thi\u00ean th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, Tu \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadn cho ta th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i tu \u0111\u1ea1o, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tu \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 g\u00ec, sau h\u1ebft lu\u1eadn qua v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ecbnh. R\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc Thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0: t\u00e2m l\u00fd quan c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi Thi\u1ec1n, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng lu\u1eadn, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch lu\u1eadn v.v\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n t\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea3o, Ph\u00fac Nghi\u00eam Tinh X\u00e1<\/em><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ee9 XXXXVI.<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng T\u1ef1<\/h3>\n

Ti\u1ebft th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: \u0110I\u1ec2M D\u1eca \u0110\u1ed2NG GI\u1eeeA NGUY\u00caN TH\u1ee6Y \u00a0PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O V\u00c0 A-T\u1ef2-\u0110\u1ea0T-MA PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O<\/h4>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00fang ra, ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn sau, nh\u01b0ng, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a quen v\u1edbi c\u00e1i danh t\u1eeb A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0o? D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y t\u00f9y theo s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng; nh\u01b0ng, theo t\u00f4i, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y \u1edf v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng. V\u00ec v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb, \u00edt ra tr\u00ean c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, b\u1ea3n \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f4 di\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh theo \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1ea5y. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu s\u1eed li\u1ec7u, n\u00ean mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1edf th\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 A-H\u00e0m ho\u1eb7c Lu\u1eadt-b\u1ed9 \u2013 nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n \u2013 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0i tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau khi Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd th\u00ec nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 s\u1eed li\u1ec7u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Song, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u00ec, nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1eadt t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t l\u00e0m th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. Sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i m\u1edf m\u00e0n, nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, r\u1ed3i s\u1ea3n sinh ra nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa, t\u1ee9c\u00a0A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Lu\u1eadn-Th\u01b0, l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i; ti\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc, khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ngay trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt r\u1ed3i, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3 sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba h\u01b0ng kh\u1edfi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, ta v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y th\u1eddi gian kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb hai \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t l\u00e0m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, theo t\u00f4i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa Nguy\u00ean-Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n x\u1eed, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Nguy\u00ean-Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n A-H\u00e0m, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh phong tr\u00e0o quan s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c phong c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u00ean-Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u1eb1m trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma d\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 khai tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4i, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd mu\u1ed1n n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng hi\u1ec3n tr\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u00ean-Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

1 \u2013 N\u00f3i theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u: th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Nguy\u00ean-Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u00fac ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec1u minh b\u1ea1ch d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec b\u00ed m\u1eadt kh\u00fac m\u1eafc, v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt khi n\u00f3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c trao truy\u1ec1n tri th\u1ee9c cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft h\u1ecd c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u201cchuy\u1ec3n m\u00ea khai ng\u1ed9\u201d cho \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea3n d\u1ecb khi\u1ebfn cho trong th\u00ednh ch\u00fang ai c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u2013 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u2013 th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111em ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, cho m\u1ed7i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. \u00dd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt-\u00e2m nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cTrong kinh, Ng\u0169-U\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ly. Nh\u01b0ng trong A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u00e0m th\u00ec d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kinh, lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh Ng\u0169-U\u1ea9n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi ly, Th\u1eadp-Nh\u1ecb-X\u1ee9, Th\u1eadp-B\u00e1t-Gi\u1edbi cho \u0111\u1ebfn T\u1ee9-\u0110\u1ebf\u2026 c\u0169ng th\u1ebf\u201d. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt-\u00e2m th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u gi\u1eefa Nguy\u00ean-Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u1edf \u1edf nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cch\u01b0 m\u00f4n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u201d, ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

2 \u2013 B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i dung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng (t\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd t\u1ef1 ph\u1ea7n) \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Nguy\u00ean-Th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, Nguy\u00ean-Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, l\u1ea5y l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, v\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5y m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e1n h\u1ebft th\u1ea9y: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, s\u1ef1 quan qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt tuy l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd chi ly. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu bi\u00ean hay v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c v\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hay kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u ch\u01a1n l\u00fd Nguy\u00ean-Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u1eefa (xem Nguy\u00ean-Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u01b0-T\u01b0\u1edfng-Lu\u1eadn trang 75).<\/p>\n

Song, \u0111\u1ebfn A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00ec A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Nguy\u00ean-Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u, thay v\u00ec lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c th\u00ec A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd tu ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch (xin xem A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Lu\u1eadn Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u, trang 53 \u2013 62). Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t sau n\u00e0y th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ee5c tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu. \u1ede th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u ra, A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma c\u00f2n tham lu\u1eadn c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi m\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean-Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

\u201cKh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00f3, duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u1eef thanh t\u1ecbnh, d\u00f9 thu\u1eadn hay ngh\u1ecbch, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng bay t\u1edbi\u201d (T\u1ea1p-A-H\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 38, \u0110\u1ea1i-T\u1ea1ng 2, trang 278, ph\u1ea7n h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma th\u00ec l\u1ea5y h\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng, cho r\u1eb1ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c x\u00f4ng t\u1edbi (C\u00e2u-X\u00e1-Lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n II). Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 Thi Thi\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft, trong Nh\u00e2n Thi Thi\u1ebft M\u00f4n th\u1ee9 10, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i sao? Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, t\u1ea1i sao n\u00fai l\u1ea1i cao, bi\u1ec3n th\u00ec r\u1ed9ng? T\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111i ngang m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i d\u1ecdc? v.v\u2026 R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Lu\u1eadn Th\u01b0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f2n \u0111i s\u00e2u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng thuy\u1ebft v\u00f4 k\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0i x\u00edch, cho n\u00ean, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 phi\u1ec1n t\u1ecfa m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t t\u1ee9c c\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u00ec, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c m\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ef1c s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

3 \u2013 Sau c\u00f9ng, Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0103n c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m v\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng quan s\u00e1t duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, \u201cm\u1ed9t t\u1ee9c h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y\u201d, \u201ch\u1ebft th\u1ea3y t\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ebfn A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma th\u00ec thay v\u00ec c\u0103n c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i t\u00e2m l\u1ea1i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng thuy\u1ebft minh s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ba \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc th\u00ec v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, theo t\u00f4i, ba \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c d\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean v\u00e0, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n A-H\u00e0m hay Lu\u1eadt b\u1ed9 d\u00f9 cho c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi kinh, lu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng coi tr\u1ecdng kinh, lu\u1eadt m\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa v\u00e0o lu\u1eadn. nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu tham kh\u1ea3o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean trong kho\u1ea3ng trung gian t\u1eeb Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o r\u1ed3i k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 d\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebft th\u1ee9 hai:\u00a0C\u00c1C B\u1ed8 PH\u00c1I V\u1edaI A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma<\/h4>\n

A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba t\u1ea1ng Kinh, Lu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o quan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1ed9-Ch\u1ea5p-D\u1ecb-Lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 B\u1ed9-Ch\u1ea5p th\u00ec quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma; \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng. \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft t\u00f4i xin n\u00f3i qua v\u1ebf ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 danh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c B\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3.<\/p>\n

1- Gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chia th\u00e0nh B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chia r\u1ebd trong gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n tuy \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngay trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u1ee5 tranh ch\u1ea5p t\u1ea1i Ki\u1ec1u-Th\u01b0\u1edfng-Di \u2013 Kas\u00e0mbi – x\u1ea9y ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u sau Ph\u1eadt th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0110\u1ec1-B\u00e0-\u0110\u1ea1t-\u0110a ph\u00e1 T\u0103ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m ba m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u), nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt n\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec. Sau khi Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i nh\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o t\u00f4n t\u00fac n\u00ean n\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u1ea5y, \u00edt ra l\u00e0 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb n\u1ee9t r\u1ea1n. Nh\u01b0ng, kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc t\u00f4n t\u00fac ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t suy gi\u1ea3m, s\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n nh\u1edd Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt, m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn xung \u0111\u1ed9t nhau \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec? \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, gi\u1eefa Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Theo Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, khu v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Ph\u1ec7-x\u00e1-li, trung t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n B\u1ea1t-k\u1ef3, m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia theo Ph\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, h\u1ecd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. Sau khi b\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o Gia-x\u00e1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u phi ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng k\u00edch: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cTh\u1eadp S\u1ef1 Phi Ph\u00e1p\u201d r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, Gia-x\u00e1 b\u00e8n tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp g\u1ed3m ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o t\u00f4n t\u00fac tham d\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i Ph\u1ec7-x\u00e1-li, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb Ph\u1ec7-x\u00e1-li. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u1ea3 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Song c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp ri\u00eang b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00f2n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ba t\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1nh \u0110i\u1ec3n. Theo \u0110\u1ea3o S\u1eed, trong k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp n\u00e0y c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y tr\u0103m v\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o tham d\u1ef1; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ngo\u00e0i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e0nh hai ph\u00e1i l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o Ph\u00e1i, t\u1ee9c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ecda B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u1ee9ng Ph\u00e1i, t\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang B\u1ed9. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt gi\u1eefa ph\u00e1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i t\u1ef1 do c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, theo D\u1ecb B\u1ed9 T\u00f4n Lu\u00e2n lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Taran\u00e0tha thu\u1ed9c B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i l\u00e0 Ma Ha \u0110\u00e0 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Ph\u1ec7 x\u00e1 li; v\u00e0 c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t La H\u00e1n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng La H\u00e1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc si\u00eau t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1i kia th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng La H\u00e1n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u00e2n gian t\u00ednh: do b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i. Trung c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a La H\u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201cNg\u0169 S\u1ef1\u201d:<\/p>\n

1\/ Nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng di t\u00ednh trong m\u1ed9ng m\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

2\/ \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 nghi v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

3\/ c\u00f3 khi kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

4\/ C\u00f3 l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i do th\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o cho bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3 La-H\u00e1n; v\u00e0<\/p>\n

5\/ Tuy l\u00e0 La-H\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edd ti\u1ebfng \u201ckh\u1ed5\u201d th\u00ec c\u00f5i l\u00f2ng \u0111\u00f4i khi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1eb3ng l\u1eb7ng b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i-Ch\u00fang-B\u1ed9 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn La-H\u00e1n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-T\u1ecda-B\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, cho n\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 chia th\u00e0nh hai ph\u00e1i (\u0110\u1ea1i-T\u1ef3-B\u00e0 lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 99, \u0110\u1ea1i-Ch\u00ednh-T\u1ea1ng, 27, 510 \u2013 512, ph\u1ea7n gi\u1eefa, cho n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y do \u0110\u1ea1i-Thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn).<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa Nam v\u00e0 B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0: Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng cho s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 quy lu\u1eadt l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i; c\u00f2n B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec l\u1ea1i cho nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd. Hai ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u00fd c\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ri\u00eang t\u00f4i, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng chia r\u1ebd gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt h\u01a1n. Song \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang, b\u1edfi v\u00ec, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Ng\u0169-S\u1ef1 – d\u00f9 cho kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i \u2013 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng khi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-Ch\u00fang-B\u1ed9; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt th\u00ec B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee9 quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t (V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Ng\u0169-S\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh ra La-H\u00e1n-Lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a T\u1eb7c-Tr\u1ee5-\u0110\u1ea1i-Thi\u00ean?).<\/p>\n

2 – S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-T\u1ecda-B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i-Ch\u00fang-B\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb hai b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1i nh\u1ecf n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00e1i g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 Nam v\u00e0 B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, theo t\u00f4i, con s\u1ed1 18 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 18 l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 danh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec theo c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0m b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i m\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 khi c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 cao n\u1eefa, do \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. H\u00e3y xin \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, theo D\u1ecb-B\u1ed9-T\u00f4n-Lu\u00e2n lu\u1eadn (s\u1eed li\u1ec7u tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i), Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t sau m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m, gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y chia th\u00e0nh hai b\u1ed9 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-T\u1ecda v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i-Ch\u00fang; \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t th\u00ec trong \u0110\u1ea1i-Ch\u00fang-B\u1ed9 l\u1ea1i chia ra t\u00e1m ph\u00e1i; r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb ba tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb trong Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-T\u1ecda-B\u1ed9 l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t sinh ra m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1i, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 18 ph\u00e1i, v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 hai b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh l\u1ea1i th\u00ec th\u00e0nh 20 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2n m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch-Lan[1]\u00a0c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean. Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-T\u1ecda-B\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o T\u00edch-Lan, tuy kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea3o-S\u1eed.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ngo\u00e0i s\u1ed1 18 b\u1ed9 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean c\u00f2n c\u00f3 6 ph\u00e1i: 1) Tuy\u1ebft-s\u01a1n-b\u1ed9, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00c1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-la ph\u00e1i; 2) V\u01b0\u01a1ng-s\u01a1-ph\u00e1i; 3) Ngh\u0129a-th\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1i; 4) \u0110\u00f4ng-s\u01a1n-ph\u00e1i; 5) T\u00e2y-s\u01a1n-b\u1ed9 g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1i; v\u00e0 6)T\u00e2y-s\u01a1n-v\u01b0\u01a1ng-ph\u00e1i (theo Mhus.p. 11-12 l\u00e0: Aparar\u00e0j\u00e0giri hay V\u00e0jirika c\u0169ng th\u1ebf), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 6 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i 18 b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

Hai truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y tuy th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 trong Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean s\u1ee3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft. V\u00ec theo nh\u01b0 Taran\u00e0tha n\u00f3i th\u00ec c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft do \u0110\u1ea1i-Ch\u00fang-B\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft do Ch\u00ednh-L\u01b0\u1ee3ng-B\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft do Ngh\u0129a-T\u1ecbnh truy\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft do Ba-\u00f4-\u00e1 truy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1i \u201cs\u1edf truy\u1ec1n\u201d. N\u1ebfu \u0111em so s\u00e1nh th\u00ec ta th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u00f3 tuy c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 danh ngh\u0129a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u00ec hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed? \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

3 – V\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i d\u0129 nhi\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ed9i. Trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng sau, khi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y tuy ch\u01b0a c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c theo d\u00f5i, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft th\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y; c\u00f2n \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, th\u00ec Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 tuy l\u1ea5y truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ngo\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng; h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9, tuy ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t l\u1ea5y truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i mu\u1ed1n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0 \u0110a-v\u0103n-b\u1ed9 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. V\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t kh\u00e1i v\u1ec1 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec tuy hai ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y Kh\u1ed5, T\u1eadp, Di\u1ec7t, \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft; th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, trong T\u1ee9-\u0110\u1ebf, n\u00ean nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0o th\u00ec gi\u1eefa hai ph\u00e1i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng thuy\u1ebft minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n Kh\u1ed5, T\u1eadp, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 r\u00f5 c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean do th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t; v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng Di\u1ec7t-\u0110\u1ea1o, mu\u1ed1n x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n Di\u1ec7t-\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i cho th\u00edch h\u1ee3p th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u0169ng do c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 khai tri\u1ec3n; c\u00f2n c\u00e1i l\u00fd lu\u1eadn x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c tu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t (nh\u01b0 T\u00e2m-t\u00ednh-b\u1ea3n-t\u1ecbnh-quan, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d) th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7. S\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu c\u00e1i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 hay khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i trong vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t th\u00edch th\u00fa, cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

4- Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma-lu\u1eadn-th\u01b0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u00f3i theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, m\u1ed7i ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ba t\u1ea1ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Kinh v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 chung cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i n\u00ean s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n tr\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u\u00a0l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i. L\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 lu\u1eadn hay nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u kinh ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 trong kinh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong kinh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c. C\u1ee9 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn, n\u1ebfu ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o quan th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i, n\u1ebfu ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng coi tr\u1ecdng lu\u1eadn th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 Kinh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i v\u00ec nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 chi ly n\u00ean b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t ph\u00e1i, cho n\u00ean, v\u1ec1 ba t\u1ea1ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, tuy c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u00f4i, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ba t\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n, ngo\u00e0i ra, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ph\u00e1i, c\u00f2n A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb l\u00e2u v\u00ec s\u1ef1 suy vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc! Ng\u00e0y nay ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c trong T\u00f4n lu\u00e2n lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u00ean ta c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c v\u00e0 l\u1edd m\u1edd th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay th\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma c\u1ee7a Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Thuy\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-h\u1eefu-b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong ba t\u1ea1ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i, v\u00e0 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y b\u1ed9:<\/p>\n

1) Ph\u00e1p t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn P.T.S (A Buddhist Manual of Psycholgical Ethics; tr. By Mrs. Rhys Davids; London 1900).<\/p>\n

2) Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t lu\u1eadn P.T.S.<\/p>\n

3) Gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadn P.T.S.<\/p>\n

4) Nh\u00e2n-thi-thi\u1ebft-lu\u1eadn P.T.S. (Das Buch der Charaktere Ubersetzt von N\u1ef3anatiloka, Breslau 1910).<\/p>\n

5) Ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn P.T.S.<\/p>\n

6) Song lu\u1eadn P.T.S.<\/p>\n

7) Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1, 2 volum P.T.S. (Points of Controversy; tranlation by Mrs. Rhys Davids).<\/p>\n

Theo Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m, sau khi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o, ng\u1ed3i t\u01b0 duy d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y B\u1ed3-\u0110\u1ec1, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau, trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean cung tr\u1eddi \u0110ao-L\u1ee3i, ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i s\u00e1u lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3y lu\u1eadn k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean (Atthas\u00e0lini p.4-6); c\u00f2n b\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y l\u00e0 do M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-t\u1eed-\u0111\u1ebf-tu l\u00e0m ra v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng do l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt ch\u00fa k\u00fd m\u00e0 l\u00e0m, n\u00ean v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 do ch\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t theo s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec coi lu\u1eadn do ch\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i n\u00ean s\u01b0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, ta c\u1ee9 xem truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i b\u1ea3y lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y lu\u1eadn h\u1eefu danh kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch c\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 Thanh-T\u1ecbnh–\u0110\u1ea1o-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5 sau c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean (Vols. 2, P.T.S.), v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u00e1p y\u1ebfu lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a A-n\u00e2u-l\u00e2u-\u0111\u00e0 tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 8 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12.<\/p>\n

Sau n\u1eefa, trong c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cTi\u1ec3u-Th\u1eeba lu\u1eadn-b\u1ed9\u201d do B\u1eafc-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn tuy \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch, nh\u01b0ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c Thuy\u1ebft-nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-h\u1eefu-b\u1ed9, c\u00f2n thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: 1) Tam-di-\u0111\u1ec1-lu\u1eadn, 3 quy\u1ec3n (kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch, \u0110\u1ea1i-T\u1ea1ng ra 32), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh-l\u01b0\u01a1ng-b\u1ed9; X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn, 30 quy\u1ec3n, do \u0110\u00e0m-ma-gia-x\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0m-ma-ha-h\u1ed1t-\u0111a \u0111\u1eddi Di\u00eau-T\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng d\u1ecbch (\u0110\u1ea1ng-T\u1ea1ng 28), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 hay c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9, ngo\u00e0i ra kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c Thuy\u1ebft-nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-h\u1eefu-b\u1ed9. Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, Thuy\u1ebft-nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-h\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng lu\u1eadn-b\u1ed9; trong \u0110\u1ea1i-T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa-lu\u1eadn, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb lu\u1eadn-s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u1eadn-s\u01b0, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadn-th\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y. T\u1ef1a Trung, Ph\u00e1t-tr\u00ed-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i-T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u00fd r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh L\u1ee5c-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn – lu\u1eadn-\u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

T\u1eadp-d\u1ecb-m\u00f4n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn 20 quy\u1ec3n (X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-t\u1eed n\u00f3i, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft cho l\u00e0 Ma-ha-c\u00e2u-hy-la tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c – \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n-Trang d\u1ecbch).<\/p>\n

Thi-thi\u1ebft-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn (\u0110\u1ea1i-ca-\u0111a-di\u00ean-na tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft cho l\u00e0 M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean. m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 Thi-Thi\u1ebft-lu\u1eadn 7 quy\u1ec3n, do Ph\u00e1p-H\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Duy-T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng d\u1ecbch, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. T\u1ea1i T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 ba b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n. v\u1ec1 chi ti\u1ebft, xin xem c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3; \u201cNghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u1eadn, thi\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba).<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9c-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn 16 quy\u1ec3n (\u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0-thi\u1ebft-ma tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c, Huy\u1ec1n-Trang d\u1ecbch).<\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn 3 quy\u1ec3n (Th\u1ebf-H\u1eefu, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft cho l\u00e0 Ph\u00fa-lan-na tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c; Huy\u1ec1n-Trang d\u1ecbch).<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn 18 quy\u1ec3n (Th\u1ebf-H\u1eefu, Huy\u1ec1n-Trang d\u1ecbch). X\u01b0a d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u00e0m-B\u00e1t-Ki\u1ec1n-\u0110\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn, 30 quy\u1ec3n, do T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0-\u0111\u1ec1-b\u00e0 v\u00e0 Tr\u00fac-Ph\u1eadt-Ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eddi Ph\u00f9-T\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3y lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9-T\u00f4n. T\u1ef1u trung, Ph\u00e1t-tr\u00ed-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m k\u1ebft tinh t\u00e2m l\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ka-\u0111a-ni-t\u1eed, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y m\u00e0 H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9-T\u00f4n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u1ed1ng, cho n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9-T\u00f4n, lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Sau l\u1ea5y lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e1t-tr\u00ed l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, r\u1ed3i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o L\u1ee5c-t\u00fac, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o hai lu\u1eadn Ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Thi-Thi\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam Ph\u00e1t-tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o l\u00fd t\u00f9ng th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa-lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Ca-th\u1ea5p-di-la, g\u1ed3m 200 quy\u1ec3n (Huy\u1ec1n-Trang d\u1ecbch. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch x\u01b0a l\u00e0: A-T\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa-lu\u1eadn, 60 quy\u1ec3n, do Ph\u00f9-\u0111\u00e0-b\u1ea1t-ma v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i-Th\u00e1i c\u00f9ng d\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc-Kinh). V\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, xin xem c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3; \u201cNghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma-lu\u1eadn-th\u01b0\u201d, thi\u00ean th\u1ee9 4, s\u1ebd r\u00f5.<\/p>\n

N\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9 do \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 phi\u1ec1n t\u1ea1p, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i, do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-t\u00e2m-ph\u00e1p-th\u1eafng-lu\u1eadn, A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-t\u00e2m-lu\u1eadn-kinh c\u1ee7a \u01afu-ba-phi\u1ebfn-\u0111a gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch Ph\u00e1p-th\u1eafng lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p-c\u1ee9u-t\u1ea1p-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-t\u00e2m-lu\u1eadn. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m sau t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, Th\u1ebf-Th\u00e2n tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma C\u00e2u-X\u00e1-lu\u1eadn, 30 quy\u1ec3n (Huy\u1ec1n-Trang d\u1ecbch) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd v\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e1p c\u1eedu, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Kinh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m s\u00e1ch c\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u1ebfu cho lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa. (Lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y x\u01b0a d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u2013C\u00e2u-X\u00e1-Th\u00edch-lu\u1eadn, 22 quy\u1ec3n, do Ch\u00e2n-\u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n d\u1ecbch). Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9-T\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o khoa th\u01b0 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Kinh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 th\u00fa v\u1ecb. R\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o C\u00e2u-X\u00e1-lu\u1eadn, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00ednh ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00f4ng v\u1edbi Th\u1ebf-th\u00e2n l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn: A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma-Thu\u1eadn-Ch\u00ednh-L\u00fd-lu\u1eadn, 80 quy\u1ec3n (c\u0169ng do Huy\u1ec1n-Trang d\u1ecbch).<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9-T\u00f4n tuy n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1eefa (nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadp-A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma -lu\u1eadn, hai quy\u1ec3n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n), nh\u01b0ng s\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c, n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i qua nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Sau h\u1ebft, xin \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp th\u00eam m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ed9 n\u1eefa trong Ti\u1ec3u-Th\u1eeba lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch:<\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt-thuy\u1ebft-l\u1eadp-th\u1ebf-a-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn, 10 quy\u1ec3n (Ch\u00e2n-\u0110\u1ebf d\u1ecbch). Lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; t\u00f4i cho c\u00f3 l\u1ebd lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t thai t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n-d\u1ecbch Th\u1ebf kh\u1edfi kinh trong b\u1ed9 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng-a-h\u00e0m. Kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea5t kh\u00ed ph\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 n\u00e0o trong lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i; \u0111\u00e2y th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t l\u1edbn cho gi\u00e1o gi\u1edbi. song trong t\u1ea1ng H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt lu\u1eadn, 16 quy\u1ec3n, c\u1ee7a Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma (C\u01b0u-ma-la-th\u1eadp \u0111\u1eddi Di\u00eau-T\u1ea7n d\u1ecbch). B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n (th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u00e1m tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t). Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u00ec v\u00ec Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh qu\u00e1 phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn n\u00ean m\u1edbi l\u00e0m ra Th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u1eefa \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn, 12 quy\u1ec3n, do \u01afu-ba-\u0111\u1ec3-sa tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c (T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0-b\u00e0-la \u0111\u1eddi L\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ecbch). Lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi Thanh t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u tr\u00ean l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebft th\u1ee9 ba:\u00a0NGU\u1ed2N G\u1ed0C V\u00c0 S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N\u00a0C\u1ee6A A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma LU\u1eacN-TH\u01af<\/h4>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf tr\u00ean, s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 \u0111i song song v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1eadn ph\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00ec v\u1ecb t\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 g\u00ec v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i. V\u00ec l\u1ebd, A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p\u201d, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i r\u1ed3i \u0111em ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f9 cho kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ednh ph\u00e1t sinh. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh trong khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng ta h\u00e3y t\u1ea1m g\u00e1c ra ngo\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i qua v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (v\u1ec1 chi ti\u1ebft, xem c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: \u201cNghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u201c thi\u00ean th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t).<\/p>\n

1- NGU\u1ed2N G\u1ed0C C\u1ee6A A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma.<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u0111\u00e3 bao h\u00e0m ngay trong s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ung dung t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i, l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t minh b\u1ea1ch; Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, ngay t\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma r\u1ed3i. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t ngay t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng ra, ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn. A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p\u201d, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 sau t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u201cL\u00fd ph\u00e1p\u201d (v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a danh t\u1eeb A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma, xin xem ti\u1ebft sau). L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, ph\u00e1p ngh\u0129a li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, v\u00ec th\u1ebf s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kinh, c\u00f9ng ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi kinh, lu\u1eadt. N\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi Th\u00e1nh-kinh c\u1ee7a C\u01a1-\u0110\u1ed1c-Gi\u00e1o, th\u00ec kinh, lu\u1eadt l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac-\u00c2m, c\u00f2n A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. M\u00e0 c\u00e1i khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc tuy \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb T\u00f4ng-\u00c2n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e1-L\u1ed7 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1eadc gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eddi sau, n\u1ec1n Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp: A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft k\u1ebft t\u1eadp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (ngay n\u0103m Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t), tuy c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i kinh v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma th\u00ec tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh k\u1ebft t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

2- QU\u00c1 TR\u00ccNH PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N C\u1ee6A A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma LU\u1eacN TH\u01af.<\/em><\/p>\n

A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 qua nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tri\u1ec3n khai nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay? V\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y chia b\u1ed1n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. a) TH\u1edcI K\u1ef2 TH\u1ee8 NH\u1ea4T LU\u1eacN TH\u01af C\u00d2N GI\u1eee H\u00ccNH TH\u00c1I KH\u1ebe KINH.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ch\u01b0a ph\u00e2n chia ra kinh, lu\u1eadn, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, nh\u01b0ng chung qui th\u00ec lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kh\u1ebf kinh. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 x\u00e9t theo b\u1ed9 kinh A-H\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u01b0u ng\u00e0y nay, th\u00ec, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, b\u1ed9 kinh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do h\u1ecdc phong c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd v\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma h\u00f3a, cho n\u00ean, kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 mang nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eafc th\u00e1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p bi\u00ean t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p bi\u00ean t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng-Nh\u1ea5t-A-H\u00e0m, c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1p-A-H\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n-d\u1ecbch Th\u1ebf K\u1ef7 Kinh trong kinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng-A-H\u00e0m, r\u1ed3i c\u1ea3 Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea9m trong Trung-B\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (M.N.No. 135-142) \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i dung trong c\u00e1c kinh hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 ra h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u201cCh\u00fang-T\u1eadp-Kinh\u201d trong Tr\u01b0\u1eddng-b\u1ed9, Ma-Ha-Ph\u1ec7-\u0110\u00e0-La-T\u01b0-Tha v\u00e0 C\u00e2u-L\u1ea1p-Vi\u1ec7t-\u0110\u00e0-La-T\u01b0-Tha trong Trung-B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. Lu\u1eadn-C\u1ee9u A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p cho \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed th\u00ec l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh Kh\u1ebf-Kinh. Trong cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai (m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t), theo Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u00e1u A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u00e0m (lu\u1eadn), nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft sai l\u1ea7m v\u00ec, theo t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai th\u00ec kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Kinh-Th\u1ee5-K\u00fd n\u1eb1m trong C\u1eedu-B\u1ed9-Gi\u00e1o. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Ph\u1eadt-\u00c2m \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5: thay v\u00ec tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i Tam T\u1ea1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i tin \u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a C\u1eedu-B\u1ed9-Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. b) TH\u1edcI K\u1ef2 TH\u1ee8 HAI, LU\u1eacN TH\u01af GI\u1ea2I TH\u00cdCH NGH\u0128A KINH.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      T\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kh\u1ebf kinh n\u1eefa; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 hai. \u0110\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn l\u1ea5y kinh l\u00e0m b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 l\u00e3nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong kh\u1ebf kinh, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t huy m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u00e2n th\u01b0, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a t\u1ecf r\u00f5 ra c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c n\u00e0o th\u00eam v\u00e0o cho nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong kh\u1ebf kinh: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00e0i \u201cg\u1ea1ch n\u1ed1i\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1eeb kh\u1ebf kinh \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u00f3i theo Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec V\u00f4-Ng\u1ea1i-\u0110\u1ea1o-Lu\u1eadn, Ma-Ha-Ni-Lu\u1eadt-Sa, C\u01b0u-L\u1ea1p-Ni-Lu\u1eadt-Sa, v.v\u2026n\u1eb1m trong Ti\u1ec3u-b\u1ed9, thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. Tuy v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea5y b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 bao h\u00e0m c\u00e1i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u b\u1ecb thu v\u00e0o Kinh-T\u1ea1ng, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb lu\u1eadn th\u01b0. N\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i theo H\u00e1n-d\u1ecbch, th\u00ec nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p-U\u1ea9n-T\u00fac-Lu\u1eadn, T\u1eadp-D\u1ecb-M\u00f4n-T\u00fac-Lu\u1eadn, v.v\u2026c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9, tuy c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u00ec v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ebf kinh. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt t\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0, khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u00ec thu\u1eadt t\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean h\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn th\u01b0. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, r\u1ea5t \u00edt b\u1ed9 c\u00f2n gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t thu\u1eadt t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n: V\u00f4-Ng\u1ea1i-\u0110\u1ea1o-Lu\u1eadn, Ni-Lu\u1eadt-Sa cho \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p-U\u1ea9n-T\u00fac-Lu\u1eadn, T\u1eadp-D\u1ecb-M\u00f4n-T\u00fac-Lu\u1eadn v.v\u2026ch\u1eb3ng qua c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t thu\u1eadt t\u00e1c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 l\u1eafm, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

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      1. c) TH\u1edcI K\u1ef2 TH\u1ee8 BA: LU\u1eacN TH\u01af TI\u1ebeN T\u1edaI \u0110\u1ecaA V\u1eca \u0110\u1ed8C.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 ba n\u00e0y, lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf kh\u1ebf kinh m\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 t\u00e0i, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u00e0n ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u kinh n\u1eefa m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kinh l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, r\u1ed3i \u0111em ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn v\u00e0 theo m\u1ecdi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u1ea5y: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u trong lu\u1eadn th\u01b0. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung th\u00ec th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n bao h\u00e0m c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu: \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma ph\u00e1t sinh theo tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi kinh lu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y. V\u1ec1 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t; lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00f3a m\u1edbi c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. C\u00e1i h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i r\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba (h\u01a1n hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t), nh\u01b0ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t huy th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c sau n\u00e0y: theo t\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch. B\u1ea3y lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9, A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u00e0m-Lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-Ph\u1ea5t v,v\u2026\u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. d) TH\u1edcI K\u1ef2 TH\u1ee8 T\u01af: TH\u1edcI K\u1ef2 C\u01af\u01a0NG Y\u1ebeU LU\u1eacN.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Khi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00ec nh\u1eefng A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u, cho m\u1ed7i ph\u00e1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh; nh\u01b0ng, v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n cho h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng n\u00ean l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m ra c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch c\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u1ebfu n\u1eefa. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Thanh-t\u1ecbnh-\u0111\u1ea1o-lu\u1eadn, A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma ph\u00e1p y\u1ebfu lu\u1eadn, Nh\u1eadp-A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u1eadn (Ng\u1ed9-Nh\u1eadp), t\u1ef3-\u0110\u00e0m c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p-th\u1eafng-h\u1ec7 (Ph\u00e1p-Th\u1eafng \u2013 \u01afu-Ba-Phi\u1ebfn-\u0110a \u2013 Ph\u00e1p-C\u1eedu), C\u00e2u-X\u00e1-Lu\u1eadn (Th\u1ebf-Th\u00e2n),v.v\u2026\u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh. th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai, th\u1ee9 ba sau T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ti\u1ec3u-Th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

          3- PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P X\u1eec L\u00dd V\u1ea4N \u0110\u1ec0 A-T\u1ef2-\u0110\u1ea0T-MA LU\u1eacN TH\u01af.<\/em><\/p>\n

          Sau h\u1ebft, l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u1eed l\u00fd. Khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ebf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n x\u1eed l\u00fd kinh m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec, nh\u01b0, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kinh, cho n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kinh l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. Song, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0: nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee5c trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1eebng m\u1ed7i c\u00e2u kinh, m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft minh to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00f3i gh\u00e9m trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u kinh. Do \u0111\u00f3, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e3y sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trong kinh cho \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb kinh chi ph\u1ed1i n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u trong \u0110\u1ea1i-T\u1ef3-B\u00e0-Sa lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 51, n\u00f3i l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 kh\u01b0 kh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eb7t t\u1eebng c\u00e2u kinh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t quan ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1ee9 v\u0103n Sa-M\u00f4n. Theo quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1i khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng mu\u1ed1n d\u00f9ng A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ed1i kinh tuy ch\u01b0a bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, cho n\u00ean, trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea3y sinh ra ph\u00e1i l\u1ea5y A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m. Thuy\u1ebft-nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-h\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i l\u1ea5y kinh thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u00ec m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 kinh Kinh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9 – nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo B\u1ed9-ch\u1ea5p-d\u1ecb-lu\u1eadn-s\u1edb c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n-\u0111\u1ebf n\u00f3i th\u00ec K\u00ea-d\u1eadn-b\u1ed9 (Kh\u00f4i-s\u01a1n-tr\u1ee5-b\u1ed9) cho r\u1eb1ng kinh lu\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 ra l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, c\u00f2n \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u00ednh th\u1eadt n\u1eb1m trong A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u00e2n \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt b\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong kinh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u01a1i c\u00f3 v\u1ebd gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i-Th\u1eeba. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, ngo\u00e0i kinh ra c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. V\u00e0, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, trong A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tri\u1ec3n trong kinh; \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 do th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean mang l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn, h\u00e3y x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Kh\u1ebf Kinh l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7: Kh\u1ebf Kinh l\u1ea5y gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0ng A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n sang v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c. Song, \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, ch\u1ee9 c\u00f2n \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y ta c\u1ee9 xem c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c trong V\u00f4-ng\u1ea1i-\u0111\u1ea1o-lu\u1eadn hay Ph\u00e1p-u\u1ea9n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (Ng\u1eef-Ph\u00e1p-Lu\u1eadn) do An-Th\u1ebf-Cao truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ebfn A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 th\u00ec quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng: thay v\u00ec x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u1ea1i thuy\u1ebft minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n sinh, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma th\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5. C\u00e1c b\u1eadc lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma tuy kh\u00f4ng coi th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n x\u00e1c nh\u1eadp l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c: ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt chung c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. Theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

          Sau h\u1ebft, h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o ph\u1ea1m vi ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u0169. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma ch\u1ec9 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 nh\u01b0 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v.v\u2026 nh\u01b0ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c thuy\u1ebft minh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 hai – l\u1ea5y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u2013 th\u00ec c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. Song, l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u00ec kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, cho n\u00ean m\u1edbi chia c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 ra t\u1eebng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 v\u00ec l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Song m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tu h\u1ecdc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, cho n\u00ean, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, l\u1ea1i s\u1ea3n sinh ra nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch c\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u1ebfu d\u1ea3n d\u1ecb h\u01a1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u, chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u to\u00e0n th\u1ec3, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i tranh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u: \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u01b0 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u. Tuy \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n theo l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh \u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u1ebfu, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 theo qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

          Ti\u1ebft th\u1ee9 t\u01b0:\u00a0DANH NGH\u0128A C\u1ee6A A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma<\/h4>\n

          Tr\u1edf l\u00ean, t\u00f4i m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft; \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u00f5 h\u01a1n: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a danh t\u1eeb A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. Ch\u1eef \u201c\u0111\u1ea1t ma\u201d (dhamma) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e1p\u201d; ch\u1eef n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma (abhidhamma) m\u1edbi th\u1eadt l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft th\u00ec nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma g\u1ed3m c\u00f3: Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5, v\u00e0 B\u1eafc-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec, nh\u01b0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft, c\u00f3 lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa. V\u00e0 sau, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u1ee7 ye\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean:<\/p>\n

          Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m: Trong A-tha-sa-l\u1ecb-ni (s\u00e1ch ch\u00fa th\u00edch Ph\u00e1p-t\u1eadp-lu\u1eadn), Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1eafng ph\u00e1p\u201d, \u201c\u0111\u1eb7c-th\u00f9-ph\u00e1p\u201d. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong Na-t\u01b0-m\u00e3n-gi\u00e0-la-y-l\u1ea1p-hy-ni (s\u00e1ch ch\u00fa th\u00edch Digha Nikaya), gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 abhidhamma c\u00f3 d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

          \u201cH\u1eefu-ph\u00e1p, t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1eb7c-th\u00f9, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, t\u01b0\u1eddng thuy\u1ebft, t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng: th\u1ebf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma\u201d. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, trong abhi g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u0103ng th\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, t\u01b0\u1eddng thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng: ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1i ngh\u0129a r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma g\u1ed3m hai \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m sau \u0111\u00e2y: v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung th\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u00f9 th\u1eafng v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u th\u00ec t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn, kh\u00fac tri\u1ebft. Song, s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do ch\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt-\u00c2m s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c lu\u1eadn h\u1ec7 Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

          C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec B\u00e0-sa-lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch; n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a l\u00fd th\u00ec A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0: \u201c\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1c ch\u1ecdn r\u1ea5t kh\u00e9o, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn th\u1ebf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma\u201d (\u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-ba-sa lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n I, \u0110\u1ea1i-T\u1ea1ng, 27, 274). Nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo t\u1ef1 ngh\u0129a th\u00ec nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p-m\u1eadt-\u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0: \u201cPh\u00e1p n\u00e0y t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma\u201d. C\u00f2n H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0: \u201cPh\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma\u201d (\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, abhi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu). L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch (Kinh-b\u1ed9) nh\u01b0: \u201cTrong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0 cao t\u1ed9t, ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y (A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma) \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma\u201d. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Ph\u1eadt-h\u1ed9 n\u00f3i: \u201cA-T\u1ef3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng tr\u1ee3 ng\u1eef l\u00e0m hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc, cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma\u201d. C\u00f2n Gi\u00e1c-thi\u1ec7n th\u00ec n\u00f3i: \u201cA-t\u1ef3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng tr\u1ee3 ng\u1eef l\u00e0m hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u2026 Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma\u201d. \u0110\u1ebfn T\u1ea3-th\u1ee5 th\u00ec n\u00f3i: \u201cPh\u00e1p n\u00e0y t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung k\u00ednh n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma\u201d (\u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n I, \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ea1ng 27, trang 4). B\u1eafc-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma l\u00e0 th\u00f9 th\u1eafng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng do Ph\u1eadt-\u00c2m gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ef1u d\u1ecbch Trung-Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4-t\u1ec9-ph\u00e1p\u201d, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1eef \u201cA\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 v\u00f4, c\u00f2n t\u1ec9 l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch \u00e2m ch\u1eef \u201cbhi\u201d nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, m\u00e0 v\u00f4-t\u1ef7 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 cao t\u1ed9t, th\u00f9 th\u1eafng. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 V\u0103n-ph\u00e1p-h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-b\u00e0-sa, A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0: A c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a tr\u1eeb b\u1ecf, bhi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn: ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1eeb b\u1ecf v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y tuy c\u00f3 v\u1ebb v\u00f4 l\u00fd nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i (B\u00e0-sa quy\u1ec3n I, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh-t\u1ea1ng, 27, trang 4, ph\u1ea7n gi\u1eefa). Nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ngay t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, c\u00e1i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam cho t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, cho n\u00ean, v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i dung, n\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 v\u00f4-t\u1ec9-ph\u00e1p, t\u0103ng-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-ph\u00e1p, th\u00f9-th\u1eafng-ph\u00e1p, v.v\u2026 s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cho l\u1eafm. C\u00e1i nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ch\u1eef abhi, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf v\u00e0 Huy\u1ec1n Trang \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u1ecbch A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma\u00a0l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p\u201d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 v\u0103n t\u1ef1 m\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u1edf l\u00ean m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp qua \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma; ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa, ta ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t hay b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i qua \u1edf tr\u00ean, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c hay th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. L\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa m\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u00ec gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt nguy\u00ean lai kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ra m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh ri\u00eang, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u1ea5y r\u1ed3i \u0111em ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Do \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i l\u00fd ph\u00e1p\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd ph\u00e1p t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u00fd ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p Ph\u1eadt, v\u00ec, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec ng\u00e0y nay nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u00fd ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd hay c\u1ee7a h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u00fd ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ea khai ng\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, cho n\u00ean ta v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma, v\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma h\u01b0ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn. A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma tuy c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo kinh, nh\u01b0ng qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng lu\u1eadn chi ph\u1ed1i kinh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ngh\u0129a kinh l\u1ea5y l\u00fd ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u01b0u ti\u00ean, c\u00f2n v\u0103n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu, n\u1ebfu kinh n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi l\u00fd ph\u00e1p th\u00ec cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kinh \u201cb\u1ea5t li\u1ec5u ngh\u0129a\u201d, kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao l\u00fd ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. V\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u0169ng \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y m\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, n\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc trong Th\u00e1nh kinh c\u1ee7a C\u01a1-\u0111\u1ed1c-gi\u00e1o: Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc tuy t\u1eeb Th\u00e1nh kinh m\u00e0 ra, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 th\u00ec th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i chi ph\u1ed1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u0103n t\u1ef1 trong Th\u00e1nh kinh.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1p\u201d, A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7. N\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u00ec c\u00e1i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o? D\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 khai ph\u00e1t ch\u00e2n tr\u00ed, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, nh\u1ea7m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 m\u00ea v\u1ecdng t\u1eeb v\u00f4 th\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, ch\u00fang sanh t\u1eeb v\u00f4 th\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i trong ba c\u00f5i l\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u00f4 minh che l\u1ea5p l\u00e0m cho kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 c\u00e1i ch\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i ch\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n tr\u00ed, t\u1ee9c v\u00f4 l\u1eadu tr\u00ed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u00fd ph\u00e1p r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed \u1ea5y: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec. \u0110\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa n\u00f3i: t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 c\u0103n c\u0103n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u0103n, t\u01b0, tu l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u00ec, c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn l\u00e0m khai ph\u00e1t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ba (B\u00e0-sa-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n I, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 27, trang 2, ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i trang 4, ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, v\u00ec nguy\u00ean v\u0103n qu\u00e1 d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec7n tr\u00edch ra \u0111\u00e2y). Nh\u01b0ng Lu\u1eadn-C\u00e2u-X\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n trong lu\u1eadn B\u00e0-sa b\u1eb1ng hai c\u00e2u k\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

          T\u1ecbnh tu\u1ec7 t\u00f9y h\u00e0nh danh \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i,<\/p>\n

          C\u1eadp n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eafc th\u1eed ch\u01b0 tu\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

          C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u00fd ngh\u0129a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea9y ra b\u1ed9 l\u1ea5y A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a trung t\u00e2m. Song, c\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a trung t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y th\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, c\u00e1i c\u00f4ng lao l\u00e0m cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh, theo t\u00f4i, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma.<\/p>\n

          GHI CH\u00da I: \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma, xin \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong Th\u1ee9c-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn (\u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ea1ng 26, trang 531, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u), v\u00ec nguy\u1ec1n v\u0103n b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 h\u01a1i d\u00e0i n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec7n tr\u00edch \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

          GHI CH\u00da 2: V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a trung t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 l\u00fd ph\u00e1p, \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n sau \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd cho ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3: \u201ctrong Tam-t\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecb lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch tranh lu\u1eadn h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u00e0: hai \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3? H\u1ebft th\u1ea9y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hay h\u1ebft th\u1ea9y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 trung \u1ea5m hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trung \u1ea5m? T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 hay \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9? (La-h\u00e1n) c\u00f3 tho\u00e1i chuy\u1ec3n hay kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1i chuy\u1ec3n? T\u00e2m t\u00ednh v\u1ed1n trong s\u1ea1ch hay v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh? B\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3? Ph\u1eadt do s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng ch\u00fang hay kh\u00f4ng do s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng ch\u00fang? C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi? (Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 2, Th\u1eadp-lu\u1eadn-s\u01a1-h\u1eefu-t\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 19; \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1ng 32, trang 253, ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i).<\/p>\n

          Ti\u1ebft th\u1ee9 n\u0103m:\u00a0\u00dd NGH\u0128A V\u00c0 HI\u1ec6N TR\u1ea0NG NGHI\u00caN C\u1ee8U\u00a0A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o.<\/h4>\n

          A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. C\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u, m\u00e0 c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c phi\u1ec1n t\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ng\u00e0y nay m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, th\u00ec A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng. Trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u, c\u00e1i t\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. t\u1eeb s\u00e1u b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma c\u1ee7a Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1t-tr\u00ed-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 khan v\u00f4 v\u1ecb. \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo kh\u1ebf kinh l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

          Song, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec, \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m, A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc qua A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 g\u00ec: \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1eddi n\u00f3i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng. A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u1ebf kinh d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc\u201d c\u1ee7a kh\u1ebf kinh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong kh\u1ebf kinh, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn, do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tri th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma th\u00ec quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong kh\u1ebf kinh. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ebfn A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 khai tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ebf kinh, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng sau n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng \u00edt, do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba t\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qua A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ebfn A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan, nh\u00e2n sinh quan, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng quan v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf quan v.v\u2026m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec1n khai v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho n\u00ean tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o sau n\u00e0y. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tri th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma th\u00ec b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 phi\u1ec1n t\u1ea1p, song t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y n\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u00edt ra c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc qua. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ea5y n\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u00f4n ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u1eadn theo m\u00e0 ngay \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u0169ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn (nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ta th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 An-th\u1ebf-cao, m\u1ed9t Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0, \u0111\u1eddi H\u1eadu H\u00e1n c\u00f3 d\u1ecbch A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-ng\u0169-h\u00e0nh kinh, 1 quy\u1ec3n; C\u1ea7u-b\u1ea1t-\u0111\u00e0-la \u0111\u1eddi L\u01b0u T\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fang-s\u1ef1-ph\u00e2n-a-t\u1ef3-lu\u1eadn, 12 quy\u1ec3n, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i Tr\u1ea7n-ch\u00e2n-\u0111\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u00f3 C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-th\u00edch-lu\u1eadn, 22 quy\u1ec3n v.v\u2026)<\/p>\n

          Gi\u1edd xin n\u00f3i qua v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: \u1edf T\u00edch Lan d\u0129 nhi\u00ean lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi kinh lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u song song v\u1edbi kinh lu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n th\u00ec s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t th\u1ecbnh. Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n \u01b0a \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 Anh v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Anh v\u0103n A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma-ph\u00e1p-y\u1ebfu-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn s\u1ef1 do b\u00e0 L\u1ecb-t\u01b0-thai-y-t\u01b0 (Mrs. Rhys Davids) v\u00e0 \u00d4ng-th\u1ecb (?) c\u00f9ng d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n; v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch A-tha-sa-l\u1ecb-ni do Mang-thi\u00ean-th\u1ecb (?) d\u1ecbch v.v\u2026trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n n\u00e0y, ta ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0 L\u1ecb-t\u01b0-thai-y-t\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nguy\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u1eefa; b\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u1ecbch c\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p-t\u1eadp-lu\u1eadn, ch\u00fa th\u00edch A-tha-sa-l\u1ecb-ni, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Mang-thi\u00ean-th\u1ecb dich v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Thanh-t\u1ecbnh-\u0111\u1ea1o-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1edbi nhan \u0111\u1ec1: \u201cThe Path of Purity\u201d. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0 b\u00ean \u00c2u ch\u00e2u s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n do m\u1ed9t tay n\u1eef s\u0129. Ngo\u00e0i ra, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Nh\u00e2n-thi-thi\u1ebft-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Di-lan-\u0111\u00e0-v\u1ea5n kinh c\u1ee7a Ni-da-na-\u0111\u1ecba-l\u1ed9-ca-th\u1ecb (?) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 B\u1eafc-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u01a1i b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t ta ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n. T\u1eeb x\u01b0a, t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n, s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh, cho n\u00ean c\u00e1i phong kh\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. Duy c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n qu\u00e1 thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba n\u00ean thi\u1ebfu h\u1eb3n s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Do \u0111\u00f3, khoa C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3: \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1eddi n\u00f3i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, v\u00ec b\u1ea5t m\u1ea3n v\u1edbi khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed1n Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u1eed lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Chu-ki\u1ec1u-th\u1ee7y-tai-th\u1ecb; b\u00e0i tham kh\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129 Cao Nam \u0111\u0103ng trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Ba-li-th\u00e1nh-\u0111i\u1ec3n-hi\u1ec7p-h\u1ed9i (J.P,T.S. 1905); lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 L\u1ee5c-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129 Th\u00f4i V\u0129 \u0111\u0103ng trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed T\u00f4n-gi\u00e1o gi\u1edbi (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 3, I-10); \u201cV\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i-tho\u00e1t-\u0111\u1ea1o-lu\u1eadn\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ec9nh \u0111\u0103ng Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 8, 7); v\u00e0 \u201cNam-truy\u1ec1n-gi\u1edbi-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0110\u1ed9-bi\u00ean-k\u1ef3-h\u00f9ng-th\u1ecb v.v\u2026\u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tuy \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u00edch nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n.<\/p>\n

          Trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y, h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n tuy ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi B\u1eafc-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 th\u00ec s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea5n ch\u00fa \u00fd. T\u1ef1u trung, s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Hy-nh\u0129-uy\u00ean-li\u1ec7t-duy-th\u1ecb; s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec3n C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m Th\u1ebf gian c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0-la-duy-li\u1ec7t-tang-th\u1ecb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u00f4ng n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang d\u1ecbch to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 b\u1ed9 C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng H\u00e1n v\u0103n ra Ph\u00e1p v\u0103n v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u1ea5t n\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd.<\/p>\n

          T\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga th\u00ec c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Kh\u00e2u-nh\u0129-ba-l\u00fd-th\u1ecb (?) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Phi-\u0111\u1ecba-nh\u0129-t\u01b0-b\u1ed5-nh\u0129-kh\u1ed1 (?) c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n n\u00e0y, r\u1ed3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 La-ti\u00ean-phi-nh\u0129-kh\u1ed1-th\u1ecb (?) hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang l\u01b0u h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m. Sau kh\u00f4ng may La-ti\u00ean-phi-nh\u0129-kh\u1ed1 qua \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea7n-lan: \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn! Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea7y \u00f4ng l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Kh\u00e2u-nh\u0129-ba-l\u00fd-th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn \u0111ang t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u00c2u, M\u1ef9, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc! Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u00e0nh t\u00edch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua.<\/p>\n

          S\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o cho d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t th\u00ec, theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb kinh t\u1ea1ng sang A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn c\u1ea3 Nam l\u1eabn B\u1eafc-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00edch l\u1ec7: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u00fd. \u0110\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

          *<\/p>\n

          [1]\u00a0Xem m\u1ee5c ch\u00fa th\u00edch trong b\u00e0i t\u1ef1a Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt-\u00c2m v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i S\u1eed (trang 11 \u2013 12), \u0110\u1ea3o S\u1eed (tr, 54), v.v\u2026<\/p>\n

          Nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch tham kh\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i g\u1ed3m c\u00f3:<\/p>\n

          D\u1ecb B\u1ed9 T\u00f4n Lu\u00e2n Lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu, Huy\u1ec1n Trang d\u1ecbch; B\u1ed9 Ch\u1ea5p D\u1ecb Lu\u1eadn, Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu, Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf d\u1ecbch; Th\u1eadp B\u00e1t B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadn, T\u1ea7n d\u1ecbch\u00a0(\u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 quy\u1ec3n 13).<\/p>\n

          Kath\u00e0vatthu P.T.S. ; Volumes: Points of Controversy, by Aung and Mrs. Rhys Davids (London 1915); Kern \u2019s Buddhismus Vol, II, p, 551: Dipayamsa P.T.S; Translation by II, Otdenberg; Mahavamsa P.T.S; English translation by Gelger p. 1; Taranaha \u2018s Geschichte des Buddhismus in Indien (s. 227) iib: Von A, Sehiefnersf, Pertersburg 1869.<\/p>\n

          Rockill: Life of the Buddha, chapter VI.<\/p>\n

          THI\u00caN TH\u1ee8 NH\u1ea4T: PH\u1eacT \u0110\u00c0 LU\u1eacN<\/h3>\n

          Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I –\u00a0T\u1ed5ng Lu\u1eadn<\/h4>\n

          T\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n n\u00e0o, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1i tr\u00ed \u201cv\u00f4-s\u01b0-t\u1ef1-ng\u1ed9\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1edfi c\u00e1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, cho n\u00ean, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 l\u00eca xa \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n c\u00e1i b\u1ea3o ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao trong n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n khoa tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i-th\u1eeba sau n\u00e0y duy ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u2013 trong \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 – n\u1ebfu l\u00eca b\u1ecf Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-quan th\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0 quan \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft th\u00ec: A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, t\u1ee9c Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u00f3a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111i v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0 quan, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i-th\u1eeba sau n\u00e0y, A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, sau khi Ph\u1eadt di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; c\u00f2n qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec cho l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 cao, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu h\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 La H\u00e1n hay Thanh V\u0103n, do quan ni\u1ec7m \u1ea5y A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng coi Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0 quan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt th\u00e2n quan c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

          Song, tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4i. v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt-th\u00e2n-quan v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba c\u0169ng quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt-th\u00e2n-quan v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n v\u00ec s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt-th\u00e2n-quan \u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Thuy\u1ebft-xu\u1ea5t-th\u1ebf-b\u1ed9 – theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft Ba-b\u1ed5-gia \u2013 th\u00ec v\u00ec c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng cho r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt th\u00e2n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu cho n\u00ean m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh hi\u1ec7u Thuy\u1ebft-xu\u1ea5t-th\u1ebf. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, trong D\u1ecb-b\u1ed9-t\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu, ho\u1eb7c trong Lu\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean-t\u01b0-\u0111\u1ebf-tu, ta th\u1ea5y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt-th\u00e2n-quan c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong D\u1ecb-b\u1ed9-t\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn, khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n ngh\u0129a gi\u1eefa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt-th\u00e2n-quan, cho n\u00ean, Ph\u1eadt-th\u00e2n-quan c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma v\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1p ngh\u0129a l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, n\u1ebfu \u0111em so s\u00e1nh, th\u00ec A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma tuy \u00edt c\u00f3 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt-th\u00e2n-quan, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1p ngh\u0129a, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o-lu\u1eadn, tu-h\u00e0nh-lu\u1eadn, th\u00e1nh-v\u1ecb-lu\u1eadn,hay th\u00e1nh-tr\u00ed-lu\u1eadn,v.v\u2026n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh r\u00f5 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean; v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ch\u00fa t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. Ngay trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, khi tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n\u201d th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt-th\u00e2n-quan t\u0103ng th\u00ean tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

          V\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt-th\u00e2n-quan, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i quan s\u00e1t th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt? gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp ti\u1ec1n sinh? \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Trong thi\u00ean th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e3y c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1ea3n m\u00e1t trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn r\u1ed3i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

          Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II: T\u00e0i Li\u1ec7u Li\u00ean Quan \u0110\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt Truy\u1ec1n<\/h4>\n

          Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1i d\u1ee5ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00ea Ph\u1eadt-th\u00e2n-quan, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea5y. Song, Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y d\u00f9 cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y n\u00e0y, Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0. Song, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c k\u00fd l\u1ee5c c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a, Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n. ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y trong \u0110\u1ea1i ph\u1ea9m lu\u1eadt v\u0103n Ba li (Ng\u0169-ph\u1ea7n-lu\u1eadt quy\u1ec3n 15 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 21, tr. 101), b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ph\u1ed5 h\u1ec7 d\u00f2ng Th\u00edch Ca, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i tuy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng so v\u1edbi v\u0103n Ba li kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng m\u1ea5y), t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ghi ch\u00e9p t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn t\u1eeb khi Ph\u1eadt th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ed9 cho v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed l\u00e0 Ca-Di\u1ebfp, X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t v\u00e0 M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp T\u0103ng gi\u00e0. Ph\u1eadt-ban-n\u1ec7-ho\u00e0n trong Tr\u01b0\u1eddng-A-H\u00e0m (\u0110\u1ea1i-Ch\u00ednh, I, tr. 160, ph\u1ea7n gi\u1eefa) th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u00edch trong ba, b\u1ed1n th\u00e1n tru\u1edbc khi Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u00edch kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n! Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd l\u1ecbch tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 ta ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5; ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 xu\u1ea5t gia v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tu h\u00e0nh, t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00fac v\u1ec1 gi\u00e0 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u00f3i cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed nghe, ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c[1]\u00a0m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u201cPh\u1eadt-ph\u00e1p-nh\u1ea5t-nh\u01b0\u201d, nh\u01b0ng suy ngh\u0129 k\u1ef9 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, ta th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u1ea1 c\u1ea3. V\u00ec sau khi Ph\u1eadt v\u1eeba nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1edb ti\u1ebfc, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, theo \u0111\u00fang l\u1eddi di ch\u00fac c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea9n y\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u00ean t\u1eadp nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, c\u00f2n ch\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n th\u00ec l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n k\u00fd l\u1ee5c c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebfu h\u1eb3n t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p trong s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng: v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, khi bi\u00ean t\u1eadp nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gia T\u00f4, gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o l\u00fd l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Gia T\u00f4 th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

          Song m\u00e0 c\u00e1ch Ph\u1eadt m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t xa, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed th\u00e2n c\u1eadn v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u1eddi, do \u0111\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m luy\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng th\u00eam kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh dung l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u00ean t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. Song, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi xu\u1ea5t gia, ta th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n cu\u1ed9c trong s\u1ef1 t\u00edch sau khi gi\u00e1ng sinh t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Ca-t\u1ef3-la-v\u1ec7 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n tru \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd l\u1ecbch (?) m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 B\u1ea3n-sinh-\u0111\u00e0m r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng[2]. R\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n \u0111em ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tu h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u00eam \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 L\u1ee3i-\u0111a-t\u1ef3-\u0111a-ca (S\u1edf-h\u00e0nh-t\u00e1n, 35 quy\u1ec3n) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u b\u1ed9 trong n\u0103m b\u1ed9 Ni-ka-da b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n Ba-li. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng do s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n do c\u00f4ng tu h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb bao nhi\u00eau ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa; th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, khi thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh \u1edf th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf cho th\u00ednh ch\u00fang bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u1ea9u nhi\u00ean, cho n\u00ean, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n con s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng th\u00eam l\u00ean, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh B\u1ea3n-sinh-\u0111\u00e0m hay S\u1edf-h\u00e0nh-t\u00e1n. V\u1ec1 B\u1ea3n-sinh-\u0111\u00e0m, n\u1ebfu ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n theo c\u00e1c \u0111i\u00eau-kh\u1eafc-ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ecba, Ba-l\u00f4-ph\u00fac-\u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 A-ma-l\u1ea1p-ng\u00f5a-c\u01a1, v.v\u2026, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i A-d\u1ee5c-v\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c sau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u, th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, th\u00ec B\u1ea3n-sinh-\u0111\u00e0m ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o-hu\u1ea5n-h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 trang nghi\u00eam Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, B\u1ea3n-sinh-\u0111\u00e0m qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean-\u0111\u1ed9ng-l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t huy m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ngo\u00e0i s\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma l\u1ea5y B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0m v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1ea3n-sinh-\u0111\u00e0m ho\u1eb7c S\u1edf-h\u00e0nh-t\u00e1n. v\u1ec1 sau, \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u1ea5y B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u1ebfu truy nguy\u00ean ra, ta th\u1ea5y t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb B\u1ea3n-sinh-\u0111\u00e0m. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, do s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a B\u1ea3n-sinh-\u0111\u00e0m, t\u1eeb m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn mu\u00f4n ki\u1ebfp qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt, \u00edt ra l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1eed th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i. H\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u1ec1 B\u1ea3n-sinh-\u0111\u00e0m[3]\u00a0c\u1ee7a Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-\u0111\u00e0m, kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp K\u1ef3-vi\u00ean-tinh-x\u00e1. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y vi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i T\u00edch Lan, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u00ec tuy n\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t xa x\u01b0a, cho n\u00ean r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1eed li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch. Nh\u01b0: Tu-h\u00e0nh-b\u1ea3n-kh\u1edfi-kinh (2 quy\u1ec3n, H\u1eadu-H\u00e1n, Tr\u00fac-\u0111\u1ea1i-l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 Khang-m\u1ea1nh-t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng d\u1ecbch; \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 3\u2026 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt-\u0110\u1ecbnh-Quang \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y h\u00e0ng ma th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o), Ph\u1eadt-thuy\u1ebft-th\u00e1i-t\u1eed-th\u1ee5y-\u1ee9ng-b\u1ea3n-k\u1ea3n-kh\u1edfi-kinh (2 quy\u1ec3n, Ng\u00f4, Chi-Khi\u00eam d\u1ecbch, \u0110\u1ea1i-Ch\u00ednh 3\u2026 k\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt-\u0110\u1ecbnh-Quang \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y ba anh em Ca Di\u1ebfp quy Ph\u1eadt), Qu\u00e1-kh\u1ee9-hi\u1ec7n-t\u1ea1i-nh\u00e2n-qu\u1ea3-kinh (4 quy\u1ec3n, T\u1ed1ng, C\u1ea7u-na-b\u1ea1t-\u0111\u00e0-la d\u1ecbch, \u0110\u1ea1i-Ch\u00ednh, 3\u2026 t\u1eeb Ph\u1ed5-quang Nh\u01b0-lai \u0111\u1ebfn X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t, M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean quy Ph\u1eadt), v.v\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt-b\u1ea3n-h\u00e0nh-t\u1eadp kinh (60 quy\u1ec3n, T\u00f9y, X\u00e0-na-qu\u1eadt-\u0111a d\u1ecbch, \u0110\u1ea1i-Ch\u00ednh 3) d\u00f9ng m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp Nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-\u0111\u00e0m; v\u00ec b\u1ed9 kinh n\u00e0y bao h\u00e0m nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t c\u1ed5 cho n\u00ean t\u00f9y theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n s\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111em s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa l\u1ea1i r\u1ed3i d\u00f9ng v\u0103n v\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh truy\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1eefu danh c\u1ee7a M\u00e3 Minh; Ph\u1eadt-s\u1edf-h\u00e0nh-t\u00e1n (5 quy\u1ec3n, B\u1eafc-kinh, \u0110\u00e0m-v\u00f4-s\u1ea5m d\u1ecbch, \u0110\u1ea1i-Ch\u00ednh, 4; b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c: Ph\u1eadt-b\u1ea3n-h\u00e0nh-kinh, 7 quy\u1ec3n, T\u1ed1ng, Th\u00edch-ph\u00e1p-v\u00e2n d\u1ecbch, \u0110\u1ea1i-Ch\u00ednh, 4). C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec9nh (Th\u00edch-Ca-ph\u1ed5, 5 quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng-H\u1ef1u \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i-Ch\u00ednh, 50\u201d s\u01b0u t\u1eadp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, k\u1ec3 ch\u1ed7 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, tuy c\u00f3 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c).<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n tuy \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa qua, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed? V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o do \u0111\u1eddi sau th\u00eam th\u1eaft v\u00e0o? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y, c\u00f2n th\u00ec r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, r\u1ed3i tham chi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c l\u1edbn m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y c\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Song, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c l\u1edbn m\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o mu\u1ed1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, sau \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i n\u00f3i s\u01a1 qua v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

          *<\/p>\n

          [1]\u00a0M. IV. Bhaya bheravasutta (T\u0103ng-nh\u1ea5t-a-h\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 93, T\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea9m s\u01a1, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 2, tr. 665 ph\u1ea7n gi\u1eefa)<\/p>\n

          – M.XIX Dvcdh\u00e0vitakkasutta (Trung-a-h\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 2, Ni\u1ec7m Kinh, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 1, tr. 589 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u).<\/p>\n

          – M XXVI, Ariyapariyesanasutta (Trung-a-h\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 56, La-ma kinh, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 1, tr. 775, ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i).<\/p>\n

          – M. XXXVI Mah\u00e0saccakasutta<\/p>\n

          – Qldenberg: Buddha, 4 suf, S, 101.<\/p>\n

          [2]\u00a0Fausboll; j\u00e0taka, vols. VII, London 1877. (Nguy\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec3n). Kern; J\u00e0takam\u00e0l\u00e0 vol. 1, Harvard University Press 1914 (Nguy\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec3n), Dutoit; J\u00e0takam, Munchen (d\u1ecbch)<\/p>\n

          Cowell; The J\u00e0taka, Cambridge 1895 (d\u1ecbch)<\/p>\n

          Speyer; The J\u00e0takam\u00e0l\u00e0 (S.B.B) London 1895 (d\u1ecbch).<\/p>\n

          [3]\u00a0Fausboll \u2018s edition, Jataka vol. 194 Rhys Davids; Buddhist Birth Story vol. 1, P. 1 \u2013 43.<\/p>\n

          Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III: A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma D\u1ef1 T\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt Truy\u1ec7n<\/h4>\n

          Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u k\u00fd l\u1ee5c. V\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn th\u00ec trong c\u00e1c k\u00fd l\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 tuy c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u01b0u gi\u1eefa Nam v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba\u00a0c\u00f4ng h\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i qua v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. M\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u0111\u00e0m b\u1ea3n sinh kinh v\u00e0 tham chi\u1ebfu th\u00eam nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

          Trong Nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-\u0111\u00e0m, Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba th\u1eddi k\u1ef3: 1- Vi\u1ec5n k\u1ef3, 2- Trung k\u1ef3, 3-C\u1eadn k\u1ef3. Vi\u1ec5n k\u1ef3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kinh l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ki\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t-sinh-b\u1ed5-x\u1ee9 \u1edf tr\u00ean cung tr\u1eddi \u0110\u00e2u Su\u1ea5t; Trung k\u1ef3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb cung tr\u1eddi \u0110\u00e2u Su\u1ea5t gi\u00e1ng sinh l\u00e0m th\u00e1i t\u1eed. T\u1ea5t-\u0111\u1ea1t-\u0111a, r\u1ed3i xu\u1ea5t gia v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o; C\u1eadn k\u1ef3 thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb khi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u1eadn K\u1ef3-vi\u00ean-tinh-x\u00e1; c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n th\u00ec trong nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-\u0111\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f2n l\u00e0i n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a C\u1eadn k\u1ef3. Sau \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 chia ra hai th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

          1- S\u1ef0 KINH L\u1ecaCH C\u1ee6A B\u1ed2 T\u00c1T \u1ede QU\u00c1 KH\u1ee8.<\/h5>\n

          C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ed1n A-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ki\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc (B\u1eafc-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea5y ba a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7), t\u1ea1i A-ma-la-ng\u00f5a c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n t\u00ean l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec7nTu\u1ec7, v\u00ec nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00ean xu\u1ea5t gia tu \u0111\u1ea1o. Thi\u1ec7n Tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea3n-ma-ca trong Tuy\u1ebft S\u01a1n tu thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. Song, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt Nhi\u00ean \u0110\u0103ng (Dipankara, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u0129nh-Quang, Ph\u1ed5-Quang, \u0110\u1ecbnh-Quang) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9 sinh, Thi\u1ec7n Tu\u1ec7 b\u00e8n b\u1ecf \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sinh, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c quy\u1ebft tu h\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt. Thi\u1ec7n Tu\u1ec7 tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt Nhi\u00ean \u0110\u0103ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt th\u1ee5 k\u00fd tr\u1ea3i qua b\u1ed1n A-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ki\u1ebfp sau s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Th\u00edch Ca. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp l\u00e0m B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 (tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7) m\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t h\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i qu\u00ean, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c \u201ctr\u00ean c\u1ea7u B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang sanh\u201d l\u00e0m t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 danh hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a tu h\u00e0nh c\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt. Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 k\u00fd, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi ki\u1ebfp sinh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1nh nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t trong B\u1ea3n-sinh-\u0111\u00e0m. C\u00f3 khi B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t sinh l\u00e0m Chu\u1ec3n-lu\u00e2n-th\u00e1nh-v\u01b0\u01a1ng, khi th\u00ec l\u00e0m ng\u01b0 ph\u1ee5, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1ee3n, lo\u00e0i th\u1ecf, v.v\u2026 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 kinh l\u1ecbch bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh h\u1ea1nh nguy\u1ec7n \u201ctr\u00ean c\u1ea7u B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang sinh\u201d m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3,c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi mang th\u00e2n ph\u00e0m phu phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ebfn A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn. Song, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0: trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t tuy n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tu h\u00e0nh v\u1ea1n thi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2u t\u00f3m v\u00e0o c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi ba-la-m\u1eadt\u201d. L\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a, trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian b\u1ed1n a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 tr\u0103m nh\u00ecn ki\u1ebfp \u1ea5y, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u00fang d\u00e0ng v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2m thi\u1ebft th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. V\u1ec1 m\u01b0\u1eddi ba-la-m\u1eadt th\u00ec trong B\u1ea3n-sinh-\u0111\u00e0m c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7, nh\u01b0ng, v\u1ec1 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p trong Ph\u1eadt S\u1eed P.T.S. c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-v\u01b0\u01a1ng-sa.<\/p>\n

          M\u01b0\u1eddi ba-la-m\u1eadt l\u00e0: 1- B\u1ed1-th\u00ed-ba-la-m\u1eadt; 2- Gi\u1edbi-ba-la-m\u1eadt; 3- Xu\u1ea5t-ly-ba-la-m\u1eadt; 4- Tr\u00ed-tu\u1ec7-ba-la-m\u1eadt; 5- Tinh-ti\u1ebfn-ba-la-m\u1eadt; 6- Nh\u1eabn-nh\u1ee5c-ba-la-m\u1eadt; 7- Ch\u00e2n-th\u1ef1c-ba-la-m\u1eadt; 8- Quy\u1ebft-\u0111\u1ecbnh-ba-la-m\u1eadt; 9- t\u1eeb-bi-ba-la-m\u1eadt; 10- X\u1ea3-ba-la-m\u1eadt (trong B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1-t\u01b0-l\u01b0\u01a1ng-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi ba-la-m\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi danh s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y).<\/p>\n

          B\u1ed1-th\u00ed-ba-la-m\u1eadt ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ef7 x\u1ea3 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y gia t\u00e0i tr\u00e2n b\u1ea3o cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 v\u1ee3 con v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng th\u00ed x\u1ea3 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1. Gi\u1edbi-ba-la-m\u1eadt l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh. Xu\u1ea5t-ly-ba-la-m\u1eadt l\u00e0 xa l\u00eca th\u1ebf gian. Tr\u00ed-tu\u1ec7-ba-la-m\u1eadt l\u00e0 b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u00ed ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Tinh-ti\u1ebfn-ba-la-m\u1eadt l\u00e0 n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eabn-nh\u1ee5c-ba-la-m\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng. Ch\u00e2n-th\u1ef1c-ba-la-m\u1eadt l\u00e0 trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00f3i th\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1. Quy\u1ebft-\u0111\u1ecbnh-ba-la-m\u1eadt l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh. T\u1eeb-bi-ba-la-m\u1eadt l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sinh. X\u1ea3-ba-la-m\u1eadt l\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef t\u00e2m b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. L\u00e0m tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ba-la-m\u1eadt, v\u00ec ch\u1eef parami hay paramita c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. L\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Thi\u1ec7n Tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0m kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng an tr\u1ee5 n\u01a1i cung tr\u1eddi \u0110\u00e2u Su\u1ea5t, trong kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ed1n a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1eed th\u1eadt ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u01b0\u1eddi ba-la-m\u1eadt n\u00e0y: \u00edt ra \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 k\u00fd thu\u1eadt Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n. C\u00f2n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 th\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u00fang d\u00e0ng, theo Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-v\u01b0\u01a1ng-sa l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

          1- Nhi\u00ean \u0110\u0103ng Ph\u1eadt, 2- Ki\u1ec1u-Tr\u1ea7n-Nh\u01b0, 3- C\u00e1t T\u01b0\u1eddng, 4-Thi\u1ec7n-\u00fd-Tu-Ma-Da, 5- Ly-B\u00e0-\u0110a, 6- Du-T\u1ef3-\u0110a, 7- Anomadassi, 8- H\u1ed3ng-Li\u00ean-Hoa, 9- Na-La-\u0110\u00e0, 10- Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-Li\u00ean-Hoa, 11- Thi\u1ec7n Tu\u1ec7, 12- Thi\u1ec7n Sinh, 13- Piyadassi, 14- Atthadassi, 15- Dhammadassi, 16- T\u1ea5t-\u0110\u1ea1t-Da, 17- \u0110\u1ec3 Sa, 18- B\u1ed5 Sa, 19- T\u1ef3-B\u00e0-Thi, 20- Thi Kh\u00ed, 21- T\u1ef3-X\u00e1-B\u00e0, 22- C\u00e2u-L\u01b0u-T\u00f4n, 23- C\u00e2u-Na-H\u00e0m, 24- Ca Di\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

          N\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd, tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 do Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n l\u01b0u, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u00ean B\u1eafc-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng ngo\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt Nhi\u00ean \u0110\u0103ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i s\u01a1 v\u00e0 n\u0103m v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u1eeb T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-thi tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng ra, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt-d\u00e0-v\u01b0\u01a1ng-sa (xen b\u00e0i t\u1ef1a trong cu\u1ed1n P.T.S. Buddhavamsa, p. V,VII, c\u1ee7a Richard Morris). Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 ph\u1ed5 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i n\u00ean s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 l\u1ea1. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Nam, B\u1eafc-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u Ph\u1eadt kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca. Trong K\u1ef3-na-gi\u00e1o (Jainism), tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb Khai t\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng c\u0169ng l\u1eadp n\u00ean hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb t\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p bao h\u00e0m c\u00e1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7u \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 hay sao? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u1ebfn A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t d\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ta l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u qua xem v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 truy\u1ec7n k\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i so s\u00e1nh trong Ph\u1eadt s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-v\u01b0\u01a1ng-sa, ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 trong \u0110\u1ea1i-b\u1ea3n-kinh, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng-a-h\u00e0m (\u0110\u1ea1i-Ch\u00ednh, I, tr. 1, ph\u1ea7n gi\u1eefa), truy\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-thi r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. V\u00ec trong Tr\u01b0\u1eddng-a-h\u00e0m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u00eat l\u00e0 truy\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-thi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi truy\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-Ca hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

          Ph\u1eadt T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-thi ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u00e1ch nay \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00edn m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t ki\u1ebfp, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n b\u1ed1n ngh\u00ecn tu\u1ed5i. ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng S\u00e1t-\u0111\u1ebf-l\u1ef5, ph\u1ee5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ean l\u00e0 B\u00e0n-\u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1eabu h\u1eadu l\u00e0 B\u00e0n-\u0111\u1ea7u-b\u00e0-\u0111\u1ec1, v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u0169ng t\u00ean l\u00e0 B\u00e0n-\u0111\u1ea7u-b\u00e0-\u0111\u1ec1. Sau khi tu h\u00e0nh, T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-thi \u1edf cung tr\u1eddi \u0110\u00e2u-Su\u1ea5t, th\u1ea5y th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn, li\u1ec1n t\u1eeb thi\u00ean cung th\u00e1c thai theo h\u00f4ng b\u00ean h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng phi B\u00e0n-\u0111\u1ea7u-b\u00e0-\u0111\u1ec1. Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 m\u1eabu h\u1eadu r\u1ea5t an t\u01b0\u1eddng, trong thai ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thanh t\u1ecbnh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Sau khi \u0111\u1ee7 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa, t\u1eeb b\u00ean h\u00f4ng h\u1eefu m\u1eb9 xu\u1ea5t sinh v\u00e0 ngay l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i b\u1ea3y b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cTr\u00ean tr\u1eddi, d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ta l\u00e0 t\u00f4n qu\u00fd; ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed9 cho ch\u00fang sinh tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi sinh, l\u00e3o, b\u1ec7nh, t\u1eed\u201d.<\/p>\n

          B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t sinh ra \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng (chi ti\u1ebft, xin xem D.H. tr. 17-19 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i-b\u1ea3n-kinh ch\u1eef H\u00e1n). M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ti\u00ean xem t\u01b0\u1edbng r\u1ed3i n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i vua s\u1ebd l\u00e0 Chuy\u1ec3n-lu\u00e2n-v\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu xu\u1ea5t gia tu h\u00e0nh th\u00ec s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt\u201d. Khi l\u1edbn l\u00ean, ra ch\u01a1i b\u1ed1n c\u1eeda th\u00e0nh, th\u1ea5y b\u1ed1n c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e0, b\u1ec7nh, ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 tu h\u00e0nh li\u1ec1n c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng xu\u1ea5t ly, v\u00e0 n\u0103m hai v\u1ea1n ch\u00edn ng\u00e0n tu\u1ed5i, sau khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con, b\u00e8n b\u1ecf nh\u00e0 \u0111i tu \u0111\u1ea1o. Sau khi xu\u1ea5t gia, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i y\u00ean t\u0129nh ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t m\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean (trong v\u0103n Ba-li ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean th\u00f4i) v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1c. Sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1eddn L\u1ed9c-D\u00e3 trong th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea7u-b\u00e0n-b\u00e0-\u0111\u1ec1. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9 cho nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i \u0111i c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 s\u00e1u n\u0103m sau l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec3 B\u00e0n-\u0111\u1ea7u-b\u00e0-\u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-thi trong \u0110\u1ea1i-b\u1ea3n-kinh h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed v\u1edbi truy\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca. Truy\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-thi tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u1ecfng theo truy\u1ec7n k\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, theo \u00c2u-\u0111\u1ed9c-ph\u00fa-lan-c\u1ea5p-th\u1ecb, truy\u1ec7n k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca sau n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng theo th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-thi. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa truy\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-thi v\u00e0 truy\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp l\u00e0m B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u Ph\u1eadt, m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u hy sinh t\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eadn ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 h\u1ebft. C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t Thi\u1ec7n Tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua b\u1ed1n a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ki\u1ebfp, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh-\u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t-sinh-b\u1ed5 s\u1ee9 tr\u00ean cung tr\u1eddi \u0110\u00e2u Su\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

          2- T\u1eea \u0110\u1ea2N SINH \u0110\u1ebeN NI\u1ebeT B\u00c0N.<\/h5>\n

          B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u1edf cung tr\u1eddi \u0110\u00e2u Su\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y ngh\u00ecn tu\u1ed5i th\u00ec th\u1eddi gian th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, tr\u00ean thi\u00ean cung, c\u00e1c thi\u00ean s\u1ee9 tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u1eeb nay \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m sau, \u1edf c\u00f5i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt ra \u0111\u1eddi\u201d. Nghe xong, ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t s\u1edbm th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t li\u1ec1n d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian gi\u00e1ng sinh, Ch\u00e2u, qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 th\u00e2n m\u1eabu, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e1c thai v\u00e0o ho\u00e0n h\u1eadu Ma Da, v\u01b0\u01a1ng phi c\u1ee7a vua T\u1ecbnh Ph\u1ea1n, d\u00f2ng S\u00e1t-\u0111\u1ebf-l\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c c\u00f5i Di\u00eam-ph\u00f9-\u0111\u1ec1. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Ma Da \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb9p. V\u00e0o m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a h\u1ea1, sau khi ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed h\u00e0nh b\u00e1 th\u00ed cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, lui v\u1ec1 y\u00ean ngh\u1ec9, th\u00ec th\u1ea5y b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn khi\u00eang gi\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Tuy\u1ebft s\u01a1n, \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y Sa la r\u1ed3i m\u1eddi ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu v\u00e0o t\u1eafm trong ao A-n\u1eadu-\u0111\u1ea1t. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t con voi tr\u1eafng, v\u00f2i qu\u1ea5n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u00f4ng sen tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea1y ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu r\u1ed3i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f4ng b\u00ean h\u1eefu m\u00e0 v\u00e0o thac thai. Hai h\u00f4m sau, nh\u00e0 vua cho tri\u1ec7u th\u1ea7y t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o cung \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi v\u1ec3 gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ea7y t\u01b0\u1edbng cho \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1m mang thai v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Chuy\u1ec3n-lu\u00e2n-v\u01b0ong, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

          T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf \u0111i, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-thi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 truy\u1ec7n Th\u00e1i t\u1eed m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Nam v\u00e0 B\u1eafc-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, sau khi th\u1ee5 thai, ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u00e2n t\u00e2m r\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, th\u1ea5y B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t trong thai c\u00e1c c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, trong thai c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u00f4 u\u1ebf. Khi \u0111\u1ee7 m\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1ng, ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 cha m\u1eb9 t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 sinh; nh\u01b0ng m\u1edbi \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u01b0\u1eddn L\u00e2m-t\u00ec-ni th\u00ec sinh Th\u00e1i t\u1eed. L\u00fac \u1ea5y c\u00e1c thi\u00ean s\u1ee9 hi\u1ec7n xu\u1ed1ng d\u00f9ng tay \u0111\u1ee1 l\u1ea5y Th\u00e1i t\u1eed, Long v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec phun n\u01b0\u1edbc cam l\u1ed9 t\u1eafm cho Th\u00e1i t\u1eed. Th\u00e1i t\u1eed li\u1ec1n n\u00f3i l\u00ean m\u1ea5y c\u00e2u m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft l\u00e0: \u201cSinh t\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft. Ta l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t; ta l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d. Song truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng Th\u00e1i t\u1eed sinh t\u1eeb h\u00f4ng b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed. Trong Nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-\u0111\u00e0m tuy kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5, nh\u01b0ng trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch H\u00e1n v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n c\u1ed5 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00f3. Ti\u00ean A-di-ta xem t\u01b0\u1edbng r\u1ed3i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng sau s\u1ebd l\u00e0 Chuy\u1ec3n-lu\u00e2n-v\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ebfu n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i vua, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt n\u1ebfu xu\u1ea5t gia tu \u0111\u1ea1o: \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi truy\u1ec7n T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-thi. T\u00ednh t\u00ecnh Th\u00e1i t\u1eed r\u1ea5t tr\u1ea7m t\u1ecbch, ngay t\u1eeb th\u1ee7a nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra nhi\u1ec1u suy t\u01b0. Vua cha th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf r\u1ea5t lo \u00e2u b\u00e8n sai thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp cho Th\u00e1i t\u1eed ba t\u00f2a cung \u0111i\u1ec7n cho th\u00edch h\u1ee3p ba m\u00f9a r\u1ed3i tuy\u1ec3n cho v\u00e0i tr\u0103m cung n\u1eef ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam h\u1ea7u h\u1ea1 mong Th\u00e1i t\u1eed quy\u1ebfn luy\u1ebfn m\u00e0 \u1edf l\u1ea1i cung \u0111i\u1ec7n. Song, sau khi ra ch\u01a1i b\u1ed1n c\u1eeda th\u00e0nh th\u00ec \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng xu\u1ea5t gia \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edfn v\u1edfn trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c Th\u00e1i t\u1eed, v\u00e0 sau khi La-h\u1ea7u-la ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u00ec Th\u00e1i t\u1eed quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eddi b\u1ecf ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u theo hai \u00f4ng ti\u00ean A-la-la-d\u00e0-ma-la v\u00e0 U\u1ea5t-\u0111\u00e0-la-la-ma l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang tu \u1edf g\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc Ma-ki\u1ec7t-\u0111\u00e0, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt l\u00e2u sau v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n n\u00ean l\u1ea1i b\u1ecf hai \u00f4ng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0111i theo \u00f4ng \u01afu-l\u00e2u-t\u1ea7n-loa \u0111\u1ec3 tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, Th\u00e1i t\u1eed c\u00f3 n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng theo tu v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i. Sau s\u00e1u n\u0103m tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, Th\u00e1i t\u1eed li\u1ec1n b\u1ecf kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh r\u1ed3i nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec7n-sinh-n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 chuy\u00ean tinh ti\u1ebfn tu luy\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n. N\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng tu th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf cho l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1i ch\u00ed li\u1ec1n b\u1ecf Th\u00e1i t\u1eed m\u00e0 \u0111i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o, Th\u00e1i t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ma v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. V\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam, l\u00fac canh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ct\u00fac-m\u1ec7nh-th\u00f4ng\u201d, th\u1ea5y su\u1ed1t c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9; canh hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cthi\u00ean-nh\u00e3n-th\u00f4ng\u201d, th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 ba c\u00f5i, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, l\u00fac canh ba th\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed \u201cduy\u00ean kh\u1edfi\u201d, qu\u00e1n th\u00f4ng th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian, bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1c t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt, th\u00e0nh Nh\u01b0 lai. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng \u201cph\u00e1p h\u1ef7 thi\u1ec1n duy\u1ec7t\u201d (c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ba-li b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y Ph\u1eadt ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma). \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ngh\u0129 c\u00e1i ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i li\u1ec5u ng\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 s\u00e2u xa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00ean t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u1ee9 nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n ngay t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac \u1ea5y, Ph\u1ea1m-thi\u00ean hi\u1ec7n ra v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9 sinh v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi. Ph\u1eadt li\u1ec1n ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang tu t\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1eddn L\u1ed9c-d\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9 cho h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ed9c-D\u00e3, Ph\u1eadt b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3i ph\u00e1p \u201cT\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf\u201d\u00a0v\u00e0 bu\u1ed5i thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cS\u01a1 chuy\u1ec3n-ph\u00e1p-lu\u00e2n\u201d. Nghe xong, Ki\u1ec1u-tr\u1ea7n-nh\u01b0 li\u1ec5u ng\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 B\u00e0-ph\u1ea3, B\u00e0-\u0111\u1ec1, Ma-ha-nam v\u00e0 A-thuy\u1ebft-th\u1ecb c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u li\u1ec5u ng\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p, T\u0103ng tam b\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1eady. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed9 cho m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Gia-X\u00e1 v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt c\u1ed9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A la h\u00e1n. Ph\u1eadt li\u1ec1n sai c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u1ea5y \u0111i c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u00f2n ch\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn khu r\u1eebng \u01afu-l\u00e2u-t\u1ea7n-loa \u0111\u1ed9 cho ba anh em Ca Di\u1ebfp, r\u1ed3i v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1 h\u1ed9i ki\u1ebfn vua T\u1ea7n-t\u1ef3-sa-la v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn Tr\u00fac L\u00e2m tinh x\u00e1. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed9 cho hai v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed l\u00e0 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t v\u00e0 M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh. \u00cdt l\u00e2u sau, Ph\u1eadt tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u1ed1 h\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 Ca-t\u1ef3-la-v\u1ec7 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ee5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Da-du-\u0111\u00e0-la, l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn La-h\u1ea7u-la v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eed trong d\u00f2ng h\u1ecdc Th\u00edch v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n. Sau l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Ma-ki\u1ec7t-\u0111\u00e0, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh X\u00e1 v\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c C\u00e2u-t\u00e1t-la nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u00e2ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 C\u1ea5p-c\u00f4-\u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn lu\u00f4n K\u1ef3-ho\u00e0n-tinh-x\u00e1 l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 an tr\u1ee5. Khi gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ea1nh th\u00ec \u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0-\u0111\u1ea1t-\u0111a (Devadatta) \u00e2m m\u01b0u ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai ph\u00e1 n\u1ed5i. Nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u0103m sau th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u00f2n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 sau, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00edch Ph\u1eadt r\u1ea5t l\u1edd m\u1edd, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 trong cu\u1ed1n Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ghi r\u00f5 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc! \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t n\u0103m t\u00e1m m\u01b0oi (ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u00edn) tu\u1ed5i, ba th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t tuy \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2m tr\u1ecdng b\u1ec7nh, nh\u01b0ng do tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1ef1c Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1\u00a0tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u, trong kinh g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cl\u01b0u th\u1ecd h\u1ea1nh\u201d (danh t\u1eeb \u201cl\u01b0u th\u1ecd\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong kinh Du h\u00e0nh, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, I, tr.17). Sau m\u00f9a an c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-li, c\u00f9ng A-nan \u0111i th\u1ecb gi\u1ea3, Ph\u1eadt \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda th\u00e0nh C\u00e2u-thi-na-gi\u00e0-na c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c Ma-la, nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Thu\u1ea7n-\u0111\u00e0, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i l\u00e2m b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i C\u00e2u-thi-na-gi\u00e0-la d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y Sa-la. S\u1ef1 t\u00edch trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong kinh Du h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng-a-h\u00e0m t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n hai \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec3n t\u01b0 (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, I, tr.11-30). Trong kinh Du h\u00e0nh n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 sau: tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft v\u00e0o S\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n, Tam thi\u1ec1n, T\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n, l\u1ea1i qua T\u1ee9-v\u00f4-s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh cho \u0111\u1ebfn di\u1ec7t th\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecbnh. A nan cho th\u1ebf l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng, sau \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u1eadt t\u1eeb di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh phi t\u01b0\u1edfng, phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 xu\u1ed1ng S\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n, l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean Nh\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n, Tam thi\u1ec1n, sau c\u00f9ng v\u00e0o T\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi th\u1eadt nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1i ban ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n (kinh Du-h\u00e0nh, quy\u1ec3n th\u1eeb 4. \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, I, tr. 26, gi\u1eefa; D. vol. II, p. 156).<\/p>\n

          Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IV: S\u1ef1 Kh\u1ea3o S\u00e1t V\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t c\u1ee7a A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma<\/h4>\n

          Tr\u1edd l\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1eadt qua v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, sau \u0111\u00e2y, ta h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn qua s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

          D\u00f9ng Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1eadt \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf, d\u1ef1a theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a, l\u00fd do v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. M\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t n\u00e0y, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed, n\u00ean sau n\u00e0y, Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-lu\u1eadn, B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m tranh lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, trong T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn, Lu\u1eadn-s\u1ef1, Ba-hu-da (tham chi\u1ebfu Locottarav\u00e0din \u2018s Mahavastu; Winternitz: Geschichte der Indischen Litterratur, II, s,187-193. Milindapanha, book IV; Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0–lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea9m S.B.E. part II, p,I-202), v.v\u2026 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong ti\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca, c\u00f2n th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n Ph\u1eadt cho \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 Ph\u1eadt, \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, do \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 La h\u00e1n, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

          Song, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu c\u1eed nh\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed7i ph\u00e1i th\u00ec tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t m\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, th\u00ec: c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c n\u00ean c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 theo s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c; c\u00f2n c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t l\u00e0m l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n gian; c\u00f2n \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n si\u00eau nh\u00e2n gian \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. V\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t huy trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, cho n\u00ean ta c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

          V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai: 1- Li\u00ean quan v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. 2- Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt khi th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y m\u00e0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u1ea3i qua v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfp. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c \u1ea5y, th\u00e0nh t\u00edch, t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt-th\u00e2n-quan. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt sau khi th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ra sao? V\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-lu\u1eadn thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay. Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma, nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y sau, chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

          Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V: B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t Lu\u1eadn<\/h4>\n

          1- B\u1ed2 T\u00c1T<\/h5>\n

          Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t l\u00e0 danh hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1edd th\u1eddi gian th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi do ch\u00ed nguy\u1ec7n t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 (bodhi \u2013 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7) m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh hi\u1ec7u \u1ea5y, B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y tr\u00ed (t\u00e1t-b\u00e0-nh\u00e3), La h\u00e1n ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f2n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec t\u00e2m c\u1ea7u tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t mong c\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7u tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t sai l\u1ea7m; B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t s\u1edf d\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 x\u1ea3 k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c \u201ch\u1ea1 h\u00f3a ch\u00fang sinh\u201d, m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft tr\u00ed, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft tr\u00ed, theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ed nguy\u1ec7n tu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t. Song, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ti\u00ean th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 trong ba a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 tr\u0103m ki\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ra v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sinh v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 V\u0103n Th\u00f9, Ph\u1ed5 Hi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn. Do \u0111\u00f3, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 b\u1ea3o quan, \u0111eo hoa anh l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng trang nghi\u00eam th\u00f9 di\u1ec7u. Ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 trong b\u1ea3n-sinh-\u0111\u00e0m, c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfp l\u00e0 ng\u1ef1a, l\u00e0 th\u1ecf, l\u00e0 chim, l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia, v.v\u2026 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh ph\u00e0m phu. Nh\u01b0ng B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t n\u00e0y, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Thi\u1ec7n Tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1eadt Nhi\u00ean \u0110\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1c chia ra bao nhi\u00eau giai \u0111o\u1ea1n? C\u00e1c b\u1eadc lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma chia ra b\u1ed1n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t: giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i tu h\u00e0nh trong ba a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 (Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3i b\u1ed1n a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3, B\u1eafc-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3i ba a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3); giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i tu h\u00e0nh tr\u0103m ki\u1ebfp (Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn ki\u1ebfp); giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 ba gi\u00e1ng sinh xu\u1ed1ng Ca-t\u1ef3-la-v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u00e0nh xu\u1ea5t gia; v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb h\u1ebft ba m\u01b0oi b\u1ed1n t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o (h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c ma v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 hai ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i hai ph\u1ea7n. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i tu h\u00e0nh ba a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u, n\u00f3i theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1eadp t\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d; th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i tu h\u00e0nh tr\u0103m ki\u1ebfp \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hai l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n khoa; c\u00f2n th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ba v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ee9 theo thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 tr\u00ean m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t\u00a0l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng, cho ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng chia th\u00e0nh hai th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t: th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb khi ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ee5 n\u01a1i cung tr\u1eddi \u0110\u00e2u Su\u1ea5t, trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t l\u0103n l\u1ed9n trong v\u00f2ng sinh t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 tu h\u00e0nh, cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u00e2n l\u00e0 s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea3nh lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i n\u1eefa, kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1eeb cung tr\u1eddi \u0110\u00e2u Su\u1ea5t gi\u00e1ng sinh \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ma th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng, gi\u1eefa hai th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, cho n\u00ean chia ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m, r\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n

          2- B\u1ed2 T\u00c1T \u1ede TH\u1edcI \u0110\u1ea0I LU\u00c2N H\u1ed2I.<\/h5>\n

          \u1ede th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt Nhi\u00ean \u0110\u0103ng, t\u1eeb ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t, trong kho\u1ea3ng ba a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 tr\u0103m ki\u1ebfp (nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 ch\u00edn m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t ki\u1ebfp) k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c tu h\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n. M\u00e0 trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u1ea5y B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 sinh v\u00e0o v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i r\u00f5 trong B\u1ea3n-sinh-\u0111\u00e0m hay S\u1edf-h\u00e0nh-t\u00e1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u1ee9u k\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n hay ph\u00e0m phu? \u0110o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o? V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 hay Tuy\u1ebft-s\u01a1n-b\u1ed9 (nh\u01b0ng theo Ba-\u00f4-da th\u00ec Tuy\u1ebft-s\u01a1n-b\u1ed9 cho B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ecb sinh) \u0111\u1ec1u coi B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u00e0m phu. Theo ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tu h\u00e0nh, tuy lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1c th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ph\u00e0m phu, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u00e0ng ma th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00ec tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a (T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn, m\u1ee5c H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9, tr. 46; v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c Tuy\u1ebft-s\u01a1n-b\u1ed9, tr. 50, Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch). C\u1ee9 theo nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t n\u00e0y th\u00ec trong kho\u1ea3ng ba a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 (tr\u0103m ki\u1ebfp tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u1ee5-\u0111\u1ecbnh-v\u1ecb\u201d c\u00f3 h\u01a1i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng), tuy l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i sinh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u1ea3 \u00e1c, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u00fac sinh, v.v\u2026 M\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n th\u1ebf m\u00e0 l\u00e0 do phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi. Duy c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng ng\u00e3 \u00e1c l\u00e0: B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t tuy sinh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi \u1ea5y nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ng\u1ea3 \u00e1c c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u1ef1c \u00e1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y tuy l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t nh\u01b0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng, hu\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khi kh\u1edfi d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u00e2n h\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0ng, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t s\u1edf d\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang, sai t\u1eed. D\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t \u2013 \u00edt ra theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 – h\u1ebft a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea7u, tuy B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh sau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt; \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 hai, tuy \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00f4 \u00fay; sau, h\u1ebft a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 ba th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch t\u1eadp c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00f4 \u00fay, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n I76, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 886, h\u1ea1). N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00ec, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 tuy coi B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m tu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m phu, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb si\u00eau nh\u00e2n. B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ecd sinh v\u00e0o \u00e1c th\u00fa khi \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfp v\u1ecb (nh\u1eabn v\u1ecb), n\u00f3i theo Ph\u1eadt ng\u1eef l\u00e0 nh\u1eadp tr\u1ee5-\u0111\u1ecbnh-v\u1ecb. C\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi c\u00f3 khi sinh v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi \u1ea5y (khi tu nghi\u1ec7p di\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u1edbng, b\u1ecf n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t: 1- B\u1ecf \u00e1c th\u00fa, sinh thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa\u2026 xin xem B\u00e0 sa 176, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh 27, tr. 887, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 th\u00ec v\u1ed1n c\u0169ng coi B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t l\u00e0 ph\u00e0m phu, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y tuy c\u00f9ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed v\u1edbi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ph\u00e0m phu \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 \u1edf a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, t\u1eeb a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 hai tr\u1edf \u0111i th\u00ec B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf v\u00e0o th\u00e1nh v\u1ecb, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 hai, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ef1 tu. Theo Lu\u1eadn-s\u1ef1 th\u00ec \u00c1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-la ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0: \u201cBodhisatto Kassapassa bhagavato p\u00e0vacane okkanta-ni\u1ef3amo carita-brahmacariyo\u201d. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt Ca Di\u1ebfp \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh t\u00ednh ly sinh, cho n\u00ean l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ph\u00e0m phu. N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u1eeb a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 hai tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t tu h\u1ea1nh g\u00ec? C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t duy ch\u1ec9 tu h\u1ea1nh v\u1ecb tha, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u1edf s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u201c h\u1ea1 h\u00f3a ch\u00fang sinh\u201d. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9 tha l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ra n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1ef1 k\u1ef7, cho n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tha. Do \u0111\u00f3, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u1ea3 \u00e1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u00ec nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 sinh kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u00e1c th\u00fa kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00e2u \u201cB\u1ed3 t\u00e1t v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho ch\u00fang sinh n\u00ean nguy\u1ec7n sinh v\u00e0o \u00e1c th\u00fa v\u00e0 t\u00f9y \u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n\u201d. (Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch, D\u1ecb-b\u1ed9-T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn, m\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9, tr. 21).<\/p>\n

          Theo Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 23 th\u00ec \u00c1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-la ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

          1- B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t theo \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 sinh v\u00e0o \u00e1c th\u00fa (tu h\u1ea1nh kh\u1ed5 n\u1ea1n).<\/p>\n

          2- B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t theo \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u thai.<\/p>\n

          3- B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t theo \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

          4- B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t theo \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 tu h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 theo h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7y kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea7u thai, tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh hay sinh v\u00e0o ng\u1ea3 \u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 do \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o. Sau \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0110\u1ecba T\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ec1 Quan Th\u1ebf \u00c2m B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra ba m\u01b0oi hai th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee9u n\u1ea1n cho ch\u00fang sinh, th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

          V\u1ec1 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i n\u00e0y tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u1edf th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y tu c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i tha. C\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ec, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u Ph\u1eadt, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u0169ng t\u00e1n th\u00e1n, c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh ba-la-m\u1eadt (t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1nh t\u1ee5). T\u1ef1u trung, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1eb7p Ph\u1eadt, Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 k\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hai m\u01b0oi b\u1ed1n Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn th\u00ec l\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ea1n Ph\u1eadt \u1edf ki\u1ebfp a-t\u0103ng-x\u00ed-da \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1eb7p b\u1ea3y v\u1ea1n n\u0103m ngh\u00ecn Ph\u1eadt (\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 Th\u00edch Ca, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 B\u1ea3o K\u1ebf); \u1edf ki\u1ebfp a-t\u0103ng-x\u00ed-da th\u1ee9 hai g\u1eb7p b\u1ea3y v\u1ea1n s\u00e1u ng\u00e0n Ph\u1eadt (\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 B\u1ea3o K\u1ebf, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 Nhi\u00ean \u0110\u0103ng); \u1edf ki\u1ebfp a-t\u0103ng-x\u00ed-da th\u1ee9 ba g\u1eb7p b\u1ea3y v\u1ea1n b\u1ea3y ngh\u00ecn Ph\u1eadt (\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 Nhi\u00ean \u0110\u0103ng, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 Th\u1eafng Qu\u00e1n); c\u00f2n trong tr\u0103m ki\u1ebfp cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00ec g\u1eb7p s\u00e1u Ph\u1eadt, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Th\u1eafng Qu\u00e1n tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt Ca Di\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 178, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 892, h\u1ea1). (Trong Nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1 n\u00f3i: l\u00fac m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m g\u1eb7p Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca, sau m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp th\u00ec g\u1eb7p Ph\u1eadt B\u1ea3o K\u1ebf; h\u1ebft ki\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 hai g\u1eb7p Ph\u1eadt Nhi\u00ean \u0110\u0103ng, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i ki\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 ba th\u00ec g\u1eb7p Ph\u1eadt Th\u1eafng Qu\u00e1n. T\u00f3m t\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cTam v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfp m\u00e3n, ngh\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 ph\u00f9ng Th\u1eafng Qu\u00e1n, Nhi\u00ean \u0110\u0103ng, B\u1ea3o K\u1ebf Ph\u1eadt, S\u01a1 Th\u00edch Ca m\u00e2u ni\u201d C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 18).<\/p>\n

          V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p ba-la-m\u1eadt m\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t tu trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, theo Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 th\u00ed, gi\u1edbi, tinh ti\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Th\u00ed l\u00e0 do l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u00f9 cho c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i th\u00ed x\u1ea3 c\u1ea3 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng vui l\u00f2ng: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00ed ba-la-m\u1eadt vi\u00ean m\u00e3n; d\u00f9 cho c\u00f3 b\u1ecb c\u1eaft h\u1ebft ch\u00e2n tay ho\u1eb7c th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m s\u00e2n h\u1eadn: \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi ba-la-m\u1eadt vi\u00ean m\u00e3n; trong b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1n th\u00e1n Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ecfi: th\u1ebf l\u00e0 tinh ti\u1ebfn ba-la-m\u1eadt vi\u00ean m\u00e3n; sau c\u00f9ng, v\u00e0o kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1c: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00e1t nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt vi\u00ean m\u00e3n. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 t\u0129nh l\u1ef1, hay nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 v\u0103n, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh s\u00e1u ba-la-m\u1eadt, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 178, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 892).<\/p>\n

          T\u00edch t\u1eadp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tu h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb tr\u0103m ki\u1ebfp m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh sau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt. Ch\u00ednh do \u00fd ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh-tr\u1ee5-v\u1ecb\u201d. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00edch v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t khi \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n sinh v\u00e0o \u00e1c th\u00fa n\u1eefa – b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3 hay \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do. Lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t: 1- B\u1ecf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u00e1c, sinh c\u00e1c ch\u1ed1n thi\u1ec7n; 2- B\u1ecf c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ea1 ti\u00ean, sinh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c; 3- B\u1ecf th\u00e2n n\u1eef, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n nam; 4- \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c c\u0103n, kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebft c\u0103n; 5- B\u1ecf c\u00e1c ni\u1ec7m hay qu\u00ean m\u00e0 sinh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 176, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 887, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai di\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u1edbng. Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n. Theo t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 uy quy\u1ec1n l\u1edbn ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng. T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00e0y nguy\u00ean xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i T\u1ef3-n\u1eefu-noa, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf nh\u00e2n gian, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Chuy\u1ec3n-lu\u00e2n-v\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

          V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1eefa Lu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t, lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 177, n\u00f3i: \u201cBa m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t so v\u1edbi ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01a1n: 1- X\u00ed th\u1ecbnh; 2- Thanh minh; 3- Vi\u00ean m\u00e3n; 4- \u0110\u1eafc x\u1ee9. Ho\u1eb7c l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i c\u00f3 n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01a1n: 1- \u0110\u1eafc x\u1ee9; 2- C\u1ef1c \u0111oan nghi\u00eam; 3- V\u0103n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thanh; 4- T\u00f9y thu\u1eadn th\u1eafng tr\u00ed; 5- T\u00f9y thu\u1eadn ly nhi\u1ec5m. (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 889, trung). C\u00f2n t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec c\u0169ng trong lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa, quy\u1ec3n 177 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 888, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t r\u00f5. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem cu\u1ed1n Ph\u1ea1m H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ecbch-nguy\u00ean-th\u1ecb. Chuy\u1ec3n lu\u00e2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00fai Thi\u1ebft vi; s\u1edbm h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0i b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh danh hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00ec vua l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, b\u00e1nh xe t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng th\u1ea7n T\u1ef3-n\u1eefu-noa c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a v\u00ec vua n\u00e0y: nh\u1edd uy l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. C\u1ee9 theo \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec e r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ba t\u01b0, cho n\u00ean m\u1edbi n\u00f3i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng. N\u1ebfu k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt l\u1eabn Lu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt, khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i t\u1eed, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3, cho n\u00ean, sau khi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi Lu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, h\u00e0o kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i d\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u00ed l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, khi Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cchuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n\u201d, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec l\u1eadp ra Th\u1ea5t-gi\u00e1c-chi, v.v\u2026 c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nghi dung c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Lu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y) v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 so gi\u1eefa Lu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 lai, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch Thi-thi\u1ebft-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 1, 2, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 514-521). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Lu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u1ec3n sang Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, tuy th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ed1n trang nghi\u00eam, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n minh v\u1ec1 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p th\u00ec l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t tu h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 c\u00f3, do \u0111\u00f3, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tho\u00e1t h\u00f3a t\u1eeb th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Song, m\u1ed9t khi t\u01b0\u1edbng-h\u1ea3o-quan n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2u nh\u1eadp Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t (t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u00e2n), cho n\u00ean, trong lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa quy\u1ec3n 177, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00eau r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 \u01b0u, li\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. Theo Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 th\u00ec B\u1eafc-\u0111\u1ea1o-ph\u00e1i cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u, v\u00e0 duy ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u0103c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t th\u00f4i. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00ean l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t k\u1ec3 h\u1ebft ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

          Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng phu.<\/p>\n

          1- \u0110\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 nh\u1ee5c k\u1ebf. 2- T\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u xo\u1eafn v\u1ec1 b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i. 3- Tr\u00e1ng r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng. 4- Gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng l\u00f4ng m\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i l\u00f4ng tr\u1eafng. 5- M\u1eaft xanh bi\u1ebfc v\u00e0 mi d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 mi ng\u01b0u v\u01b0\u01a1ng. 6- C\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00e1i r\u0103ng. 7- R\u0103ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u, kh\u00edt. 8- Ch\u00e2n r\u0103ng r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u. 9- R\u0103ng tr\u0103ng nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdc. 10- N\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng trong c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt. 11- H\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u01b0 s\u01b0 t\u1eed. 12- L\u01b0\u1ee1i k\u00e9o ra d\u00e0i ch\u1ea5m ch\u00e2n t\u00f3c tr\u00ean tr\u00e1ng. 13- Ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1m v\u01b0\u01a1ng. 14- \u0110\u1ea7u c\u00e1nh tay t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00f2n. 15- B\u1ea3y ch\u1ed7 b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7ng. 16- Hai n\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7ng. 17- Da m\u1ecbn m\u00e0ng v\u00e0 tr\u01a1n. 18- \u0110\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng th\u00ec hai tay ch\u1ea5m qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i. 19- N\u1eeda m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh s\u01b0 t\u1eed. 20- Th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh thon, cao. 21- L\u00f4ng tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh xanh v\u00e0 m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i. 22- L\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1edbt l\u00ean tr\u00ean. 23- \u00c2m t\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng. 24- G\u00f3t ch\u00e2n tr\u00f2n, \u0111\u1eb9p. 25- M\u1eaft c\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ed9 ra. 26- Ch\u00e2n tay m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i. 27- Ng\u00f3n tay ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n giao nh\u01b0 lo\u00e0i ng\u00f5ng. 28- Ng\u00f3n tay thon d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 b\u00fap m\u0103ng. 29- Ch\u00e2n tay \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn xo\u00e1y \u00f3c. 30- B\u00e0n ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7y v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng. 31- Mu b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n cao, \u0111\u1ea7y. 32- B\u1eafp v\u1ebf nh\u01b0 l\u1ed9c v\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

          Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00e1ch ph\u00fac trang nghi\u00eam\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trong b\u00e1ch t\u01b0 (ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa tr\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecdng). (Xem B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 177, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 889, h\u1ea1). Trong B\u00e0 sa c\u00f2n c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i: trong ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng , t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eaft xanh, v\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb nh\u00e3n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gian (trang 888, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean). T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n d\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 \u0111oan nghi\u00eam vi di\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

          V\u1ecb b\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t, tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, tuy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ea7n tr\u1ea3i qua, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu h\u00e0nh, m\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tinh ti\u1ebfn phi th\u01b0\u1eddng, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111i \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfp. Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 si\u00eau ki\u1ebfp. Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u1ec3-sa ho\u1eb7c B\u1ed5-sa, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t c\u00f9ng tu v\u1edbi Di L\u1eb7c, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u0103n c\u01a1 th\u00ec Di L\u1eb7c l\u1ebd ra ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t Th\u00edch Ca, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 tu h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t Th\u00edch Ca c\u1ef1c m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh kh\u1ea9n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00f4m \u1edf tr\u00ean n\u00fai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u1ec3-sa khi ng\u00e0i v\u00e0o \u201ch\u1ecfa gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n lu\u00f4n b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ch\u1ee3p m\u1eaft m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat n\u00e0o. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 t\u00e1n th\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

          \u201cTr\u00ean tr\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u1eafp ch\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y<\/p>\n

          M\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00f3i s\u00e1ng \u00e1nh h\u00e0o quang<\/p>\n

          Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng phu ng\u01b0u v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i sa m\u00f4n<\/p>\n

          T\u00ecm kh\u1eafp c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ai s\u00e1nh\u201d<\/p>\n

          Do s\u1ee9c tinh ti\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh kh\u1ea9n \u1ea5y, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat ng\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00edn ki\u1ebfp m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t[1]. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Di L\u1eb7c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u1eady. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u truy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1 cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tinh ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ki\u1ebfp tu h\u00e0nh, khi \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfp sau ch\u00f3t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt, th\u00ec ki\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u00e2n B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t\u201d. Tuy l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu, nh\u01b0ng, v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c nhau, cho n\u00ean ta l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

          3- T\u1ed0I H\u1eacU TH\u00c2N B\u1ed2 T\u00c1T.<\/h5>\n

          \u0110i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 t\u1ed1i-h\u1eadu-th\u00e2n B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t l\u00e0 khi t\u1eeb cung tr\u1eddi \u0110\u00e2u Su\u1ea5t \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh voi tr\u1eafng m\u00e0 v\u00e0o thai m\u1eb9. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9, Nh\u1ea5t-thuy\u1ebft-b\u1ed9, Thuy\u1ebft-xu\u1ea5t-th\u1ebf-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 K\u1ec7-d\u1eadn-b\u1ed9 (theo Sa-v\u00f4-gia th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t-thuy\u1ebft-b\u1ed9) cho r\u1eb1ng, voi tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ed1i-h\u1eadu-th\u00e2n B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t\u00a0d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e1c thai, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201ct\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t khi v\u00e0o thai m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh voi tr\u1eafng\u201d. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u201ctrung h\u1eefu\u201d n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng cho voi tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 trung h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 v\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00ecnh voi tr\u1eafng. V\u1ec1 voi tr\u1eafng, c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft; trong kinh Th\u00e1i-t\u1eed-th\u1ee5y-\u1ee9ng (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 3, trang 624, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201cc\u01b0\u1ee1i\u201d voi tr\u1eafng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng kinh Ph\u1ed5-Di\u1ec7u (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 3, trang 419, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Lalitavistra th\u00ec l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00e0m\u201d voi tr\u1eafng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn. Trong hai thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u1ee9 hai. Song, truy t\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ma-gia n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5n c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft voi tr\u1eafng. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf thuy\u1ebft voi tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c thai. Thuy\u1ebft voi tr\u1eafng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00f3i l\u00ean c\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 70, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 17, tr. 361, h\u1ea1). B\u00e0i k\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1p Thi\u1ec7n Hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

          \u201cVoi tr\u1eafng t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111oan nghi\u00eam<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ee7 s\u00e1u ng\u00e0 b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n<\/p>\n

          Ch\u00ednh l\u00fac v\u00e0o thai m\u1eb9<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 ti\u00ean \u1ea9n trong r\u1eebng\u201d<\/p>\n

          V\u00e0 lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n nh\u01b0 sau: \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Tam T\u1ea1ng\u201d (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

          \u0110i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m khi \u0111\u1ea7u thai. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi \u0111\u1ea7u thai, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9, \u0111\u1ec1u mang l\u00f2ng y\u00eau hay gh\u00e9t. Khi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cha mang l\u00f2ng gh\u00e9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eb9 mang l\u00f2ng y\u00eau, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9a h\u00e0i nhi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 con trai, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 con g\u00e1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra l\u00e0: \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u00e2n B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t khi \u0111\u1ea7u thai nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn khi nh\u1eadp thai hay khi xu\u1ea5t thai \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t th\u00ec t\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn (tham chi\u1ebfu Thi-thi-thi\u1ebft-lu\u1eadn, b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch, quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 hai, m\u1ee5c n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh khi nh\u1eadp thai, tr\u1ee5 thai v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t thai; (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 308, h\u1ea1). Nh\u01b0ng, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0: s\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 y\u00eau, gh\u00e9t hay kh\u00f4ng? Theo \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Tuy\u1ebft-s\u01a1n-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh, ch\u1eb3ng qua v\u00ec nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 sinh m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u thai, cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u thai \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ni\u1ec7m tham \u00e1i (D\u1ecb-b\u1ed9-t\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn). V\u1ec1 H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00ec, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft, tuy kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t c\u00f3 tham \u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t v\u1eabn c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n \u00e1i, v\u00e0 H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t d\u00f9ng c\u00e1i t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n \u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u thai (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ebfn 171, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 836). V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t l\u00e0 si\u00eau nh\u00e2n; c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n gian.<\/p>\n

          Sau khi nh\u1eadp thai, theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec tr\u1ea3i qua n\u0103m giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trong thai; b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u (y\u1ebft-l\u1ea1t-gi\u00e1m) hai gi\u1ecdt tinh huy\u1ebft k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i; b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 hai (ng\u1ea1ch-b\u1ed9-\u0111\u00e0m) th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5t nh\u1ecf; b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 ba (b\u1ebf thi) th\u00e0nh m\u00e1u th\u1ecbt; b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 (ki\u1ec7n nam) th\u00e0nh th\u1ecbt c\u1ee9ng; b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 n\u0103m (b\u00e1t-la-xa-kh\u01b0) th\u00e0nh chi ti\u1ebft, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t thai. Song, v\u1edbi B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t tu h\u00e0nh tr\u0103m ki\u1ebfp, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i qua n\u0103m giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i. V\u00e0, v\u1eabn theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 (theo Ba-v\u00f4-da th\u00ec Nh\u1ea5t-thuy\u1ebft-b\u1ed9) ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng: B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t khi nh\u1eadp thai do m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c c\u0103n nhanh ch\u00f3ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua n\u0103m giai \u0111o\u1ea1n (D\u1ecb-b\u1ed9-t\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn, m\u1ee5c n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9). Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Theo Thi-thi\u1ebft-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 hai, th\u00ec: \u201cB\u1ed3 t\u00e1t trong thai m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec5m c\u00e1c d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n trong thai, kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec5m s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00e1u th\u1ecbt cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c\u201d (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, tr. 517, trung). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m giai \u0111o\u1ea1n. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 20 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 101, trung), n\u00f3i: \u201cSinh th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh\u201d. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t d\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

          \u0110i\u1ec3m sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n b\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3n sinh. Khi B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t sinh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean ti\u1ebfp th\u1ee5, thi\u00ean long phun n\u01b0\u1edbc cam l\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eafm, \u0111i b\u1ea3y b\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i n\u00f3i to r\u1eb1ng: \u201cTr\u00ean tr\u1eddi, d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ta l\u00e0 t\u00f4n qu\u00fd h\u01a1n h\u1ebft\u201d: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. Duy c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c ra l\u00e0: c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t t\u1eeb h\u00f4ng b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n m\u1eabu m\u00e0 sinh ra kh\u00f4ng? Thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t t\u1eeb h\u00f4ng b\u00ean h\u1eefu m\u00e0 ra th\u00ec trong kinh Du H\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng-a-h\u00e0m, m\u1ee5c truy\u1ec7n T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-thi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3i, r\u1ed3i trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n truy\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3, r\u1ed3i lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3n-la-l\u1ea1p-th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n: nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng. C\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u1ee7ng-b\u1ed9, khi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea3n sinh t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t (t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u00e2n), ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t, khi sinh, \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eeb b\u00ean h\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 m\u00e0 ra\u201d. (T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn, m\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc thanh t\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t ch\u00e1n s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t thai theo s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u00f4i cho thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ed5: trong L\u00ea-c\u00e2u-v\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0 n\u00f3i, Nh\u00e2n-\u0111\u00e0-la tr\u1ed5 c\u1ea1nh s\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 m\u00e0 ra (\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o s\u1eed, trang 102). Gi\u1eefa Nh\u00e2n-\u0111\u00e0-la v\u00e0 Chuy\u1ec3n lu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5. Song, trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ed5, v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p C\u00f9 \u0110\u00e0m T\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea1t, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong Ni-\u0111\u1ea1i-na-gi\u00e0-tha c\u0169ng n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u01a1 b\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 sinh s\u1ea3n, tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i t\u1eeb h\u00f4ng b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i m\u00e0 ra. Do \u0111\u00f3, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 \u1edf T\u00edch Lan kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. C\u00f2n trong Thi-thi\u1ebft-lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 do H\u1eefu b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t sinh, tuy c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ebft minh, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft minh n\u00e0o n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t t\u1eeb h\u00f4ng b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i m\u00e0 ra, cho n\u00ean, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9, c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 v\u00ec l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t sinh ra l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ti\u00ean A-t\u01b0-\u0111\u00e0 xem t\u01b0\u1edbng r\u1ed3i \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu \u1edf nh\u00e0 th\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00e0 Lu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u1ebfu xu\u1ea5t gia th\u00ec s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft. B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u1edf nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u00edn tu\u1ed5i. B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 Lu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u01b0\u1edbc th\u00fac thi\u00ean ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u00e0nh xu\u1ea5t gia ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u01b0\u1edbc th\u00fac hay c\u00e1i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chung c\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a tam-k\u1ef3-b\u00e1ch-ki\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec, Ph\u1eadt sinh ra l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n nghi th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 b\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a ch\u00fang sinh \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4i. C\u00e1c b\u1eadc lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma coi tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: ph\u1ea3i quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tu h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ma th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o sau khi xu\u1ea5t gia? Theo \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9, khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 ki\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n (arya) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1o, s\u1ef1 tu h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c l\u1ee3i tha m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 tu h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u00e2n c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi th\u1ee9c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng vua tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i c\u1eed h\u00e0nh nghi th\u1ee9c \u0111\u0103ng quang v\u1eady. Tuy nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t s\u00e1u n\u0103m kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh m\u1edbi an t\u1ecda d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1, h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c ma v\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1c, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nghi th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111o\u1ea1n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1eadc ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u01b0 khu bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea3y ra c\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft tr\u1ea7n sa v\u00f4 minh v.v\u2026 Song, theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, v\u00ec ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i n\u00ean ch\u01b0a n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n \u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfp v\u1ecb m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1-nh\u1eabn-v\u1ecb th\u00f4i, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 tu h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed1i-h\u1eadu-th\u00e2n B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb trung-nh\u1eabn-v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf-\u0111\u1ec7-nh\u1ea5t-v\u1ecb, do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 tu h\u00e0nh, h\u00e0ng ma hay ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cPh\u1ea3i n\u00f3i B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, ch\u01b0 \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ebft c\u00e1c k\u1ebft s\u1eed\u201d. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp ti\u1ec1n sinh B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c nghi\u1ec7p (H\u1ea1-b\u00e1t-\u0111\u1ecba), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00edn ph\u1ea7n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh \u00fd. C\u00f4ng t\u00edch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang sinh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i-b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 (\u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ebd r\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1eaft v\u1eady. M\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed1i-h\u1eadu-th\u00e2n B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1eaft \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cTam-th\u1eadp-t\u1ee9-t\u00e2m-nh\u1ea5t-t\u1ecda-\u0111\u1eafc-\u0111o\u1ea1n-k\u1ebft- th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d. c\u00e2u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi g\u1ed1c B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t t\u1ecda; tam-th\u1eadp-t\u1ee9-t\u00e2m l\u00e0: m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u t\u00e2m th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1o (kh\u1ed5 ph\u00e1p tr\u00ed nh\u1eabn, kh\u1ed5 ph\u00e1p tr\u00ed, cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p tr\u00ed nh\u00e3n, \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p tr\u00ed; kh\u1ed5 lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ed nh\u1eabn, kh\u1ed5 lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ed), v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00f4 gi\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u00ednh gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh ba m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m. N\u00f3i cho r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0: ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1t quang \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh \u00fd m\u00ea ch\u1ea5p c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i, g\u1ea1n l\u1ecdc cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi t\u1ed3n l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a tam-k\u1ef3-b\u00e1ch-ki\u1ebfp. \u1ede th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7-t\u1ee9-thi\u1ec1n-\u0111\u1ecbnh, ly-gi\u00e1c-quan, vi\u1ec7t-kh\u1ed5-l\u1ea1c, x\u1ea3 ni\u1ec7n thanh t\u1ecbnh, \u1edf v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng, an tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec7-t\u1ee9-thi\u1ec1n\u201d.<\/p>\n

          (B\u1eafc-\u0111\u1ea1o-ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u00c1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-la-ph\u00e1i th\u00ec n\u00f3i: \u201cPh\u1eadt y v\u00e0o nh\u1ea5t th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ee9 sa m\u00f4n qu\u1ea3\u201d. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n D\u01b0 l\u01b0u, Nh\u1ea5t lai v\u00e0 B\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 lo \u0111\u1ea1o La h\u00e1n m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1ee9 qu\u1ea3. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n t\u00e2m).<\/p>\n

          *<\/p>\n

          [1]\u00a0B\u00e0 sa lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ebfn 177 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 97, trang 800, trung); v\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n 7, (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 23, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng), n\u00f3i: B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t kh\u1edfi thu\u1eadn-quy\u1ebft-tr\u1ea1ch-ph\u1eadn; hay kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi thu\u1eadn-quy\u1ebft-tr\u1ea1ch-ph\u1eadn? N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i \u201cthi\u1ec7n c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u do m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d? C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1edfi th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i \u201cch\u00edn m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t ki\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecda \u00e1c th\u00fa\u201d? Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1eeba kh\u00e1c khi chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi thu\u1eadn-quy\u1ebft-tr\u1ea1ch-ph\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

          Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI: Ph\u1eadt Th\u00e2n Quan<\/h4>\n

          1- PH\u1eacT.<\/h5>\n

          Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb3ng-ch\u00ednh-gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt. C\u00e1i t\u00f4n hi\u1ec7u sau khi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0-Lai, Thi\u1ec7n-Th\u1ec7, Th\u1ebf-gian-gi\u1ea3i v.v\u2026 v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-quan v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch sau khi th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh-gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i-t\u1eed T\u1ea5t-\u0110\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt, c\u00e1i t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t-ph\u00e1t-\u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-lu\u1eadn. V\u00e0, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, th\u00ec B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t-lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t mi\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

          Song, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed tr\u1ef1c tri\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, t\u00f9y theo quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng; nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t th\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u coi Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea5ng T\u1eeb Ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ba c\u00f5i: theo c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ed5, quan ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc si\u00eau-nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m si\u00eau nh\u00e2n \u1ea5y, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kinh l\u1ecbch c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch nh\u00e2n gian c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 l\u1ecbch duy\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f2n th\u01a1 \u1ea5u, tu h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y trong gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n, r\u1ed3i nhu\u1ed1m b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng r\u1ed3i nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kinh ngi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n-gian. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn Ph\u1eadt \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n si\u00eau-t\u1ef1-nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n gian. R\u1ed3i, v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian tr\u00f4i qua, c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0i ni\u1ec7m d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 l\u00fd-t\u01b0\u1edfng-h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra, cho n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 quan s\u00e1t Ph\u1eadt theo hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 si\u00eau-nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n-gian kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1o c\u00f9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n gian, l\u00e0 th\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1edbng hay \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u00ec nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 sinh m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4i? Gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 tu h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb La-h\u00e1n c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng? S\u1ef1 d\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch ca hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra. B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean kia th\u1eadt ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u mu\u1ed1n thuy\u1ebft minh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tu h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y qua, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ta l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sau khi th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

          2- S\u1ef0 B\u1ea4T \u0110\u1ed2NG GI\u1eeeA PH\u1eacT, THANH V\u0102N V\u00c0 DUY\u00caN GI\u00c1C.<\/h5>\n

          \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ch\u00fang h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb La h\u00e1n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ed9c-gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y s\u1ee1 d\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 v\u00ec, theo Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb La h\u00e1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong \u0110\u1ea1i-ph\u1ea9m-lu\u1eadt: sau khi \u0111\u1ed9 cho n\u0103m v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u00e1u v\u1ecb La h\u00e1n. Song, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i ai kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ebfn ngay Ca Di\u1ebfp, M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec1n Li\u00ean hay X\u00e1 L\u1ee3i Ph\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u00ec k\u1ecbp, do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn, theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, sau khi Ph\u1eadt th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh-gi\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t do d\u1ef1, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t ngay th\u00ec b\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. M\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y \u1edf th\u1ebf gian v\u1eabn c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3, do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t sinh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9c-gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 b\u1eadc t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c, gi\u00e1c tha: ch\u00ednh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, nh\u00ecn qua \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, ta th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u1edf ch\u1ed7 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, tr\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, th\u00ec d\u00f9 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt hay La h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng sai kh\u00e1c, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 La h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t h\u1eb3n sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. duy c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng sau khi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, theo T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng, Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba (Thanh v\u0103n, \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c) c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt hay n\u1ed9i dung gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 nhau; tuy c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, th\u00ec b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p-t\u1ea1ng-b\u1ed9 (theo D\u1ecb-b\u1ed9-t\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn), \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Nh\u1ecb-th\u1eeba c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00ec Tam-th\u1eeba c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 sai kh\u00e1c. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa quy\u1ec3n 143 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cc\u1ee5 tri c\u0103n\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Tam-th\u1eeba, cho n\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y th\u1eed b\u00e0n qua m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, h\u00e3y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. C\u1ee9 theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00ec s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 tri c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0: \u201cnhi\u1ec5m \u00f4-v\u00f4-tri v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4-v\u00f4-tri; nhi\u1ec5m-\u00f4-v\u00f4-tri ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh \u00fd, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. B\u1ea5t-nhi\u1ec5m-\u00f4-tri, theo quang k\u00fd, th\u00ec l\u1ea5y li\u1ec7t tu\u1ec7 (k\u00e9m tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7) l\u00e0m th\u1ec3, tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n sinh t\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt (c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 chia th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i nghi ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 t\u00f9y mi\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4). S\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 tri, c\u00f2n Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 v\u00f4 tri. \u0110o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 v\u00f4 tri l\u00e0 h\u1ebft sinh t\u1eed, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, tuy l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 v\u00f4 tri, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-tr\u00ed v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-ch\u1ee7ng-tr\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n sinh c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. L\u1ea5y v\u00f4 tri l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khu bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tr\u00ed, t\u1ee9c gi\u00e1c tr\u00ed, m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ea3y c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi (jneya) \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c (kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c), v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1c tri b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u (bi\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c) m\u00e0 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c tri ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c (kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn), c\u00f2n \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c tuy c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1c, Thanh v\u0103n\u00a0th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ba th\u1ee9 gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3: \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa Tam th\u1eeba (c\u0169ng c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng, Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u1ef1-nhi\u00ean-gi\u00e1c, nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-ch\u1ee7ng-gi\u00e1c, Duy\u00ean gi\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1ef1-nhi\u00ean-gi\u00e1c; c\u00f2n Thanh v\u0103n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai). C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n d\u1ee5ng l\u1ef1c th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1eadp-l\u1ef1c, t\u1ee9-v\u00f4-s\u1edf-\u00fay, \u0111\u1ea1i-bi v\u00e0 tam-b\u1ea5t-c\u1ed9ng-ni\u1ec7m-tr\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eadp-b\u00e1t-c\u1ed9ng-ph\u00e1p; Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y (tr\u1edf l\u00ean l\u00e0 theo B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 143, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27,tr. 735, trung).<\/p>\n

          TH\u1eacP-L\u1ef0C TRONG TH\u1eacP-B\u00c1T-B\u1ea4T-C\u1ed8NG-PH\u00c1P L\u00c0:<\/em><\/p>\n

          1- X\u1ee9 phi x\u1ee9 tr\u00ed l\u1ef1c (tr\u00ed hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt).<\/p>\n

          2- Nghi\u1ec7p-d\u1ecb-th\u1ee5c-tr\u00ed-l\u1ef1c (tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sinh trong ba \u0111\u1eddi).<\/p>\n

          3- Ch\u1ee7ng-ch\u1ee7ng-th\u1eafng-gi\u1ea3i-tr\u00ed-l\u1ef1c (tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang sinh).<\/p>\n

          4- Ch\u1ee7ng-ch\u1ee7ng-gi\u1edbi-tr\u00ed-l\u1ef1c (tr\u00ed hi\u1ebft kh\u1eafp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh tong th\u1ebf gian).<\/p>\n

          5- C\u0103n-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-h\u1ea1-tr\u00ed-l\u1ef1c (tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u0103n c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n).<\/p>\n

          6- Bi\u1ebfn-th\u00fa-h\u00e0nh-tr\u00ed-l\u1ef1c (tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1eed v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p duy\u00ean thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh).<\/p>\n

          7- Nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-t\u1ecbnh-l\u1ef1-gi\u1ea3i-tho\u00e1t-tam-\u0111\u1ecba-tam-b\u00e1t-\u0111\u1ec3-xu\u1ea5t-ly-t\u1ea1p-nhi\u1ec5m-thanh-t\u1ecbnh-tr\u00ed-l\u1ef1c (tri bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 b\u00e1t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t).<\/p>\n

          8- T\u00fac-tr\u1ee5-t\u00f9y-ni\u1ec7m-tr\u00ed-l\u1ef1c (tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu).<\/p>\n

          9- T\u1eed-sinh-tr\u00ed-l\u1ef1c (tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft).<\/p>\n

          10- L\u1eadu-t\u1eadn-tr\u00ed-l\u1ef1c (tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi v\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c t\u1eadp khi v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh).<\/p>\n

          T\u1ee8-V\u00d4-S\u1ede-\u00daY L\u00c0:<\/em><\/p>\n

          1- Nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-tr\u00ed-v\u00f4-s\u1edf-\u00fay, t\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1c v\u00f4 \u00fay (tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e2m s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i).<\/p>\n

          2- Nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-l\u1eadu-t\u1eadn-tr\u00ed-v\u00f4-s\u1edf-\u00fay, t\u1ee9c l\u1eadu v\u0129nh t\u1eadn v\u00f4 u\u00fd (Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb h\u1ebft phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e2m s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i).<\/p>\n

          3- Thuy\u1ebft-ch\u01b0\u1edbng-\u0111\u1ea1o-v\u00f4-s\u1edf-\u00fay, t\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ch\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 \u00fay (tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ch\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o cho Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o).<\/p>\n

          4- Thuy\u1ebft-t\u1eadn-kh\u1ed5-\u0111\u1ea1o-v\u00f4-s\u1edf-\u00fay, t\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00f4 \u00fay (n\u00f3i h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i).<\/p>\n

          TAM NI\u1ec6M TR\u1ee4 L\u00c0:<\/em><\/p>\n

          1- T\u00edn-k\u00ednh-gi\u1ea3, ph\u00e1t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng (ch\u00fang sinh tin k\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 vui, th\u01b0\u1eddng an tr\u1ee5 n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh ni\u1ec7m).<\/p>\n

          2- B\u1ea5t-t\u00ecn-k\u00ednh-gi\u1ea3, ph\u00e1t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sinh kh\u00f4ng tin k\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n phi\u1ec1n, v\u1eabn an tr\u1ee5 n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh ni\u1ec7m, ch\u00ednh tr\u00ed).<\/p>\n

          3- T\u00edn k\u00ednh b\u1ea5t tin k\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 di\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng (d\u00f9 tin k\u00ednh hay kh\u00f4ng tin k\u00ednh, Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 vui ho\u1eb7c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, v\u1eabn an tr\u1ee5 n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh ni\u1ec7m).<\/p>\n

          Sau h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i bi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 bi c\u1ee7a Thanh v\u0103n, th\u00ec lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 31, v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 27, tuy n\u00f3i c\u00f3 t\u00e1m \u0111i\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i th\u00ec ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i bi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (v\u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m) th\u00ec Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1nh k\u1ecbp, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

          (V\u1ec1 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 27, Tr\u00ed ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 21, lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa 31, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 157 h\u1ea1, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i bi c\u00f3 d\u1eabn d\u1ee5ng B\u1ea3n-sinh-\u0111\u00e0m v\u00e0 th\u00eam c\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft minh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba).<\/p>\n

          M\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y duy Ph\u1eadt m\u1edbi c\u00f3, Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m khu bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba v\u1eady. Theo Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 th\u00ec \u00c1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-la ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng th\u1eadp l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 Thanh v\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c th\u00ec cho \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 s\u01b0 khu bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Thanh v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u00f3i theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00ec, theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u0169 s\u1ef1, do c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec7n minh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 La h\u00e1n, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ta \u0111\u1ee7 hi\u1ec3u. Ng\u0169 s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, l\u00e0: 1- M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00e0 La h\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng di tinh trong m\u1ed9ng m\u1ecb; 2- \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 nghi v\u1ea5n; 3- C\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9; 4- Ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 khi ph\u1ea3i do th\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o cho m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3 La h\u00e1n; 5- Tuy l\u00e0 La h\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edd ti\u1ebfng \u201ckh\u1ed5\u201d th\u00ec c\u00f5i l\u00f2ng \u0111\u00f4i khi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1eb3ng l\u1eb7ng b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1edbi n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u sau c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng:<\/p>\n

          1- La h\u00e1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh l\u1eadu xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

          2- La h\u00e1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u00f4 tri.<\/p>\n

          3- La h\u00e1n c\u0169ng c\u00f2n do d\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

          4- La h\u00e1n c\u0169ng c\u00f2n nh\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

          5- Ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd ti\u1ebfng \u201ckh\u1ed5\u201d m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

          Theo T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn, n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i th\u00e0nh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

          B\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u00c1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-la ph\u00e1i \u1edf mi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ebf-\u0111a-s\u01a1n-b\u1ed9, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng La h\u00e1n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n gian ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i si\u00eau nh\u00e2n. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t,\u00a0nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3, La h\u00e1n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu; th\u1ee9 hai, th\u1ee9 ba, La h\u00e1n tuy \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t h\u1ebft phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh \u00fd, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hay h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n ph\u00e1p ngh\u0129a v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t, n\u00f3i theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef l\u00e0 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-ch\u1ee7ng-tr\u00ed; th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, La h\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c tri; th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, tuy l\u00e0 La h\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u1edf trong \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 La h\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0m \u00fd mu\u1ed1n so s\u00e1nh Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 La h\u00e1n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, Ph\u1eadt, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu, v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u1ef1c th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft tr\u00ed, nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng tr\u00ed, Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u00f4 tri hay nghi ho\u1eb7c, gi\u00e1c tri c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-quan d\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7, trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd mu\u1ed1n n\u00eau l\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a La h\u00e1n, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Thanh v\u0103n c\u0169ng ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3, ngo\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y ra, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u0169ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t sinh t\u1eed th\u00ec d\u00f9 Ph\u1eadt hay Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n d\u1ee5ng l\u1ef1c. Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e3 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i, l\u1ee3i tha, v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 si\u00eau-t\u1ef1-nhi\u00ean; Nh\u1ecb th\u1eeba, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i tha, tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, song kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u00e1nh k\u1ecbp v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. V\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u201cba con th\u00fa qua s\u00f4ng\u201d trong kinh \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00f5 th\u00eam v\u1ec1 Tam th\u1eeba. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, con ch\u00f3 qua s\u00f4ng th\u00ec n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc, con ng\u1ef1a qua s\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khi ch\u00e2n c\u0169ng t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 con voi l\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1p s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1y s\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00ed d\u1ee5 Thanh v\u0103n, Duy\u00ean gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt. Sau, Thi\u00ean-\u0110\u00e0i c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa Tam th\u1eeba (b\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 735, trung).<\/p>\n

          Lu\u1eadn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m c\u1ee7a X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t, quy\u1ec3n 8, (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 585, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) \u0111\u00e3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 Tam th\u1eeba m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

          (1) Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thanh v\u0103n? Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, th\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, th\u1ec9nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh suy t\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh quan s\u00e1t m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 Tu-\u0111\u00e0-ho\u00e0n, qu\u1ea3 T\u01b0-\u0111\u00e0-h\u00e0m, qu\u1ea3 A-na-h\u00e0m v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 A-la-h\u00e1n th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thanh v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

          (2) Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Duy\u00ean gi\u00e1c? Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nghe theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec9nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng nghe ph\u00e1p ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh suy t\u01b0, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 qu\u1ea3 Tu-\u0111\u00e0-ho\u00e0n, qu\u1ea3 T\u01b0-\u0111\u00e0-h\u00e0m, v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 A-la-h\u00e1n th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Duy\u00ean gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

          (3) Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1c? ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng, kh\u00f4ng nghe theo ai, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi ai, t\u1ef1 suy t\u01b0, t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, t\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i, t\u00f4n qu\u00fd t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i, tri ki\u1ebfn v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1c, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u Nh\u01b0 lai th\u1eadp l\u1ef1c, t\u1ee9 v\u00f4 s\u1edf \u00fay, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea1i bi, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i, quay b\u00e1nh xe ph\u00e1p: th\u1ebf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

          Ngo\u00e0i ra, theo \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma-t\u1eadp-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc, quy\u1ec3 th\u1ee9 7, (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 31, trang 690, h\u1ea1) th\u00ec gi\u1eefa Thanh v\u0103n hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau; s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i. V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 th\u00edch \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma- t\u1eadp-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a An Tu\u1ec7, quy\u1ec3n 13 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 31, trang 757, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

          3- TH\u00c2N TH\u1ec2 C\u1ee6A PH\u1eacT.<\/h5>\n

          Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh t\u00f4n qu\u00fd h\u01a1n h\u1ebft trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh, do \u0111\u00f3, ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa, th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c ra l\u00e0: b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3. V\u00ec, tinh th\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 l\u1eadu si\u00eau-t\u1ef1-nhi\u00ean, cho n\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u00e2n th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

          Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, n\u00f3i theo m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, th\u00ec th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng nhi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 sinh th\u00e2n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u1edf m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp tu h\u00e0nh, trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng, cho n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u00e0nh th\u00ec th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 o\u00e0n to\u00e0n bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t linh th\u1ec3 si\u00eau t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. T\u1ef1u trung, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Thuy\u1ebft-xu\u1ea5t-th\u1ebf-b\u1ed9. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 thanh t\u1ecbnh \u1edf l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c tinh th\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu. N\u00f3i theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef l\u00e0: m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu (T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn, m\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 , Bhavya; Ehavyavah\u00e0riha; Rockvill \u2018s The Life of the Buddha p. 187; B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 44, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 299. th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n 76, trang 391, h\u1ea1). M\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a s\u00e1u c\u0103n, s\u00e1u c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m. Cho th\u00e2n sinh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m m\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u00ec nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 sanh n\u00ean th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u thai: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh th\u00edch \u1ee9ngv\u1edbi B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t quan c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 76, n\u00f3i: \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m kinh ch\u1ee9ng: Nh\u01b0 lai sinh ra trong th\u1ebf gian, tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh trong th\u1ebf gian, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf ngo\u00e0i th\u1ebf gian, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m\u2026\u201d). L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean: \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 si\u00eau t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Theo Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 th\u00ec \u00c1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-la ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 B\u1eafc-\u0111\u1ea1o-ph\u00e1i cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n th\u01a1m h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u h\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o: l\u00fd lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y th\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u1ebb qu\u00e1 ng\u00e2y ng\u00f4. L\u1ea1i theo T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cs\u1eafc th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 lai kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n\u201d, \u201cUy l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 lai c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u00ean t\u1ebf\u201d, v\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ecd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 lai c\u0169ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n\u201d. \u0110\u00e3 cho nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu, l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian[1]\u00a0th\u00ec k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eady. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, th\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang sinh, do \u0111\u00f3, \u201cPh\u1eadt h\u00f3a ch\u00fang sinh khi\u1ebfn ch\u00f3 sinh l\u00f2ng t\u1ecbnh t\u00edn, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n\u201d (T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9). V\u00ec theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean n\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. V\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, d\u00f9 trong \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. Cho n\u00ean, t\u1eeb l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u201cCh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt th\u1ebf t\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf; h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 lai \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eadu ph\u00e1p\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. Trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn l\u00fd, tuy c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1eb7c l\u00f2ng, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1i k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i. Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-quan c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1y. Cho n\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt-th\u00e2n-quan n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n, \u1ee9ng th\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u00e1o th\u00e2n r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi l\u1ea1i v\u1edbich\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng si\u00eau nh\u00e2n gian tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e2n gian \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. Ph\u1eadt s\u1edf d\u0129 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3, d\u00f9 Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i (s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi, H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 30, C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 27), nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt tuy \u0111\u00e3 xa l\u00eca m\u1ecdi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 khi Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd: v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu. B\u00e0 sa thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1ee5c th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng l\u00e0 do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00f4 minh kh\u00e1t \u00e1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y n\u00ean phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

          N\u1ebfu th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu th\u00ec l\u1ebd ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i V\u00f4-T\u1ef7 kia \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi \u00e1i d\u1ee5c khi th\u1ea5y th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt, Ch\u1ec9-nan l\u1ebd ra \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t s\u00e2n khi th\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n l\u1ebd ra kh\u00f4ng sinh ki\u00eau, v\u00e0 b\u1ecdn \u00d4-l\u01b0-t\u1ea7n-loa-ca-di\u1ebfp-ba \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng sinh si\u201d (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 76, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh 27, trang 392, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

          Trong khi n\u00f3i Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eafc th\u1ea5t, l\u1ee3i h\u1ea1i, kh\u1ed5 l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t ly h\u1eb3n l\u1ee3i, danh, x\u01b0ng, l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 suy, h\u1ee7y, c\u01a1 kh\u1ed5 \u1edf th\u1ebf gian (B\u00e0 sa nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean). Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1eadt b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh, v\u1ec1 th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ef1 do l\u01b0u th\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 th\u1ecd hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m ch\u1ee9 quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh (H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1edd T\u1ee9-th\u1ea7n-t\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp), v\u00e0, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 dung t\u00edch c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu, c\u00f2n m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m gi\u1edbi kia l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u00eau ng\u1eef Ph\u1eadt-th\u00e2n-quan c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9. Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea3n th\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 sinh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 sinh th\u00e2n b\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y, m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 T\u0103ng gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p ngh\u0129a, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf trong lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 116 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 602, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) \u0111\u00e3 so s\u00e1nh t\u1ed9i nghi\u1ec7p khinh tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p t\u0103ng, cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0m cho th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u duy ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i c\u00e1i sinh th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 th\u00f4i (t\u1ed9i nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n), ch\u1ee9 ph\u00e1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p t\u0103ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt (t\u1ed9i n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n); l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i: \u201cH\u1ebft th\u1ea3y Nh\u01b0 lai \u1ee9ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ecdng sinh th\u00e2n\u201d. Do \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t th\u1eadt ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3 di\u1ec7t, kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfp!<\/p>\n

          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0: Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn coi Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh; c\u00f2n \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u0103ng gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng quan h\u1ec7 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n hay kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a sinh th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn l\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0m c\u0103n nguy\u00ean cho t\u0103ng gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p ngh\u0129a th\u00ec kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 quan. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan, t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t l\u00fd th\u00fa.<\/p>\n

          4- TINH-TH\u1ea6N-L\u1ef0C C\u1ee6A PH\u1eacT.<\/h5>\n

          V\u1ec1 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 tuy c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ebf, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ea5t r\u00ed. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, hai b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu, xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian (si\u00eau-t\u1ef1-nhi\u00ean) v\u00e0 \u00fd l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u00ean. B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 30 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 155, h\u1ea1), \u0110\u1ea1i-\u0110\u1ee9c n\u00f3i, B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u00fd l\u1ef1c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, th\u00e2n l\u1ef1c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean. C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 27, \u0110\u1ea1i-\u0110\u1ee9c-Ph\u00e1p-C\u1ee9u n\u00f3i, Ph\u1eadt \u00fd l\u1ef1c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, th\u00e2n l\u1ef1c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed m\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1eabn c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 cao c\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00f4 bi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9; c\u00f2n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 th\u00ec v\u1eabn mu\u1ed1n th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn trong tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt c\u00e1i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

          Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na (m\u1ed9t t\u00edch t\u1eafc) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u00f4t s\u00e1t na t\u00e2m bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft. Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt g\u00ec trong th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra, Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngay m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129. Ph\u1eadt trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi, trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na ng\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef; Thanh v\u0103n, \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c trong s\u00e1t na t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi, trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 15, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 72, trung). L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na t\u00e2m bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng (t\u00e2m s\u1edf) b\u00e1t nh\u00e3, bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p (T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn). L\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u00ec t\u00e2m tr\u00ed v\u00e0 v\u00f4 sinh tr\u00ed l\u00e0 hai th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong Nh\u01b0 lai, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u00e2m tr\u00ed v\u00e0 v\u00f4 sinh tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u1eadp ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n (T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn). Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00f4 k\u00fd m\u00e0 tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5 b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i,Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 lai tuy l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. Mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd (t\u00e1c \u00fd) \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ba ngh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00f4i. Trung-A-H\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 19, kinh Ph\u1ea1m-Thi\u00ean-Th\u1ec9nh-Ph\u1eadt, n\u00f3i: \u201cTh\u1ebf T\u00f4n b\u1ea3o: Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 ngh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, trong ngh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i\u201d (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 548, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n (xem C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 12). N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft kh\u1eafp m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd, v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u1eddi gian. N\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i theo t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec: v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i c\u1ea3nh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u00e2u-h\u1eefu-ph\u00e1p th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac trong s\u00e1t na m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111i n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp th\u00ec v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (Ph\u00e1p-t\u1ea1ng-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u00e2u-h\u1eefu-ph\u00e1p tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edfng (nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3) tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng, c\u00e2u-h\u1eefu-ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft (Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn tr. 19-20, c\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fa) ). Theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c (ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fa \u00fd) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hai t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i c\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3. Cho n\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed v\u00f4 sinh tr\u00ed c\u0169ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, m\u00e0 d\u00f9 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111i n\u1eefa c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 t\u00e2m v\u00f4 k\u00fd, v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 t\u1eadn tr\u00ed v\u00e0 v\u00f4 sinh tr\u00ed th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng t\u00f9y chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00f4 k\u00fd ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, do \u0111\u00f3, tuy l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng khi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec \u00edt, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tuy c\u00f9ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a hai ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00ednh k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p, t\u1ee9c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cchuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n\u201d m\u00e0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m, ta c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u01b0u \u00fd.<\/p>\n

          5- CHUY\u1ec2N-PH\u00c1P-LU\u00c2N.<\/h5>\n

          Ph\u1eadt s\u1edf d\u0129 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u1edf \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9 sinh. N\u1ebfu Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 Duy\u00ean gi\u00e1c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1c. Thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch Ph\u1eadt. Song, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i ra \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho b\u1ea3n \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng? Ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa: m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 ra sao? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra t\u00f9y theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-quan \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ph\u00eda \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 v\u1eabn theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 cao c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1i cao l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p-th\u00e2n-quan. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-quan th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng qua v\u00ec nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 sinh m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n, cho n\u00ean, s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i chung quy c\u0169ng l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, theo Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u00c1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-la ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 B\u1eafc-\u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u0111\u1eb3ng-ph\u00e1i, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o Ph\u1eadt tr\u1ee5 \u1edf th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m; th\u1eadt ra, Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng \u1edf th\u1ebf gian m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf tr\u00ean cung tr\u1eddi \u0110\u00e2u su\u1ea5t, hi\u1ec7n \u1edf th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u00f3a th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p c\u0169n gl\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m n\u1ed1t, t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng an tr\u1ee5 n\u01a1i \u0110\u00e2u Su\u1ea5t thi\u00ean, c\u00f2n thuy\u1ebft c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 do uy l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a h\u00f3a th\u00e2n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn, m\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9, n\u00f3i: \u201cPh\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf trong \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng l\u00fac n\u00e0o n\u00f3i n\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang sinh th\u00ec cho l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 vui m\u1eebng h\u1edbn h\u1edf\u201d. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i Ph\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5 n\u01a1i \u0110\u00e2u Su\u1ea5t thi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y tuy c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u0111\u1eb3ng-ph\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u0111\u1eb3ng-ph\u00e1i. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y cho r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt tuy l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang sinh l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd xa l\u00eca \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb b\u00e1o th\u00e2n, Ph\u1eadt c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadm v\u1eadn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u00fd ch\u00ed. Sau n\u00e0y, trong Duy-th\u1ee9c-ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh s\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u201cThuy\u1ebft-ph\u00e1p-gia\u201d, hay \u201cB\u1ea5t-thuy\u1ebft-ph\u00e1p-gia\u201d, x\u00e9t ra, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Ph\u1eadt v\u00ec ch\u00fang sinh thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p: \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 thu\u1ed5c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Duy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean l\u00e0: \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p? N\u1ebfu v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Ba li (P\u00e0li) th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Song, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma n\u00ean n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p hay \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef? V\u00ec th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef (qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef), th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00e1m th\u00ednh ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra.<\/p>\n

          V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng v\u1eabn theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 cao, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng duy ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng, t\u1ee9c Ph\u1ea1m \u00e2m, \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang trong ph\u00e1p h\u1ed9i, nh\u1edd s\u1ee9c uy th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch. S\u1ef1 quy k\u1ebft n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh \u201cPh\u1eadt d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng, n\u00f3i h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p\u201d. Ph\u1eadt d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng, v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung, tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch, nh\u1ec1u th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng, \u00edt ra, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh, lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa (quy\u1ec3n 79, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 410, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 x\u01b0a:<\/p>\n

          \u201cPh\u1eadt d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng m\u00e0 n\u00f3i ph\u00e1p<\/p>\n

          Ch\u00fang sinh theo lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng m\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

          Ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 n\u00f3i c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a\u201d<\/p>\n

          Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng t\u00f9y theo n\u01a1i ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, c\u00f3 khi Ph\u1eadt d\u00f9ng Ph\u1ea1m \u00e2m, c\u00f3 khi d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ec7t-l\u00ea-xa, v\u00e0 khi d\u00f9ng qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef L\u1ecbch Ca. N\u1ebfu khi n\u00e0o trong ch\u00fang h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt nhanh ch\u00f3ng bi\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho ai ai c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u, nh\u01b0 \u0111ang c\u00f9ng nghe m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 tr\u00ean, theo m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 cho kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2u n\u00f3i trong Tam t\u1ea1ng, v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 79, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 410, trung). Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa th\u00ec v\u00ec \u0111em x\u1eed l\u00fd ph\u1ea1m vi qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i qu\u00e1 n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 soi s\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc!<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0ng, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, cho n\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p, c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec? N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p duy ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ea khai ng\u1ed9 th\u00f4i, hay t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p? N\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00ec, sau khi Ph\u1eadt th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o tuy \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf-l\u1ee3i-ph\u00fa-sa v\u00e0 B\u1ea1t-l\u00ea-ca c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 \u01afu-ba-ca, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p, t\u1ee9c chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u1eddn L\u1ed9c d\u00e3 n\u00f3i T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 cho n\u0103m v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n; b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, c\u1ee9 theo quy t\u1eafc tr\u00ean, t\u1eeb v\u01b0\u1eddn L\u1ed9c d\u00e3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau, trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 l\u00e0: \u201cNh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 lai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n\u201d. C\u1ee9 theo b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 182, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 912, trung), m\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 lai tuy l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 lai, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p ngh\u0129a hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecfi A Nan: \u201cM\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng?\u201d th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn cho A Nan vui m\u1eebng tinh ti\u1ebfn tu \u0111\u1ea1o, th\u00ec, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu khi Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt l\u00fac t\u00e2m v\u00f4 k\u00fd nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u201cm\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng\u201d tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (tham chi\u1ebfu B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 126, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 659, trung, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n 182, trang 912, trung v\u00e0 h\u1ea1). Kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa hai l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0110a-v\u0103n-b\u1ed9. Theo b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p tuy l\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u00e2m thanh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u0103m ti\u1ebfng v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh m\u1edbi l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p, ngo\u00e0i ra \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i (T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn m\u1ee5c \u0110a-v\u0103n-b\u1ed9). \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c hai b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3, Ch\u1ebf \u0111a, T\u00e2y s\u01a1n, B\u1eafc s\u01a1n, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1i nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1ng, \u1ea8m quang thu\u1ed9c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 c\u0169ng t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00ec ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 \u0110a v\u0103n, v.v\u2026<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra l\u00e0: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng? N\u00f3i theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef th\u00ec: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u201cli\u1ec5u ngh\u0129a\u201d hay c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 ngh\u0129a l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cb\u1ea5t li\u1ec5u ngh\u0129a\u201d? Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00ec tuy \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u201cNh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i t\u1eeb khi th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadp ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0 d\u1ed1i\u201d (Trung A-H\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 34, Th\u1ebf-gian-kinh, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, I, trang 645, trung), song, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng t\u1ef1-n\u1ed9i-ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u (xem Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1ecfng Lu\u1eadn trang 18-29). V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 sau, khi ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t nghi v\u1ea5n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, v\u1eabn theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u201cli\u1ec5u ngh\u0129a\u201d, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cPh\u1eadt d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p\u201d \u1edf tr\u00ean kia. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 l\u1ea5y l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y, cho n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00f3a m\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201cli\u1ec5u ngh\u0129a\u201d hay \u201cb\u1ea5t li\u1ec5u ngh\u0129a\u201d. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, v\u1ed1n t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng d\u00f9 trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng (b\u1ea5t li\u1ec5u) v\u00e0 ngay trong c\u00e1c kinh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 ngh\u0129a l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Ngo\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt ra, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd kinh ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t l\u00fd th\u00fa l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 manh nha c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e1n th\u00edch t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d (tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n). Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec7n trong kinh, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 khi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea9n t\u00e0ng trong kinh. \u201cC\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u1ee9 v\u0103n Sa M\u00f4n, h\u1ec3 xa l\u00eca kinh v\u0103n m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m n\u00f3i g\u00ec n\u1eefa\u201d (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 50, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 259, trung; h\u1eefu Sa M\u00f4n ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0103n t\u1ef1, ly kinh s\u1edf thuy\u1ebft, chung b\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m ng\u00f4n). T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00e0i x\u00edch nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0i x\u00edch c\u00f4 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u kinh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ee9ng v\u1ecb. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh th\u00ec d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y m\u1ed9t kh\u00ed v\u1ecb cho \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba sau n\u00e0y, th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u0169ng h\u1eefu th\u00fa.<\/p>\n

          6- S\u1ef0 D\u1eca \u0110\u1ed2NG GI\u1eeeA CH\u01af PH\u1eacT.<\/h5>\n

          Tr\u1edf l\u00ean, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m cho Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung cho h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt. Song, gi\u1eefa ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt, c\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1ecb. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3.<\/p>\n

          \u1ede qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n Ph\u1eadt cho \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea1n Ph\u1eadt: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: ngo\u00e0i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng? Chi\u1ebfu theo kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n th\u00ec Nh\u01b0 lai v\u00e0 Lu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai Lu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hia Ph\u1eadt c\u00f9ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng-A-H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 12, T\u1ef1-hoan-h\u1ef7-kinh, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, I, trang 72); H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch Thi-thi\u1ebft-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 3 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, tr. 521, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) v.v\u2026 Tuy ni\u00ean, theo kinh A-H\u00e0m b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch th\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u kinh \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 nhi\u1ec1u Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 T\u1ea1p-A-H\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 18, kinh th\u1ee9 498 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 2, trang 131, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) ch\u00e9p: \u201cPh\u1eadt n\u00f3i: nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai tu \u201cb\u1ed1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9\u201d, \u201cb\u1ea3y gi\u00e1c chi\u201d m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1c, ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u0169ng v\u1eady\u201d. Ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u00e2u \u201cCh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i\u201d. L\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 A-H\u00e0m c\u00f3 n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u1edf c\u00f5i kh\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 K\u1ef3 Quang Nh\u01b0 lai ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb \u00fd t\u1ee9 n\u00e0y (T\u0103ng Nh\u1ea5t, quy\u1ec3n 29, kinh th\u1ee9 2, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 2, trang 710, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, nh\u1ea5t kh\u00e1i ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft hai Ph\u1eadt c\u00f9ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, to\u00e0n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1i ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 Kinh-L\u01b0\u1ee3ng-ph\u00e1i th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnhch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec1u Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 12, tuy c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng theo C\u00e2u X\u00e1 th\u00ec Nh\u1ea5t-Ph\u1eadt-ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cUy l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 lai tr\u00e0n kh\u1eafp m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ba ngh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u Ph\u1eadt ra \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t l\u00fac\u201d. C\u00f2n \u0110a-Ph\u1eadt-ph\u00e1i th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cN\u1ebfu \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t tu h\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o, th\u00ec trong ba ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: trong kinh n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai c\u00f9ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i trong ph\u1ea1m vi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y th\u00f4i (ba ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi), v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft \u0110a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d. Ph\u00e1i \u0110a Ph\u1eadt n\u00e0y d\u0129 nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh ti\u00ean khu cho Ph\u1eadt-\u0111\u00e0-quan c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, song, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u v\u1eady, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh \u1edf c\u00f5i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

          Ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, t\u1ee9c Di L\u1eb7c B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Di L\u1eb7c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n an \u00fay \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, sau khi Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng b\u1ea5t an v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t b\u1eadc t\u1eeb ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh danh bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Di L\u1eb7c, danh hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u1eafm, song c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t thai t\u1eeb th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Di-d\u00e0-la. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t n\u00f3 trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, t\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt v\u1ecb lai, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt v\u1ecb lai th\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a Ph\u1eadt qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (v\u1ec1 Di L\u1eb7c lu\u1eadn c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. V\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9, xin xem T\u0103ng-Nh\u1ea5t-A-H\u00e0m quy\u1ec3 45, B\u1ea5t-thi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea9m 48, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 2, trang 791, trung).<\/p>\n

          B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ta h\u00e3y v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh. Nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt, c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 d\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t, l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb l\u00e0 coi ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc th\u00ec trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u1edf m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; \u00c1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-la ph\u00e1i th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u01b0u li\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c nhau. R\u1ed3i, theo Ba-v\u00f4-da th\u00ec Nh\u1ea5t-thuy\u1ebft-b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed. Song, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu, duy ch\u1ec9 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean th\u00ec c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7. T\u1ef1u trung, H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9-t\u00f4n l\u1ea5y thuy\u1ebft \u201cch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u01b0 tam s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng\u201d c\u1ee7a Thi-thi\u1ebft-t\u00fac lu\u1eadn l\u00e0m quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3 17, Ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t-tr\u00ed ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 2). Tam s\u1ef1 l\u00e0: tu h\u00e0nh, \u00edch l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n. Gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m tu h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tu h\u00e0nh ba a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 tr\u0103m ki\u1ebfp. Gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho ch\u00fang sinh, ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. Gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u0103m ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t tri ki\u1ebfn th\u00ec ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng nhau. C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh, ch\u1ee7ng t\u00ednh v\u00e0 gia h\u1ec7. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00f9y theo th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec7 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecd, c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt \u0111o\u1ea3n th\u1ecd, c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt sinh v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt sinh v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng S\u00e1t-\u0111\u1ebf-l\u1ee3i; c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt mang h\u1ecd Ca di\u1ebfp, c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt mang h\u1ecd Ki\u1ec1u-\u0111\u00e1p-ma, v.v\u2026cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn hay nh\u1ecf, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u hay ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u01b0ng, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00f9y theo c\u0103n c\u01a1 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh m\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt. sau n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7; song, \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

          *<\/p>\n

          [1]\u00a0T\u0103ng-Nh\u1ea5t-A-H\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 2 (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 2 tr. 554, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng): Th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai do Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

          T\u0103ng-Nh\u1ea5t-A-H\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 3 (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 2, tr. 754, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng): Th\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 Lai l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

          T\u1ea1p-A-H\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 23 (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh 2, tr 46, trung): t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 th\u00e2n\u00a0v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai l\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

          THI\u00caN TH\u1ee8 HAI: Y\u1ebeU T\u1ed0 TH\u00c0NH L\u1eacP V\u0168 TR\u1ee4<\/h3>\n

          CH\u01af\u01a0NG I: B\u1ea2N CH\u1ea4T T\u1ed2N T\u1ea0I<\/h4>\n

          Ti\u1ebft th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: V\u0168-TR\u1ee4-QUAN C\u1ee6A NGUY\u00caN TH\u1ee6Y \u00a0PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O V\u00c0 A-T\u1ef2-\u0110\u1ea0T-MA<\/h5>\n

          \u0110\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0: th\u1ea7n, t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd m\u00e0cho r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u00e0 c\u00e1i ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc quan h\u1ec7, t\u1ee9c ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, th\u00ec h\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p\u201d \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c (xem Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn, thi\u00ean th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6). \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n sinh quan, c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i r\u00f5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu h\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u v\u0169-tr\u1ee5-quan t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, song, n\u1ebfu ta bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u00e2n-sinh-quan, v\u00e0 tu-d\u01b0\u1ee1ng-quan th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, v\u0169-tr\u1ee5-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

          Song, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5,n\u00ean, ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa, m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0, c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean) kia nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, t\u00f9y theo s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau: c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 do hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 v\u1eadt c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o; c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho l\u00e0 duy-t\u00e2m-lu\u1eadn, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi do t\u00e2m quy \u0111\u1ecbnh; ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4-v\u0169-tr\u1ee5-lu\u1eadn\u201d[1]\u00a0(xem Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn, thi\u00ean 2, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6). Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 chuy\u00ean l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan th\u00ec v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc hi\u1ec3n tr\u1ee9 n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Song, khi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111ua nhau ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi th\u00ec s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. V\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 khai th\u00e1c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i bao h\u00e0m trong Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m mong mu\u1ed1n m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn h\u1eb3n hoi. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c c\u1ef1c s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch th\u00ec: c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn; c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 th\u00ec c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng quan-ni\u1ec7m-lu\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c v\u0169-tr\u1ee5-lu\u1eadn. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn x\u00e9t \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, c\u00f3 xu th\u1ebf mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 theo th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9c; c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y theo quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa hai ph\u00e1i. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd th\u00ec trong Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng quan-ni\u1ec7m-lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0 Kinh b\u1ed9 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n; c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, trong \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 th\u00ec nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. Sau \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

          Ti\u1ebft th\u1ee9 hai: KHUYNH H\u01af\u1edaNG TH\u1ef0C T\u1ea0I LU\u1eacN\u00a0(\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u1ea5y H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m).<\/h5>\n

          1- TI\u1ebeN TR\u00ccNH KHAI TRI\u1ec2N C\u1ee6A TH\u1ef0C T\u1ea0I LU\u1eacN V\u1edaI THUY\u1ebeT TAM-TH\u1ebe-TH\u1ef0C-H\u1eeeU.<\/p>\n

          Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan c\u1ee7a Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u0111em t\u1ea5t quy v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, quan s\u00e1t tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u00f4i, th\u00ec th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan \u1ea5y c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn. Theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean m\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 chung. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, n\u00f3i r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3 trong ba th\u1eddi k\u1ef3, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u00ea v\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u00edt ra l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 ba th\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean (quan h\u1ec7) m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh, tuy v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn\u201d, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ba th\u1eddi. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i T\u00edch Lan. B\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng n\u00e0o r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00e3 bao h\u00e0m khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn. Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o Lu\u1eadn B\u1ed9 Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 ta th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng quan-ni\u1ec7m-lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea9u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc quan h\u1ec7. Song, d\u00f9 n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 T\u00edch Lan v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00f4i thai. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y, tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1eefa m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Thuy\u1ebft-nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-h\u1eefu-b\u1ed9. Ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c trong m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u qua ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

          Theo D\u1ecb-b\u1ed9-t\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n lu\u1eadn th\u00ec Thuy\u1ebft-nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-h\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Tuy\u1ebft-s\u01a1n-b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 hai b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i t\u1ed1i c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh trong Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Theo Nam-truy\u1ec1n: t\u1eeb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 n\u1ea3y sinh H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 B\u1ea1t-x\u00e0-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 (B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9), l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t h\u1eefu b\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tuy t\u00f4n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh hai nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ta th\u1ea5y nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Nam truy\u1ec1n g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, d\u00f9 n\u00f3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1eabn l\u00e0 H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh sau, quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb t\u1ed1i c\u1ed5. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y th\u00ec, theo T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0o n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ee9 hai tr\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, theo Lu\u1eadn S\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i A-d\u1ee5c-v\u01b0\u01a1ng (kho\u1ea3ng 250 n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9-t\u00f4n, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft Tam-th\u1ebf-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu (K. VI, 6). Theo t\u00f4i, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp s\u1edbm h\u01a1n th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y n\u0103m hay s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m. Song, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ea5p t\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng, d\u00f9 sao \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t. V\u1ec1 n\u01a1i ch\u1ed7 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i l\u1ea5y Ki\u1ec7n-\u0111\u00e0-la ho\u1eb7c Ca-th\u1ea5p-di-la l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi. Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 (t\u1ee9c H\u1eefu B\u1ed9) l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ef1u t\u1eadp Ca-th\u1ea5p-di-la, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tr\u1ee9 danh c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0ng, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ta c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean, quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, kho\u1ea3ng hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, ch\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi manh nha m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Song, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y sau, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ef1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p; tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec, theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef, n\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201dTam-th\u1ebf th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu\u201d, \u201cPh\u00e1p-th\u1ec3 h\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu\u201d. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong ba th\u1eddi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai; c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean quan h\u1ec7, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 tuy c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, th\u00ec quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201dV\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t, th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c h\u1eb1ng t\u1ed3n\u201d, v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng cho c\u1ea3 tinh-th\u1ea7n-gi\u1edbi. N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ebf h\u01a1n th\u00ec H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110a-nguy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn, \u0111em t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu chia ra l\u00e0m m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c lo\u1ea1i. Trong C\u00e2u X\u00e1, tuy ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng trong ph\u00e1t tr\u00ed, Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac v\u00e0 B\u00e0 sa v.v\u2026con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m. Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu, trong Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, l\u1ea1i chia nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu-t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y th\u00e0nh n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf, t\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft trong Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. S\u1eafc c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t; t\u00e2m t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m; t\u00e2m s\u1edf ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m; t\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e2m m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i quan h\u1ec7, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m l\u1eabn v\u1eadt; c\u00f2n v\u00f4 vi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sinh di\u1ec7t. Trong n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 thu nhi\u1ebfp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebfu t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. M\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t huy c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn cao \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t-\u01b0ng-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-h\u00e0nh; ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc, sinh, tr\u1ee5, d\u1ecb, di\u1ec7t, danh, c\u00fa, v\u0103n, ch\u00fang-\u0111\u1ed3ng-ph\u1eadn[2]\u00a0v.v\u2026v\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t hay y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3. V\u00ec, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu th\u00e0nh bao nhi\u00eau y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 v\u1eadt hay t\u00e2m, \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec chung c\u1ee5c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e2u nhi\u1ebfp h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, cho n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng xem nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn. Theo t\u00f4i, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ea3 hai ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-h\u00f3a danh t\u1eeb tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a V\u0103n-\u0111i\u1ec3n-ph\u00e1i. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u00ec b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn lu\u00f4n th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang n\u00ean m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 Thuy\u1ebft-nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-h\u1eefu b\u1ed9. M\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u201cho\u00e0nh\u201d m\u00e0, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian, c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i d\u1ecb th\u1eddi v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u201ctung\u201d. Theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, tr\u1eeb ba ph\u00e1p V\u00f4 vi, c\u00f2n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i hai ph\u00e1p kia (t\u1ea1m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo ph\u00e1p s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a C\u00e2u x\u00e1) \u0111i\u1ec1u sinh di\u1ec7t bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t sinh do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1ee9 c\u00e1i th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00ec v\u1eabn y nhi\u00ean t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb lai t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1p lo\u1ea1n, tuy nh\u1ecb\u00ean ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean c\u0169ng v\u1eabn y nhi\u00ean t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u1ecb lai, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ph\u00e1t sinh. Song, s\u1edf d\u0129 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3 v\u1ecb lai t\u1ea1p lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 v\u00ec ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3 v\u1ecb lai kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft trong nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng, theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na sau, \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Nh\u01b0ng, khi r\u1eddi v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh h\u01b0 v\u00f4? H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 cho l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf. D\u00f9 cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn y nhi\u00ean v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. M\u00e0 d\u00f9 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 h\u01b0 v\u00f4 \u0111i n\u1eefa c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e0nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3 y theo t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai, song ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n th\u00ec v\u1eabn k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ng\u00e0y nay th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n phim \u1ea3nh. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu tr\u00ean m\u00e0n b\u1ea1c tuy ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u00e2y l\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t th\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, \u201cxen\u201d n\u00e0y \u201cxen\u201d kh\u00e1c c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u00e0n \u1ea3nh m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean m\u00e0n b\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n y nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n phim. Quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u201cTam th\u1ebf th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu\u201d c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean. Duy c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0: trong phim \u1ea3nh, v\u1ecb lai quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, v\u1ecb lai kh\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n do qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i mang l\u1ea1i, Tam-th\u1ebf-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u1eddi gian chuy\u1ec3n qua kh\u00f4ng gian. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u xa, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

          2- TAM-TH\u1ebe-TH\u1ef0C-H\u1eeeU-LU\u1eacN V\u1edaI GI\u00c1O CH\u1ee8NG V\u00c0 L\u00dd CH\u1ee8NG.<\/p>\n

          L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea5y g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3?<\/p>\n

          Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i th\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee9ng\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh. Trong khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u v\u0103n ng\u1ee5 \u00fd v\u1ec1 Tam-th\u1ebf-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu-quan m\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e0 sa v\u00e0 C\u00e2u X\u00e1 r\u1ea5t th\u00edch d\u1eabn d\u1ee5ng. l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Trung b\u1ed9 Ni-kha-gia, khi thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n

          \u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u! S\u1eafc l\u00e0 g\u00ec? H\u1ebft th\u1ea3y s\u1eafc, t\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, ho\u1eb7c v\u1ecb lai hay hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c trong hay ngo\u00e0i, \u01b0u hay li\u1ec7t, ho\u1eb7c xa, ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea7n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc. Th\u1ee5 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? H\u1ebft th\u1ea3y th\u1ee5, ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, ho\u1eb7c v\u1ecb lai, ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i\u2026\u201d.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u1ecb lai, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u1eady n\u1ebfu Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft Tam-th\u1ebf-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. R\u1ed3i Th\u1ee9c-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 \u201cd\u0129 qu\u00e1n, kim qu\u00e1n, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e1n\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho thuy\u1ebft Tam-th\u1ebf-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, Th\u1ee9c-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 531, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) n\u00f3i: \u201cBa c\u0103n b\u1eadt thi\u1ec7n \u2013 tham b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, s\u00e2n b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, si b\u1eadt thi\u1ec7n – \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tham, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1n, \u0111ang qu\u00e1n, s\u1ebd qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n\u201d\u2026 Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n d\u1eabn d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u \u201c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n, \u0111ang \u0111o\u1ea1n, s\u1ebd \u0111o\u1ea1n\u201d (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 533, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, trung). L\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn (quy\u1ec3n 20, Ph\u1ea9m-t\u00f9y-mi\u00ean th\u1ee9 2) c\u00f2n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00e2y trong Kh\u1ebf Kinh v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft Tam-th\u1ebf-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu:<\/p>\n

          \u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u! N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 s\u1eafc th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed ta \u0111a v\u0103n c\u1ee7a ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t c\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 s\u1eafc: v\u00ec c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 s\u1eafc n\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0111a v\u0103n c\u1ee7a ta m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i (b\u1ea5t c\u1ed1) qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 s\u1eafc\u201d. (T\u1ea1p-A-H\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 3, kinh 719, \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng, 2, trang 20, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ee5).<\/p>\n

          \u201cB\u00ed s\u00f4 n\u00ean bi\u1ebft: n\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111a v\u0103n Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 s\u1eafc c\u1ea7n tu y\u1ebfm x\u1ea3; v\u00ec qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 s\u1eafc c\u00f3 n\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111a v\u0103n Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 s\u1eafc c\u1ea7n tu ch\u00e1n b\u1ecf\u201d.\u00a0(K. VI, 6, 63, d\u1eabn d\u1ee5ng S.N. II, p. 101).<\/p>\n

          Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f3 trong ba th\u1eddi th\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u201c\u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1n, \u0111ang qu\u00e1n, s\u1ebd qu\u00e1n\u201d, v\u00e0 \u201c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 s\u1eafc y\u1ebfm x\u1ea3\u201d v.v\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a. Ch\u00e2n \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, \u00edt ra l\u00e0 trong hai gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong ba th\u1eddi, m\u00e0 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u1ecb lai, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c d\u0129 \u0111o\u1ea1n, kim \u0111o\u1ea1n, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111o\u1ea1n v.v\u2026, nh\u01b0ng H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfu theo v\u0103n t\u1ef1 d\u1eabn ra \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

          Song, mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft Tam-th\u1ebf-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm \u1edf gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm \u1edf l\u00fd ch\u1ee9ng, v\u00ec, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u00fd ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, theo Nghi\u1ec7p lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh; th\u1ee9 hai, theo Nh\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh. V\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p lu\u1eadn, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 mang l\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1o \u00e1c \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i s\u1ebd k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u1edf v\u1ecb lai, gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai th\u00ec thuy\u1ebft Tam th\u1ebf nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp; qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u1ecb lai do s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong tam th\u1ebf th\u00ec thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9. Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 b\u1ecb thu nhi\u1ebfp v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb lai, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft, l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m chuy\u1ec3n sang kh\u00f4ng-gian-lu\u1eadn: Thuy\u1ebft nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 r\u1ea5t Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu-lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

          Theo Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1[3]\u00a0th\u00ec: \u1ea8m-quang-b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn; \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 cho ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn d\u1ef1a v\u00e0i s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3. Xem th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee7 bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Nghi\u1ec7p lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Tam-th\u1ebf-lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo nh\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec theo ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 m\u00e0 cho l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4-s\u1edf-duy\u00ean-t\u00e2m\u201d. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 20, T\u00f9y mi\u00ean ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 2). Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, trong Th\u1ee9c-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201chi\u1ec7n-t\u1ea1i-nh\u1ea5t-s\u00e1t-na\u201d c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4-s\u1edf-duy\u00ean-t\u00e2m\u201d r\u1ed3i, H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 c\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c thuy\u1ebft minh r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. (Th\u1ee9c-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 1, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 535, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c; do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u1ecb lai: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a tho\u00e1t h\u1eb3n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn t\u1ed1 ph\u00e1c. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u1ea5y m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u00e3y \u0111\u01a1n c\u1eed Thi Thi\u1ebft ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e3 cho \u201cb\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p\u201d l\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u1eadt t\u1ea1i (tr\u1edf l\u00ean, xem C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 20, v\u1ec1 Tam-th\u1ebf-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu lu\u1eadn).<\/p>\n

          3- S\u1ef0 KHU BI\u1ec6T V\u1ec0 TAM TH\u1ebe.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ba th\u1eddi (qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u1ecb lai) c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, song, n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3i s\u00e1t, th\u00ec: ba th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, v\u1eady s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ba th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Khi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra th\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1ecb lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 77 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 396, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 20, ph\u1ea9m T\u00f9y mi\u00ean th\u1ee9 2) n\u00f3i: \u201c\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p C\u1eedu, Di\u1ec7u \u00c2m, Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1c Thi\u00ean\u201d. B\u1ed1n v\u1ecb n\u00e0y, tuy t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u00ean t\u1eadp gia c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa, nh\u01b0ng theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u t\u00edch g\u00ec cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c bi\u00ean t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa (\u201cNghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u1eadn\u201d thi\u00ean 4, trang 218).<\/p>\n

          Song, b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ee9u. Ph\u00e1p C\u1ee9u cho r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tam Th\u1ebf t\u1ea5t k\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (Huy\u1ec1n Trang d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201clo\u1ea1i\u201d; T\u1ea1p-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-t\u00e2m-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n II (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 962, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201cph\u1eadn\u201d; B\u1ec7-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 7 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 466, trung) d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1\u201d. Nh\u01b0 h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1ng (tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i – lo\u1ea1i) ch\u1ee9 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t; ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 s\u1eefa bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh v\u00e1n s\u1eefa, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tam th\u1ebf ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 khu bi\u1ec7t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, ch\u1ee9 ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. B\u00e0 sa b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cXa l\u00eca t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i (tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i) n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, cho n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ean th\u1ebf l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m\u201d (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 77, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean) C\u00e2u x\u00e1 th\u00ec ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cQuan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201cchuy\u1ec3n-bi\u1ebfn-v\u00f4-th\u01b0\u1eddng-quan\u201d c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft minh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng, s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong Thu\u1eadn-ch\u00ednh-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 52 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh,\u00a029, tr. 902, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng), v.v\u2026 th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cbh\u00e0va\u201d v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft \u201ct\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng\u201d (v\u1ecb) c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec3u d\u1ecb. Hay, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: v\u1ecb lai l\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, khi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n ra qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn Di\u1ec7u \u00c2m. Theo Di\u1ec7u \u00c2m th\u00ec s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 Tam th\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 do ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edbng Tam-th\u1ebf-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-t\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Di\u1ec7u \u00c2m, ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ba t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u1ecb lai, trong \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f9y theo s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u1ecb lai ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Di\u1ec7u \u00c2m th\u00ed d\u1ee5: Gi\u00e1p th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee3 \u1ea4t, t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1p do v\u1ee3 \u1ea4t m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, song, v\u00ec kh\u1ea3-n\u0103ng-t\u00ednh, Gi\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e0n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. T\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Tam th\u1ebf c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu v\u1eady th\u00ec nh\u01b0 Quang K\u00fd quy\u1ec3n 20 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 41, 310, h\u1ea1) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng ngo\u00e0i Tam th\u1ebf t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 hay sao? Hay \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ed9n L\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa th\u00edch T\u1ee5ng s\u1edb? V\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u1eafm, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft \u201clo\u1ea1i\u201d c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p C\u1ee9u v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft \u201cv\u1ecb\u201d c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu. Nh\u01b0ng B\u00e0 sa v\u00e0 C\u00e2u x\u00e1, khi phe b\u00ecnh \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, cho r\u1eb1ng, trong Tam th\u1ebf l\u1ea1l c\u00f3 tam th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Tam th\u1ebf r\u1ea5t h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p. Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Di\u1ec7u \u00c2m c\u00f3 l\u1eadp ri\u00eang t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Tam th\u1ebf ngo\u00e0i t\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i n\u1eefa, th\u00ec t\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 tam t\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb h\u1ed5n huy\u1ebft (sang m\u00eal\u00e9) m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

          \u00dd ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 ba v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu. Theo Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Tam th\u1ebf ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, Tam th\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00e0n to\u00e1n: n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7t con s\u1ed1 \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1ed9t th\u00ec n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed 10, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh s\u1ed1 10. Ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng v\u1eady, khi \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, khi \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai th\u00ec th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u1ecb lai. Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, m\u1edbi nh\u00ecnh qua, tuy c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi hai thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4n kh\u00e1c l\u1eafm, nh\u01b0ng, B\u00e0 sa v\u00e0 C\u00e2u x\u00e1 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 theo t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. Ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai, khi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 khi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng qua r\u1ed3i th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd Tam th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

          Sau h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1c Thi\u00ean. Theo Gi\u00e1c Thi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Tam th\u1ebf l\u00e0 do l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng quan s\u00e1t, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, khi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi th\u00ec theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng quan s\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay sau m\u00e0 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1, hi\u1ec7n, v\u1ecb, ch\u1ee9 th\u1eadt ra trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, do c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, ho\u1eb7c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1eb9. Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n quy th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 quan, tuy c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u1ee9ng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i cho qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u1ecb lai, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 Tam th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i l\u1ed7i h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p v\u1ebf th\u1ebf t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 B\u00e0 sa v\u00e0 C\u00e2u x\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t Tam th\u1ebf, tuy \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng, n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang ra, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn tr\u1eebu tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. N\u00f3i theo t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng th\u00ec thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu, nh\u01b0 B\u00e0 sa v\u00e0 C\u00e2u x\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb\u00a0th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3, song, n\u1ebfu suy ngh\u0129 k\u1ef9 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, ta v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 sai l\u1ea7m. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a cho bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u1ecb lai c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y sau, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Kinh b\u1ed9 b\u00e0i b\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 Tam-th\u1ebf-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, thuy\u1ebft \u201cTam-th\u1ebf-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu, ph\u00e1p-th\u1ec3-h\u1eb1ng-h\u1eefu\u201d c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3. \u0110\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft \u201cv\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t-b\u1ea5t-di\u1ec7t, th\u1ebf-l\u1ef1c-h\u1eb1ng-t\u1ed3n\u201d, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t l\u00fd th\u00fa. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc s\u1eed T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ta th\u1ea5y thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u2013 so s\u00e1nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u00f4ng \u2013 T\u00e2y \u2013 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ee9ng v\u1ecb. Song, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n th\u00ec th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a tho\u00e1t h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh t\u1ed1 ph\u00e1c: ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n Tam-th\u1ebf-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu lu\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi gian chuy\u1ec3n sang kh\u00f4ng gian, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. V\u1ec1 sau, H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n Kinh B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1eadp Duy th\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, qua nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, \u0111\u00e3 mau ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Quan-ni\u1ec7m-lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

          4- T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1eeeU B\u1ed8 V\u1edaI S\u1ef0 QUAN H\u1ec6 C\u1ee6A C\u00c1C GI\u00c1O PH\u00c1I KH\u00c1C.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n khai tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb lu\u1eadn l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o hay trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa? N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 khai tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb lu\u1eadn l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, nh\u01b0ng ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u00ec gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u00f3 H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9-t\u00f4n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng C\u1ef1c vi. Nh\u01b0ng, theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, t\u1eeb B\u00e0 sa tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng C\u1ef1c vi m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng khai bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n; nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5. Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t? V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay sau th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1i (B. C. 400-A. D. Ioo), khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn trong t\u01b0-t\u01b0\u1edfng-gi\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3n tr\u1ee9: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 che d\u1ea5u. T\u1ef1u trung, gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 V\u0103n-ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1i; ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-h\u00f3a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. Song, kh\u00f4ng may ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 khai tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y. Ta ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, h\u1ecd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 danh t\u1eeb, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb, h\u00ecnh-dung-t\u1eeb, r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i th\u00edch \u1ee9ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ph\u1ed5-bi\u1ebfn-h\u00f3a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed7i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y th\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ta th\u1ea5y gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00ecm th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a V\u0103n-ph\u00e1p-ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-h\u00f3a quan ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft: nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p \u201cb\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh\u201d l\u1eadp ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Danh, C\u00fa v\u00e0 V\u0103n: t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y H\u1eefu b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng V\u0103n-ph\u00e1p-ph\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

          Song, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a V\u0103n\u2013ph\u00e1p-ph\u00e1i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Theo s\u1ef1 suy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, ngo\u00e0i V\u0103n-ph\u00e1p-ph\u00e1i, H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi Th\u1eafng- Lu\u1eadn- Ph\u00e1i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n khai tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 \u0110a-nguy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn, Th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t-quan th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn C\u1ef1c vi. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn (tuy nhi\u00ean, theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u1edf T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng th\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Th\u1eafng lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c bi\u00ean t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa), nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ra c\u0169ng gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn r\u1ed3i t\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd m\u00e0 b\u00e0y tr\u1eadn th\u1ebf. Trong \u201cb\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p\u201d ta th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u m\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i-th\u1eeba-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-t\u1eadp-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a V\u00f4Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft ngo\u00e0i m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1p \u201cb\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh\u201d ra, c\u00f2n th\u00eam d\u1ecb-sinh-t\u00ednh, l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ecb, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng,th\u1ebf t\u1ed1c, th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec7, th\u1eddi, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, s\u1ed1, v\u00e0 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p (\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n I (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 31, trang 665, trung), ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, xin xem \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a An Tu\u1ec7, quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 2 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 31, trang 700, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ecb, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng, h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, th\u1eddi, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, s\u1ed1, th\u1ebf t\u1ed1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u0103n c\u1ee9 trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba duy th\u1ee9c, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn, hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 do H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng n\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc. Nh\u01b0ng, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u201cb\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng\u201d n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n khai tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb trong H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a l\u00e0 V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t gia theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111em chia v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu th\u00e0nh n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 c\u00e1i kh\u00ed v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p\u201d ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn, th\u00ec tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u ho\u1eb7c m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1p \u201cb\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng\u201d c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec \u00edt, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00ed m\u1ea1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i.<\/p>\n

          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, tr\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, ngo\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ra, kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec \u00edt, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

          Ti\u1ebft th\u1ee9 ba:\u00a0KHUNH H\u01af\u1edaNG DUY-T\u01af\u1ee2NG-LU\u1eacN<\/h5>\n

          1- C\u00c1C B\u1ed8 PH\u00c1I C\u00d3 KHUYNH H\u01af\u1edaNG DUY-T\u01af\u1ee2NG-LU\u1eacN V\u00c0 \u0110\u1eb6C S\u1eaeC H\u1eccC THUY\u1ebeT C\u1ee6A H\u1ecc.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Tam-th\u1ebf-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu, Ph\u00e1p-th\u1ec3-h\u1eb1ng-h\u1eefu-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u00fd, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Song, th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn,c\u00f2n c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb quan-ni\u1ec7m-lu\u1eadn ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f4-v\u0169-tr\u1ee5-lu\u1eadn, \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i qua trong Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn (trang 270-277). M\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng quan-ni\u1ec7m-lu\u1eadn hay v\u00f4-v\u0169-tr\u1ee5-lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y so v\u1edbi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u00e2m s\u00e2u h\u01a1n trong th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t l\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng Duy-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-lu\u1eadn. Th\u1eadt ra gi\u1eefa quan-ni\u1ec7m-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 v\u00f4-v\u0169-tr\u1ee5-lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea5t k\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 duy ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u00ean, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam m\u1eadt gi\u1eefa hai khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n

          Song, b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan Duy-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3? R\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y trong lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c c\u00f2n truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i th\u00ec d\u0129 nhi\u00ean ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i. \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t h\u1ebft th\u1ea9y, n\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y Di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1edfng Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0m s\u1ef1-th\u1ef1c-quan. Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7 th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-b\u1ed9, Thuy\u1ebft-xu\u1ea5t-th\u1ebf-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 K\u00ea-d\u1eadn-b\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 v\u00e0o l\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4n ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a K\u00ea-d\u1eadn-b\u1ed9 cho \u201ch\u1ebft th\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tro t\u00e0n\u201d. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kukkutika th\u1eadt ra \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb tro m\u00e0 c\u00f3, v\u00e0 khi h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh Sainskrt th\u00ec cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef K\u00ea (tham chi\u1ebfu ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn, K\u1ebft T\u1eadp Ph\u00e2n Ph\u00e1i S\u1eed Kh\u1ea3o, trang 37). T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, cho h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng Duy-th\u1ee9c-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-lu\u1eadn r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t-thuy\u1ebft-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Thuy\u1ebft-xu\u1ea5t-th\u1ebf-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec, theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, tuy \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 l\u1ee5c n\u00e0o l\u00e0m quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng, nh\u01b0ng, theo B\u1ed9-ch\u1ea5p-d\u1ecb-lu\u1eadn-s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf th\u00ec Nh\u1ea5t-thuy\u1ebft-b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201ct\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf gian v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 danh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt th\u1ec3\u201d, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00f4ng ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y (Tam-lu\u1eadn-huy\u1ec1n-ngh\u0129a-ki\u1ec3m-u-t\u1eadp quy\u1ec3n 5, Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o-\u0111\u1ea1i-h\u1ec7 trang 379 v\u00e0 386 d\u1eabn tr\u00edch \u00fd tr\u00ean).<\/p>\n

          Thuy\u1ebft-xu\u1ea5t-th\u1ebf-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cTh\u1ebf-gian-ph\u00e1p, t\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00ec do t\u00e2m \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o m\u00e0 sinh n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 danh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt; nh\u01b0ng xu\u1ea5t-th\u1ebf-ph\u00e1p, t\u1ee9c Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, th\u00ec th\u1eadt t\u1ea1i\u201d (c\u0169ng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean).<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ta th\u1ea5y gi\u1eefa ba ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y tuy c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-t\u00ednh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. Duy c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i, cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u do t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf m\u00e0 s\u1ea3n sinh. R\u1ed3i t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 quan ni\u1ec7m tr\u00ean m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d l\u00e0 \u00c1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-la ph\u00e1i. Trong ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa th\u00edch Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1, Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m c\u00f3 n\u00f3i: \u201cTrong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u0111\u1eb3ng-ph\u00e1i, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-ph\u00e1i\u201d, t\u00f4i cho c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00c1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-la ph\u00e1i. M\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 B\u00e1t nh\u00e3.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7, tuy l\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Duy-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-ph\u00e1i m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1i mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn-h\u1ec7. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, l\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i th\u01b0 ba \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i l\u00e0 Thuy\u1ebft-gi\u1ea3-b\u1ed9. Theo thu\u1eadt k\u00fd c\u1ee7a T\u1eeb \u00c2n th\u00ec ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng: \u201cTh\u1ebf ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3, c\u00f3 th\u1eadt; xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3, c\u00f3 th\u1eadt\u201d (do ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t-thuy\u1ebft-b\u1ed9). Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea8m-quang-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec gi\u1eefa Tam-th\u1ebf-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p; c\u00f2n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3, v\u00f4 qu\u1ea3 \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ee5 nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong v\u1ecb lai (K. VI, 8 B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 51, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 265, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

          Tuy v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 th\u00ec t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 Duy-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-lu\u1eadn, do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i Tam-th\u1ebf-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai v\u00f4 th\u1ec3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na[4]. H\u1ecd n\u00f3i:\u00a0\u201cH\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi \u0111\u1ec1u di\u1ec7t trong s\u00e1t na; qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 qua r\u1ed3i, v\u1ecb lai v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh h\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na?\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed1t t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed5 x\u00fay m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9. ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Tam-th\u1ebf-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u00e1-v\u1ecb-v\u00f4-th\u1ec3, Hi\u1ec7n-t\u1ea1i-nh\u1ea5t-s\u00e1t-na-lu\u1eadn: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u cho ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5. V\u00e0, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ec7n b\u00e1c Qu\u00e1-v\u1ecb-v\u00f4-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho lu\u1eadn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. M\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh ngay t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm trong Th\u1ee9c-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0-thi\u1ebft-ma, t\u1ee9c trong M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean-u\u1ea9n (quy\u1ec3n I, 2, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 531-537) n\u00f3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cSa-m\u00f4n-m\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean\u201d (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Ma-ha-m\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i). Sa m\u00f4n n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cQu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u1ecb lai, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u00f4 vi, h\u1eefu\u201d (qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u1ecb lai kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u2013 H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9, Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn trang 55), v\u00e0 M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean-\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1c k\u00edch ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Thu\u1eadn-ch\u00ednh-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn, khi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u00f4n, do \u0111\u00f3, chung c\u1ee5c n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i tranh lu\u1eadn trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 xem ngay trong Th\u00e0nh-Th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn, ph\u1ea9m nh\u1ecb-th\u1ebf-h\u1eefu v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m nh\u1ecb-th\u1ebf-v\u00f4, trong \u0111\u00f3, lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cTam-th\u1ebf-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu? Phi h\u1eefu?\u201d l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a d\u1ecb-ch\u1ea5p, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5 (Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 2, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 255, trung).<\/p>\n

          2- LU\u1eacN C\u1ee8 V\u00c0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P QUAN S\u00c1T C\u1ee6A QU\u00c1-V\u1eca-V\u00d4-TH\u1ec2-LU\u1eacN.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e1-v\u1ecb-v\u00f4-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, v\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, n\u00ean, tr\u00ean quan h\u1ec7, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u00f5. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t l\u00fd th\u00fa l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong Kinh-b\u1ed9. Kinh-b\u1ed9 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9, ph\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, song ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 20, cho n\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho Qu\u00e1-v\u1ecb-v\u00f4-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

          B\u1eca KH\u1ea2O. V\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Kinh-l\u01b0\u01a1ng-b\u1ed9 tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin ch\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y ra \u0111\u1eddi sau khi H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft t\u1eeb kx\u01b0a l\u1ea5y Th\u1ea5-l\u1ee3i-la-\u0111a (b\u1ed1n tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t) l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Kinh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9 (m\u1ea1t k\u1ebf). Duy-th\u1ee9c-thu\u1eadt-k\u00fd b\u1ea3n 2 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 43, trang 274, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) tuy cho r\u1eb1ng sau m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t c\u00f3 C\u01b0u-ma-la-\u0111a kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Kinh-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft (b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf) c\u1ee7a Kinh-b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00ec\u00e2u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1o c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a C\u01b0u-ma-la-\u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u01b0u, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t vi\u00ean th\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft cho v\u00f4-bi\u1ec3u-s\u1eafc l\u00e0 t\u1eed-ch\u1ee7ng-t\u1eed, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u201cB\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh, s\u1eafc, t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng hu\u00e2n, v.v\u2026 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kho\u1ea3ng ba tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 2, qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch, trang 82, ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa th\u00edch).<\/p>\n

          L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, trong Duy-th\u1ee9c-thu\u1eadt-k\u00fd, b\u1ea3n 4 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 43, trang 358, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) c\u00f3 ghi nh\u01b0 sau: Th\u00ed-d\u1ee5-s\u01b0 l\u00e0 Kinh-b\u1ed9-d\u1ecb-s\u01b0. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kinh b\u1ed9. c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i: 1) C\u0103n b\u1ea3n, t\u1ee9c C\u01b0u-ma-la-\u0111a; 2) Th\u1ea5t-l\u1ee3i-la-\u0111a, t\u1ea1o Kinh b\u1ed9 T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa; ch\u00ednh l\u00fd b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda; 3) Ch\u1ec9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kinh b\u1ed9. D\u00f9ng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i lu\u1eadn K\u1ebft Man c\u1ee7a C\u0103n B\u1ea3n S\u01b0 th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u00ed D\u1ee5 S\u01b0. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng danh x\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c nhau, k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Kinh b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

          Sau lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa l\u1ea1i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n n\u1eefa: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 T\u1ebf-\u00fd-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn. M\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Kinh b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 \u1edf s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u1ed3n-t\u1ea1i-t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a T\u1ebf-\u00fd-th\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y so v\u1edbi H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 Kinh b\u1ed9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n\u00a0mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy th\u1ee9c sau n\u00e0y, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan kia \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh Duy-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-lu\u1eadn, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u00e2u c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

          B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ta th\u1eed xem Kinh b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 Duy-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c Th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ea3i qua ba th\u1eddi th\u00ec ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edfi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. Song, qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00ec t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng th\u00ec qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u1ecb lai b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch sao?<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 hai, n\u1ebfu b\u00e0o v\u00ec hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u1ecb lai v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng th\u00ec l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? V\u00ec, theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean kia c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00e0o ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p l\u00fac n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p l\u00fac kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 ba, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu hay \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai. R\u1ed3i c\u00e1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c kia l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd \u1edf m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, v\u00e0, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, th\u00ec c\u00e1i b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tri. Do v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1i t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t r\u1ed3i cho l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, c\u00e1i ch\u01b0a sinh cho l\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai s\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00fd ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3 v\u1ea3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3 h\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng h\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu? C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi ch\u01b0a sinh, \u0111\u00e3 sinh, ch\u01b0a di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Kinh b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 H\u1eefu B\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

          Song, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 l\u00fd ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 cho lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sao? V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, theo Kinh b\u1ed9, khi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i hay v\u1ecb lai, v.v\u2026 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0m ng\u1ee5 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u00f3. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh thuy\u1ebft Tam-th\u1ebf-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec1 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u00fd ng\u0129a bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e2u kinh m\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t kh\u00e1i cho r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft Tam-th\u1ebf-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

          \u201cNh\u00e3n c\u0103n khi sinh, kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn; nh\u00e3n c\u0103n khi di\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1eadp. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng, nay c\u00f3; c\u00f3 r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng\u201d. (V\u0103n C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 2, tr\u00edch d\u1eabn th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d trong Kh\u1ebf-Kinh. T\u1ea1p-A-H\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 13 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 2, trang 92, h\u1ea1), n\u00f3i: v\u1eady nh\u00e3n ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i sinh th\u1ef1c, sinh r\u1ed3i di\u1ec7t h\u1ebft\u201d. \u0110\u00e2y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho thuy\u1ebft \u201cHi\u1ec7n-t\u1ea1i-nh\u1ea5t-s\u00e1t-na\u201d v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

          C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u1eadn l\u00fd ch\u1ee9ng th\u00ec H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng nghi\u1ec7p-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 trong ba th\u1eddi n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u1ecb lai n\u1eefa. Nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na r\u1ed3i tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb lai. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i quan ni\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ra m\u00e0 th\u00f4i: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Kinh-b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

          C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec s\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 do \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 v\u1eadt t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu: nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt do t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 55 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 283, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng), th\u00ed d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 duy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u00ednh), k\u00fd \u1ee9c hay s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec t\u1ea5t k\u00ednh c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tuy \u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u1ecb lai m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u1ecb lai. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9. Theo th\u1ee9c-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn (quy\u1ec3n I, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 535, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) th\u00ec ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Sa mon M\u1ee5c-ki\u1ec1n-li\u00ean ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m \u201cv\u00f4-s\u1edf-duy\u00ean\u201d; t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Kinh b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian hay th\u1eddi gian, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh l\u1eadp; c\u00f2n c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tam th\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u1ecbnh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c ph\u1ea1p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng qu\u00e2n c\u1edd tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n c\u1edd t\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u00f4i, m\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 x\u00edch \u0111i r\u1ed3i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, \u0111ang x\u00ea x\u00edch \u0111i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 con c\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Song, Kinh b\u1ed9 (v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9) th\u00ec cho ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp s\u00f3ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u00ednh l\u00fac \u0111ang ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, khi ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi r\u1ed3i, hay c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u1ecb lai. Sau \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1i Duy Th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cTh\u1ee9c A-l\u1ea1i-gia li\u00ean t\u1ee5c sinh di\u1ec7t t\u1eebng s\u00e1t na c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y xi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng\u201d v\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Kinh b\u1ed9 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3 20).<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Kinh b\u1ed9, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u201ctung\u201d, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c Tam-th\u1ebf-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu-lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n\u00a0\u201cho\u00e0nh\u201d, \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 do nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u1eadp n\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u00e0y tuy s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn sau, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft \u201cB\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh\u201d. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa v\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00e2m tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, cho n\u00ean, ngo\u00e0i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ra, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 38, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 198, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng; v\u00e0 C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 5). L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 l\u1eadp ra ba v\u00f4 vi (tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t, phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t, h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng) ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u201ckh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201ckh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 31, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 161, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng; C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 6). R\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u00f4-bi\u1ec3u-s\u1eafc, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1i th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp m\u00e0 H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng qua c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u01b0-ch\u1ee7ng-t\u1eed m\u00e0 th\u00f4i (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 13; B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 122, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 634, trung). Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n m\u1ea5y thuy\u1ebft n\u1eefa ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn sau nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u00ec Kinh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea5y H\u1eefu B\u1ed9\u00a0l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 l\u1eadp t\u00f4ng, n\u00ean v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i, Kinh b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i (tr\u1eeb C\u1ef1c-vi-lu\u1eadn). So v\u1edbi Duy-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn, tuy thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Kinh b\u1ed9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u1eafm, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec Kinh b\u1ed9 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn quan-ni\u1ec7m-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, n\u00ean trong s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc. M\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

          3- \u0110\u1eb6C BI\u1ec6T V\u1ec0 CH\u1ee6-TR\u01af\u01a0NG C\u1ee6A\u00a0TH\u00c0NH-TH\u1eacT-LU\u1eacN.<\/p>\n

          Sau h\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i qua t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i m\u00e0, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Kinh b\u1ed9, c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u ch\u00f3 Duy-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec3m, r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Kinh b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng: \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma.<\/p>\n

          Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Kinh b\u1ed9, Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m, l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n th\u00e2u th\u1eadp t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Kinh b\u1ed9, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qua t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

          N\u1ebfu y c\u1ee9 theo t\u1ee9-lu\u1eadn-huy\u1ec1n-ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 10, th\u00e0nh-ho\u1ea1i-ngh\u0129a th\u00ec nguy\u00ean t\u00ean l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 X\u00e0-na-ca-ba-l\u00e2u-v\u0169-\u01b0u-ba-\u0111\u1ec1-x\u00e1. X\u00e0-na-ca c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1ef3 l\u01b0u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh, Ba-l\u00e2u-v\u0169, c\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 D\u1ea1-tha-b\u1ea1t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Th\u1eadt; \u01afu-ba-\u0111\u1ec1-x\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn (Tam-lu\u1eadn-huy\u1ec1n-ngh\u0129a-ki\u00eam-u-t\u1eadp th\u1ee9 3; Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o-\u0111\u1ea1i-h\u1ec7-b\u1ea3n, trang 181).<\/p>\n

          Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t sinh v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5, nh\u01b0ng theo Huy\u1ec1n-s\u01b0\u1edbng trong b\u00e0i t\u1ef1a Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma-truy\u1ec7n (th\u1ea5y trong Tam-t\u1ea1ng-k\u00fd, t\u1eadp II, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 55, trang 78, h\u1ea1) th\u00ec Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o ch\u00edn tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t; l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, theo T\u0103ng-Du\u1ec7 trong b\u00e0i t\u1ef1a Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn (Tam-lu\u1eadn-huy\u1ec1n-ngh\u0129a d\u1eabn d\u1ee5ng, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 45, trang 3, h\u1ea1) th\u00ec Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma sinh v\u00e0o t\u00e1m tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t. Song nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0o n\u0103m n\u00e0o m\u00e0 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? V\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 cho n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft, Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c La-Th\u1eadp d\u1ecbch ra ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Di\u00eau T\u1ea7n, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t theo \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi La-Th\u1eadp (A.D. 344-413). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa (d\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng 250 sau T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch) r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma.<\/p>\n

          Trong truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa y l\u00e0: l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00e0i h\u1ecdc theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e1t tr\u00ed, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u00ec danh t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e1 phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1eadt d\u1ecb lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t. sau khi b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Hoa Th\u1ecb \u1edf Ma-ha-\u0111\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u \u00fd h\u1ee3p, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-l\u01b0u. Sau, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed nguy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 ch\u00e2n \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma m\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn g\u1ed3m 16 quy\u1ec3n, chia th\u00e0nh 5 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, 202 ph\u1ea9m (S\u01a1 ph\u00e1t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m, Kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 59 ph\u1ea9m, T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m, Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 14 ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 48 ph\u1ea9m).<\/p>\n

          C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt do k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 sang \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi Kinh b\u1ed9 (Tam-lu\u1eadn-huy\u1ec1n-ngh\u0129a d\u1eabn d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fa s\u1edb c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 43, trang 3, trung); ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t h\u00f3a t\u1eeb \u0110a-v\u0103n-b\u1ed9 (B\u1ed9-ch\u1ea5p-d\u1ecb-lu\u1eadn-s\u1edb c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf; Tam-lu\u1eadn-huy\u1ec1n-ngh\u0129a-quan-ch\u00fa d\u1eabn d\u1ee5, trang 53, h\u1eefu; Tam-lu\u1eadn-huy\u1ec1n-ngh\u0129a d\u1eabn theo); l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u0110\u00e0m-v\u00f4-\u0111\u1ee9c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9 (\u0111\u1ea1i-th\u1eeba-chuy\u1ec3n-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 5, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 45, trang 65, trung); ho\u1eb7c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n sang Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o (\u0111\u1ea1i-ph\u01b0\u01a1ng-qu\u1ea3ng-Ph\u1eadt-hoa-nghi\u00eam-kinh-t\u00f9y s\u1edb-di\u1ec5n-ngh\u0129a-sao quy\u1ec3n 14, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 36, trang7, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc phi th\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2u th\u1eadp nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m, Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i. Nh\u01b0ng, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma v\u1eabn l\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam nh\u1eefng kinh lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng nh\u00ecn qua Trung-Qu\u00e1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Tuy v\u1eady, Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma v\u1eabn gi\u1eef s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, n\u00f3i theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef, l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cL\u00fd-tr\u01b0\u1eddng-vi-t\u00f4ng\u201d l\u00e0m l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.[5]\u00a0Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7t c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o trong m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/p>\n

          Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma mu\u1ed1n tham c\u1ee9u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kinh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 trong khi tham c\u1ee9u, Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng kinh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u1ea5y: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n ch\u00e2n ng\u1ee5y, \u0111\u00fang hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ai.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 hai, trong khi ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, n\u1ebfu th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 d\u1ecb ngh\u0129a th\u00ec c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo kinh \u201cli\u1ec5u ngh\u0129a\u201d ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng theo \u201cb\u1ea5t li\u1ec5u ngh\u0129a\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, ph\u1ea3i y theo nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i theo ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 ba, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i m\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 d\u1ecb lu\u1eadn th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y ngh\u0129a l\u00fd bao h\u00e0m trong n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kinh l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p n\u00ea v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u kinh v\u0103n bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, c\u00e1i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i tr\u00ed tr\u1ef1c qu\u00e1n h\u00ecnh-nhi-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ee9c, t\u1ee9c tri th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng tr\u00ed tr\u1ef1c quan v\u00f4 l\u1eadu \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u1edbi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c do ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u00ean Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ec7nh danh cho t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn (Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 2, T\u1ee9-ph\u00e1p-ph\u1ea9m, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 32, 352).<\/p>\n

          (Kinh Duy Ma, Ph\u00e1p-c\u00fang-d\u00e0ng-ph\u1ea9m 13, n\u00f3i, \u201cY theo ngh\u0129a, kh\u00f4ng y theo l\u1eddi; y theo tr\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng y theo th\u1ee9c; y kinh li\u1ec5u ngh\u0129a, kh\u00f4ng y theo kinh b\u1ea5t li\u1ec5u ngh\u0129a; y theo ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng y theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d. (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 14, trang 556, h\u1ea1). L\u1ea1i trong kinh \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n quy\u1ec3n 6, T\u1ee9 y ph\u1ea9m (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 12, trang 642, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean). \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, trong B\u00e0 sa, C\u00e2u x\u00e1, T\u1ecbnh Tu\u1ec7, T\u00f9y H\u00e0nh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 noi theo, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam n\u1eefa m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0ng, th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan c\u1ee7a Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan trong Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn, theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-l\u01b0u v\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng duy-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-l\u01b0u. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9c hay khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh-nhi-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. N\u00f3i theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef: \u201cTh\u1ebf-\u0111\u1ebf cho n\u00ean c\u00f3, \u0110\u1ec7-nh\u1ea5t-ngh\u0129a-\u0111\u1ebf cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng\u201d (Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 2, V\u00f4-t\u01b0\u1edbng-ph\u1ea9m 2 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 255, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng), c\u0169ng Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 12, Di\u1ec7t-ph\u00e1p-t\u00e2m-ph\u1ea9m 153 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 333).<\/p>\n

          M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00fd th\u00fa l\u00e0, trong T\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ebf-lu\u1eadn, khi thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 hai Kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 T\u1eadp, Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf-\u0111\u1ebf m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u201cc\u00f3\u201d, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn hai \u0111\u1ebf Di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o th\u00ec l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec7-nh\u1ea5t-ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, n\u1ebfu coi T\u01b0-\u0110\u1ebf l\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kh\u1ed5, T\u1eadp (th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00f2n \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan \u1ea5y tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf Di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, v\u00e0, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

          Song, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebf, Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma c\u00f3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eadt c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf. Khi lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, theo Ng\u01b0ng-Nhi\u00ean, Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e1p s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i \u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 n\u0103m v\u1ecb, t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p (theo Duy-ma-kinh-s\u1edb-y\u00eam-la-k\u00fd quy\u1ec3n 18 (Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o-to\u00e0n-th\u01b0-b\u1ea3n, trang 257-258) th\u00ec: S\u1eafc ph\u00e1p 14, T\u00e2m ph\u00e1p I, T\u00e2m s\u1edf 49, B\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh 17, V\u00f4 vi 3). S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, s\u1ef1 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc, t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf, b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi c\u1ee7a Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Song, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebf, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebf m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u00ec nh\u01b0ng nhi\u00ean gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u00f3; c\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3i theo Tam-th\u1ebf-h\u1eefu-v\u00f4-lu\u1eadn, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i tuy c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u1ecb lai th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng (Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 2, V\u00f4-t\u01b0\u1edbng-ph\u1ea9m 20 – Nh\u1ecb-th\u1ebf-v\u00f4-ph\u1ea9m 22). N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo Trung-h\u1eefu-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a trung h\u1eefu l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 (T.T.L. quy\u1ec3n 3, V\u00f4-trung-ph\u1ea9m 25). N\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p th\u00ec s\u1eafc, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac l\u00e0 t\u1ee9 tr\u1ea7n tuy th\u1eadt c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecba, th\u1ee7y, h\u1ecfa, phong t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3. N\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i theo t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf kia th\u1eadt ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m, ngo\u00e0i t\u00e2m ra, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf. Theo nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma tuy \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebf m\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00eang h\u1eb3n v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i thuy\u1ebft th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ef1c \u0111oan c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

          Khi thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra hai lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 ba lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m. Hai lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec7-nh\u1ea5t-ngh\u0129a-\u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ebf-\u0111\u1ebf, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u0111em th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebf chia th\u00e0nh hai l\u1edbp l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u1eadt c\u00f3. Th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ba lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3-danh-t\u00e2m; v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tuy l\u1ea5y t\u1ee9 tr\u1ea7n (s\u1eafc, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac) l\u00e0m th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 tr\u1ea7n m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3, cho n\u00ean c\u00e1i b\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 th\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu ng\u0169 \u1ea5m tuy l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0ng h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 th\u1ec3, do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 danh t\u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ecfa-\u0111\u00e1ng-t\u00ednh ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt. Th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p t\u00e2m, l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ee9 tr\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c ng\u0169 \u1ea5m. N\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 danh t\u00e2m th\u00ec ph\u00e1p t\u00e2m tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-t\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec7-nh\u1ea5t-ngh\u0129a-\u0111\u1ebf m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec ph\u00e1p t\u00e2m r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o c\u0169ng kh\u1ecfi v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0u bi\u1ebfn, cho n\u00ean, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u1eadt c\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e2m. \u0110\u00e2y m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec7-nh\u1ea5t-ngh\u0129a-\u0111\u1ebf; tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 quan hay kh\u00e1ch quan, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, cho n\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed1t. Duy ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec7t lu\u00f4n c\u00e1i \u201cb\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eafc\u201d m\u1edbi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec7-nh\u1ea5t-ngh\u0129a-\u0111\u1ebf; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Di\u1ec7t-\u0111\u1ebf-quan (v\u1ec1 Tam t\u00e2m, tham chi\u1ebfu Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n II, gi\u1ea3 danh ph\u1ea9m 141).<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan h\u1eefu r\u1ed3i ki\u1ec3m th\u1ea3o c\u00e1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Duy-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn V\u00f4-v\u0169-tr\u1ee5-lu\u1eadn m\u1edbi cho l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. M\u00e0 t\u1eeb h\u1eefu ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

          Theo Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn, n\u1ebfu ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi sa v\u00e0o c\u00e1i nguy \u201c\u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn\u201d; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00ec r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng \u201cth\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn\u201d. Cho n\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7-nh\u1ea5t-ngh\u0129a-\u0111\u1ebf m\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1edbi kh\u1ebf h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi trung \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn, v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan c\u1ee7a Kinh b\u1ed9. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cQu\u00e1-v\u1ecb-v\u00f4-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn\u201d, cho t\u00e2m s\u1edf l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, coi v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi s\u1eafc, v.v\u2026 ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 nhau. Song, c\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng quan-ni\u1ec7m-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 so h\u01a1n v\u1edbi Kinh b\u1ed9, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi ph\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Trung qu\u00e1n. Kinh b\u1ed9, nh\u1edd thuy\u1ebft \u201cT\u1ebf-\u00fd-th\u1ee9c\u201d v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft \u201cch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed\u201d tuy l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi Duy-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh quan-ni\u1ec7m-lu\u1eadn, do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa Kinh b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn t\u1ea5t k\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp; Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn cho l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n cu\u1ed9c trong b\u1ed9 A H\u00e0m th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n, v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng ra \u0111\u1eddi sau khi ph\u00e1i Trung qu\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, cho n\u00ean, th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma b\u1ecb c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a m\u00e0 m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 kh\u00ed v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Trung qu\u00e1. V\u1ec1 sau, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 Trung Hoa, nhi\u1ec1u tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea9y ra v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0o Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba\u00a0hay \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee5c trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba mong mu\u1ed1n. Song, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd th\u00ec t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Kinh b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng khai tri\u1ec3n thuy\u1ebft Duy th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1eaft tay v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba n\u1eefa. N\u1ebfu quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec, ngo\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f9ng b\u1eaft tay v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i Trung qu\u00e1n ra, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, th\u00ec lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y v\u00e0 Kinh b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u, l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa m\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n

          Ti\u1ebft th\u1ee9 t\u01b0:\u00a0KHUYNH H\u01af\u1edaNG TH\u1ef0C-T\u1ea0I-LU\u1eacN-H\u00ccNH-NHI-TH\u01af\u1ee2NG\u00a0(\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng V\u00f4 vi v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0)<\/h5>\n

          1- S\u00c1T-NA-DI\u1ec6T-LU\u1eacN C\u1ee6A HI\u1ec6N-T\u01af\u1ee2NG-GI\u1edaI, T\u1ee8C H\u1eeeU VI PH\u00c1P.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u1edf l\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn hai t\u01b0 tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng Th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 tr\u00e0o n\u1eefa, tuy v\u1eabn quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi hai t\u01b0 tr\u00e0o tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng, kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec \u00edt, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn-h\u00ecnh-nhi-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3 hai khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00ean. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi hai t\u01b0 tr\u00e0o tr\u00ean, do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng, v\u1ec1 sau, \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 khai tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

          Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, hi\u1ec7n-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-gi\u1edbi, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 duy-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-lu\u1eadn, d\u00f9 cho c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean. B\u1edfi v\u00ec hi\u1ec7n-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do th\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3: h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean quan h\u1ec7 m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 cho h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng (ch\u01b0 h\u00e0nh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng), v\u00e0 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu-vi-ph\u00e1p. Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1eefu-vi-ph\u00e1p cho n\u00ean h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

          N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn truy c\u1ea7u c\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, cho n\u00ean th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y, v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u1eddng-tr\u1ee5-lu\u1eadn, tuy c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trung t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng-tr\u1ee5-ng\u00e3-quan, th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1ea1m-thi\u00ean-th\u1ea7n-quan m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5 lu\u1eadn \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh \u1edf th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd (trong b\u1ea3y b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn p\u00e0li ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3y lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 tuy v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng B\u00e0 sa, C\u00e2u x\u00e1 v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n lu\u1eadn c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt-s\u1edf-h\u00e0nh-t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a M\u00e3 Minh n\u1eefa (quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 4, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 4, trang 34). S\u1ef1 b\u00e0i x\u00edch th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e3 (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi Ph\u00e1p-ng\u00e3-ph\u1ea9m trong C\u00e2u x\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u) d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng T\u1ef1-t\u1ea1i- thi\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 b\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, th\u1ea7n ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Ng\u00e3 lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 C\u00fa-ngh\u0129a-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Th\u1eafng lu\u1eadn. Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb b\u00e1c k\u00edch c\u1ea3. D\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, trong A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1, song \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i. (Trong lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 9 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 41) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ebft v\u00f4-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn, t\u1ef1-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn, t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, s\u0129 phu (th\u1ea7n ng\u00e3), th\u1eddi, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, v.v\u2026 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cphi nh\u00e2n k\u1ebf nh\u00e2n\u201d. L\u1ea1i trong Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 11, Ph\u00e1-nh\u00e2n-qu\u1ea3-ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 151 c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ebft ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf t\u00ednh, vi tr\u1ea7n, v.v\u2026; r\u1ed3i lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 7, v\u00e0 626 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3).<\/p>\n

          Theo b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u do c\u00e1i ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc quan h\u1ec7, t\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y sau, khi nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ea1nh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn cho v\u00f4-th\u01b0\u1eddng-quan ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh ra m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 S\u00e1t-na-di\u1ec7t-lu\u1eadn. S\u00e1t-na-di\u1ec7t c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng – b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m hay v\u1eadt – \u0111\u1ec1u sinh bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n trong t\u1eebng s\u00e1t na, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean \u1edf c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u00f4-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c n\u00eau ra khi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 trong gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, s\u00e1t-na-di\u1ec7t-lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ra sao th\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ebfn. Trong b\u1ed9 th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n A H\u00e0m tuy c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft \u201cT\u1ea1p na\u201d nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y thuy\u1ebft \u201cT\u1ea1p-na-ba-ca\u201d; kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, ngay trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn \u1edf v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9 sao th\u00ec gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y,\u00a0theo B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, Ho\u00e1-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u1ea8m-quang-b\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng (v\u1ec1 H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u1ea8m-quang-b\u1ed9, xin xem Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn trng 60-65). C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu theo Nam truy\u1ec1n th\u00ec gi\u00e1o l\u00fd th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1edfi \u0110\u00f4ng-s\u01a1n-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 T\u00e2y-s\u01a1n-b\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7. Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 22, 8, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 trong m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cH\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t-na-t\u00e2m\u201d. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t theo nh\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m th\u00ec nh\u01b0 B\u1eafc-\u0111\u1ea1o-ph\u00e1i theo k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a s\u00e1t-na-lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 cho l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-t\u1ee5c-duy\u00ean\u201d (K. V. XXII, 7) r\u1ed3i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfic\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Xem th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee7 bi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 hay \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1t-na-di\u00eat-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan \u201cch\u01b0 h\u00e0nh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d v\u1eady. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, th\u00ec S\u00e1t-na-di\u00eat-lu\u1eadn ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i. Theo Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 th\u00ec Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Nam Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i S\u00e1t-na-di\u1ec7t-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y-s\u01a1n-b\u1ed9, c\u00f2n T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf tuy di\u1ec7t trong s\u00e1t na nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh c\u0103n th\u00ec cho l\u00e0 t\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5 (Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn trang 51). Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9 m\u1ea1t k\u1ef3 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfp tr\u1ee5, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 trong kho\u1ea3ng ba ki\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh, tr\u1ee5, ho\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec7t trong s\u00e1t na (Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn trang 61). N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng s\u00e1t-na-di\u1ec7t-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i (ngo\u00e0i ra, ch\u00ednh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 m\u1ec7nh c\u0103n, v.v\u2026 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1m tr\u1ee5 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1nh \u0111\u00e8n, ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng, v.v\u2026 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p th\u00ec di\u1ec7t trong s\u00e1t na \u2013 C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn-quang-k\u00fd quy\u1ec3n 13, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 41, trang 202).<\/p>\n

          2- V\u00d4-VI-PH\u00c1P-LU\u1eacN.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng. Song m\u00e0, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng? D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba n\u00f3i tr\u00ean kia, b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0o, song, theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec chung c\u1ee5c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc. Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ba h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1n th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec3n-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc \u201cduy\u00ean kh\u1edfi\u201d \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng d\u00f9 c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt ra \u0111\u1eddi hay kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, ph\u00e1p t\u00ecnh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5 (S. II, p, 25; T\u1ea1p-A-H\u00e0m 12, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 2, trang 84. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0-T\u01b0\u1edfng-Lu\u1eadn trang 96). Th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi c\u1ea3nh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t sinh, b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh, v\u00f4 t\u00e1c, v\u00f4 vi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i sinh, th\u00e0nh, t\u00e1c, vi (C\u0103n B\u1ea3n Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o trang 296). Th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7n-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u00fd-t\u01b0\u1edfng-gi\u1edbi, c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf. \u201cT\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0 d\u1ed1i, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb, l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u201d, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt (tr\u00edch Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn trang 103. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u! T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0 d\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb).<\/p>\n

          Tuy \u00fd tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ra c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1ed3 nghi g\u00ec n\u1eefa. T\u1ef1u trung, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t sinh, b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t, b\u1ea5t t\u1eed, b\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1i c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 cao Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n – v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecb lu\u1eadn \u2013 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ebft g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng sinh di\u1ec7t bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi trong hi\u1ec7n-th\u1ef1c-gi\u1edbi cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi (A.I, p. 152: \u201cKh\u00f4ng sinh, tr\u1ee5, d\u1ecb, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi\u201d. N\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo c\u00e1ch d\u1ee5ng ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y th\u00ec v\u00f4 vi ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee5c trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n; song, n\u1ebfu \u201cv\u00f4 vi\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1edf trong v\u00f2ng bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n th\u00ec, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao h\u00e0m trong hai th\u00ecnh th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng kia n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

          C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4-vi-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u201cv\u00f4 vi\u201d v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111em n\u00f3 so s\u00e1nh, \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u201ch\u1eefu vi\u201d. Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i, nh\u01b0 Kinh b\u1ed9 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00f4 vi l\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c; c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi t\u1ea5t k\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu vi ph\u00e1p. Tuy c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, v\u00f4 vi lu\u1eadn d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh. (V\u1ec1 v\u00f4-vi-quan c\u1ee7a kinh B\u1ed9,\u00a0C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i: \u201cKinh b\u1ed9 s\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y v\u00f4 vi \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc, th\u1ee5, v.v\u2026N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng? G\u1ecdi h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i gi\u1ea3 x\u00fac m\u00e0 th\u00f4i\u2026 \u0110\u00e3 kh\u1edfi t\u00f9y mi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c di\u1ec7t v\u1ecb, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng do s\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng sinh, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t. L\u00eca s\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3n tr\u1ea1ch, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 duy\u00ean th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng sinh, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t\u201d C\u00e2u x\u00e1 , C\u0103n ph\u1ea9m, quy\u1ec3n 6, Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch trang 402). Trong B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 3 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 161, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng), c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Th\u00ed D\u1ee5 cho tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t, phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t, h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 vi quan c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean. B\u1edfi v\u00ec trong Ph\u00e1p-t\u1ee5-ph\u1ea9m 18 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y (quy\u1ec3n 2, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 252, trung) c\u00f3 n\u00f3i: \u201cH\u1eefu vi ph\u00e1p do ch\u00fang duy\u00ean sinh l\u00e0 ng\u0169 \u1ea5m; v\u00f4 vi ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ng\u0169 \u1ea5m t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t\u201d. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf trong Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn l\u1eadp ra ba v\u00f4 vi c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u0103ng?).<\/p>\n

          Theo tinh th\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00f4-vi ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, coi v\u00f4-vi-ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1eddi h\u1eefu-vi-ph\u00e1p, do \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1eefa v\u00f4-vi-ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u1eefu-vi-ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Th\u1ee9 hai, ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc n\u1eefa, tuy ch\u01b0a \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c-th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu-vi-ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ra l\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c hay ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i hai l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 v\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u1ea7m c\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 (Kh\u1ed5, T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf) l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, n\u00ean, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y v\u00f4 vi b\u1ea5t-bi\u1ebfn-t\u00ednh l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng (Di\u1ec7t, \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf), v\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf, n\u00ean d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 kho\u00e1ng sung \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a v\u00f4-vi-quan.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 v\u00f4-vi-quan c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 \u1edf T\u00edch Lan, v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n y theo s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, n\u00ean, v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 vi, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u1eadp c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t tham, s\u00e2n, si l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00f4 vi kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 xem trong Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 lu\u1eadn ph\u00e1 m\u1ecdi thuy\u1ebft v\u00f4 vi c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5 (Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng, V\u00f4-vi-ph\u00e1p, VI, 1-6; XIX, 3-4).<\/p>\n

          Trong t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-b\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 tuy c\u0169ng l\u1eadp v\u00f4 vi nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 cho tham di\u1ec7t, s\u00e2n di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 si di\u1ec7t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7, T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khai tri\u1ec3n v\u00f4-vi-lu\u1eadn. T\u1ef1u trung, c\u00e1i tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 vi thu\u1ed9c H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 tuy th\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec n\u00f3 tr\u00e0n lan m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf hay xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a v\u00f4-vi-quan c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00ec c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 vi l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t, phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng (ba danh t\u1eeb v\u00f4 vi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm trong T\u1eadp-d\u1ecb-m\u00f4n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n a, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 39, h\u1ea1; Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 12, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 741, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, tr\u1ea1ch-di\u1ec7t-v\u00f4-vi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9. Theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00ec v\u1ecb lai l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 v\u1ecb t\u1ea1p lo\u1ea1n, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tuy c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u201ctrong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai t\u00e2m c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi\u201d th\u00ec v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t l\u00fac hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu trong th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec m\u00e3i m\u00e3i s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea5t sinh ph\u00e1p\u201d. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5: trong khi nghe gi\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee3t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c trong gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i b\u00ean tai, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 l\u00fac b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh g\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa nghe gi\u1ea3ng n\u00ean ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c l\u1ebd ra \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i sinh kh\u1edfi trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng sinh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng Tam-th\u1ebf-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu-lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec c\u00e1i th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i sinh kh\u1edfi \u1ea5y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong v\u1ecb lai, v\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t sinh cho n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t sinh b\u1ea5t sinh b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4-vi-ph\u00e1p. Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 do tr\u00ed l\u1ef1c, m\u00e0, n\u00f3i theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu duy\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng sinh, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t sinh, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cphi-tr\u1ea1ch-di\u1ec7t-v\u00f4-vi\u201d (v\u00f4 vi kh\u00f4ng do tr\u00ed l\u1ef1c).<\/p>\n

          T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong ph\u00e1p-u\u1ea9n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi hai lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 vi kia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 \u201cPh\u00e1p x\u1ee9\u201d (Ph\u00e1p-u\u1ea9n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn\u00a0quy\u1ec3n 10, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 500, h\u1ea1). R\u1ed3i trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t (quy\u1ec3n 1, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 526, h\u1ea1), trong s\u1ed1 \u201cPh\u00e1p nh\u1eadp\u201d ghi l\u00e0 tr\u00ed-duy\u00ean-t\u1eadn (tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t), phi-tr\u00ed-duy\u00ean-t\u1eadn (phi-tr\u1ea1ch-di\u1ec7t) hai lo\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ebfn T\u1eadp-d\u1ecb-m\u00f4n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong ba v\u00f4 vi (T\u1eadp-d\u1ecb-m\u00f4n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 1, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 369, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

          D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t x\u01b0a, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Tam-th\u1ebf-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu-lu\u1eadn: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1ed3 nghi g\u00ec n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0ng, \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00fd th\u00fa c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 m\u1ec7nh danh n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4-vi-ph\u00e1p, r\u1ed3i Ch\u00ednh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf danh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng danh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i l\u1eadp ra v\u00f4-vi-ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 vi n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 ba, h\u01b0-kh\u00f4ng-v\u00f4-vi l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng gian tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, tuy v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e0n l\u01b0u. Khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o n\u00f3 l\u1ea5y v\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i l\u00e0m t\u00ednh. Nh\u1edd t\u00ednh v\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n dung h\u1ee3p trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 1, qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch, trang 11), nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t sinh, b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t. Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, th\u1eddi gian v\u00ec b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 ph\u1eadn v\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng gian th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 m\u00e0, theo Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1, c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc-\u0111\u1ea1o-ph\u00e1i, H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng cho l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi. Song, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: c\u00e1i t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba, th\u1ee7y, h\u1ecfa, phong, kh\u00f4ng, th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Theo c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecba, th\u1ee7y, h\u1ecfa, v.v\u2026tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ether, nh\u01b0ng trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o (theo s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9) th\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129a tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, l\u1ea5y s\u00e1nzzzg, t\u1ed1i l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 1, Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch trang 75), v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u1eefu-vi-ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ba lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 vi k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, tuy c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, thuy\u1ebft v\u00f4 vi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u0103ng gia, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng gia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. V\u1ec1 v\u00f4 vi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t, t\u1ee9c Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, n\u1ebfu Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t sinh b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t,l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi, th\u00ec c\u00e1i c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00e0 T\u1ee9-v\u00f4-s\u1eafc-\u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Di\u1ec7t-th\u1ee5-t\u01b0\u1edfng-\u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? L\u00fd do l\u00e0 v\u00ec khi nh\u1eadp c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khi xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, l\u00e0 h\u1eefu vi, nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n v\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0m t\u00ednh, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi. Theo Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 th\u00ec \u00c1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-la ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 B\u1eafc-\u0111\u1ea1o-ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng Di\u1ec7t-\u0111\u1ecbnh-v\u00f4-vi lu\u1eadn. L\u1ea1i theo T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 l\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng-v\u00f4-bi\u00ean-x\u1ee9, th\u1ee9c-v\u00f4-bi\u00ean-x\u1ee9, v\u00f4-s\u1edf-h\u1eefu-x\u1ee9, phi-t\u01b0\u1edfng-phi-phi-t\u01b0\u1edfng-x\u1ee9 l\u00e0m b\u1ed1n trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00edn v\u00f4 vi. L\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9 d\u00f9ng danh t\u1eeb \u201cb\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 vi\u201d c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc n\u1eefa m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tu h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Sa m\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn, n\u1ebfu v\u1eady th\u00ec trong m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t trong T\u1ee9-sa-m\u00f4n qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi. \u0110\u1ea1o tu h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Sa m\u00f4n tuy l\u00e0 h\u1eefu vi, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cSa-m\u00f4n-qu\u1ea3\u201d l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi, theo Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1, 3, 19, l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng-s\u01a1n-b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f4-vi-ph\u00e1p; song, nh\u1eefng v\u00f4-vi-ph\u00e1p k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, v\u00f4 vi l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i sau khi t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 sinh di\u1ec7t bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu vi, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, trong v\u00f4 vi c\u00f3 v\u00f4 vi v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi quan h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi h\u1eefu vi l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1\u00ea ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec v\u00f4-vi-ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gian, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gian. C\u0169ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u00f4-vi-ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u1ea5y v\u00f4 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

          3- \u0110\u1eb6C BI\u1ec6T V\u1ec0 CH\u00c2N NH\u01af V\u00d4 VI V\u00c0 \u00dd NGH\u0128A H\u00ccNH-NHI-TH\u01af\u1ee2NG C\u1ee6A N\u00d3.<\/p>\n

          Song, n\u1ebfu m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 vi ra th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee5c trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ea9n t\u00e0ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng-tr\u1ee5-t\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea5t sinh b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t \u1edf trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi b\u00ed\u00ean h\u00f3a sinh di\u1ec7t n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y m\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 vi, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 kho\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5y th\u1eadt ra \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc th\u01b0\u1eddng-tr\u1ee5-quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y.<\/p>\n

          Trong th\u01b0\u1eddng-h\u1eb1ng-t\u00ednh ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn theo gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt,hay theo t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p-t\u1eafc-duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi. Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c thuy\u1ebft minh c\u00e1i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 d\u1eabn d\u1ee5ng kinh v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1-v\u1ecb-v\u00f4-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (m\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt m\u00e0 sinh, sinh r\u1ed3i di\u1ec7t h\u1ebft. C\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c. \u1ea4m n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t r\u1ed3i, \u1ea5m kh\u00e1c k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c) (Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn trang 275). Theo T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1i l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4-vi-ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9, Nh\u1ea5t-thuy\u1ebft-b\u1ed9, Thuy\u1ebft-xu\u1ea5t-th\u1ebf-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 K\u00ea-d\u1eadn-b\u1ed9 (ri\u00eang trong K. V. VI, 2 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng-s\u01a1n-b\u1ed9); \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00eda Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9, \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, theo t\u00f4i, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1i ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecb-b\u1ed9 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u2013 (H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 cho duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi-chi-t\u00ednh-v\u00f4-vi – Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn trang 43), g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cduy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi-ch\u00ed-t\u00ednh-v\u00f4-vi\u201d hay \u201cduy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi-ch\u00e2n-nh\u01b0\u201d. N\u1ebfu cho b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi th\u00ec, do c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do, ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa tu \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5: vi\u1ec7c tu \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt ra \u0111\u1eddi hay kh\u00f4ng (c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c) (S\u01b0 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa tu \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 (Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn trang 98-99). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t lu\u1eadn th\u00ec cho th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi; h\u1ecd n\u00f3i: \u201c Duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o V\u00f4-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-ch\u00ednh-\u0111\u1eb3ng-b\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5 b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t, t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ra \u0111\u1eddi, ph\u1ea7n n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u00ec tuy c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n s\u1edf ch\u1ee9ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c\u201d. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh, h\u1ecd d\u1eabn c\u00e2u kinh \u201cV\u00ec ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00ean bi\u1ebft Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi\u201d (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 93, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 497, h\u1ea1). V\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i l\u1eadp Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0m v\u00f4 vi th\u00ec m\u1ec7nh danh n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh-\u0111\u1ea1o-ch\u00ed-t\u00ednh-v\u00f4-vi, hay l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o-chi ch\u00e2n-nh\u01b0 (Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn trang 27 v\u00e0 58).<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec c\u00e1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi chi ph\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7n-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t chi ph\u1ed1i l\u00fd-t\u01b0\u1edfng-gi\u1edbi, n\u1ebfu cho c\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi, th\u00ec ch\u00ednh l\u00fd ph\u00e1p T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p hai gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? B\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn qua gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn. Hu\u1ed1ng n\u1eefa, ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng (Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn, trang 103), v\u1eady th\u00ec cho T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi thi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. V\u00e0 theo Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 63 th\u00ec \u0110\u00f4ng-s\u01a1n-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 cho T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi khi \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng T\u1ee9-th\u00e1nh-\u0111\u1ebf-v\u00f4-vi.<\/p>\n

          L\u1ea5y to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi r\u1ed3i, l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean b\u1eadc n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u00e1i ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc hay quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf, h\u00e3y c\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 vi. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00ec: c\u00e1i l\u00fd ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3, \u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u00e1c qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, m\u00e0 l\u00fd ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi. Y c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra ba v\u00f4 vi thi\u1ec7n-ph\u00e1p-ch\u00e2n-nh\u01b0, b\u1ea5t-thi\u1ec7n-ph\u00e1p-ch\u00e2n-nh\u01b0, v\u00e0 v\u00f4-k\u00fd-ph\u00e1p-ch\u00e2n-nh\u01b0, theo T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn (Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch trang 58) l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecb-b\u1ed9. Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i thi\u1ec7n-nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n-qu\u1ea3, \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 \u00e1c qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 v\u00f4 k\u00fd b\u00e1o: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd ph\u00e1p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn. Trong Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o n\u00f3i r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 ba nghi\u1ec7p tr\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh ba v\u00f4 vi, nh\u01b0ng, c\u0169ng theo Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 (XXI, 8) th\u00ec \u00c1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-la-ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 B\u1eafc-\u0111\u1ea1o-ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1uc\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d. Tuy \u00c1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-la-ph\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00f4 vi, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu suy t\u1ea7m k\u1ef9 th\u00ec cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00f3 t\u1ea5t s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4-vi-ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

          B\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u1ea1i quay sang nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t n\u00f3 qua ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c l\u00fd-t\u01b0\u1edfng-gi\u1edbi, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o-chi-ch\u00e2n-nh\u01b0, gi\u1eefa Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t ban. N\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 h\u01a1n th\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kinh qu\u00e1 t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh l\u00fd-ly-sinh ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn La h\u00e1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn; cho n\u00ean, n\u00f3i theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, \u00c1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-lai-ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cnh\u1eadp-quy\u1ebft-\u0111\u1ecbnh-v\u1ecb\u201d (v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 niy\u00e0ma, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu Points of Controversy p. 177, ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa th\u00edch 1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt-\u00c2m) d\u00f9 cho c\u00f3 quanh co ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa th\u00ec cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, cho n\u00ean ch\u00ednh quy\u1ebft-\u0111\u1ecbnh-vi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u00f4-vi. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, \u0110\u00f4ng-s\u01a1n-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed7i qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9-sa-m\u00f4n-qu\u1ea3\u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f4 vi v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

          C\u00e1i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 vi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong c\u00e1i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh hay quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1eefa: h\u1ec5 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0o t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4-vi-ph\u00e1p. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, n\u00f3i theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, trong th\u1ebf n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ea3, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, cho n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd th\u00ec c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 v\u00f4-vi-ph\u00e1p trong \u0111\u00f3. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y \u00c1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-la-ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 B\u1eafc-\u0111\u1ea1o-ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 B\u1eafc-\u0111\u1ea1o-ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0, cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi. Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 n\u00e0y, theo c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i, l\u00e0 Sabhavata, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i quan ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7ng hay lo\u1ea1i. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y t\u00f9ng l\u00e0 t\u00f9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd g\u1ecdi ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f9ng, ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i duy nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba d\u00f9ng ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean l\u00e0 B\u1eafc-\u0111\u1ea1o-ph\u00e1i. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch d\u1ee5ng ng\u1eef trong ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 sau, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a V\u0103n-\u0111i\u1ec3n-ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u01b0-b\u00e1-tha-quan. Theo T\u01b0-b\u00e1-lu\u1eadn: c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u01b0-b\u00e1-tha b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb g\u00f3i gh\u00e9m trong quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Ph\u1ea1m. Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean kia c\u0169ng h\u01a1i bao h\u00e0m \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y. Duy c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 T\u01b0-b\u00e1-tha-lu\u1eadn cho t\u01b0-b\u00e1-tha-b\u1ea5t-bi\u1ebfn \u1ea5y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1 v\u1eadt, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec l\u1ea1i coi ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1 v\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean th\u00ec r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a v\u00f4-vi-ph\u00e1p so v\u1edbi v\u00f4 vi c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1eefu-vi-ph\u00e1p, thay v\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00ec l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u00ecnh-nhi-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-h\u1ecdc. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3, lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t-lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu-vi-t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 38, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 190, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). V\u1ec1 sau, \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu, r\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu, gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ch\u1eb3ng qua c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khai tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

          4- B\u1eca KH\u1ea2O.<\/p>\n

          D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n

          a- Nam-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 (1) \u2013 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n ph\u00e1p. Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 1 lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

          b- Thuy\u1ebft -nh\u1ea5t-thi\u00eat-h\u1eefu (3) – Tr\u1ea1ch-di\u1ec7t, Phi-tr\u1ea1ch-di\u1ec7t, H\u01b0-kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

          c- X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn (7) Tr\u00ed-duy\u00ean-t\u1eadn (tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t), Phi-tr\u00ed-duy\u00ean-t\u1eadn (Phi-tr\u1ea1ch-di\u1ec7t), Quy\u1ebft-\u0111\u1ecbnh-ph\u00e1p-tr\u1ee5-duy\u00ean (Duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi-chi-t\u00ednh), Kh\u00f4ng-x\u1ee9-tr\u00ed, Th\u1ee9c-x\u1ee9-tr\u00ed, B\u1ea5t-d\u1ee5ng-x\u1ee9-tr\u00ed, Phi-t\u01b0\u1edfng-phi-phi-t\u01b0\u1edfng-x\u1ee9-tr\u00ed (quy\u1ec3n 1, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 526, h\u1ea1, trong thuy\u1ebft Ph\u00e1p-nh\u1eadp).<\/p>\n

          d-\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9, Nh\u1ea5t-thuy\u1ebft-b\u1ed9, Thuy\u1ebft-xu\u1ea5t-th\u1ebf-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 K\u00ea-d\u1eadn-b\u1ed9 (9) – Tr\u1ea1ch-di\u1ec7t, Phi-tr\u1ea1ch-di\u1ec7t, H\u01b0-kh\u00f4ng, Kh\u00f4ng-v\u00f4-bi\u00ean-x\u1ee9, Th\u1ee9c-v\u00f4-bi\u00ean-x\u1ee9, v\u00f4-s\u1edf-h\u1eefu-x\u1ee9, Phi t\u01b0\u1edfng-phi-t\u01b0\u1edfng-x\u1ee9, Duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi-chi-t\u00ednh, Th\u00e1nh-d\u1ea1o-chi-t\u00ednh (T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn).<\/p>\n

          e- H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecb-b\u1ed9 (9) – Tr\u1ea1ch-di\u1ec7t, Phi-tr\u1ea1ch-di\u1ec7t, H\u01b0-kh\u00f4ng, B\u1ea5t-\u0111\u1ed9ng, Th\u1eadp-thi\u1ec7n-ph\u00e1p-ch\u00e2n-nh\u01b0, B\u1ea5t–thi\u1ec7n-ph\u00e1p-ch\u00e2n-nh\u01b0, V\u00f4-k\u00fd-ph\u00e1p-ch\u00e2n-nh\u01b0, \u0110\u1ea1o-chi-ch\u00e2n-nh\u01b0, Duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi-ch\u00e2n-nh\u01b0 (T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn).<\/p>\n

          f- V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn (quy\u1ec3n 1 (8) – Thi\u1ec7n-ph\u00e1p, B\u1ea5t-thi\u1ec7n-ph\u00e1p, V\u00f4-k\u00fd, H\u01b0-kh\u00f4ng, Tr\u1ea1ch-di\u1ec7t, Phi-tr\u1ea1ch-di\u1ec7t, B\u1ea5t-\u0111\u1ed9ng, T\u01b0\u1edfng-th\u1ee5-di\u1ec7t, (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 31, trang 666, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ea5y trong An-tu\u1ec7, \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 2, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 31, trang 702, trung).<\/p>\n

          g- \u00c1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-la-ph\u00e1i: – Di\u1ec7t-\u0111\u1ecbnh-v\u00f4-vi, Quy\u1ebft-\u0111\u1ecbnh-v\u00f4-vi, Nghi\u1ec7p-qu\u1ea3-quy\u1ebft-\u0111\u1ecbnh, Nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-ph\u00e1p-quy\u1ebft-\u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

          h- B\u1eafc-\u0111\u1ea1o-ph\u00e1i: – H\u01b0-kh\u00f4ng, Di\u1ec7t-\u0111\u1ecbnh-v\u00f4-vi, Nghi\u1ec7p-qu\u1ea3-quy\u1ebft-\u0111\u1ecbnh, Nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-ph\u00e1p-\u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

          i- \u0110\u00f4ng-s\u01a1n-b\u1ed9: – Sa-m\u00f4n-qu\u1ea3-v\u1ecb-v\u00f4-vi, \u0110\u1eafc-v\u00f4-vi, duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi-v\u00f4-vi, T\u1ee9-v\u00f4-s\u1eafc-v\u00f4-vi, T\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ebf-v\u00f4-vi.<\/p>\n

          j- Ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t-b\u1ed9: – Th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu-vi-t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi (B\u00e0 sa lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 38, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 198, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

          V\u1ec1 ba v\u00f4 vi, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

          *<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a H\u01b0-kh\u00f4ng-v\u00f4-vi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u? B\u00e0 sa-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong quy\u1ec3n 10, (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 46, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng), th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea1ch-di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u? C\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i 89 (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 31, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 161, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

          [1]\u00a0T\u0103ng-\u00edch-lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eadt c\u00f3 B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la (budgala – ng\u01b0\u1eddi) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c: ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u1ecb lai v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3; S\u00e1t-na-lu\u1eadn l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb x\u1ee9 trong m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i s\u00e1t na; Gi\u1ea3-h\u1eefu-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3; c\u00f2n \u0110\u00f4-v\u00f4-lu\u1eadn l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 hoa \u0111\u1ed1m gi\u1eefa h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 29, trang 620, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

          [2]\u00a0Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn 1, \u0111\u01b0a ra 16 B\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh: \u0111\u1eafc, v\u00f4-t\u01b0\u1edfng-\u0111\u1ecbnh, di\u1ec7t-t\u1eadn-\u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00f4-t\u01b0\u1edfng-s\u1ef1, m\u1ec7nh c\u0103n, ch\u00fang-\u0111\u1ed3ng-ph\u1eadn, y-\u0111\u1eafc, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc, x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eafc, sinh, l\u00e3o, tr\u1ee5, v\u00f4-th\u01b0\u1eddng-t\u00ednh, danh, c\u00fa, v\u0103n ( \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, tr. 692, h\u1ea1). Ph\u00e1p-u\u1ea9n-t\u00fac lu\u1eadn 10, thi c\u1eed: \u0111\u1eafc, v\u00f4-t\u01b0\u1edfng-\u0111\u1ecbnh, di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00f4-t\u01b0\u1edfng-s\u1ef1, m\u1ec7nh c\u0103n, ch\u00fang-\u0111\u1ed3ng-ph\u1eadn, tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafc, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc, x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eafc, sinh. L\u00e3o, tr\u1ee5, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, danh th\u00e2n, c\u00fa th\u00e2n, v\u0103n th\u00e2n, (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, tr. 500, h\u1ea1). C\u00e2u-X\u00e1 thi c\u1eed: \u0111\u1eafc, phi \u0111\u1eafc, m\u1ec7nh c\u0103n, ch\u00fang-d\u1ed3ng-ph\u1eadn, v\u00f4-t\u01b0\u1edfng-qu\u1ea3, v\u00f4-t\u01b0\u1edfng-\u0111\u1ecbnh, di\u1ec7t-t\u1eadn-\u0111\u1ecbnh, sinh, tr\u1ee5, d\u1ecb, di\u1ec7t, danh, c\u00fa, v\u0103n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 14 (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 4).<\/p>\n

          [3]\u00a0K.VI, 8 v\u00e0 B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 54 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 23, trang 263, h\u1ea1) n\u00f3i: \u1ea8m-quang-b\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c, khi \u1edf v\u00e0o th\u1ee5c v\u1ecb th\u00ec th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f3, n\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 ch\u00edn r\u1ed3i th\u00ec th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n. Nh\u01b0 gieo h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng, khi h\u1ea1t ch\u01b0a n\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m th\u00ec th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n, khi n\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m th\u00ec th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng m\u1ea5t\u201d.
          \nL\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 3 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 258 h\u1ea1) n\u00f3i: \u201cCa-di\u1ebfp-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n cho r\u1eb1ng khi ch\u01b0a th\u1ee5 b\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p th\u00ec qu\u00e1 kh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3, ngo\u00e0i ra, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9\u201d.
          \nNh\u01b0ng C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 20 l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i: \u201cPh\u1ea3i cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t thuy\u1ebft b\u1ed9, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y\u201d.<\/p>\n

          [4]\u00a0ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Tam-th\u1ebf-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu l\u00e0 H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9; c\u00f2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u00e1-v\u1ecb-v\u00f4-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9, Kinh b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1i H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

          [5]\u00a0V\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong thi\u00ean th\u1ee9 5, m\u1ee5c T\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u00fd ki\u1ebfn thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong th\u1eddi gian nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

          Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II: C\u00e1c Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 v\u00e0 S\u1ef1 Ph\u00e2n Lo\u1ea1i C\u00e1c Ph\u00e1p<\/h4>\n

          1- L\u1edcI T\u1ef0A.<\/h5>\n

          Tr\u1edf l\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ba khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn, duy-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh-nhi-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-h\u1ecdc-th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn. Song \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu. Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean (quan h\u1ec7) h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9 tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7-nh\u1ea5t-nh\u00e2n, hay \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u00e0o c\u1ea3: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd k\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma (C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 26, Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch trang 749). K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft Gi\u1ea3-danh-v\u00f4-th\u1ef1c-th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t-thuy\u1ebft-b\u1ed9 tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t theo nh\u1eefng A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma-th\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n th\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i d\u00f9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, khi thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u theo c\u00e1i th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee9u k\u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3 ra l\u00e0m sao? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd th\u00ec trong m\u1ed7i ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc ri\u00eang, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 th\u00ec gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eeba k\u1ebf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111em n\u00f3 kho\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft Ch\u00fang-t\u1eadp-kinh trong b\u1ed9 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng-A-h\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ebfn kinh T\u0103ng Nh\u1ea5t A-H\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thuy\u1ebft minh, A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma r\u1ea5t \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thuy\u1ebft minh \u1ea5y v\u00e0 \u0111em \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed7i ph\u00e1i th\u00ec c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1ebd h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c phi\u1ec1n t\u1ea1p, cho n\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, v\u00e0, sau c\u00f9ng, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng ta ch\u1ec9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ta cho l\u00e0 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

          2- \u00dd NGH\u0128A S\u1ef0 PH\u00c2N LO\u1ea0I C\u00c1C PH\u00c1P.<\/h5>\n

          V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00e1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y ra sao? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a y\u1ebfu-t\u1ed1-lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

          N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o g\u1ecdi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu l\u00e0 \u201cPh\u00e1p\u201d. Do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u00e1p\u201d. Song, \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u201cph\u00e1p\u201d l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Theo th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma\u00a0\u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ef1-t\u00ednh-nh\u1eadm-tr\u00ec\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1eef \u201cph\u00e1p\u201d c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch Duy-th\u1ee9c-thu\u1eadt-k\u00fd-nh\u1ea5t-b\u1ea3n (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 43, trang 239, h\u1ea1), C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn-k\u00fd quy\u1ec3n I (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 43, trang 8, h\u1ea1) l\u1ea1i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn n\u1eefa b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u201cqu\u0129-sinh-v\u1eadt-gi\u1ea3i\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u1eef \u201cph\u00e1p\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e1p\u201d. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e1p\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i: khi \u0111em ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea9u c\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu th\u00ec th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. Song \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh? \u0110\u00e2y th\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ef1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. V\u00ec trong m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 v\u1eadt hay t\u00e2m, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan li\u00ean, cho n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu \u0111em ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chung m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nhu nh\u1eefng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc xanh, v\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ecf, tr\u1eafng, \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i m\u00e0u tuy kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh, m\u1eebng, gi\u1eadn, th\u01b0\u01a1ng, vui.v.v.. m\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t ri\u00eang, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u00ec th\u1eadt c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n t\u1ec9nh l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1ecf, t\u1ea5t k\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i xu th\u1ebf \u01b0a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 th\u00eam \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n sinh ra ph\u00e1p-th\u1ec3-h\u1eb1ng-h\u1eefu-lu\u1eadn, n\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. V\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i tuy c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn chi ti\u1ebft th\u00ec gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ch\u00ednh do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p-s\u1ed1 c\u00f9ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3, th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh ra nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, cho n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 (\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f2n do th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch quan s\u00e1t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u1eeb Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0, tuy ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i, song c\u0169ng v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i). Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cNhi\u1ebfp Ph\u1ea9m\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3. NHi\u1ebfp Ph\u1ea9m mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m qua ph\u01b0ng ph\u00e1p \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ebfp\u201d (v\u1ec1 Nhi\u1ebfp ph\u1ea9m tham chi\u1ebfu X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 21-24). C\u00f2n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u00ec gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 59 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 306, trung) n\u00f3i: C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t-lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ebfp\u201d ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a nhi\u1ebfp tha t\u00ednh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ebfp t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, theo ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111em th\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ebfp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf n\u00ean c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u1ea5t k\u00ednh c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t-lu\u1eadn, theo ch\u1ed7 l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i duy-danh-lu\u1eadn, ch\u1ec9 coi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, r\u1ed3i \u0111em th\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p t\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ebfp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Thuy\u1ebft-gi\u1ea3-b\u1ed9 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u201cTam khoa\u201d cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean n\u00e0y. Theo Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 7, 1 th\u00ec V\u01b0\u01a1ng-s\u01a1n-b\u1ed9, Ngh\u0129a-th\u00e0nh-b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn tuy l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean l\u00fd th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 B\u00e0 sa (quy\u1ec3n 59, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 306), C\u00e2u x\u00e1 (quy\u1ec3n 1, Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch, trang 46-48), b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ta h\u00e3y l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

          Theo B\u00e0 sa, C\u00e2u x\u00e1 th\u00ec c\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ng\u1ee5 trong c\u00e2u: \u201cnhi\u1ebfp t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, ly tha t\u00ednh\u201d; ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m (t\u00e2m s\u1edf) tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 t\u00e2m l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3; v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, th\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e2m s\u1edf\u201d. L\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p ng\u1ea1i n\u00ean g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1eafc ph\u00e1p\u201d. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t nhi\u1ebfp t\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi tha lo\u1ea1i: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1p, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc \u201ct\u1ef1 t\u00ednh nh\u1eadm tr\u00ec, qu\u1ef9 sinh v\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i\u201d, trong c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m cao, \u01b0\u1edbc kho\u1ea3ng tr\u0103m ph\u00e1p (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 75 ph\u00e1p). R\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u0111em t\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ebfp ph\u1ee5 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e0 sa, C\u00e2u x\u00e1, v.v\u2026 Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, theo B\u00e0 sa lu\u1eadn th\u00ec gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u201cng\u0169 v\u1ecb\u201d, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, c\u00e1i m\u00f4 ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb x\u1ee9, th\u1eadp b\u00e1t gi\u1edbi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u theo quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u201cTam khoa\u201d mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

          B\u1eca KH\u1ea2O: – \u201cV\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3, th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Tam khoa, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i u\u1ea9n, x\u1ee9, gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Thuy\u1ebft-gi\u1ea3-b\u1ed9, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, v\u00ec th\u1ebf cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3. Kinh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec n\u00f3i, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1o ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n v\u00e0 th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb x\u1ee9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n (gi\u1ea3), c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u1eadp b\u00e1t gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c. Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 C\u00e2u x\u00e1 l\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng: th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb x\u1ee9, th\u1eadp b\u00e1t gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3. C\u00f2n nh\u01b0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00ec d\u0129 nhi\u00ean ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tam khoa \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c c\u1ea3\u201d.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tuy c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i mu\u1ed1n n\u00eau r\u00f5 c\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o ti\u1ec7n nghi nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7, th\u1eadt t\u1ebf m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Song, A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ebfp, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

          3- NH\u1eeeNG PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P PH\u00c2N LO\u1ea0I.<\/h5>\n

          B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ta l\u1ea1i x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng hay \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, T\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 c\u1ef1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3. L\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u,\u00a0v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0: h\u1eefu-vi-ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 v\u00f4-vi-ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt – \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb – \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng. Sau do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 vi quan m\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma-ph\u00e1p-y\u1ebfu-lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. \u0110\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u x\u00e1, khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u chia th\u00e0nh h\u1eefu l\u1eadu v\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu, nh\u01b0ng sau chia ra h\u1eefu vi v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 1) ch\u00ednh th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. R\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng mu\u1ed1n chia v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3, theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn v\u1eabn tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n c\u1ea3, C\u00e2u x\u00e1 th\u1eed chia v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu th\u00e0nh nh\u1ea5t-u\u1ea9n, nh\u1ea5t-x\u1ee9, nh\u1ea5t-gi\u1edbi ba khoa, mu\u1ed1n thu nhi\u1ebfp h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 1 (Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch trang 47): T\u00f3m th\u00e2u h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p, do m\u1ed9t u\u1ea9n-x\u1ee9-gi\u1edbi; nhi\u1ebfp t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, xa l\u00eca tha t\u00ednh). Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, trong s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n bao g\u1ed3m v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, trong \u00fd x\u1ee9 nhi\u1ebfp th\u00e2u h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y tinh th\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 trong ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i: v\u1eadt, t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi. A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma-ph\u00e1p-y\u1ebfu-lu\u1eadn (8-13) \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, do \u0111\u00f3 chia v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu th\u00e0nh danh (t\u00e2m), s\u1eafc (v\u1eadt) v\u00e0 thi thi\u1ebft ba lo\u1ea1i. R\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa, c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c chia v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft T\u1ee9 th\u1ef1c. Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i r\u1ed9ng ra, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao h\u00e0m to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu. T\u1ee9 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0: \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c, x\u00fac th\u1ef1c, \u00fd t\u01b0 th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c. \u0110o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u00f2n ba th\u1ef1c kia ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u1eady. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ef1c\u201d (v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 th\u1ef1c, tham chi\u1ebfu Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng lu\u1eadn, 340). Song, thuy\u1ebft T\u1ee9 th\u1ef1c mang r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bao h\u00e0m c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi, cho n\u00ean A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

          M\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa tuy c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft T\u1ee9 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao h\u00e0m c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n r\u1ea5t quen thu\u1ed9c: \u0111\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft Ng\u0169 U\u1ea9n. Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y chia v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu th\u00e0nh s\u1eafc (v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t), th\u1ee5 (c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh), t\u01b0 (bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng), h\u00e0nh (\u00fd ch\u00ed) v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c (ng\u1ed9 t\u00ednh, th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1c) n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c tinh th\u1ea7n. L\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u1eefa tuy kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u th\u1ebf l\u1eafm, nh\u01b0ng theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft Ng\u0169 U\u1ea9n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba, th\u1ee7y, h\u1ecfa, phong, kh\u00f4ng, th\u1ee9c s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n, c\u00f2n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. C\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong A-H\u00e0m b\u1ed9, \u0110a-gi\u1edbi-kinh (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 723) v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean n\u1eefa, trong thuy\u1ebft L\u1ee5c-\u0111\u1ea1i-duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n-ng\u00f4n-t\u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng trong A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u00f3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu l\u1eafm.<\/p>\n

          Thuy\u1ebft Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1eadt \u1edf tr\u00ean, tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n-lo\u1ea1i-ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng bao h\u00e0m v\u00f4 vi v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft, cho n\u00ean, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00eam c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 khuy\u1ebft cho ph\u00e2n-lo\u1ea1i-n\u00e0y n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ng\u1ed9 Nh\u1eadp, t\u00f4n s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n. Trong Nh\u1eadp-A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma-lu\u1eadn, ngo\u00e0i ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n ra, Ng\u1ed9 Nh\u1eadp c\u00f2n th\u00eam v\u00e0o ba ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t, phi-tr\u1ea1ch-di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, mu\u1ed1n chia v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu th\u00e0nh t\u00e1m c\u00fa ngh\u0129a (Thi\u1ec7n-th\u1ec7-chi-t\u00f4ng h\u1eefu B\u00e1t-c\u00fa-ngh\u0129a: I) s\u1eafc, 2) th\u1ee5, 3) t\u01b0\u1edfng, 4) h\u00e0nh, 5) th\u1ee9c, 6) h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, 7) tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t, 8) phi-tr\u1ea1ch-di\u1ec7t, th\u1eed t\u1ed5ng nhi\u1ebfp nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129a (Nh\u1eadp-A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 980, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

          Tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng, t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i Th\u1eadp-nh\u1ecb-x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 Th\u1eadp-b\u00e1t-gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

          Thuy\u1ebft th\u1eadp-nh\u1ecb-x\u1ee9, th\u1eadp-b\u00e1t-gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn, trong c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu nhi\u1ebfp h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1. Hai thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh ra c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ctam-khoa-ph\u00e2n-lo\u1ea1i\u201d v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma.<\/p>\n

          S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y\u00a0l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa l\u1ee5c c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Trong \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u tr\u00ean, \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 c\u0103n v\u00e0 ng\u0169 c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u00fd c\u0103n c\u1ee7a c\u0103n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam.<\/p>\n

          V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma, \u00fd c\u0103n tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u0129a v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u0103n, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9[1]\u00a0th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u0103m c\u1ea3m quan tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, trong \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 v\u00f4 vi, b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao h\u00e0m h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft\u201d (to\u00e0n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5) (tham chi\u1ebfu T\u1ea1p-A-h\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 13, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh 2, trang 91, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng; Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0-T\u01b0\u1edfng-Lu\u1eadn trang 153). Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 hay nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1eadp-b\u00e1t-gi\u1edbi. \u0110em l\u1ee5c c\u0103n v\u00e0 l\u1ee5c c\u1ea3nh k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ee5c th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh ra Th\u1eadp-b\u00e1t-gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang ra kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c kho\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Th\u1eadp-nh\u1ecb-x\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

          Gi\u1ea3n \u01b0\u1edbc h\u01a1n, lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 1 (Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch trang 66) ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00f3 ba l\u00fd do: \u201c1) V\u1ecb sai bi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng; 2) nhi\u1ebfp d\u1ee5; 3) t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1p, c\u1ed1 nh\u1ea5t danh ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9\u201d.
          \nC\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi th\u00ec lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 74 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 370, h\u1ea1) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cCh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u1ecb \u00fd d\u0129 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, th\u1ecb danh ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi\u201d.<\/p>\n

          Khi ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c gi\u1eefa \u00fd-c\u0103n-gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u00fd-th\u1ee9c-gi\u1edbi c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0110\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00e2y tuy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin t\u1ea1m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 sau: \u00fd-c\u0103n-gi\u1edbi chuy\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f2n \u00fd-th\u1ee9c-gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n, suy l\u00fd, v.v\u2026kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec \u00edt, bao h\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

          Trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, Th\u1eadp-nh\u1ecb-x\u1ee9, Th\u1eadp-b\u00e1t-gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tam khoa, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma (v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n \u201cTam khoa ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d, xin xem B\u00e0 sa 71, (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 366, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

          Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u1eefa c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Nh\u1ecb-th\u1eadp-nh\u1ecb-c\u0103n-lu\u1eadn. Theo ch\u1ed7 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00ec trong Ni-ka-da tuy ch\u01b0a bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7. \u0110\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 th\u00ec b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1eeb T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-b\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5) r\u1ed3i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 B\u1eafc-Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ebfn, (Ph\u00e1t-tr\u00ed-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 5 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 43, trung) l\u1ea5y Nh\u1ecb-th\u1eadp-nh\u1ecb-c\u0103n, th\u1eadp-b\u00e1t-gi\u1edbi, th\u1eadp-nh\u1ecb-x\u1ee9, ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, ng\u0169-th\u1ee7-u\u1ea9n v\u00e0 l\u1ee5c-gi\u1edbi l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu). ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 C\u0103n lu\u1eadn trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn V\u1ea5n-ph\u1eadn-c\u0103n-ph\u1ea9m trong X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 5 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 560, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng), C\u0103n ph\u1ea9m trong C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn (quy\u1ec3n 33-7). Do \u0111\u00f3, trong lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 142 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 729, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) tuy c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Kh\u1ebf kinh n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Nh\u1ecb-th\u1eadp-nh\u1ecb-c\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng trong kinh A H\u00e0m hi\u1ec7n nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u1ecb-th\u1eadp-nh\u1ecb-c\u0103n (\u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 tong C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 th\u00f4i) l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

          Nh\u00e3n c\u0103n, nh\u0129 c\u0103n, t\u1ef5 c\u0103n, thi\u1ec7t c\u0103n, th\u00e2n c\u0103n, \u00fd c\u0103n, n\u1eef c\u0103n, nam c\u0103n, m\u1ec7nh c\u0103n, l\u1ea1c c\u0103n, kh\u1ed5 c\u0103n, h\u1ef7 c\u0103n, \u01b0u c\u0103n, t\u00edn c\u0103n, c\u1ea7n c\u0103n, ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n, \u0111inh c\u0103n, tu\u1ec7 c\u0103n, v\u1ecb-tri-\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng-c\u0103n, d\u0129-tri-c\u0103n, v\u00e0 c\u1ee5-tri-c\u0103n.<\/p>\n

          L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u0103n ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng theo th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 trong c\u00e1c Kinh v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a t\u0103ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, ch\u1ee9 trong kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean l\u1ea1c n\u00e0o; nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma th\u00ec l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n cho n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean l\u1ea1c. Theo C\u00e2u x\u00e1, B\u00e0 sa th\u00ec s\u00e1u c\u0103n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3i r\u00f5 ch\u1ed7 y ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn, hai c\u0103n nam, n\u1eef l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, m\u1ec7nh c\u0103n thuy\u1ebft minh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh; tr\u1edf l\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh; c\u00f2m t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00f3i r\u00f5 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ecnh tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u0169-th\u1ee5-c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea1p \u0111a c\u1ee7a sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, r\u1ed3i d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh n\u0103m t\u00edn, c\u1ea7n, ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu m\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 ba c\u0103n v\u00f4 l\u1eadu: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean l\u00fd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb-th\u1eadp-nh\u1ecb-c\u0103n. Trong lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 3 (Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch trang 168) c\u00f3 b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

          \u201cT\u00e2m s\u1edf y, th\u1eed bi\u1ec7t, th\u1eed tr\u1ee5, th\u1eed t\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec5m, th\u1eed t\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1eed t\u1ecbnh: do th\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1eadp c\u0103n\u201d.<\/p>\n

          Theo L\u00e2n k\u00fd trong T\u1ee5ng S\u1edb th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9 (Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o-\u0111\u1ea1i-h\u1ec7-b\u1ea3n-\u0111\u1ec7-nh\u1ea5t, trang 224). C\u00f2n C\u00e2u x\u00e1 (quy\u1ec3n 3, Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch, trang 170) th\u00ec l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n do c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u201cl\u01b0u-chuy\u1ec3n-ho\u00e0n-di\u1ec7t\u201d m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh Nh\u1ecb-th\u1eadp-nh\u1ecb-c\u0103n. Do nh\u01b0ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ta th\u1ea5y v\u1ec1 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ecb-th\u1eadp-nh\u1ecb-c\u0103n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. Song, d\u00f9 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, cho n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n

          4- \u0110\u1eb6C BI\u1ec6T V\u1ec0 PH\u00c2N LO\u1ea0I NG\u0168 V\u1eca.<\/h5>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu v\u00e0, do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n. Cho n\u00ean, khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng mu\u1ed1n th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2u ch\u1ea5p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kinh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh. Theo ch\u1ed7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft, c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c x\u1ea3o di\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 do Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft Ng\u0169 V\u1ecb. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u qua nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu (ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 500 n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadt di\u1ec7t) chia nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu th\u00e0nh n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i: S\u1eafc, t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf, T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi. \u1ede \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea9m Bi\u1ec7n-ng\u0169-s\u1ef1 trong Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn tr\u00ean l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin tr\u00edch to\u00e0n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 trong Bi\u1ec7n-ng\u0169-s\u1ef1-ph\u1ea9m:<\/p>\n

          C\u00f3 n\u0103m ph\u00e1p: 1- s\u1eafc, 2- t\u00e2m, 3- t\u00e2m s\u1edf, 4- t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t \u01b0ng h\u00e0nh, 5- v\u00f4-vi-ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

          S\u1eafc l\u00e0 g\u00ec? L\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc v\u00e0 do b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh. B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0: \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3. nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p t\u1ea1o l\u00e0: nh\u00e3n c\u0103n, nh\u0129 c\u0103n, t\u1ef5 c\u0103n, thi\u1ec7t c\u0103n, th\u00e2n c\u0103n, s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb x\u00fac v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

          T\u00e2m l\u00e0 g\u00ec? L\u00e0 t\u00e2m, \u00fd, th\u1ee9c. T\u00e2m, \u00fd, th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 g\u00ec? L\u00e0 l\u1ee5c-th\u1ee9c-th\u00e2n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c, nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c, t\u1ef5 th\u1ee9c, thi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9c, th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c, \u00fd th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

          T\u00e2m-s\u1edf-ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 g\u00ec? L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m. Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? L\u00e0: th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0 x\u00fac, t\u00e1c \u00fd, d\u1ee5c, th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i, ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7, t\u00edn, c\u1ea7n, t\u1ea7m, t\u01b0, ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt, b\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt, thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n, v\u00f4 k\u00fd c\u0103n, nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-k\u1ebft-ph\u1ecdc, t\u00f9y mi\u00ean, t\u00f9y-phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o, tri\u1ec1n, ch\u01b0-s\u1edf-h\u1eefu-tr\u00ed, ch\u01b0-s\u1edf-h\u1eefu-ki\u1ebfn, ch\u01b0-s\u1edf-h\u1eefu-ni\u1ec7m-quan. Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e2m-s\u1edf-ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

          T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 g\u00ec? L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? L\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc, v\u00f4-t\u01b0\u1edfng-\u0111\u1ecbnh, di\u1ec7t-\u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00f4-t\u01b0\u1edfng-s\u1ef1, m\u1ec7nh-c\u0103n, ch\u00fang-\u0111\u1ed3ng-ph\u1eadn, y \u0111\u1eafc, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc, x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eafc, sinh, l\u00e3o, tr\u1ee5, v\u00f4-th\u01b0\u1eddng-t\u00ednh, danh th\u00e2n, c\u00e1 th\u00e2n, v\u0103n th\u00e2n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

          \u201cV\u00f4 vi l\u00e0 gi? L\u00e0 ba v\u00f4 vi: h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, phi tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t, tr\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t\u201d (Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 1, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 692, trung).<\/p>\n

          \u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y tuy c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00f4 ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng. C\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, v\u1ebf sau, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1i Duy th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, chi\u1ebfu theo lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong b\u1ea3y b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn tuy ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u1ea5y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong A-T\u1ef3-\u0110\u1ea1t-Ma-Ph\u00e1p-Y\u1ebfu-Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a a-n\u00e2u-l\u00e2u-\u0111\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 8 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 12. M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u, quy\u1ec3n 1 n\u00f3i: \u201cPh\u00e1p c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i: 1) t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, 2) t\u00e2m s\u1edf, 3) th\u00f4 s\u1eafc, t\u1ebf s\u1eafc, 4) Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n (v\u00f4 vi)\u201d. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean th\u00ec so v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft Ng\u0169 v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu m\u1ea5t \u201ct\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-h\u00e0nh\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng, \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cth\u00ed thi\u1ebft\u201d, \u201ckh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m\u201d, \u201cquan ni\u1ec7m\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, N\u1ebfu \u0111em c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p t\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 thu nhi\u1ebfp v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng thi thi\u1ebft, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-ph\u00e1p-y\u1ebfu-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n to\u00e0n th\u1ec3, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2nlo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng A-n\u00e2u-l\u00e2u-\u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o th\u00ec t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1i c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng Ng\u0169-v\u1ecb-ph\u00e2n-lo\u1ea1i v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu tuy \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2u nhi\u1ebfp c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i (ng\u0169 v\u1ecb), nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p s\u1ed1 th\u00ec v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh con s\u1ed1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa-lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thu nhi\u1ebfp c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o v\u00e0o n\u0103m v\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u1ebf sau, Duy-th\u1ee9c-ph\u00e1i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa m\u00e0 li\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o ng\u0169 v\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng trong Nh\u1eadp-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ng\u1ed9 Nh\u1eadp, b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i tuy kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ng\u0169 v\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng b\u00ean trong c\u0169ng ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m d\u1ef1\u00a0t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p, song nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a\u00a0c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh l\u00fd l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 n\u0103m v\u1ecb b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u x\u00e1, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean l\u1ea5y con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

          Ch\u00fa: Ng\u00e0y nay ai c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn li\u1ec7t k\u00ea 75 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp hay nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Nh\u01b0ng, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd th\u00ec C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a B\u1ea5t-\u0111\u1ecbnh- ph\u00e1p trong t\u00e2m-s\u1edf-h\u1eefu-ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u1ebfn C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn-k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 Quang m\u1edbi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a B\u1ea5t-\u0111\u1ecbnh-ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 8 g\u1ed3m \u00e1c t\u00e1c, th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean, t\u1ea7m t\u1eeb, tham s\u00e2n, m\u1ea1n, si v\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 75 ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu T\u00f4n.<\/p>\n

          5- K\u1ebeT LU\u1eacN<\/h5>\n

          Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5, t\u00e1n, ly, h\u1ee3p, t\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ti\u1ebfp theo, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0, theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y thuy\u1ebft minh c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft Ng\u0169 V\u1ecb, ta s\u1ebd l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn: (i) V\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t-quan, (2) T\u00e2m-l\u00fd-quan, (3) T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-quan, (4) Nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-quan, (5) Ch\u01b0-m\u00f4n-ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t-th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan. Song, v\u1ec1 V\u00f4-vi-lu\u1eadn, v\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn sau khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u1ec1 h\u1eefu-t\u00ecnh-lu\u1eadn, cho n\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

          *<\/p>\n

          [1]\u00a0Th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Th\u1eadp-nh\u1ecb-x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3, v\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao ch\u1ec9 l\u1eadp c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9? V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 73 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 380, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) \u0111\u01b0a ra 11 l\u00fd do nh\u01b0 sau: 1) h\u1eefu-th\u00ed-d\u1ee5 c\u1ed1; 2) b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng danh v\u00f4 c\u1ed1; 3) sinh t\u01b0\u1edbng; 4) t\u1ee9-h\u1eefu-vi-t\u01b0\u1edbng; 5) danh, c\u00fa, v\u0103n, th\u00e2n duy \u01b0 th\u1eed x\u1ee9 nhi\u1ebfp c\u1ed1; 6) th\u00f4ng sinh ch\u01b0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ed1; 7) kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u00f4n; 8) tr\u1ea1ch-di\u1ec7t-ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n; 9) nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3i tu\u1ec7, di\u1ec7t duy nhi\u1ebfp \u01b0 th\u1eed x\u1ee9 c\u1ed1; 10) nhi\u1ebfp \u0111a ph\u00e1p c\u1ed1; 11) \u0111\u1ed1i \u00fd x\u1ee9 c\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

          Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III: V\u1eadt Ch\u1ea5t Lu\u1eadn<\/h4>\n

          1- S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT-CH\u1ea4T-QUAN \u1ea4N \u0110\u1ed8 V\u1edaI QUAN-H\u1ec6-LU\u1eacN C\u1ee6A C\u01a0 QUAN T\u00c2M L\u00dd.<\/h5>\n

          Ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1m Th\u01b0, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0, nh\u01b0 \u1ed0c-l\u1ed7-th\u00e1i-\u00e2n-b\u00e1i-l\u1ed7-t\u1ef7 (?) \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5, ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u1ea5y, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i (kh\u00f4ng, phong, h\u1ecfa, th\u1ee7y, \u0111\u1ecba). Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i U-ba-ni-sa-\u0111\u00e0m, t\u1ee9c \u00c1o-ngh\u0129a-th\u01b0, n\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u Chi\u00ean-\u0111a-c\u00e1ch-da-u-ba-ni-sa-\u0111\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng thuy\u1ebft th\u1ee7y, h\u1ecfa, th\u1ef1c (\u0111\u1ecba), th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn Suy-\u0111\u1ec1-l\u1ecb-da-u-ba-ni-sa-\u0111\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng, phong, h\u1ecfa, th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp quan ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, thuy\u1ebft t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba, th\u1ee7y, h\u1ecfa, phong v\u00e0 th\u00eam kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o n\u1eefa l\u00e0 n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, \u00edt ra, tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a V\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t-quan \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean T\u1ea5c-\u0111\u1eb7c-kh\u1ed1-l\u1ea1p-t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba, th\u1ee7y, h\u1ecfa, phong, b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh thuy\u1ebft (kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u gi\u1eefa thuy\u1ebft T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a T\u1ea5t-\u0111\u1eb7c-kh\u1ed1-l\u1ea1p-t\u00e2y, thuy\u1ebft t\u1eed-k\u1ef3-tu\u1ea7n-ho\u00e0n v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, thuy\u1ebft-nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o, thuy\u1ebft t\u1ee9 ki\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u). Song, t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi l\u00e0: b\u1ed1n ho\u1eb7c n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee5c \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba, th\u1ee7y, h\u1ecfa, phong, hay ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u1eadp th\u00eam nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 vi t\u1ebf n\u1eefa? L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u d\u0129 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba, th\u1ee7y, h\u1ecfa, phong l\u00e0m b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 l\u1edbn th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f4 t\u1ea1p qu\u00e1. Do v\u1eady m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n khai tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t-quan, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecba, th\u1ee7y, h\u1ecfa, phong hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ra l\u1ea1i th\u00eam m\u00f4t l\u1edbp y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf nhi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecba, th\u1ee7y, h\u1ecfa, phong hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 do y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed. Trong thuy\u1ebft ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Chi\u00ean-\u0111a-c\u00e1ch-da-u-ba-ni-s\u00e1t-\u0111\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 bao h\u00e0m nguy\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 r\u1ed3i, \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 trong cu\u1ed1n \u201c\u1ea4n-\u0110\u1ed9-tri\u1ebft-h\u1ecdc-t\u00f4n-gi\u00e1o-s\u1eed\u201d (trang 351). \u0110\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00ec tuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. T\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 trong S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn, nguy\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng, phong, h\u1ecfa, th\u1ee7y, \u0111\u1ecba ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 thanh, x\u00fac, s\u1eafc, v\u1ecb, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u0169 duy (v\u1ec1 chi ti\u1ebft xin xem \u1ea4n-\u0110\u1ed9-l\u1ee5c-ph\u00e1i-tri\u1ebft-h\u1ecdc,trang 169-70). Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecba, th\u1ee7y, h\u1ecfa, phong, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t C\u1ef1c vi ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh, r\u1ed3i ngo\u00e0i kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba, th\u1ee7y, h\u1ecfa, phong, ra mu\u1ed1n \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1i V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0n-\u0111a c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t-tha-n\u1ea1p-\u00e1-na, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o thuy\u1ebft ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Suy-\u0111\u1ec1-l\u1ecb-da-u-ba-ni-s\u00e1t-\u0111\u00e0m, theo thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 khai tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn phong, t\u1eeb phong \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecfa, t\u1eeb h\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee7y, t\u1eeb th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba, r\u1ed3i sau ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i h\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t gi\u1edbi, m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00e2n-h\u00f3a-thuy\u1ebft. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i n\u1eefa li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ebfn. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1eefa y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan sinh-l\u00fd-t\u00e2m-l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ban \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn. M\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh ng\u0169-c\u1ea3m-quan v\u1edbi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? R\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u0169 c\u1ea3nh (s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac) v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ra sao? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3m quan l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t vi di\u1ec7u, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh ra quan-h\u1ec7-lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u0103n v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1. R\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ng\u0169 c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m quan c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn, c\u00e1i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh ra ng\u0169-c\u1ea3nh-lu\u1eadn. ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, S\u1ed1-lu\u1eadn-ph\u00e1i cho ng\u0169 c\u0103n l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3, do ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n m\u00e0 sinh r\u1ed3i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3o n\u00f3 sinh ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf-nguy\u00ean-t\u1ed1 ng\u0169 duy, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (\u1ea4n-\u0111\u1ed9-l\u1ee5c-ph\u00e1i-tri\u1ebft-h\u1ecdc, trang 111-113). L\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Th\u1eafng-lu\u1eadn-ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i sinh ng\u0169 c\u0103n, v\u00e0 s\u1eafc, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 trong thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh (guna) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba, th\u1ee7y, h\u1ecfa, phong, v\u00ec v\u1eady, ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (\u1ea4n-\u0110\u1ed9-l\u1ee5c-ph\u00e1i-tri\u1ebft-h\u1ecdc trang 326-330). Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ebft minh kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

          V\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t-quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u1eadt ra c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1ed1 c\u1ea3nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n

          2- \u00dd NGH\u0128A CH\u1eee S\u1eaeC TRONG A-T\u1ef2-\u0110\u1ea0T-MA.<\/h5>\n

          S\u1eafc u\u1ea9n trong ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n v\u00e0, \u00edt ra, ng\u0169 c\u0103n, ng\u0169 c\u1ea3nh trong th\u1eadp-b\u00e1t-gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i. Song, \u00fd ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u1ec9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u1eef S\u1eafc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc l\u00e0 gi? V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 v\u00ec bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc (T\u1ea1p-A-H\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 2, kinh 35, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 2, trang 8, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng; C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 1, Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch trang 35), v\u00ec ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef S\u1eafc l\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi\u1ebfn, ho\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i th\u00f4i th\u00ec \u0111em th\u1ebf gian tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 cho ng\u1eef c\u0103n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v- lui, ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gian (xem Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn trang 283) th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n, v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma l\u1ea1i th\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u201cch\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1i\u201d n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec5 c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 1, Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch trang 55; Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee9u: Ng\u0169-s\u1ef1-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 989, h\u1ea1). \u0110\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn: \u201cNh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ed1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v.v\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ed1i cho n\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p. H\u1eefu h\u00ecnh n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v.v\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh n\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1eafc. L\u00e0m ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i x\u1ee9 s\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh\u201d (Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 3, s\u1eafc-danh-ph\u1ea9m 37, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 261, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng c\u00e1i bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t\u201d. Trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ee5ng ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0: \u201cT\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng c\u1eadp t\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ea1i-ch\u1ee7ng s\u1edf t\u1ea1o\u201d v\u00e0: \u201cch\u01b0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu s\u1eafc, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb lai, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c ngo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec5n, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadn, nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft, l\u01b0\u1ee3c vi nh\u1ea5t t\u1ee5, thuy\u1ebft danh s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n\u201d (T\u1ea1p-a-h\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 2, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 2, trang 14, h\u1ea1). T\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u1edbn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t do b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh. Lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 74 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 383, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef S\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

          Trong kinh Ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t-lu\u1eadt-gi\u1edbi (Trung-a-h\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 42, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 690, trung), tuy c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt l\u1eadp ra h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng xem n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd \u201ch\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng phi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng\u201d (xin xem B\u00e0 sa trang 127, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 662, trung; v\u00e0 Ng\u0169 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef3 B\u00e0 sa lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 990, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng), v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 th\u00e1i d\u1ee5ng t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t-quan c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y thuy\u1ebft minh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

          3- B\u1ea2N-CH\u1ea4T-C\u1ee6A T\u1ee8 \u0110\u1ea0I TRONG A-T\u1ef2-\u0110\u1ea0T-MA.<\/h5>\n

          Trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c ra l\u00e0: b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ea1i-ch\u1ee7ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3 b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 th\u00f4 t\u1ea1p, kh\u00f3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong kinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng-a-h\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 20 c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n: \u201c\u2026c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n l\u1edbn. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n? M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t, hai l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc, ba l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n gi\u00f3, b\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n l\u1eeda. Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t sinh ra \u00e1c ki\u1ebfn, cho r\u1eb1ng trong \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ta (Ph\u1eadt) b\u1ea3o: \u201c\u00d4ng ch\u1edb ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u1edb cho r\u1eb1ng trong \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3. V\u00ec sao? V\u00ec r\u1eb1ng trong \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u00ean m\u1edbi k\u00eau l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng-a-h\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 20, \u0110ao-l\u1ee3i-thi\u00ean-ph\u1ea9m, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, I, trang 136, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

          B\u00e2y gi\u1edd th\u1eed l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m t\u1ef7 d\u1ee5: n\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1 th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu b\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh h\u01a1i th\u00ec s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 gi\u00f3, n\u1ebfu \u0111un s\u00f4i l\u00ean th\u00ec s\u1ebd n\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eeda. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3, trong m\u1ed7i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u bao h\u00e0m nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c: ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y, trong Tr\u01b0\u1eddng-a-h\u00e0m, b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed3i. V\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma\u00a0l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed5 cho b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 c\u1ee9ng, \u01b0\u1edbt, n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eadt, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3 (Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 1, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 692, h\u1ea1); B\u00e0 sa\u00a0quy\u1ec3n 127, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 663, trung: C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 1, Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch trang 31-33). D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 ch\u01b0a tr\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh thuy\u1ebft. Theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, trong s\u00e1u b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n Ba li, hay trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn c\u1ed5 d\u1ecbch ra H\u00e1n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3; tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t-quan cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

          Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed; r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c Lu\u1eadn S\u1ef1 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1m th\u1ecb (nh\u01b0 K.V; VI, 8; XVI5), \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 xem s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-ph\u00e1p-y\u1ebfu-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5 (Compendium of Ph. P. 155, ibib. pp. 268-271).<\/p>\n

          Song, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec1u ta n\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0: nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng, \u01b0\u1edbt, n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3 m\u00e0 ra, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng cho ch\u00fang l\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 coi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn, v\u00ec, trong S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9ng, \u01b0\u1edbt, n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ebf-v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e1 cho s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac m\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u0169 duy. Cho n\u00ean, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u0129 nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t-ng\u1ea1i-t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tr\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng, khi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i, A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y hay kkh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kkh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 Nam va B\u1eafc (nh\u01b0ng theo K. V, XVI, 8 \u00c1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-la ph\u00e1i cho \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c gi\u1ea3 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d), do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng m\u1ec7nh danh cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng. N\u1ebfu \u0111em \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7ng th\u00ec c\u00e1i t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i\u201d, cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbn lao nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i\u201d (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 1, Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch trang 663, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng; Th\u00e0nh-Th\u1eadt-Lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 3, T\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ea1i-gi\u1ea3-danh ph\u1ea9m 38, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 261, trung).<\/p>\n

          Song, nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t la n\u1eafm gi\u1eef, nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 thu nhi\u1ebfp, nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c, nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 Nam v\u00e0 B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (B\u00e0 sa\u00a0quy\u1ec3n 127, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 663, trung; Compendium of Ph. p. 269; C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 1, Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch trang 32). Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, x\u00e1c l\u1eadp c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t, thu nhi\u1ebfp m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u00faa l\u1eeda v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00f3. Cho n\u00ean lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 127 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 663, trung) cho \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh trong kinh Nh\u1eadp Thai (T\u1ef3-n\u1ea1i-gia-t\u1ea1p-s\u1ef1 quy\u1ec3n 2, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 24, trang 254).<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3, tuy \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 f\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, ch\u1ee9 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t huy n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang bi\u1ec7t h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng, \u01b0\u1edbt, n\u00f3ng, \u0111\u1ed9ng, tr\u00ec, nhi\u1ebfp, th\u1ee5c, tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0m kh\u1ea3-n\u0103ng-t\u00ednh, duy ch\u1ec9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3n tr\u1ee9 \u1ea5y ma tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, ta h\u00e3y n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m th\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbt, nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean kia, trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 c\u1ee9ng, n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, tuy \u0111\u1eb7c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 nhi\u1ebfp h\u1ee3p, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u1eafm gi\u1eef, th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, theo A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c m\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng sinh b\u1ea5t ly\u201d.<\/p>\n

          Song, theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00ec, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i duy ch\u1ec9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh m\u1ecdi t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c b\u1ea5tn lu\u1eadn t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y ra sao. N\u1ebfu ta mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i l\u00fd do c\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma ch\u1ec9 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m l\u00e0 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm n\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi v\u1ea5n, tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng: theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m m\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u01b0-kh\u00f4ng-v\u00f4-vi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh trong \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

          B\u1eca KH\u1ea2O. V\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu-t\u1ed1-lu\u1eadn, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1eadt th\u00eam m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c tham c\u1ee9u, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n B\u1ecb Kh\u1ea3o n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

          C\u00e1i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng, \u01b0\u1edbt, n\u00f3ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t ban \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. \u0110\u00f3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5t, Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma b\u1ea3o: c\u1ee9ng, \u01b0\u1edbt, n\u00f3ng, \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u00ec, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng, \u01b0\u1edbt, n\u00f3ng hay \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi x\u00fac gi\u00e1c. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bao h\u00e0m c\u00e1c s\u1eafc, v\u1ecb, h\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00fac gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ebfu theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t th\u00ec, l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa, l\u1ea5y to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 s\u1eafc, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac (kh\u00f4ng cho thanh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1) l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma (xem Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 3, S\u1eafc-t\u01b0\u1edbng-ph\u1ea9m 36, cho \u0111\u1ebfn T\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ea1i-t\u01b0\u1edbng-ph\u1ea9m 44, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i xem T\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ea1i-gi\u1ea3-danh-ph\u1ea9m 38, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 3, trang 260, h\u1ea1 \u2013 265, trung).<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i (\u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3) c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee9ng, \u01b0\u1edbt, n\u00f3ng, \u0111\u1ed9ng do A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, h\u1ebft ht\u1ea3y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (gi\u1ea3 danh), c\u00f2n th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i th\u00ec tuy ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ee9 tr\u1ea7n s\u1eafc, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac. C\u00e1i khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ee9ng th\u00fa. M\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn: t\u1eeb s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac ng\u0169 duy m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t h\u00f3a t\u1eeb ph\u00e1i S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0: n\u1ebfu theo thuy\u1ebft Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma th\u00ec t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ee9 tr\u1ea7n m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh. Do to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ee9 tr\u1ea7n m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u0169ng c\u00f3, do hai ho\u1eb7c ba m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u0169ng c\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ra c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9 cho c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra th\u1ed5, kim, m\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma (Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 3, T\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ea1i-t\u01b0\u1edbng-ph\u1ea9m 14, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 264, trung). Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u cho ng\u0169 duy \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh (v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn, xem S\u00e1u Ph\u00e1i Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, trang 111-113, 170).<\/p>\n

          4- S\u1ef0 QUAN H\u1ec6 GI\u1eeeA T\u1ee8 \u0110\u1ea0I N\u0102NG T\u1ea0O V\u00c0 S\u1eaeC S\u1ede T\u1ea0O.<\/h5>\n

          M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng, \u01b0\u1edbt, n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t s\u1edf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p s\u1edf t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o, v\u1eady ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u00ednh hay sao? Song, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 th\u1eadt, c\u00f2n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec trong th\u1eadp-nh\u1ecb-x\u1ee9, th\u1eadp-b\u00e1t-gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u0169 c\u0103n, ng\u0169 c\u1ea3nh chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn, tr\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng, \u01b0\u1edbt, n\u00f3ng, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n x\u00fac, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p, do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i l\u1ea5y s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 l\u1eadp ng\u0169 c\u0103n, ng\u0169 c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 coi ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ngo\u00e0i t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, m\u1edbi nh\u00ecn qua, tuy c\u00f3 v\u1ebd nh\u01b0 ng\u00e2y ng\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 s\u1edf t\u1ea1o s\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 tong lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i. M\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00edch th\u00fa nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1eadc lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

          Lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u00f4n gi\u00e0 Gi\u00e1c Thi\u00ean cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o, ngo\u00e0i ra, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t\u201d. B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 127, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 661, h\u1ea1. Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, v\u00ec Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn cho ng\u0169 c\u0103n s\u1edf t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 danh, cho th\u1ef1c ch\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i \u2013 Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 4, C\u0103n-gi\u1ea3-danh ph\u1ea9m 45, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 265, trung).<\/p>\n

          Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, Ph\u00e1p C\u1eedu th\u00ec th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ngo\u00e0i t\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ea1i-ch\u1ee7ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t (c\u0103n), duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb th\u00e2u nhi\u1ebfp v\u00e0o trong x\u00fac (c\u1ee9ng, \u01b0\u1edbt, n\u00f3ng, \u0111\u1ed9ng) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb th\u00e2u nhi\u1ebfp v\u00e0o trong ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9 (ch\u1ec9 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc) l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 127, trang 662, trung).<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa th\u00ec b\u1ea3o c\u1ea3 hai thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u sai. N\u00f3i theo \u00fd ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1edf-t\u1ea1o-s\u1eafc bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp ngo\u00e0i t\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ea1i-ch\u1ee7ng (B\u00e0 sa nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, trang 662, trung). \u0110\u00e2y tuy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea5y ng\u0169 c\u0103n, ng\u0169 c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu, cho ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, r\u1ed3i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn cho t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u0103ng-t\u1ea1o-ch\u1ee7ng v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

          N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00ec c\u00e1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng-t\u1ea1o-ch\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 s\u1edf-t\u1ea1o-s\u1eafc \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o? S\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ra sao? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 sa tuy \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ef1\u01a1c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa n\u0103ng-t\u1ea1o-ch\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 s\u1edf-t\u1ea1o-s\u1eafc c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa cha v\u00e0 con. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 do cha m\u1edbi c\u00f3 con l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u0169 nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa-s\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ea1i-ch\u1ee7ng l\u00e0 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Ng\u0169 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0: sinh nh\u00e2n, y nh\u00e2n, t\u1eadp nh\u00e2n, tr\u00ec nhan, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u00e2n (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 127, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 663, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng; C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 1,Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch trang 30). \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 n\u00f3i sinh ra c\u00e1c s\u1eafc-s\u1edf-t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec ch\u00fang (1- T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng m\u00e0 sinh n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n sinh; 2- Sinh r\u1ed3i y v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng m\u00e0 xoay v\u1ea7n n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 y nh\u00e2n; 3- \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1edf-t\u1ea1o-s\u1eafc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 l\u1ea5y h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1eadp nh\u00e2n; 4- Nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u1ee9t n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tri nh\u00e2n; 5- L\u00e0m cho t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u00e2n \u2013 C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 7, Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch, trang 452). Ngo\u00e0i ra, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 v\u00ed \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng l\u00e0 vua, s\u1edf t\u1ea1o s\u1eafc l\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u00f4i, hay \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng l\u00e0 th\u00e2n c\u00e2y, s\u1edf t\u1ea1o s\u1eafc l\u00e0 c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y, v.v\u2026(B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 127, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 2727, trang 664, h\u1ea1). M\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nhau (B\u00e0 sa nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, trang 663, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

          Theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u0169ng y v\u00e0o t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 tr\u1ea7n s\u1edf t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u2013 d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u – ch\u1ee9 ngo\u00e0i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e1m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1u sinh, kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 4, Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch, trang 121) \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 C\u1ef1c vi) c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t; ng\u0169 c\u0103n c\u00f2n y t\u1ed3n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00e1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u0169 c\u0103n. Nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 duy ch\u1ec9 do t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh tuy d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u0103n (c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1eafng-ngh\u0129a-c\u0103n\u201d) th\u00ec c\u00f3 h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1i duy ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft \u201cC\u0103n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t\u201d c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn. Th\u1eafng lu\u1eadn v\u00ec cho ng\u0169 c\u0103n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp do C\u1ef1c vi c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng cho ng\u0169 c\u0103n l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 ng\u0169 tri c\u0103n (v\u00e0 ng\u0169 t\u00e1c c\u0103n), hay ng\u0169 duy ho\u1eb7c ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb trong hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebf. Song, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean, S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u0103n l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, ho\u1eb7c cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u0169 duy, ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb ng\u0169 duy sinh, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i cho l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u0169a \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t sinh, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u0103n t\u1eed nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 sinh, m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y cho ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n, ng\u0169 duy, ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c g\u00ec c\u00e1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1edf-t\u1ea1o-s\u1eafc do H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft minh? Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng trong v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t-quan c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00ed v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ebfn H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u0169ng v\u00e0 s\u1edf-t\u1ea1o-s\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 phi\u1ec1n t\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i theo gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i; c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t ban m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i, d\u00f9 n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu \u0111em t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1ea5y r\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y theo t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

          Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u1ed1n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn, n\u00ean chi, khi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ng\u0169 c\u0103n, ng\u0169 c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t v\u1eadt l\u00fd, tuy c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp t\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn , nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 S\u1ed1-Lu\u1eadn hay Th\u1eafng-Lu\u1eadn, gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ng\u0169 c\u0103n, ng\u0169 c\u1ea3nh, gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, cho n\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Do \u0111\u1ea5y, v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t-quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, so v\u1edbi S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn, Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafm.<\/p>\n

          5- C\u00c1C LO\u1ea0I S\u1ede-T\u1ea0O-S\u1eaeC.<\/h5>\n

          Con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau? D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 thi\u00ean sai v\u1ea1n bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em quy k\u1ebft h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y th\u00e0nh h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i. Theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft th\u00ec S\u1eafc Ph\u1ea9m trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma y\u1ebfu lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a A-n\u00e2u-l\u00e2u-\u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ebf. Lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111em th\u00e2u t\u00f3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

          1) T\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ea1i-ch\u1ee7ng-s\u1eafc – \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi, th\u1ee7y gi\u1edbi, h\u1ecfa gi\u1edbi, phong gi\u1edbi; 2) T\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc \u2013 nh\u00e3n, nh\u0129, t\u1ef5, thi\u1ec7t, th\u00e2n; 3) C\u1ea3nh s\u1eafc \u2013 s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac; 4) H\u1eefu s\u1eafc – n\u1eef t\u00ednh, nam t\u00ednh; 5) T\u00e2m s\u1eafc \u2013 t\u00e2m t\u1ea1ng; 6) M\u1ec7nh s\u1eafc – m\u1ec7nh c\u0103n; 7) Th\u1ef1c s\u1eafc -\u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c; 8) \u0110o\u1ea1n s\u1eafc \u2013 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi; 9) Bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc \u2013 th\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u, ng\u1eef bi\u1ec3u; 10) Bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a s\u1eafc – nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i; 11) T\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1eafc \u2013 sanh, tr\u1ee5, l\u00e3o, di\u1ec7t, v.v\u2026<\/p>\n

          N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 bao qu\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u0103nc\u1ee9 theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i Th\u1eadp-nh\u1ecb-x\u1ee9, Th\u1eadp-b\u00e1t-gi\u1edbi, l\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i ng\u0169 c\u0103n, ng\u0169 c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 bao qu\u00e1t h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y. Ngo\u00e0i ra, tuy c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9 ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1p-gi\u1edbi-s\u1edf-nhi\u1ebfp-s\u1eafc v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o-l\u00fd-\u0111\u1eb7c-th\u00f9, ch\u1ee9 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng th\u00ec v\u1eabn l\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i ng\u0169 c\u0103n, ng\u0169 c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho s\u1edf-t\u1ea1o-s\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (ng\u0169 c\u0103n) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (ng\u0169 c\u1ea3nh) n\u1eefa. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong thi\u00ean th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, m\u1ee5c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c lu\u1eadn khi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 ba).<\/p>\n

          6- \u0110\u1eb6C BI\u1ec6T V\u1ec0 C\u1ef0C-VI-LU\u1eacN.<\/h5>\n

          Sau h\u1ebft, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u00eam m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu n\u1eefa li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t-quan. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed C\u1ef1c vi c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. V\u1ec1 c\u1ef1c-vi-lu\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, theo s\u1ef1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed9n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

          T\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb T\u1ea5t-\u0111\u1eb7c-kh\u1ed1-l\u1ea1p-t\u00e2y kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ed9-\u0111\u1ecbch-ki\u1ec7t-b\u1ed3-t\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i-m\u1ee5c-kh\u1ed1-l\u1ee3i-t\u01b0-\u0111\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t sinh ra nguy\u00ean-t\u1eed-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m. T\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i r\u1ed3i l\u1ea7n l\u1ea7n c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n-t\u1eed-lu\u1eadn, t\u1ee9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 C\u1ef1c vi, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc th\u1ebf m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00e1i d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

          Song, c\u1ef1c-vi-lu\u1eadn b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft C\u1ef1c vi l\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Hy L\u1ea1p. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i (S\u00e1u Ph\u00e1i Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 trang 305-306). Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u00ec C\u1ef1c-vi-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb Thu\u1eadn-th\u1ebf-ph\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 nh\u01b0ng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 C\u1ef1c-vi-lu\u1eadn do Thu\u1eadn-th\u1ebf ph\u00e1i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, cho n\u00ean ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tr\u00ean v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn, C\u1ef1c-vi-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm trong K\u1ef3-na-gi\u00e1o; K\u1ef3-na-gi\u00e1o \u0111em chia ch\u1ebb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, C\u1ef1c-vi-lu\u1eadn, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb K\u1ef3-na, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, t\u1eeb t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i, c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, tuy v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 C\u1ef1c-vi-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0ng, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00e1i d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0o? D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean quang \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 C\u1ef1c-vi-lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 trong khi thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 \u201cho\u1eb7c th\u00f4, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ebf), m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ebf\u201d th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u201cC\u1ef1c vi\u201d v\u1eady. L\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 trong T\u1ef3-n\u1ea1i-da c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u201cB\u1ea3y C\u1ef1c vi t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi, C\u1ef1c vi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebft l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i\u201d (Thu\u1eadn-ch\u00ednh-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 32, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 29, trang 521, h\u1ea1). Song, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 C\u1ef1c vi hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm. Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 A H\u00e0m, c\u1ea3 H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch l\u1eabn Ba li, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u00fd t\u1ea3i n\u00e0o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1ef1c vi. C\u00f2n trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc B\u00e0 sa d\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1ef1c vi, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Ba Sa tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau th\u00ec tuy c\u00f3 h\u1eefu b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng l\u00e0 trong Ph\u00e1t-tr\u00ed-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u00fd t\u1ea3i n\u00e0o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e0 sa thuy\u1ebft C\u1ef1c vi m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o thu d\u1ee5ng. Trong B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 8, L\u1ee5c-ph\u00e1p-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh trong s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y thuy\u1ebft C\u1ef1c vi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0: duy\u00ean m\u1ed9t C\u1ef1c vi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u00e1t-ca-da-ki\u1ebfn (th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn) kh\u00f4ng? Khi lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 L\u1ee5c-ph\u00e1p-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

          \u201cH\u1ecfi\u2026nh\u01b0 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 (t\u1ee9c L\u1ee5c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn) n\u00f3i: C\u1ef1c vi l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. V\u00ec t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, cho n\u00ean C\u1ef1c vi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5\u2026 \u0110\u00e1p: Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng c\u00e1i duy\u00ean C\u1ef1c vi n\u00e0y. Trong lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi l\u00fd nh\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 8, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 38, trung, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t theo c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa, th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng L\u1ee5c-ph\u00e1p-lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa. Duy c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0o v\u00e0 do ai tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, C\u1ef1c-vi-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1i d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0o th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc!<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 th\u00ec ta v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng C\u1ef1c-vi-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o qua c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean t\u1eadp s\u1edbm h\u01a1n lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, nh\u01b0 T\u00f4n-b\u00e0-tu-m\u1eadt-B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t-s\u1edf-t\u1eadp-lu\u1eadn ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 C\u1ef1c-vi-lu\u1eadn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ti\u00eau h\u00f3a, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y L\u1ee5c-ph\u00e1p-lu\u1eadn\u00a0tr\u00ean kia l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5. Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 C\u1ef1c-vi-lu\u1eadn v\u1eadt-l\u00fd-h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 th\u00e1i d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 C\u1ef1c-vi-lu\u1eadn. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u B\u00e0 sa, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, trong Ch\u00ednh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9, Kinh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 v\u1ebb th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 C\u1ef1c vi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a Th\u1eafng lu\u1eadn. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 xem nh\u1ea5t ban t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Th\u1eafng lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng r\u00f5 (theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bi\u00ean t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Th\u1eafng lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan h\u1ec7).<\/p>\n

          Song, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft C\u1ef1c vi trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Thuy\u1ebft C\u1ef1c vi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft, l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch; ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 chia ch\u1ebb ch\u00fang m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n chia ch\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa th\u00ec c\u00e1i ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 C\u1ef1c vi. Lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u x\u00e1 12 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: \u201cPh\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1ef1c vi, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t C\u1ef1c vi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc\u201d (Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch, trang 709; Thu\u1eadn-ch\u00ednh-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 32, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 29, trang 522, trung). V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y th\u00ec C\u1ef1c vi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec v\u1edbi C\u1ef1c vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c. Song, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a C\u1ef1c vi trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1edf ch\u1ed7: Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t C\u1ef1c vi trong t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t C\u1ef1c vi trong h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t s\u1edf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec1u do C\u1ef1c vi m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh. Xem l\u1ea1i thuy\u1ebft \u201cB\u00e1t-s\u1ef1-c\u00e2u-sinh-t\u00f9y-nh\u1ea5t-b\u1ea5t-gi\u1ea3m\u201d \u1edf tr\u00ean). T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, trong g\u1ed7 c\u00f3 C\u1ef1c vi g\u1ed7, trong tro c\u00f3 C\u1ef1c vi tro, cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, v.v\u2026 b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 C\u1ef1c vi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 60, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 63, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, trung). \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi K\u1ef3-na-gi\u00e1o cho C\u1ef1c vi l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ed1i chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n (\u0111\u1ecba, th\u1ee7y, \u1ea3nh, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac, nghi\u1ec7p s\u1eafc, phi nghi\u1ec7p s\u1eafc?): v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn cho C\u1ef1c vi ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i C\u1ef1c vi c\u1ee7a Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, c\u00f2n C\u1ef1c vi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a C\u1ef1c vi th\u00ec Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng trong C\u1ef1c vi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 s\u1eafc, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac; trong C\u1ef1c vi c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda c\u00f3 s\u1eafc v\u00e0 x\u00fac; trong C\u1ef1c vi c\u1ee7a gi\u00f3 c\u00f3 x\u00fac (S\u00e1u ph\u00e1i Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, trang 323); K\u1ef3-na-gi\u00e1o th\u00ec n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y s\u1eafc, v\u1ecb, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, x\u00fac l\u00e0m thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh; H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00ec n\u00f3i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a C\u1ef1c vi l\u00e0 t\u00f9y theo \u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, t\u1ea1i C\u1ef1c vi c\u0103n th\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u0103n, t\u1ea1i C\u1ef1c vi c\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea3nh, l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec C\u1ef1c vi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i thi\u1ebfu r\u1ed3i. \u1ede \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed quan c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-m\u1ee5c-kh\u1ed1-l\u1ee3i-t\u01b0-\u0111\u1ed1c cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a A-\u0111\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t C\u1ef1c vi l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u201cb\u00e1t-s\u1ef1-c\u00e2u-sinh\u201d (n\u0103ng-t\u1ea1o-t\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1edf-t\u1ea1o-t\u1ee9-tr\u1ea7n) th\u00ec khi t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t C\u1ef1c vi th\u00f4i hay t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u C\u1ef1c vi? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, trong lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, nh\u01b0ng chung c\u1ee5c th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y ngh\u0129a t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t C\u1ef1c vi l\u00e0m ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 127, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 663, h\u1ea1). V\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho l\u00e0 khi t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p th\u00ec sinh ph\u00e1t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Song, c\u00f2n m\u1ed7i C\u1ef1c vi c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng, \u01b0\u1edbt, n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00e1t-s\u1ef1-c\u00e2u-sinh\u201d th\u00ec trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng, \u01b0\u1edbt v.v\u2026 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 C\u1ef1c vi.<\/p>\n

          Sau n\u1eefa, c\u00e1i h\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng C\u1ef1c vi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, ngay trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng C\u1ef1c vi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 132, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 684, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng), b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o con m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u1ef1c vi, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean l\u00fd lu\u1eadn th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ea1i-m\u1ee5c-kh\u1ed1-l\u1ee3-t\u01b0-\u0111\u1ed1c cho A-\u0111\u1ed1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau; th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn th\u00ec b\u1ea3o C\u1ef1c vi l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f2n. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i n\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00ec b\u1ea3o C\u1ef1c vi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng, do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i n\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f2n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Kinh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec b\u1ea3o n\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 (Kinh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b65 x\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean thuy\u1ebft H\u1eefu-ph\u01b0\u01a1ng-ph\u1eadn, Duy-Th\u1ee9c-Th\u1eadp-Nh\u1ecb-T\u1ee5ng c\u1eed c\u1ea3 c\u1ef1c-vi-h\u1eefu-ph\u1eadn, v\u00f4 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng lu\u1eadn ph\u00e1. T\u1eeb-\u00c2n-Thu\u1eadt-K\u00fd ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5: Thuy\u1ebft-v\u00f4-ph\u01b0\u01a1ng-ph\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9; thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu-ph\u01b0\u01a1ng-ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Kinh B\u1ed9 – xem Duy-Th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn-Nh\u1ecb-Th\u1eadp-T\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt k\u00fd quy\u1ec3n h\u1ea1, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 43, trang 995, h\u1ea1, v\u00e0 Li\u1ec5u-ngh\u0129a-\u0111\u0103ng-nh\u1ecb-b\u1ea3n, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 43, trang 691, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

          Song, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 l\u00fd do c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf. N\u1ebfu C\u1ef1c vi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 Kinh B\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ef1c vi c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng, n\u1ebfu th\u1ebf th\u00ec, tr\u00ean quan ni\u1ec7m, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 chia ch\u1ebb n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec b\u1ea3o C\u1ef1c vi c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu th\u1ebf th\u00ec C\u1ef1c vi n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 tr\u1ee5? Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn b\u1ea3o C\u1ef1c vi l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5, khi th\u1ebf b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i th\u00ec C\u1ef1c vi d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c c\u0169ng v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i; L\u1ee5c-ph\u00e1p-lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i tr\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y m\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn. H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 C\u1ef1c vi \u0111\u1ed9c tr\u1ee5 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, C\u1ef1c vi \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ee9 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 C\u1ef1c vi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c. C\u1ef1c vi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 C\u1ef1c vi do b\u1ea3y C\u1ef1c vi t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t C\u1ef1c vi l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb s\u00e1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng bao qu\u00e1t trung t\u00e2m \u1ea5y m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1ea3y C\u1ef1c vi. Theo Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn th\u00ec khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n \u0111i c\u00e1c C\u1ef1c vi; c\u00f2n theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00ec khi th\u1ebf b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i C\u1ef1c vi c\u0169ng di\u1ec7t, cho n\u00ean chung c\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 C\u1ef1c vi \u0111\u1ed9c tr\u1ee5. M\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn b\u1ea3o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a C\u1ef1c vi l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ph\u1ee5-m\u1eabu-nh\u1ecb-vi c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0ng, theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec ngay trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 Ch\u00ednh-L\u01b0\u1ee3ng-B\u1ed9 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn C\u1ef1c vi \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c (Duy-Th\u1ee9c-Nh\u1ecb-Th\u1eadp-Lu\u1eadn-Thu\u1eadt-K\u00fd quy\u1ec3n h\u1ea1, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 43, trang 998, trung?). Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 v\u1ec3 chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00ean ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa Ch\u00ednh-L\u01b0\u1ee3ng-B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

          Do v\u1eady, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean l\u00e0: C\u1ef1c vi n\u00e0y \u00edt ra l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, v\u1eady c\u00e1i t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 ra sao? N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac nhau hay c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t nhau m\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, trong lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau, tuy c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra ba thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf-H\u1eefu, \u0110\u1ea1i-\u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i c\u1eadn m\u00e0 th\u00f4i (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 73, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 380, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). V\u00ec n\u1ebfu th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac th\u00ec ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t. C\u00f2n s\u1edf d\u0129 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 v\u00ec trong t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng duy tr\u00ec ch\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n (T\u1ee5ng-S\u1edb-Tu\u1ec7-Huy-Sao-\u0110\u1ea1i-H\u1ec7-B\u1ea3n quy\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t, p. 100). T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1eabn l\u1ef1c th\u00ec H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u00ednh-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y h\u01a1i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng C\u1ef1c vi c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac, v\u00ec t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau (Tu\u1ec7 Huy d\u1eabn d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean).<\/p>\n

          Sau h\u1ebft, th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a C\u1ef1c vi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u00eam. B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i-m\u1ee5c-kh\u1ed1-l\u1ee3i-t\u01b0-\u0111\u1ed1c hay Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng C\u1ef1c vi l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn. Song, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, C\u1ef1c vi c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 h\u1eefu-vi-ph\u00e1p. V\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa b\u1ea3o m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t C\u1ef1c vi c\u00f3 ba th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1c nhau (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 19, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 96, h\u1ea1). Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn theo gi\u00e1o l\u00fd t\u1ed1i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, c\u00f2n n\u00f3i theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng th\u00ec H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn C\u1ef1c vi, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5. Tuy C\u1ef1c vi c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean trong ba th\u1eddi (qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u1ecb lai) nh\u01b0ng C\u1ef1c vi tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi C\u1ef1c vi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t sau, C\u1ef1c vi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t hay phi\u00ean n\u1eb7c kh\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t, s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ch\u00ednh trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y m\u00e0 H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn C\u1ef1c vi th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

          Song, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean kia, theo B\u00e0 sa th\u00ec h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u do C\u1ef1c vi m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, v\u1eady th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kia c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i sao? V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y B\u00e0 sa t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn. nh\u01b0ng, theo \u0111\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn. T\u1ee9c ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n n\u00f3i theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u00ec nh\u01b0 than khi bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh tro th\u00ec C\u1ef1c vi c\u1ee7a than l\u1ebd c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh C\u1ef1c vi c\u1ee7a tro. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2n Ch\u00ednh-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a T\u00e1t-b\u00e0-\u0111a C\u1ef1c vi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

          \u201cC\u1ef1c vi c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 th\u1eadt, hai l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3. Th\u1eadt ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 do h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1eafc; gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 do ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 trong t\u1ee5 s\u1eafc d\u00f9ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb C\u1ef1c vi\u201d\u2026<\/p>\n

          (Ch\u00ednh-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 32, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 29, 522, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

          T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khi t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 tr\u1ea7n s\u1edf t\u1ea1o h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c s\u1eafc (b\u00e1t s\u1ef1 c\u00e2u sinh, t\u00f9y nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3m) th\u00ec C\u1ef1c vi l\u00e0 th\u1eadt (nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 c\u1ea3nh, ng\u0169 c\u0103n), c\u00f2n khi d\u00f9ng quan ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ng\u0169 c\u0103n, ng\u0169 c\u1ea3nh th\u00ec C\u1ef1c vi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3. Do \u0111\u00f3, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, ng\u1ee5 \u00fd \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: C\u1ef1c vi th\u1ef1c th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng C\u1ef1c vi gi\u1ea3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

          Sau h\u1ebft, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec C\u1ef1c vi th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn bao gi\u1edd? Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khi ki\u1ebfp di\u1ec7t th\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 C\u1ef1c vi c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 12 n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

          \u201cS\u1ee9c tam tai \u1ea5y ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i kh\u00ed-th\u1ebf-gian cho \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1ef1c vi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa\u201d.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn th\u00ec b\u1ea3o kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 C\u1ef1c vi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t m\u00e0 t\u00e1n t\u1ea1i; H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00ec v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn C\u1ef1c vi \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, n\u00ean cho r\u1eb1ng khi vi-t\u1ee5 (anu) ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i th\u00ec C\u1ef1c vi c\u0169ng th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, v\u00ec ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh-nhi-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, nh\u1eefng C\u1ef1c vi \u0111\u00f3 tuy c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf qu\u00e1-kh\u1ee9-di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 v\u1ecb-lai-t\u1ea1p-lo\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng trong ki\u1ebfp di\u1ec7t th\u00ec v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n-t\u1ea1i-h\u00f3a ch\u00fang n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, C\u1ef1c vi c\u0169ng b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng k\u00edch ph\u00e1i Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng quy k\u1ebft h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecbch trang 746). R\u1ed3i Duy-th\u1ee9c-ph\u00e1i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111i xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, mu\u1ed1n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a C\u1ef1c vi, nh\u01b0 Duy-th\u1ee9c-nh\u1ecb-th\u1eadp-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f4ng k\u00edch v\u00e0 b\u00e1c x\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t C\u1ef1c vi lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

          B\u1eca KH\u1ea2O.\u00a0V\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t-quan c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e2u thu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t sau \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

          (1) S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Th\u1eadp x\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

          (2) Thuy\u1ebft ngo\u00e0i n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1edf t\u1ea1o ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

          (3) M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa C\u1ef1c vi c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ea1i-ch\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 C\u1ef1c vi c\u1ee7a S\u1edf-t\u1ea1o-s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

          (4) C\u00e1i l\u00fd do kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn C\u1ef1c vi \u0111\u1ed9c tr\u1ee5 ra sao?<\/p>\n

          (5) C\u00e1i l\u00fd do khi ki\u1ebfp di\u1ec7t th\u00ec C\u1ef1c vi c\u0169ng di\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

          Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IV: T\u00e2m L\u00fd Lu\u1eadn<\/h4>\n

          Theo thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1, sau ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t-quan ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m l\u00fd quan c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma. M\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd quan l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u0111em nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t m\u1ef1c tinh vi. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? V\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma chung c\u1ee5c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u201cchuy\u1ec3n m\u00ea khai ng\u1ed9\u201d. M\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ea khai ng\u1ed9, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00e2m l\u00fd m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c t\u00e2m l\u00fd, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00e1c b\u1eadc A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 m\u1edbi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kinh qu\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1o tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd quan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Cho n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd quan n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 l\u1ea1 c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

          B\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, tuy c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f4-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. C\u00f3 ph\u00e1i cho t\u00e2m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean sinh r\u1ed3i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1-gi\u1edbi-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh; c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i th\u00ec l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 tranh c\u00e3i nhau. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tuy \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t hay ch\u1ec9 coi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecb lu\u1eadn, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 ngay trong c\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 quan c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ng\u0169 c\u0103n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c hay ng\u0169 th\u1ee9c hay ng\u0169 th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c? R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ea th\u00ec trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c hay v\u00f4 \u00fd th\u1ee9c? V\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng (C\u0103n-ki\u1ebfn-th\u1ee9c-ki\u1ebfn-lu\u1eadn; s\u1edf-h\u1eefu-v\u00f4-lu\u1eadn; T\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-phi-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-lu\u1eadn; Nh\u1ea5t-t\u00e2m-\u0111a-t\u00e2m-lu\u1eadn; Th\u1ee9c-t\u1ea1m-tr\u1ee5-v\u00f4-tr\u1ee5-lu\u1eadn: nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n 4 \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec3n 5).<\/p>\n

          Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd quan v\u1eady. C\u00e1i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 bao qu\u00e1t, n\u00ean khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ebf t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n nhi\u00ean h\u1eadu m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Cho n\u00ean, trong thi\u00ean n\u00e0y t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t ban m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ee3i trong thi\u00ean sau, khi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 T\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9.<\/p>\n

          Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V: Kh\u00e1i Ni\u1ec7m Gi\u1eefa V\u1eadt Ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 T\u00e2m (T\u00e2m-B\u1ea5t-T\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01afng-H\u00e0nh-Lu\u1eadn)<\/h4>\n

          1- NGU\u1ed2N G\u1ed0C T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A PH\u00c1P T\u00c2M-B\u1ea4T-T\u01af\u01a0NG-H\u00c0NH.<\/h5>\n

          T\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00e0 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu, do \u0111\u00f3, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ngo\u00e0i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba. Song, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3 hai, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, do nh\u1eefng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1ed3 nghi g\u00ec n\u1eefa. T\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 quan h\u1ec7, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, v.v\u2026 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u00ec ngo\u00e0i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Coi ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt \u01b0? Hay coi ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9c d\u1ea1ng giao thi\u1ec7p \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt? Tuy \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao \u0111i n\u1eefa, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 cho t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u duy nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec, \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft minh cho r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

          Trong Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu theo Nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn, ngo\u00e0i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt c\u00f2n th\u00eam c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cthi thi\u1ebft\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u. thi thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cquan ni\u1ec7m\u201d ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m\u201d, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. B\u00ean Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-y\u1ebfu-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a A-n\u00e2u-l\u00e2u-\u0111\u00e0 th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Ngh\u0129a-thi-thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 Danh-thi-thi\u1ebft. Ngh\u0129a-thi-thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m; c\u00f2n Danh-thi-thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 khi duy chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n

          Theo A-\u00f4-\u00e2n-th\u1ecb th\u00ec ngh\u0129a thi thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 12 lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

          1- Ch\u00e2n-nh\u01b0-thi-thi\u1ebft \u2013 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quan ni\u1ec7m t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ec7-nh\u1ea5t-ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

          2- Ch\u1ea5p-thi-thi\u1ebft, l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ec7-nh\u1ea5t-ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111i v\u00e0o nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

          3- T\u1eadp-h\u1ee3p-thi-thi\u1ebft, l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

          4- Lo\u1ea1i-thi-thi\u1ebft, quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng hay lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

          5- H\u00ecnh-thi-thi\u1ebft, quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

          6- Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng-thi-thi\u1ebft, quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

          7- Th\u1eddi-thi-thi\u1ebft, quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

          8- Kh\u00f4ng-thi-thi\u1ebft, quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian.<\/p>\n

          9- T\u01b0\u1edbng-thi-thi\u1ebft, quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

          10- Phi-h\u1eefu-thi-thi\u1ebft, quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

          11- T\u01b0\u01a1ng-t\u1ee5c-thi-thi\u1ebft, quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

          12- Th\u1ebf-t\u1ee5c-thi-thi\u1ebft, quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c (Compendium of Ph. ph\u00e0m phu. 5-6).<\/p>\n

          Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t theo thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ai hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng may. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ai ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0: nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 khai tri\u1ec3n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

          2- S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N T\u00c2M-B\u1ea4T-T\u01af\u01a0NG-\u01afNG-H\u00c0NH-PH\u00c1P-QUAN C\u1ee6A LU\u1eacN B\u1ed8 B\u1eaeC PH\u01af\u01a0NG.<\/h5>\n

          \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-n\u00e0y, B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fa \u00fd. L\u1ea5y H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 ng\u1ee5 ng\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu. Trong Ph\u00e1p-u\u1ea9n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn, v.v\u2026 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng; nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1t-tr\u00ed-lu\u1eadn, Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u0103m v\u1ecb c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 S\u1eafc, T\u00e2m, T\u00e2m s\u1edf, v\u00e0 V\u00f4 vi, n\u00f3 ng\u1ea7m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

          T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f3 (\u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t), nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt. V\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft Th\u1ef1c H\u1eefu, tuy T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p-lu\u1eadn b\u1ecb Kinh B\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u00ec \u00edt ra c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c Duy-t\u00e2m-lu\u1eadn-h\u1ec7 th\u00e1i d\u1ee5ng: \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 xem c\u00e1ch th\u00e1i d\u1ee5ng trong Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Duy-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5.<\/p>\n

          Song, lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o l\u00e0m T\u00e2m- b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, n\u00f3i theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec tuy \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi Thi thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb ng\u0169 v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean. Theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u, c\u00e1i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu d\u1ee5ng s\u1edbm h\u01a1n h\u1ebft c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 Sinh, Tr\u1ee5, L\u00e3o. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, trong A H\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ecb nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Tam h\u1eefu, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ebfn khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o t\u00e2m hay v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u1eafc c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o r\u1ed3i c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Chi\u1ebfu theo v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn, lu\u1eadn X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m, trong m\u1ee5c \u201cc\u1ed9ng-x\u1ee9-s\u1edf-nhi\u1ebfp-ph\u00e1p\u201d c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi, tuy \u0111\u00e3 thu d\u1ee5ng sinh, l\u00e3o, t\u1eed, m\u1ec7nh, k\u1ebft, v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3, di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, v.v\u2026(X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 1, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 526, h\u1ea1; Nghi\u00ean-c\u1ee9u-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-lu\u1eadn, trang 129 d\u1eabn d\u1ee5ng), nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201cT\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p\u201d. R\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i trong Ph\u00e1p-u\u1ea9n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, c\u0169ng \u1edf m\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9, \u0111\u00e3 thu d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng so v\u1edbi X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00e0 ba v\u00f4 vi, \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eafc, v\u00f4-t\u01b0\u1edfng-\u0111\u1ecbnh, di\u1ec7t-t\u1eadn-\u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00f4-t\u01b0\u1edfng-s\u1ef1, m\u1ec7nh c\u0103n, ch\u00fang-\u0111\u1ed3ng-ph\u1eadn, y \u0111\u1eafc, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc, x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eafc, sinh, l\u00e3o, tr\u1ee5, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, danh th\u00e2n, c\u00fa th\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u0103n th\u00e2n (Ph\u00e1p-u\u1ea9n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 10, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 500, h\u1ea1). R\u1ed3i trong Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y: \u0110\u1eafc, V\u00f4-t\u01b0\u1edfng-\u0111\u1ecbnh, di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1, m\u1ec7nh c\u0103n, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1eadn, y \u0111\u1eafc, x\u1ee9, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc, sinh, l\u00e3o, tr\u1ee5, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ednh, danh th\u00e2n, c\u00fa th\u00e2n, v\u0103n th\u00e2n; l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m, th\u00ec t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh (Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 1, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 692 h\u1ea1). Trong lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e1t tr\u00ed quy\u1ec3n 17 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 1008, trung), tuy c\u00f3 ghi b\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh\u201d. Lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ebf h\u01a1n; v\u00e0 ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadp trong Nh\u1eadp-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-lu\u1eadn (quy\u1ec3n h\u1ea1, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, 986, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u2013 988, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng), Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma trong Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn (quy\u1ec3n 7, B\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u1ea9m 194, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 289, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0: \u0110\u1eafc, phi \u0111\u1eafc, v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111i\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1, hay, v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ea3, m\u1ec7nh c\u0103n, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1eadn, d\u1ecb sinh t\u00ednh, sinh, tr\u1ee5, d\u1ecb, di\u1ec7t, danh th\u00e2n, c\u00fa th\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u0103n th\u00e2n. Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u x\u00e1 c\u1eaft b\u1ecf d\u1ecb sinh t\u00ednh \u0111i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n B\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 C\u00e2u x\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00ednh theo con s\u1ed1 T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0ng, trong Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u201c\u2026 Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m, th\u00ec t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh\u201d, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf con s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m hay m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean. Do \u0111\u00f3, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ea1i-th\u1eeba-duy-th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1i l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng th\u00eam con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00ean. Trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-t\u1eadp-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc (quy\u1ec3n 1, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 31, trang 665, trung), T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u01b0 sau: \u0111\u1eafc, v\u00f4-t\u01b0\u1edfng-\u0111\u1ecbnh, di\u1ec7t-t\u1eadn-\u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00f4-t\u01b0\u1edfng-d\u1ecb-th\u1ee5c, m\u1ec7nh c\u0103n, ch\u00fang-\u0111\u1ed3ng-ph\u1eadn, sinh, l\u00e3o, tr\u1ee5, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, danh th\u00e2n, c\u00fa th\u00e2n, v\u0103n th\u00e2n, d\u1ecb sinh t\u00ednh, l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ecb, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng, th\u1ebf t\u1ed1c, th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec7, th\u1eddi, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, s\u1ed1, v\u00e0 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ba (v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, xem \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-t\u1eadp-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a An Tu\u1ec7 (quy\u1ec3n 2, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 31,trang 700, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) ).<\/p>\n

          C\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh tuy c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p B\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u00fat t\u1ec9a t\u1eeb quan ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt, v\u00e0, theo nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, coi t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng, s\u1edf d\u0129 ph\u1ea3i quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu s\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 do \u1edf c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean l\u00fd tr\u1ee5 di\u1ec7t, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf nguy\u00ean l\u00fd tr\u1ee5 di\u1ec7t \u0111i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng s\u1ebd thuy\u1ebft minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee5 di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ee9c, nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed3ng, d\u1ecb h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi, nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, thuy\u1ebft T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1eefu B\u1ed9. M\u00e0 ph\u00e1i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00e0 Kinh B\u1ed9, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt lu\u1eadn, Duy th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn[1], v.v\u2026, cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng k\u00edch thuy\u1ebft th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu h\u01a1n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

          Song, n\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, thuy\u1ebft B\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh do H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00e0 d\u00f9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh hay b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0: nh\u1edd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean tinh m\u1eadt h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

          3- T\u01af\u1edaNG TR\u1ea0NG C\u1ee6A C\u00c1C PH\u00c1P T\u00c2M-B\u1ea4T-T\u01af\u01a0NG-\u01afNG-H\u00c0NH.<\/h5>\n

          \u00dd ngh\u0129a m\u1ed7i ph\u00e1p T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, n\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i qua m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, h\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u201c\u0111\u1eafc\u201d. \u0110\u1eafc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t trong T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1eafc ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecbnh, v.v\u2026 nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 sau ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 do n\u01a1i t\u00e2m m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1eady kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d l\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u201ckh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t\u201d m\u00e0 c\u00f3. L\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u201c\u0111\u1eafc\u201d l\u00e0 v\u00ec khi gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u1eaft b\u1ecf c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u00ec nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, r\u1ed3i khi ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201c\u0111\u1eafc\u201d.<\/p>\n

          Theo s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa th\u00ec th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ph\u00e0m phu tuy l\u00e0 hai nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed9t l\u00fac c\u00f2n tr\u1ee5 \u1edf t\u00e2m v\u00f4 k\u00fd. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng \u1edf t\u00e2m v\u00f4 k\u00fd n\u00e0y th\u00ec d\u00f9 th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n hay ph\u00e0m phu, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 trong t\u00e2m th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed v\u00f4 l\u1eadu \u201ckh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t\u201d, c\u00f2n ph\u00e0m phu th\u00ec c\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, cho n\u00ean, m\u1ed9t l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu b\u1ecf t\u00e2m v\u00f4 k\u00fd \u0111i t\u00e2m ph\u00e0m phu s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ph\u00e0m phu kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201c\u0111\u1eafc\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, cho n\u00ean, d\u00f9 ngay trong l\u00fac t\u1ee5 \u1edf v\u00f4 k\u00fd t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng trong th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n th\u00ec c\u00f3 tr\u00ed v\u00f4 l\u1eadu, trong ph\u00e0m phu c\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, mu\u1ed1n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 hai, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201c\u0111\u1eafc\u201d, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao \u201c\u0111\u1eafc\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft minh s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 \u201c\u0111\u1eafc\u201d m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, khi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ebf th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n chia ra \u201cho\u1eb7ch\u201d (ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c) v\u00e0 \u201cth\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u\u201d (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t); ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 khi chia n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0: \u201cPh\u00e1p-ti\u1ec1n-\u0111\u1eafc\u201d, \u201cph\u00e1p-c\u00e2u-\u0111\u1eafc\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e1p-h\u1eadu-\u0111\u1eafc\u201d, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u201c\u0111\u1eafc\u201d \u0111\u00e3 khai tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ec1t t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn, xin xem lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 158 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 801, h\u1ea1) v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 4. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eefa n\u00ean ch\u00fa l\u00e0: t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u201c\u0111\u1eafc\u201d ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m l\u00fd m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d g\u1ea1o, \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d ti\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn, \u201cphi \u0111\u1eafc\u201d. Phi \u0111\u1eafc l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eafc, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p khi\u1ebfn \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i m\u00e0 m\u1ea5t\u201d. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p B\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa, v\u00ec \u201c\u0111\u1eafc\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh, n\u00ean phi \u0111\u1eafc c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 ba v\u00f4-t\u01b0\u1edfng-\u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 di\u1ec7t-t\u1eadn-\u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m v\u00f4-t\u01b0\u1edfng-qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. Song \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m hay v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 k\u00eau l\u00e0 T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p. Tuy \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3 l\u00e0 T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u l\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh c\u0103n. M\u1ec7nh c\u0103n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean l\u00fd l\u00e0m cho ta s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, m\u1ec7nh c\u0103n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cC\u00f9ng-sinh-t\u1eed-u\u1ea9n\u201d c\u1ee7a H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9, hay, \u201cPhi-t\u1ee9c-phi-ly-u\u1ea9n-ng\u00e3\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9; nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00ec c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e2m, n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i do t\u00e2m, th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a linh \u1ed3n n\u00e0o c\u1ea3 (Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t).<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y: ch\u00fang-\u0111\u1ed3ng-ph\u1eadn, nguy\u00ean-l\u00fd-h\u00f3a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: v\u00f4-sai-bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 h\u1eefu-sai-bi\u1ec7t. V\u00f4-sai-bi\u1ec7t th\u00ec nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, gi\u00e0 hay tr\u1ebb, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t; c\u00f2n h\u1eefu-sai-bi\u1ec7t th\u00ec nh\u01b0 gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m khu bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng hay lo\u1ea1i. C\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1i Th\u1eafng Lu\u1eadn chia \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1eadn th\u00e0nh cao-\u0111\u1eb3ng-\u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 li\u1ec7t-\u0111\u1eb3ng-\u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m d\u1ecb-sinh-t\u00ecnh \u2013 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e0m phu. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

          T\u1eeb th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai sinh, tr\u1ee5, d\u1ecb, di\u1ec7t, l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi, t\u1eeb B\u00e0 sa tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, Ph\u00e1t-tr\u00ed-lu\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn coi b\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u1edbng sinh, tr\u1ee5, d\u1ecb di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa (quy\u1ec3n 39, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 200, h\u1ea1) th\u00ec ngo\u00e0i t\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f2n t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a sinh, tr\u1ee5, di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 g\u00ec? M\u1ed9t khi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra th\u00ec nghi\u1ec5m nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa, ngo\u00e0i, sinh, tr\u1ee5, d\u1ecb, di\u1ec7t ra c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebfn sinh, tr\u1ee5, d\u1ecb, di\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh sinh, tr\u1ee5, d\u1ecb, di\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua n\u1ed7i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e8n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng thuy\u1ebft g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cTi\u1ec3u-t\u1ee9-t\u01b0\u1edbng\u201d hay \u201cT\u00f9y-t\u01b0\u1edbng\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i th\u00eam ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ba \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m: danh, c\u00fa, v\u0103n (c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Th\u00ed-D\u1ee5 cho danh, c\u00fa, v\u0103n th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt c\u00f3; c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Thanh lu\u1eadn th\u00ec b\u1ea3o danh, c\u00fa, v\u0103n l\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng (thanh) l\u00e0m t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, t\u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng x\u1ebfp ch\u00fang v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i B\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p, B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 14, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 70, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 chia ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean l\u00fd. Danh c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb (danh thuy\u00ean t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh); c\u00fa, nh\u01b0 n\u00fai cao, n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y, v.v\u2026 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0y ngh\u0129a l\u00fd (c\u00fa thuy\u00ean sai bi\u1ec7t); t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u1eabu v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 v\u1eadn nh\u01b0 a, I, u, b, c, k,\u2026 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1edd ch\u1eef m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng, nh\u1edd danh m\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1edd c\u00fa m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u ngh\u0129a l\u00fd. C\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a V\u0103n-\u0111i\u1ec3n-ph\u00e1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

          T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00e1i d\u1ee5ng; c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea sau \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do Duy-th\u1ee9c-ph\u00e1i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 uy\u00ean nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u00ec v\u1eabn b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh trong lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u: l\u01b0u-chuy\u1ec3n \u2013 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 li\u1ec7n t\u1ee5c b\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y: \u0111\u1ecbnh-d\u1ecb – l\u00e0 n\u00f3i nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u sai bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m: t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng \u2013 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-ly c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn: th\u1ebf t\u1ed1c \u2013 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i: th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec7 – l\u00e0 n\u00f3i tuy nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 hai m\u1ed1t: th\u1eddi \u2013 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c trong ba \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i hai: ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n kh\u1eafp \u0111\u00f4ng, t\u00e2y, nam, b\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 hai ba: s\u1ed1 – l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t, hai, ba, v.v\u2026<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n: ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u2013 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 do nhi\u1ec1u duy\u00ean h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh (\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma- t\u1ea1p-t\u1eadp-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 2, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 31, trang 700-701).<\/p>\n

          4- S\u1ef0 QUAN H\u1ec6 GI\u1eeeA T\u00c2M-B\u1ea4T-T\u01af\u01a0NG-\u01afNG-H\u00c0NH-PH\u00c1P, V\u00d4-VI-PH\u00c1P V\u00c0 NH\u00c2N-DUY\u00caN-QUAN.<\/h5>\n

          Sau h\u1ebft, trong ch\u01b0ong n\u00e0y, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eefa c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 V\u00f4-vi-ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00f9ng nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-quan, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y sau, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u00f4 vi d\u0129 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng; Nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-quan th\u00ec, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh c\u00e1i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201c\u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu, do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i hai quan ni\u1ec7m tr\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau. V\u1eady, gi\u1eefa hai quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3, T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb n\u00e0o? N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb trung gian. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean quan ni\u1ec7m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p tuy gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean do ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u201c\u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec tuy gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 vi nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 vi, cho n\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3iT\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ee9ng kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa v\u00f4 vi v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa n\u00ean T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 xem \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 coi ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 vi th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u00ec l\u00e0 \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa n\u00ean, t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 vi ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 l\u1ea1 c\u1ea3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00f4ng-S\u01a1n-B\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn T\u1ee9-v\u00f4-s\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi, th\u00ec, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 V\u00f4-t\u01b0\u1edfng-\u0111\u1ecbnh, di\u1ec7t-t\u1eadn-\u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 v\u00f4-t\u01b0\u1edfng-s\u01b0, v.v\u2026 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 vi. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nhi\u1ebfp v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng; n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-ph\u00e1p-y\u1ebfu-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ebfp to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 Nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea1i ra th\u00ec trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu nhi\u1ebfp c\u1ea3 v\u00f4 vi l\u1eabn nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n, n\u1ebfu v\u00f4 vi ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00ec, theo t\u00f4i, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111i n\u1eefa c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1p r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ba quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 vi, T\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m l\u00fd: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

          [1]\u00a0Ph\u00e1i Duy Th\u1ee9c cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp \u2013 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-t\u1eadp-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 1, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 31, trang 665, h\u1ea1 – nh\u01b0ng trong Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 5, Ph\u00e1p t\u1ee5, thi\u00ean 18, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 252, trung, h\u1ea1, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4 t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p\u201d.<\/p>\n

          Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI: Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean Lu\u1eadn<\/h4>\n

          Tr\u1edf l\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 quan s\u00e1t \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u201ct\u0129nh\u201d m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean l\u00fd bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201c\u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. M\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

          1- \u00dd NGH\u0128A NH\u00c2N DUY\u00caN.<\/h5>\n

          \u201cC\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p sinh, Ph\u1eadt b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean\u201d (Vinaya I, p. 40 \u2013 Ng\u0169-ph\u1eadn-lu\u1eadt, quy\u1ec3n 16, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 22, trang 210, trung): \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a M\u00e3 Th\u1eafng T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u n\u00f3i cho X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-Ph\u1ea5t nghe. Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd nghe v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u1ea5y m\u00e0 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-Ph\u1ea5t quy y theo Ph\u1eadt. \u00dd n\u00f3i, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan nhau m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 l\u00fac b\u1ea3o n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n, c\u00f3 khi b\u1ea3o n\u00f3 l\u00e0 duy\u00ean, l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 t\u1eadp, v.v\u2026 Song, trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tuy gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0ng trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc c\u1ea3, cho n\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p hai ti\u1ebfng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p trong ph\u1ea1m vi t\u1ee9 duy\u00ean, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t).<\/p>\n

          T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

          \u201cV\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 n\u00ean v\u1eadt kia c\u00f3, v\u1eadt n\u00e0y sinh n\u00ean v\u1eadt kia sinh; v\u1eadt n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec v\u1eadt kia kh\u00f4ng, v\u1eadt n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t th\u00ec v\u1eadt kia di\u1ec7t\u201d.<\/p>\n

          Trong \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean, ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y: \u201cV\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 n\u00ean v\u1eadt kia c\u00f3\u201d l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi; \u201cv\u1eadt n\u00e0y sinh th\u00ec v\u1eadt kia sinh\u201d l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 sau, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i n\u00e0o, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean, t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan, h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadn-duy\u00ean-quan. (tr\u1edf l\u00ean, xin xem Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn, trang 95, 96 v\u00e0 115-117).<\/p>\n

          2- S\u1ef0 PH\u00c2N LO\u1ea0I NH\u00c2N DUY\u00caN C\u1ee6A NGUY\u00caN TH\u1ee6Y PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O.<\/h5>\n

          Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u00ec t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, khi quan s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u1ea5y m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i chia nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t. Song, ph\u1ea3i chia th\u00e0nh bao nhi\u00eau lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang? Theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, cho n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1edf hi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, chi\u1ebfu theo nhi\u1ec1u ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Trong b\u1ed9 Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean theo hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n: t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh c\u00e1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 quan v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan; v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n d\u1ecb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 c\u00e1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o sinh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3. (Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn trang 117-122). S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: \u201cv\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 n\u00ean v\u1eadt kia c\u00f3; v\u1eadt n\u00e0y sinh th\u00ec v\u1eadt kia sinh\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y th\u1eadt ra ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t th\u00f4i, c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u00ec, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu b\u00e0n theo tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hoa Nghi\u00eam m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn\u201d th\u00ec r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ra c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i theo nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t. Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0.<\/p>\n

          3- NGU\u1ed2N G\u1ed0C C\u1ee6A L\u1ee4C-NH\u00c2N-T\u1ee8-DUY\u00caN-LU\u1eacN.<\/h5>\n

          Nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 T\u1ee9-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 L\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn. L\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn chia \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu ra l\u00e0m s\u00e1u, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u00e1u c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c-nh\u00e2n, c\u00e2u-h\u1eefu-nh\u00e2n, d\u1ecb-th\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u1ee9ng-nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn-h\u00e0nh-nh\u00e2n. (Trong Th\u1ea5t quy\u1ec3n L\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n 2, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 16, trang 600, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1u nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u00e1u nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0: \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng-h\u1eefu-nh\u00e2n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng-t\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n, t\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e2n, n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c-nh\u00e2n, hi\u1ec3n-li\u1ec5u-nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 quan-\u0111\u00e3i-nh\u00e2n).<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi L\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn, T\u1ee9-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn chia \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i duy\u00ean l\u00e0: nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, th\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ec7-duy\u00ean (\u0111\u1eb3ng-v\u00f4-gi\u00e1n-duy\u00ean), s\u1edf-duy\u00ean-duy\u00ean (c\u1ea3nh-gi\u1edbi-duy\u00ean) v\u00e0 t\u0103ng-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-duy\u00ean. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e3y t\u1ea1m g\u00e1c ra m\u1ed9t b\u00ean s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 chuy\u00ean lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u qua c\u00e1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a hai thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 L\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn. Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e1t Tr\u00ed, Ca-da-di\u1ec5n-ni-t\u1eed l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y (xem lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e1t Tr\u00ed quy\u1ec3n 1). Theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 ra \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e1t Tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, ngay lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa v\u00e0 C\u00e2u x\u00e1 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o Ca-\u0111a-di\u1ec5n-ni-t\u1eed th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00ec, L\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong T\u0103ng-nh\u1ea5t-a-h\u00e0m-l\u1ee5c-ph\u00e1p-b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m t\u1ea3n m\u1ea1n n\u00ean ca-da-di\u00ean-t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1edd tr\u00ed l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 c\u1ea3m ng\u1ed9 (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 16). Song \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ec7n minh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u do Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf Ca-\u0111a-di\u1ec5n-ni-t\u1eed ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i hay h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau, L\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00e1i d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee9 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t khi mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u00f5 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp L\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn t\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng nghi ng\u1edd l\u00e0 Ca-\u0111a-di\u1ec5n-ni-t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh L\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 Ca-\u0111a-di\u1ec5n-ni-t\u1eed t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t minh ra thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 hay tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u00edt nhi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 nay Ca-\u0111a-di\u1ec5n-ni-t\u1eed ch\u1ec9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ai r\u00f5. Trong lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e1t Tr\u00ed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3i: \u201cC\u00f3 s\u00e1u nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u1ee9ng-nh\u00e2n cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c-nh\u00e2n. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u1ee9ng-nh\u00e2n?…\u201d (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 920, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao L\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, b\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n thuy\u1ebft minh n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee9 Ca-\u0111a-di\u1ec5n-ni-t\u1eed nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng, th\u1eadt ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ca-\u0111a-di\u1ec5n-ni-t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ai d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o ch\u01b0a? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n

          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i L\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, th\u00ec t\u1ea1i v\u00ec T\u00e2m-s\u1edf-lu\u1eadn trong H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9tt r\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng, n\u00ean H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u1edfng ra L\u1ee5c Nh\u00e2n lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 Ca-\u0111a-di\u1ec5n-ni-t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00f4n ngh\u0129a: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1ed3 nghi g\u00ec n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn T\u1ee9-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi L\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 th\u00e1i d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng th\u00e1i d\u1ee5ng T\u1ee9-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn, v\u00ec nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u00e0y nay, theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 A H\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n ba li c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 T\u1ee9 duy\u00ean m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong kinh Ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t-duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi-s\u01a1-\u0111\u1eb3ng-th\u1eafng-ph\u00e1p-m\u00f4n quy\u1ec3n h\u1ea1, thu\u1ed9c kinh t\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. R\u1ed3i trong ba t\u1ea1ng do H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n, c\u00e1i h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 duy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong kinh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. Do \u0111\u00f3, khi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-ph\u00e2n-lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i n\u1ebfu L\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u1ecdn th\u00ec T\u1ee9-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

          4- QU\u00c1 TR\u00ccNH TH\u00c0NH L\u1eacP C\u1ee6A C\u00c1C DUY\u00caN LU\u1eacN KH\u00c1C V\u1edaI T\u1ee8 DUY\u00caN LU\u1eacN.<\/h5>\n

          Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, T\u1ee9-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea7n r\u1ed3i hay sao? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u00ec t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5 n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y xin t\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn. Chi\u1ebfu theo Lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 th\u00ec trong Th\u1ee9c-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 3 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 547, trung) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0-thi\u1ebft-ma (theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 danh m\u1ee5c T\u1ee9 duy\u00ean. L\u1ea1i trong Thi-thi\u1ebft-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn T\u1ee9 duy\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa d\u1eabn d\u1ee5ng (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 21, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 108, h\u1ea1). N\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u00ec nghi\u1ec5m nhi\u00ean ta th\u1ea5y trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh con s\u1ed1 4, m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t. Song, th\u1eadt ra, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 th\u00f4i ch\u1ee9 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Coi Th\u1ee9c-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m tuy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 nghi, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n Thi-thi\u1ebft-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc bao l\u00e2u th\u00ec ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c, Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o l\u00fd do tr\u00ean th\u00f4i ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng T\u1ee9-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1edbm h\u01a1n. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 Lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 kh\u1ebf kinh c\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m t\u1ee9 duy\u00ean c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u1ebf kinh Ba li m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft Th\u1eadp duy\u00ean trong X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn v\u1eady. Th\u1eadp duy\u00ean l\u00e0: nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean, c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi duy\u00ean (s\u1edf duy\u00ean duy\u00ean), y duy\u00ean, nghi\u1ec7p duy\u00ean, b\u00e1o duy\u00ean, kh\u1edfi duy\u00ean, d\u1ecb duy\u00ean, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c duy\u00ean, t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean (xem X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 25-26, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 679-687).<\/p>\n

          V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: gi\u1eefa c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i Th\u1eadp duy\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i T\u1ee9 duy\u00ean c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec thuy\u1ebft T\u1ee9 duy\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i sau t\u0103ng gia th\u00eam m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh thuy\u1ebft Th\u1eadp duy\u00ean: nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t theo l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 r\u1ea5t x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi quy lu\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi ta \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, ta c\u0169ng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, m\u00e0 x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a c\u00e1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u1eefa, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c (xin xem S\u00e1u Ph\u00e1i Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9). V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft ch\u1eebng.<\/p>\n

          Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft Th\u1eadp duy\u00ean hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay th\u00ec b\u1ed9 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m l\u00e0 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1ng b\u1eb1ng Ba li c\u1ee7a Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-b\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la-thi-thi\u1ebft-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, lu\u1eadn X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m ch\u1eb3ng qua c\u0169ng d\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3i \u0111em B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f3a m\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cNghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-lu\u1eadn\u201d. C\u1ee9 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y Th\u1eadp duy\u00ean lu\u1eadn quan h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ec1 l\u00fd nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, d\u00f9 cho trong T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-b\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la-thi-thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng trong Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i-ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec ch\u00ednh l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n b\u00e0i b\u00e1c nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4i, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3; c\u00f2n b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i-ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef La-m\u00e3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in ra n\u00ean r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tuy v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao Nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-quan c\u1ee7a Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u qua.<\/p>\n

          Theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, con s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 ch\u00edn, t\u1ee9c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0: nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean, c\u00e2u sinh duy\u00ean, c\u0103n duy\u00ean, th\u1ef1c duy\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea1o duy\u00ean, c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi duy\u00ean, v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c duy\u00ean. C\u00f2n s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean trong \u0110\u1ea1i-ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

          1- Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean; 2- c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi (s\u1edf duy\u00ean duy\u00ean); 3- t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean; 4- v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean; 5- \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean; 6- c\u00e2u sinh duy\u00ean; 7- h\u1ed7 vi duy\u00ean; 8- y duy\u00ean; 9- c\u1eadn duy\u00ean; 10- ti\u1ec1n sinh duy\u00ean; 11- h\u1eadu sinh duy\u00ean; 12- t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c duy\u00ean; 13- nghi\u1ec7p duy\u00ean; 14- b\u00e1o duy\u00ean (d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c duy\u00ean); 15- th\u1ef1c duy\u00ean; 16- c\u0103n duy\u00ean; 17- thi\u1ec1n duy\u00ean; 18- \u0111\u1ea1o duy\u00ean; 19- t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng duy\u00ean; 20- b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng duy\u00ean; h\u1eefu duy\u00ean; 22- phi h\u1eefu duy\u00ean; 23- ly duy\u00ean; 24- phi ly duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

          (V\u1ec1 24 duy\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, xin xem Compendium of Philosophy pp. 191-5, Visuddumagga vol. II, p.532).<\/p>\n

          V\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i-ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn, b\u1ed9 n\u00e0o ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed9 n\u00e0o ra sau, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam c\u00e1ch th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp h\u01a1i mu\u1ed9n: c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u1eedu duy\u00ean t\u1ea5t k\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng Nh\u1ecb-th\u1eadp-t\u1ee9-duy\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i A-D\u1ee5c-V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ng\u00e0y nay th\u00ec thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ecb-th\u1eadp-t\u1ee9-duy\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch. Duy ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 th\u00ec v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn, b\u00ean Nam truy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

          Song, gi\u1eefa thuy\u1ebft 24 duy\u00ean tr\u00ean v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft 10 duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, trong 24 duy\u00ean bao h\u00e0m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 10 duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m. Nh\u01b0ng, trong 10 duy\u00ean th\u00ec kh\u1edfi th\u1ee9 7, v\u00e0 d\u1ecb duy\u00ean th\u1ee9 8, m\u1edbi nh\u00ecn qua, t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong 24 duy\u00ean, song, n\u1ebfu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, th\u00ec kh\u1edfi duy\u00ean c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1eadn duy\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u1ecb duy\u00ean th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi h\u1ed7-vi-duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 10 duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u bao h\u00e0m trong 24 duy\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, gi\u1eefa thuy\u1ebft 10 duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft 24 duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o c\u00f3 sau th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: thuy\u1ebft 10 duy\u00ean trong lu\u1eadn X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t thai t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft 24 duy\u00ean trong \u0110\u1ea1i-ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? V\u00ec, nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u1edf ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c (xem cu\u1ed1n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-lu\u1eadn, trang 127-132), ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn so v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, thuy\u1ebft 24 duy\u00ean qu\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c; trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean: \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft 10 duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn v\u1eady. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1o c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

          M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa 24 duy\u00ean v\u00e0 10 duy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u00e1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa 10 duy\u00ean v\u00e0 4 duy\u00ean t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Thuy\u1ebft 10 duy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t thai t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft 4 duy\u00ean m\u00e0, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft 10 duy\u00ean r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thuy\u1ebft 4 duy\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 xem lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh. Lu\u1eadn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma ph\u00e1p y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a A-N\u00e2u-L\u00e2u-\u0110\u00e0, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec7t c\u1eed 24 duy\u00ean, l\u1ea1i \u0111em thu nhi\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh 4 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0: S\u1edf duy\u00ean duy\u00ean, c\u1eadn duy\u00ean, nghi\u1ec7p duy\u00ean, v\u00e0 h\u1eefu duy\u00ean. R\u1ed3i b\u00ean B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng quy k\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c duy\u00ean th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n l\u00e0: s\u1edf duy\u00ean duy\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean, t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean tuy c\u00f3 h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 quy k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n duy\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean quan c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tr\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lu\u1eadn l\u00fd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t quy t\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

          \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0: t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft 24 duy\u00ean ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft 10 duy\u00ean, r\u1ed3i thuy\u1ebft 10 duy\u00ean ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft 4 duy\u00ean, tuy \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng chung c\u00f9ng thuy\u1ebft 24 duy\u00ean v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft 10 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u1ebf ch\u1ec9. Sau khi thuy\u1ebft 4 duy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1eadp, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p thuy\u1ebft 24 duy\u00ean, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u1ea5y lu\u1eadn X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m l\u00e0m s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa th\u00ec v\u1eabn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft 10 duy\u00ean. S\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00f3 thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y thuy\u1ebft 4 duy\u00ean l\u00e0m c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y tin thuy\u1ebft 4 duy\u00ean l\u00e0 do Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft 10 duy\u00ean. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u00edch danh th\u00ec ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a kinh Ph\u00e2n-Bi\u1ec7t-Duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi-s\u01a1-th\u1eafng-ph\u00e1p-m\u00f4n. Kinh n\u00e0y tuy nh\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft 4 duy\u00ean l\u00e0 do Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0ng ngo\u00e0i ra, l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cB\u00e1t-m\u00f4n-duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi\u201d cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n \u00fd ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

          B\u00e1t-m\u00f4n-duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

          1- C\u1ea3nh-gi\u1edbi-duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi (n\u00f3i cho t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0: th\u1ee5-d\u1ee5ng-th\u1ebf-t\u1ee5c-c\u1ea3nh-gi\u1edbi-duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi).<\/p>\n

          2- Nh\u1eadm-tri-duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n

          3- Th\u1ef1c-nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n

          4- t\u01b0\u01a1ng-t\u1ee5c-duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi (nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-sinh-th\u00e2n-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-t\u1ee5c-duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi).<\/p>\n

          5- Y-tr\u00ec-duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi (nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-sinh-th\u00e2n-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-t\u1ee5c-duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi).<\/p>\n

          6- Sai-bi\u1ec7t-duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi (nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-sinh-th\u00e2n-sai-bi\u1ec7t-duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi).<\/p>\n

          7- Thanh-t\u1ecbnh-duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n

          8- T\u1ef1-t\u1ea1i-duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n

          (Ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t-duy\u00ean-s\u01a1-th\u1eafng-ph\u00e1p-m\u00f4n-kinh, quy\u1ec3n h\u1ea1, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 16, trang 841, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Huy\u1ec1n Trang d\u1ecbch).<\/p>\n

          V\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch, B\u00e1t-m\u00f4n-duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y tuy c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh b\u1ea1ch c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi 10 duy\u00ean hay 24 duy\u00ean n\u00f3i tr\u00ean kia, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 th\u00ec B\u00e1t-m\u00f4n-duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi 24 duy\u00ean v\u00e0 10 duy\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 theo ng\u1eef d\u1ecbch m\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh c\u0169ng r\u00f5. M\u00e0 B\u00e1t-m\u00f4n-duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi, trong t\u1ea1ng kinh H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch, tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u0111\u1eb3ng-b\u1ed9 (th\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9), nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed9n. L\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 Du-gi\u00e0-s\u01b0-\u0111\u1ecba-lu\u1eadn, tuy th\u00e1i d\u1ee5ng thuy\u1ebft T\u1ee9 duy\u00ean, Ng\u0169 qu\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, l\u1ea1i l\u1eadp ri\u00eang thuy\u1ebft Th\u1eadp nh\u00e2n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp nh\u00e2n phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1eadp nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Du-gi\u00e0-s\u01b0-\u0111\u1ecba-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0: t\u00f9y-theo-nh\u00e2n, quan-\u0111\u00e3i-nh\u00e2n, khi\u00ean-d\u1eabn-nh\u00e2n, sinh-kh\u1edfi-nh\u00e2n, nhi\u1ebfp-th\u1ee5-nh\u00e2n, d\u1eabn-ph\u00e1t-nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ecbnh-d\u1ecb-nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng-s\u1ef1-nh\u00e2n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng-vi-nh\u00e2n, b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-vi-nh\u00e2n (Du-gi\u00e0-s\u01b0-\u0111\u1ecba-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 5, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 30, trang 301, trung). Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi Th\u1eadp-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn, duy ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u1edf s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 10, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 hai thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u quan h\u1ec7 ch\u0103ng? Do \u0111\u00f3, khi thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, kinh (ho\u1eb7c lu\u1eadn) n\u00e0y tuy th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft T\u1ee9 duy\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n duy\u00ean th\u00ec qu\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, n\u00ean l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft Th\u1eadp duy\u00ean ch\u0103ng? V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 v\u1ebb gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, C\u1ed5-di-man-sai-ph\u00e1i, theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, \u0111\u1ea1i \u01b0\u1edbt l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh t\u00e1m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ebfn Ni-d\u1ea1-gia ph\u00e1i th\u00ec t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n, r\u1ed3i qua \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n, Tr\u1ea7n Na th\u00ec thu g\u1ecdn th\u00e0nh hai. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2n-di-man-sai ph\u00e1i v\u00ec ra \u0111\u1eddi sau, mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n, n\u00ean ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ee5c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Khi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ghi l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

          5- T\u00c1C D\u1ee4NG C\u1ee6A NH\u00c2N-DUY\u00caN-LU\u1eacN.<\/h5>\n

          Tr\u1edf l\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f5i theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean th\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u201cc\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1i kia c\u00f3, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y sinh n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia sinh\u201d l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quanh\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c th\u00ec s\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 V\u00f4-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn (ng\u1eabu-nhi\u00ean-lu\u1eadn), nh\u1ea5t-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn (T\u1ef1-t\u1ea1i-th\u1ea7n, t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, th\u1eddi, v.v\u2026) \u0111ang l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh \u1edf th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 xi\u1ec3n minh th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 16, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 79, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). N\u1ebfu x\u00e9t nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-quan m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng hi\u1ec3n tr\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn tuy l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh m\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ta c\u1ee9 xem t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t T\u1ee9 duy\u00ean, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 danh m\u1ee5c 24 duy\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tuy c\u00f3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-quan, th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n to\u00e0n th\u1ec3, chung c\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 duy-t\u00e2m-lu\u1eadn, c\u1ee9 theo \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 suy ra c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5. R\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 24 duy\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i-ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn nguy\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec3n, b\u1eb1ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 La tinh v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in ra, cho n\u00ean, v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i duy\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5. Song, trong Th\u1eadp duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, tuy l\u1edd m\u1edd, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd; \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 L\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n, T\u1ee9 duy\u00ean th\u00ec lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa v\u00e0 C\u00e2u x\u00e1 thuy\u1ebft minh r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn, cho n\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng y theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

          6- \u0110\u1eb6C BI\u1ec6T V\u1ec0 T\u00c1C D\u1ee4NG C\u1ee6A TH\u1eacP DUY\u00caN.<\/h5>\n

          \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i h\u00e3y t\u1ea1m g\u00e1c ra m\u1ed9t b\u00ean thuy\u1ebft 24 duy\u00ean, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo lu\u1eadn X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 25 v\u00e0 26, r\u1ed3i tham chi\u1ebfu lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, hay thuy\u1ebft T\u1ee9 duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a C\u00e2u x\u00e1, B\u00e0 sa \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i qua v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft Th\u1eadp duy\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3. Th\u1eadp duy\u00ean nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00e0: nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean, c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi duy\u00ean, y duy\u00ean, nghi\u1ec7p duy\u00ean, b\u00e1o duy\u00ean, kh\u1edfi duy\u00ean, d\u1ecb duy\u00ean, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c duy\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

          1) Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u2013 Trong c\u00e1c duy\u00ean th\u00ec nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean tuy c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00ec v\u00ec l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn gia n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Theo A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-ph\u00e1p-y\u1ebfu-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 tham, s\u00e2n, si, x\u1ea3, t\u1eeb bi v\u00e0 tr\u00ed, t\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu; do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 do ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd tham, s\u00e2n, si, v.v\u2026 m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi m\u1ecdi quan h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u01b0ng X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd m\u00e0 chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa m\u00e0 thu nhi\u1ebfp c\u1ea3 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00f3 (X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 25, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 679, trung). V\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cnh\u00e2n l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a sinh, nh\u01b0 m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con\u201d (quy\u1ec3n 25, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, trang 680, trung). V\u1ec1 sau, Duy-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n duy\u00ean v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cnh\u00e2n duy\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c A-l\u1ea1i-gia, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed tri\u1ec3n khai quan h\u1ec7 v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 r\u1ed3i th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n n\u1eefa, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. N\u1ebfu theo thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y m\u00e0 suy c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ebf theo ngh\u0129a bao qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn, th\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u00ec gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp, \u0111\u1ec1u bao h\u00e0m \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean trong \u0111\u00f3. \u0110em \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean m\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 B\u00e0 sa v\u00e0 C\u00e2u x\u00e1. Hai b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo l\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, theo C\u00e2u x\u00e1,tr\u1eeb n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c-nh\u00e2n, h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u0103m nh\u00e2n kia (c\u00e2u-h\u1eefu-nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng-lo\u1ea1i-nh\u00e2n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u1ee9ng-nh\u00e2n, bi\u1ebfn-h\u00e0nh-nh\u00e2n, d\u1ecb-th\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n) (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 7). N\u0103ng-t\u00e1c-nh\u00e2n v\u00ec l\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ti\u00eau-c\u1ef1c-v\u00f4-ch\u01b0\u1edbng-ng\u1ea1i l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n n\u0103m nh\u00e2n kia, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u00ec gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp, d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ng\u1eef t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00ec v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea5t-li\u1ec7u-nh\u00e2n ch\u0103ng? N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf th\u00ec L\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp ri\u00eang l\u00e0m g\u00ec. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean m\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 th\u00ec n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 \u00fd ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

          2) V\u00f4-gi\u00e1n-duy\u00ean – \u0110\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi 24 duy\u00ean th\u00ec V\u00f4-gi\u00e1n-duy\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 trong 24 duy\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng 24 duy\u00ean trong X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb3ng-v\u00f4-gi\u00e1n-duy\u00ean l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, c\u00f2n trong thuy\u1ebft T\u1ee9 duy\u00ean th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb3ng-v\u00f4-gian-duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft 10 duy\u00ean n\u00e0y, v\u00ec \u0111\u1eb3ng-v\u00f4-gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1eadp, n\u00ean V\u00f4-gi\u00e1n-duy\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb3ng-v\u00f4-gi\u00e1n-duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

          Song, v\u00f4-gi\u00e1n-duy\u00ean, hay \u0111\u1eb3ng-v\u00f4-gi\u00e1n-duy\u00ean l\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau trong s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. T\u1ef1u trung, \u0111\u1eb3ng-v\u00f4-gi\u00e1n-duy\u00ean l\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m sau (t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf). Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, theo t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n sinh di\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00fat n\u00e0o d\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t kh\u1eafc n\u00e0o \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng ti\u1ec1n ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 h\u1eadu ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 c\u00e1i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0: khi c\u00e1i t\u00e2m ti\u1ec1n ni\u1ec7m r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi c\u00e1i duy\u00ean cho h\u1eadu ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng-v\u00f4-gi\u00e1n-duy\u00ean. L\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5: n\u1ebfu A \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb tr\u00ean v\u0169 \u0111\u00e0i th\u00ec B kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n cho B xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec A t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat lui kh\u1ecfi v\u0169 \u0111\u00e0i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ti\u1ec1n ni\u1ec7m di\u1ec7t d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi h\u1eadu ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng-v\u00f4-gi\u00e1n-duy\u00ean. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb3ng-v\u00f4-gi\u00e1n-duy\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ckhai-\u0111ao-y\u201d. X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed5 x\u1ee9, t\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

          S\u1edf d\u0129 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng-v\u00f4-gi\u00e1n l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf ti\u1ec1n ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf h\u1eadu ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi tuy b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec b\u1eb1ng nhau (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf ti\u1ec1n ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ec th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf h\u1eadu ni\u1ec7m c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t). M\u00e0 gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c xen v\u00e0o, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng-v\u00f4-gi\u00e1n-duy\u00ean. D\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u x\u00e1 (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 7). M\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1eb3ng-v\u00f4-gi\u00e1n-duy\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u00f4-gi\u00e1n-duy\u00ean (duy\u00ean th\u1ee9 4 trong 24 duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng) ch\u00ednh c\u0169ng do \u0111\u00f3, cho n\u00ean, theo s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a C\u00e2u x\u00e1, B\u00e0 sa, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n, th\u00ec ti\u1ec1n-v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t tuy l\u00e0 v\u00f4-gi\u00e1n-duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1eadu-v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec1n, h\u1eadu v\u1ecb t\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb3ng-v\u00f4-gi\u00e1n-duy\u00ean trong s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 7. V\u1ec1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu, \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c,\u2026 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 10, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 50, trung).<\/p>\n

          3) C\u1ea3nh-gi\u1edbi-duy\u00ean (s\u1edf-duy\u00ean-duy\u00ean) \u2013 trong thuy\u1ebft 24 duy\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 trong thuy\u1ebft T\u1ee9 duy\u00ean, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 t\u01b0. Duy\u00ean n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1ch quan,t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u00e2u t\u00f3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. Theo t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec t\u00e2m sinh kh\u1edfi t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh th\u00ec t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng sinh. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi duy\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t duy\u00ean tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu, Lu\u1eadn X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u201c\u0111\u00edch\u201d, t\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eafn \u0111i (quy\u1ec3n 25, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 680 trung).<\/p>\n

          4) Y duy\u00ean \u2013 duy\u00ean n\u00e0y tuy t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi duy\u00ean th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m (y duy\u00ean) trong thuy\u1ebft 24 duy\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng trong thuy\u1ebft T\u1ee9 duy\u00ean n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ri\u00eang th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t duy\u00ean. Lu\u1eadn X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m b\u1ea3o \u00fd c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o mi\u1ec7ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p, n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00faa th\u00f3c, n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o m\u1eaft v\u00e0 s\u1eafc m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 y duy\u00ean. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1eadt, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u00fd c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

          5) Nghi\u1ec7p duy\u00ean, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p duy\u00ean th\u1ee9 13 trong thuy\u1ebft 24 duy\u00ean; c\u00f2n trong thuy\u1ebft 4 duy\u00ean th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Theo lu\u1eadn X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m,c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch y\u1ebfu \u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ec9 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t bao qu\u00e1t. Nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i s\u1edf t\u00e1c ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n (quy\u1ec3n 25).<\/p>\n

          6) B\u00e1o duy\u00ean, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi B\u00e1o duy\u00ean th\u1ee9 14 trong thuy\u1ebft 24 duy\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi D\u1ecb-th\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n trong thuy\u1ebft L\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n. B\u00e1o duy\u00ean n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c; l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa, t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p. Lu\u1eadn X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m n\u00f3i b\u00e1o c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y sinh tr\u00e1i (quy\u1ec3n 25, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 680, trung) (B\u00e1o duy\u00ean c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa D\u1ecb-th\u1ee5c-th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 danh s\u1eafc).<\/p>\n

          7) Kh\u1edfi duy\u00ean, Trong thuy\u1ebft 24 duy\u00ean, h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 kh\u1edfi duy\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi C\u1eadn duy\u00ean th\u1ee9 9. Duy\u00ean n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 sinh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 y duy\u00ean. Lu\u1eadn X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 l\u00e0 sai khi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c, hay kh\u1edfi \u00fd, th\u1ee9c, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0, gi\u00e1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i. L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 sinh, nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng sinh m\u1ea7m. s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa y duy\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u00e1o duy\u00ean h\u00e0m c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u201ct\u1eed v\u1ecb\u201d (ng\u00f4i con).<\/p>\n

          8) D\u1ecb duy\u00ean. Duy\u00ean n\u00e0y l\u00e0 H\u1ed7-vi-duy\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 D\u1ecb duy\u00ean. T\u1ea1i sao? V\u00ec lu\u1eadn X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ed9ng-h\u1eefu-ph\u00e1p\u201d, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng ly\u201d, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c v\u1eady. C\u00e2u-h\u1eefu-nh\u00e2n trong L\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi duy\u00ean n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

          9) T\u01b0\u01a1ng-t\u1ee5c-duy\u00ean, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi v\u1edbi duy\u00ean th\u1ee9 7 trong thuy\u1ebft 24 duy\u00ean. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n

          10) T\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean, Duy\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 3 trong thuy\u1ebft 24 duy\u00ean, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 4 trong thuy\u1ebft 4 duy\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c duy\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean , \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t l\u1edd m\u1edd. Theo lu\u1eadn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma ph\u00e1p y\u1ebfu, hay lu\u1eadn X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m th\u00ec: t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u00f3i cho c\u00f9ng, kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng tinh th\u1ea7n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u1ea5y d\u1ee5c, l\u1ea5y tinh ti\u1ebfn, cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m, t\u01b0 duy, t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i ch\u00ed h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t m\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Do \u0111\u00f3, T\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng vua, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

          Song, c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u x\u00e1, B\u00e0 sa, duy th\u1ee9c, v.v\u2026v\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft 4 duy\u00ean, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a duy\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t C\u00e2u x\u00e1, B\u00e0 sa, l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, tr\u1eeb t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 6). Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c hay ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00e2u nh\u1eadp n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c-nh\u00e2n. Cho n\u00ean T\u0103ng-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-duy\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c-nh\u00e2n n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i, th\u00ec, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, t\u0103ng-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-duy\u00ean, thay cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng tinh th\u1ea7n m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t, l\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t v\u00f4 l\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u tuy n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n h\u1eefu l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i, cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u00e1i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u1edf l\u00ean, l\u1ea5y lu\u1eadn X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi duy\u00ean. Song, s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1i qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau. Cho n\u00ean, tuy c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1p \u0111a \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 v\u00ec do c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, th\u00e0nh ra m\u1edbi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i duy\u00ean, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

          N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng d\u1ee5c sinh kh\u1edfi; \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u201cduy\u00ean\u201d m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u00ec l\u00f2ng d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ni\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc di\u1ec7t nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho ni\u1ec7m sau sinh m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1eb3ng-v\u00f4-gi\u00e1n-duy\u00ean\u201d, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1edf-duy\u00ean-duy\u00ean\u201d, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00e2m-t\u00e2m-s\u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u1edfi m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e2u-h\u1eefu-duy\u00ean\u201d hay \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u1ee9ng-duy\u00ean\u201d; n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 trung t\u00e2m, ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ct\u0103ng-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-duy\u00ean\u201d, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n sinh kh\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cnghi\u1ec7p duy\u00ean\u201d; r\u1ed3i n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o h\u1eadu lai m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00e1o duy\u00ean\u201d; sau h\u1ebft, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u00ec t\u1ea5t s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i duy\u00ean.
          \nTheo \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, lu\u1eadn X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft minh t\u1eebng duy\u00ean m\u1ed9t, \u0111em t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u01b0\u1eddi duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 c\u00e1i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t d\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c duy\u00ean: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Cho n\u00ean, v\u00ec cho h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean sinh, m\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec7u ki\u1ec7n khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u00e0 duy\u00ean, n\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 chung c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn. Song, n\u1ebfu cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4-t\u1eadn-duy\u00ean-kh\u1edfi th\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1ea5t m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a duy\u00ean, cho n\u00ean A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, mu\u1ed1n \u00fd c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o duy\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh.<\/p>\n

          Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo thuy\u1ebft 24 duy\u00ean m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u201cti\u1ec1n ni\u1ec7m t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf\u201d l\u00e0 y v\u00e0o v\u00f4-gi\u00e1n-duy\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb3ng-v\u00f4-gi\u00e1n-duy\u00ean, phi-h\u1eefu-duy\u00ean, ly duy\u00ean, t\u01b0\u01a1ng-t\u1ee5c-duy\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u1ee9ng-duy\u00ean. C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo thuy\u1ebft 4 duy\u00ean m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf, tuy \u00fd v\u00e0o to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 4 duy\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 trong v\u00f4-t\u00e2m-\u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c v\u00f4-t\u01b0\u1edfng-\u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec thi\u1ebfum\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t s\u1edf-duy\u00ean-duy\u00ean m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 y v\u00e0o ba duy\u00ean th\u00f4i; \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t th\u00ec duy ch\u1ec9 y v\u00e0o hai duy\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u0103ng-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-duy\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u00f4i (C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 7). Song, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u00f4i, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

          7- L\u1ee4C-NH\u00c2N-LU\u1eacN.<\/h5>\n

          Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, thuy\u1ebft 24 duy\u00ean,10 duy\u00ean v\u00e0 4 duy\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u Duy\u00ean lu\u1eadn. \u0110\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u n\u00e0y, L\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c b\u00e0ng h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

          Th\u00f4ng thu\u1eddng, khi n\u00f3i nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n g\u1ea7n (th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n), v\u00e0 khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn duy\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n xa (s\u01a1 nh\u00e2n). Do \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec coi tr\u1ecdng lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng \u1edf duy\u00ean m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng \u1edf nh\u00e2n. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, duy\u00ean lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n nh\u00e2n lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean kia, Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, khi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 duy\u00ean th\u00ec cho l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n h\u1eb9p m\u00e0 duy\u00ean r\u1ed9ng, r\u1ed3i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, n\u00ean thay v\u00ec ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng n\u01a1i nh\u00e2n l\u1ea1i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng n\u01a1i duy\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 L\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3 H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 c\u1ee9u th\u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 16, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 79, trung), th\u00ec t\u1eeb Ca-\u0111a-di\u1ec5n-ni-t\u1eed (K\u00e0tyayaniputra) tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ta kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1i phong t\u1eadp chia nh\u00e2n th\u00e0nh s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb H\u1eefu B\u1ed9. Trong lu\u1eadn Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng chia nh\u00e2n th\u00e0nh s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i: tham, s\u00e2n, si, x\u1ea3, t\u1eeb bi v\u00e0 tr\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. L\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, trong quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ec3n L\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 16, trang 530, trung) (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 2 trong b\u1ed1n quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3y quy\u1ec3n L\u0103ng Gi\u00e0), \u0111\u00e3 chia h\u1eb3n th\u00e0nh s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i: \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng-t\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n, t\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e2n, t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n, li\u1ec5u nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3i nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3. L\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ca-\u0111a-di\u1ec5n-ni-t\u1eed t\u1ea5t k\u00ednh c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Song, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0111em n\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c-nh\u00e2n (x\u01b0a d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 t\u00f9y-\u0111\u1ea1o-nh\u00e2n), c\u00e2u-h\u1eefu-nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng-lo\u1ea1i-nh\u00e2n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u1ee9ng-nh\u00e2n, bi\u1ebfn-h\u00e0nh-nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 d\u1ecb-th\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e1t Tr\u00ed, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t coi tr\u1ecdng thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y (xin kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t Tam-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn trong Duy Th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n Minh).<\/p>\n

          Sau \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin n\u00f3i qua s\u00e1u nh\u00e2n k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

          1- N\u0103ng-t\u00e1c-nh\u00e2n: C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9\u00a0l\u00e0 \u201cTr\u1eeb t\u1ef1, d\u01b0 n\u0103ng t\u00e1c\u201d (C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 6, b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, tr\u1eeb c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 ra, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u0103ng t\u00e1c. T\u1ea5t c\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u01b0 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi t\u0103ng-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-duy\u00ean trong thuy\u1ebft 4 duy\u00ean (trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma t\u1ea1p lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 3, n\u00eau l\u00ean 20 lo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c-nh\u00e2n: 1\/ Sinh-n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c, 2\/ tr\u1ee5-n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c, 3\/ tr\u00ec-n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c, 4\/ chi\u1ebfu-n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c, 5\/ bi\u1ebfn-ho\u1ea1i-n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c, 6\/ ph\u00e2n-ly-n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c, 7\/ chuy\u1ec3n-bi\u1ebfn-n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c, 8\/ t\u00edn-gi\u1ea3i-n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c, 10\/ \u0111\u1eb3ng-ch\u00ed-n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c, 11\/ t\u00f9y-thuy\u1ebft-n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c, 12\/ quan-\u0111\u00e3i-n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c, 13\/ khi\u00ean-d\u1eabn-n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c, 14\/ sinh-kh\u1edfi-n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c, 15\/ nhi\u1ec7p-th\u1ee5-n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c, 16\/ d\u1eabn-ph\u00e1t-n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c, 17\/ \u0111\u1ecbnh-bi\u1ec7t-n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c, 18\/ \u0111\u1ed3ng-s\u1ef1-n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c, 19\/ t\u01b0\u01a1ng-vi-n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c, 20\/ b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-vi-n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c – \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 31, trang 671, trung, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

          2- C\u00e2u-h\u1eefu-nh\u00e2n: c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u201ch\u1ed7-vi-qu\u1ea3\u201d (C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 6), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi ch\u1ee7 quan v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan ph\u00e1t sinh quan h\u1ec7, th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 quan l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch quan, kh\u00e1ch quan l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 quan, c\u1ea3 hai d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nhau m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. theo Kinh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9, v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau (v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n-qu\u1ea3-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Kinh B\u1ed9, xin xem C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 6). C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00ec \u201cnh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi\u201d c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, C\u00e2u-h\u1eefu-nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ph\u00e1t huy c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

          Theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, C\u00e2u-h\u1eefu-nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 hai tr\u1ea1ng hu\u1ed1ng: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 \u201cC\u00e2u-h\u1eefu-nh\u00e2n-\u0111\u1ed3ng-nh\u1ea5t-qu\u1ea3\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, tr\u1ea1ng hu\u1ed1ng do nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nhau k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 sinh ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec7p-\u0111\u1ed3ng-nguy\u00ean-nh\u00e2n\u201d. Hai l\u00e0, \u201cC\u00e2u-h\u1eefu-nh\u00e2n-h\u1ed7-vi-qu\u1ea3\u201d, t\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ng hu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 quan, kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau v\u1eeba n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ed7-\u0111\u1ed9n-nguy\u00ean-nh\u00e2n\u201d.<\/p>\n

          3- \u0110\u1ed3ng-lo\u1ea1i-nh\u00e2n: c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1\u201d (C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 6, b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng). Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khi nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u00ec nh\u00e2n \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n. H\u1ebft th\u1ea3y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 s\u00e1t na di\u1ec7t, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (\u0111\u1eb3ng-l\u01b0u-qu\u1ea3).<\/p>\n

          4- T\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u1ee9ng-nh\u00e2n: c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u201cquy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng y\u201d (C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 6). Nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t thuy\u1ebft minh c\u00e1i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ta. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, khi m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m sinh kh\u1edfi t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd theo t\u00e2m m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 m\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 do c\u00e1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9 ho\u1ea1ch nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh danh ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u1ee9ng-nh\u00e2n\u201d. T\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u1ee9ng-nh\u00e2n tuy l\u00e0 c\u00e2u-h\u1eefu-nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec c\u00e2u-h\u1eefu-nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, cho n\u00ean, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cng\u0169 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y s\u1edf y (\u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t c\u0103n), s\u1edf duy\u00ean (c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh), h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng (kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u01b0ong t\u1ef1), th\u1eddi (c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 (\u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3) l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. C\u00f2n trong C\u00e2u h\u1eefu nh\u00e2n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m khu bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 (s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u201cng\u0169 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng\u201d th\u1ea5y trong B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 16, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 80, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

          5- Bi\u1ebfn-h\u00e0nh-nh\u00e2n: Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn-h\u00e0nh-ho\u1eb7c. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd xin b\u00e0n sau \u1edf m\u1ee5c Phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o-lu\u1eadn (Thi\u00ean th\u1ee9 5).<\/p>\n

          B\u1eca KH\u1ea2O: Bi\u1ebfn-h\u00e0nh-ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5t ki\u1ebfn, nh\u1ecb nghi v\u00e0 nh\u1ecb v\u00f4 minh.<\/p>\n

          6- D\u1ecb-th\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n (b\u00e1o nh\u00e2n). \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u01b0\u1edbng hay kh\u1ed5 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p thi\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n sinh thi\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3, \u00e1c nh\u00e2n sinh \u00e1c qu\u1ea3, th\u00ec nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3. V\u1ec1 danh t\u1eeb D\u1ecb-th\u1ee5c th\u00ec trong B\u00e0 sa, C\u00e2u x\u00e1,\u2026 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn\u00a0kh\u00e1c nhau (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 6,c\u00e1c v\u1ecb lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ch\u00edn – d\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i nhi th\u1ee5c\u201d. C\u00f2n Kinh B\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: 1\/ v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c, chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 sai bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gieo nh\u00e2n; 2\/ do th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 nhanh c\u00f3 ch\u1eadm, cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 D\u1ecb th\u1ee5c). T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, do nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp sai bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ra qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u1edf l\u00ean, tuy m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 thuy\u1ebft minh qua v\u1ec1 L\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi Tr\u1ee9-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn \u1edf tr\u00ean, th\u00ec d\u00f9 T\u1ee9 duy\u00ean hay L\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u1edf nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 T\u1ee9 duy\u00ean lu\u1eadn l\u1ea5y nh\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, c\u00f2n L\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh m\u1ec7nh l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng bao h\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c, cho n\u00ean, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft 24 duy\u00ean ho\u1eb7c 10 duy\u00ean, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean L\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ebft kia. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 L\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn, tuy kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n h\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 coi tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

          8- NG\u0168-QU\u1ea2-LU\u1eacN.<\/h5>\n

          Cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, tuy \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt th\u00ec m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3. V\u1eady, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec c\u00e1i qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t k\u00ednh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn, cho n\u00ean, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm ra v\u1ebft t\u00edch. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc! V\u00ec lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao h\u00e0m trong Nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn, n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ri\u00eang r\u1ebd v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e2u. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y; ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Nh\u00e2n lu\u1eadn, Qu\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa, Qu\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c v\u1edbi Nh\u00e2n lu\u1eadn\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1ed3 nghi n\u1eefa. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 khai tri\u1ec3n trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp bao nhi\u00eau qu\u1ea3? Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, tuy l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh n\u0103m qu\u1ea3 (9 v\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Ng\u0169-qu\u1ea3-lu\u1eadn, th\u1ea5y trong B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 121, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 630, trung, n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u01b0 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh ch\u00edn qu\u1ea3\u201d).<\/p>\n

          Ng\u0169 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0: 1- D\u1ecb-th\u1ee5c-qu\u1ea3; 2- T\u0103ng-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-qu\u1ea3; 3- \u0110\u1eb3ng-l\u01b0-qu\u1ea3; 4-S\u0129-d\u1ee5ng-qu\u1ea3; 5- Ly-h\u1ec7-qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

          1- D\u1ecb-th\u1ee5c-qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p, n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i D\u1ecb-th\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a D\u1ecb-th\u1ee5c-qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ph\u00fa v\u00f4 k\u00fd, t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n hay \u00e1c l\u00e0 do bi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n sinh ra v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e2n th\u00ec c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c, qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa D\u1ecb-th\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 D\u1ecb-th\u1ee5c-qu\u1ea3 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

          2- \u0110\u1eb3ng-l\u01b0u-qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i qu\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, nh\u00e2n \u00e1c th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u00e1c. Qu\u1ea3 do \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y. Ngo\u00e0i ra, bi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i qu\u1ea3 do nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y sinh kh\u1edfi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb3ng-l\u01b0u-qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

          3- S\u0129-d\u1ee5ng-qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 do l\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f3, t\u1ee9c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng-l\u1ef1c-nh\u00e2n, C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 6 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cN\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 do th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c sinh ra th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u0129-d\u1ee5ng-qu\u1ea3\u201d. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng. Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u0129-d\u1ee5ng-qu\u1ea3; nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2u-h\u1eefu-nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u1ee9ng-nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

          4- T\u0103ng-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u0103ng-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-duy\u00ean, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c-nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng. Tr\u1eeb t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 ra, c\u00f2n h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c-nh\u00e2n (hay t\u0103ng-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-duy\u00ean) v\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, tr\u1eeb ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra, c\u00f2n h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u0103ng-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-qu\u1ea3. Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kia. C\u1ee9 theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec b\u1ed1n qu\u1ea3 kia c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u0103ng-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-qu\u1ea3. Tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed1n qu\u1ea3 kia, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4-ng\u1ea1i-qu\u1ea3, gi\u00e1n-ti\u1ebfp-qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ti\u00eau-c\u1ef1c-nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1n-ti\u1ebfp-nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

          5- Ly-h\u1ec7-qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129a Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, tuy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i s\u0129-d\u1ee5ng-qu\u1ea3 hay, c\u0169ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 si-d\u1ee5ng-qu\u1ea3-b\u1ea5t-sinh (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 6), nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi, c\u00f2n Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ly-h\u1ec7-qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

          N\u0103m qu\u1ea3 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7, do \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u1eadp th\u00eam b\u1ed1n qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

          1- An-l\u1eadp-qu\u1ea3. Theo Th\u1eadp-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 y c\u1ee9, Nh\u01b0 C\u00e2u x\u00e1 l\u1eadp th\u1ee7y lu\u00e2n tr\u00ean phong lu\u00e2n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i An-l\u1eadp-qu\u1ea3 (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 6).<\/p>\n

          2- Gia-h\u1ea1nh-qu\u1ea3. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t ban \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed. Nh\u01b0 l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t-t\u1ecbnh-qu\u00e1n l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed v\u00f4 sinh ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n

          3- H\u00f2a-h\u1ee3p-qu\u1ea3, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e3n c\u0103n, v.v\u2026<\/p>\n

          4- Tu-t\u1eadp-qu\u1ea3, l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i do t\u0129nh l\u1ef1 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn-h\u00f3a-t\u00e2m, bi\u1ebfn-h\u00f3a-t\u00e2m l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u0129nh l\u1ef1 (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 6).<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ed1n qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y so v\u1edbi n\u0103m qu\u1ea3 tr\u00ean kia \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 h\u01a1i nh\u1eb9, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m qu\u1ea3 tr\u00ean. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2u-h\u1eefu-nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ebfp v\u00e0o s\u0129-d\u1ee5ng-qu\u1ea3. V\u00ec m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00ean C\u00e2u x\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1n qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ebfp v\u00e0o t\u0103ng-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-qu\u1ea3 hay s\u0129-d\u1ee5ng-qu\u1ea3 (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 6).<\/p>\n

          B\u1eca KH\u1ea2O:<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u00e1u nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh n\u0103m qu\u1ea3 (hay ch\u00edn qu\u1ea3). Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Kinh B\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng, v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean; c\u00f2n H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. Quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u00f3m th\u00e2u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau hay \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 l\u1eadp hai lo\u1ea1i Th\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 D\u1eef qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh, v\u00ec ch\u00ednh t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n th\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 bao h\u00e0m c\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t-li\u1ec7u-nhan. C\u00f2n D\u1eef qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng-l\u1ef1c-nh\u00e2n. T\u1ee9c ph\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u bao h\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y. Trong C\u00e2u x\u00e1 l\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 l\u00e0: \u201cc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 gieo nh\u00e2n n\u00ean g\u1ecdi th\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3, cho \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00ean g\u1ecdi d\u1eef qu\u1ea3\u201d (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 6).<\/p>\n

          Chi\u1ebfu theo s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa l\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u0169 qu\u1ea3, th\u00ec tr\u1eeb n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c-nh\u00e2n, c\u00f2n n\u0103m nh\u00e2n kia duy ch\u1ec9 th\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3 \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? V\u00ec trong c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 bao h\u00e0m th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t sinh qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. C\u00f2n d\u1eef qu\u1ea3 trong kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m nh\u00e2n th\u00ec c\u00f3 sai kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n C\u00e2u-h\u1eefu-nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u1ee9ng-nh\u00e2n, v\u00ec qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 s\u1ef9 d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, n\u00ean d\u1eef qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. D\u1ecb-th\u1ee5c-nh\u00e2n, v\u00ec l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 tr\u1ea3 \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, cho n\u00ean d\u1eef qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. \u0110\u1ed3ng-lo\u1ea1i-nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 Bi\u1ebfn-h\u00e0nh-nh\u00e2n, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, th\u00ec: \u0111\u1eb3ng-l\u01b0u-qu\u1ea3, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u1eeb c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, th\u00ec d\u1eef qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n. Sau h\u1ebft l\u00e0 n\u0103ng-t\u00e1c-nh\u00e2n. n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 th\u00ec d\u1eef qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng trong nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u1ecb lai, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng, d\u1eef qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t-ch\u01b0\u1edbng-nh\u00e2n, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa th\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 d\u1eef qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 chia th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t-li\u1ec7u-nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n hai lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00eau r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. (B\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 d\u1eef qu\u1ea3, th\u1ea5y trong C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 6).<\/p>\n

          9- K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn – Tr\u1edf l\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-quan r\u1ea5t phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-quan n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang ra, nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh-nhi-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u c\u00e1i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u01a1 h\u1edf m\u00e0 trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Trung Qu\u00e1n sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1i \u00fd ch\u1ec9 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n II, Ph\u00e1-nh\u00e2n-qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 151, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn cho nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 331, h\u1ea1). R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ebf-\u0111\u1ebf-ph\u1ea9m 152, lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebf n\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 l\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n, ng\u0169 qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

          M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn c\u00f2n khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft tinh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t huy t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

          Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII: Ch\u01b0 M\u00f4n Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t<\/h4>\n

          Trong s\u00e1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t qua v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu. V\u00e0 c\u00e1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y m\u00e0, trong thi\u00ean sau \u0111\u00e2y, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn qua. \u0110\u00f3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201cPh\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u201d ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u201cCh\u01b0-m\u00f4n-ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t\u201d.<\/p>\n

          Trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cCh\u01b0 m\u00f4n ph\u00e2n bi\u00eat\u201d n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu xa l\u00eca ch\u01b0 m\u00f4n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

          \u201cTrong Kinh, ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft, c\u00f2n A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u00ec v\u00ec ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kinh, ph\u00e2n bi\u00eat lu\u1eadn, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p, n\u00ean ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7\u201d.<\/p>\n

          C\u0169ng theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, Long Th\u1ee5 trong Tr\u00ed \u0110\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u201cA-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u2013 L\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ea5n m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cCh\u01b0-m\u00f4n-ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t\u201d.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u00ed-\u0111\u1ed9-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 2 n\u00f3i: Nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi th\u00ec: C\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 s\u1eafc? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o v\u00f4 s\u1eafc? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y? c\u00e1i n\u00e0o h\u1eefu l\u1eadu? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o v\u00f4 l\u1eadu? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o h\u1eefu vi? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o v\u00f4 vi? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o h\u1eefu b\u00e1o? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o v\u00f4 b\u00e1o? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o thi\u1ec7n? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o h\u1eefu ch\u1ee9ng? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o v\u00f4 ch\u1ee9ng? Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

          \u201cL\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, th\u1ea5t s\u1eed l\u00e0: d\u1ee5c-nhi\u1ec5m-s\u1eed, s\u00e2n-hu\u1ec7-s\u1eed, h\u1eefu-\u00e1i-s\u1eed, ki\u00eau-m\u1ea1n-s\u1eed, v\u00f4-minh-s\u1eed, ki\u1ebfn s\u1eed, nghi s\u1eed. V\u1eady trong th\u1ea5t s\u1eed \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebf \u0111o\u1ea1n? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o t\u01b0 duy \u0111o\u1ea1n? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 \u0111o\u1ea1n? c\u00e1i n\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn t\u1eadp \u0111o\u1ea1n? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn t\u1eadn \u0111o\u1ea1n? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn s\u1eed? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn s\u1eed?\u201d.<\/p>\n

          \u201cTh\u1eadp tr\u00ed l\u00e0: ph\u00e1p tr\u00ed, t\u1ec9 tr\u00ed, th\u1ebf tr\u00ed, tha-t\u00e2m-tr\u00ed, kh\u1ed5 tr\u00ed, t\u1eadp tr\u00ed, di\u1ec7t tr\u00ed, \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ed, t\u1eadn tr\u00ed, v\u00f4 sinh tr\u00ed. V\u1eady trong m\u01b0\u1eddi tri n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o v\u00f4 l\u1eadu? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o h\u1eefu vi? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o v\u00f4 vi? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o h\u1eefu l\u1eadu duy\u00ean? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o v\u00f4 l\u1eadu duy\u00ean? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o h\u1eefu vi duy\u00ean? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o v\u00f4 vi duy\u00ean? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi duy\u00ean? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi duy\u00ean? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi duy\u00ean? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o duy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5i? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0m tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c tu \u0111\u1ea1o? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t trong vi\u1ec7c tu \u0111\u1ea1o? Khi ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ee9 qu\u1ea3 th\u00ec c\u00e1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? C\u00e1i n\u00e0o m\u1ea5t? T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m\u201d (Tr\u00ed \u0110\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 2, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 25, trang 70, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau lo\u1ea1i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, thi trong t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-b\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9, c\u00f3 47 lo\u1ea1i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. Trong X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn th\u00ec c\u00f3 40 lo\u1ea1i (tham chi\u1ebfu \u201cA-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u\u201d). Trong C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn th\u00ec ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 18 gi\u1edbi l\u1ea1i l\u1eadp ra 24 hay 25 b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n (quy\u1ec3n 3) th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay ta c\u00f3 l\u1eadp ra ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u00fd nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, trong \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, bao h\u00e0m c\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng.<\/p>\n

          Sau \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u00ed d\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, l\u00e0 Tam-tinh-m\u00f4n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ba lo\u1ea1i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n chi\u1ebfu theo thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: \u201cnh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u00e1c, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 k\u00fd (kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng \u00e1c \u2013 trung l\u1eadp)\u201d, v.v\u2026 \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p mu\u1ed1n theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh c\u00e1i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y h\u00e0m ng\u1ee5 c\u00e1i \u00fd l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ec7n, \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf \u00e1c l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi-h\u1ec7-m\u00f4n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t mu\u1ed1n thuy\u1ebft minh trong 18 gi\u1edbi, 22 c\u0103n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn 5 u\u1ea9n c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, b\u00e0o nhi\u00eau thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi? B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 22 c\u0103n hay 18 gi\u1edbi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan l\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n gian l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, cho n\u00ean, t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n gian tr\u1edf l\u00ean s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb c\u00e0ng cao th\u00ec y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t t\u00fac: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma. B\u1edfi v\u00ec khi \u0111i l\u00ean th\u00ec t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i c\u1edfi b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 cao sinh ho\u1ea1t tinh th\u1ea7n. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a Gi\u1edbi-h\u1ec7-m\u00f4n l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c mu\u1ed1n \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n t\u00e2m m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 cao con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

          L\u1ea1i c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1eefa: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 Tam-\u0111o\u1ea1n-m\u00f4n. Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, s\u1ef1 m\u00ea l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ta \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 m\u00ea v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, hai l\u00e0 m\u00ea v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh \u00fd; cho n\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1eeb m\u00ea c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111o\u1ea1n\u201d, th\u1ee9 hai g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ctu \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111o\u1ea1n\u201d. M\u00e0 chi\u1ebfu theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p th\u00ec trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p do th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p do tu \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 vi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111o\u1ea1n (phi s\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n). Ch\u00ednh Tam-\u0111o\u1ea1n-m\u00f4n thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y v\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma.<\/p>\n

          Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 h\u1eefu-l\u1eadu-v\u00f4-l\u1eadu-m\u00f4n, h\u1eefu-vi-v\u00f4-vi-m\u00f4n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1ea3, l\u1ea1c, x\u1ea3 ba \u0111\u1ea1i-th\u1ee5-m\u00f4n, v.v\u2026 nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, c\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec3m quy k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1eabn h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. M\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t phi\u1ec1n t\u1ecfa \u0111\u00f3, khi nh\u00ecn b\u1eb1ng nh\u00e3n quang ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, trong Ch\u01b0-m\u00f4n-ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t, d\u00f9 cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111i n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u0169ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tri th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. c\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u00f4n c\u00f3-th\u1ec3-th\u1ea5y-kh\u00f4ng-th\u1ec3-th\u1ea5y, ch\u01b0\u1edbng-ng\u1ea1i-v\u00f4-ch\u01b0\u1edbng-ng\u1ea1i-m\u00f4n, nhi\u00ean-kh\u1ea3-nhi\u00ean-m\u00f4n, t\u00edch-t\u1ee5-phi-t\u00edch-m\u00f4n, v.v\u2026 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. Cho n\u00ean Ch\u01b0-m\u00f4n-ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ta c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng khi l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1i l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0, m\u1ed7i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 phi\u1ec1n t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u00f4n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111oc c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u1ecfi m\u1ec7t v\u00e0 n\u1ea3n ch\u00ed nh\u1ea5t khi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Ch\u01b0-m\u00f4n-ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec ch\u00fang phi\u1ec1n t\u1ea1p qu\u00e1, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

          THI\u00caN TH\u1ee8 BA\u00a0\u2013 TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI QUAN<\/h3>\n

          CH\u01af\u01a0NG I –\u00a0T\u1ed4NG LU\u1eacN<\/h4>\n

          1- \u0110\u1ecaNH NGH\u0128A TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI QUAN<\/h5>\n

          Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ebd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, hay \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf thi\u00ean th\u1ee9 hai, trong \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan r\u1ed3i. M\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 Weltanschauung hay cosmology, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn xem A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n b\u00e0n qua. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

          2- TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI QUAN C\u1ee6A PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O NGUY\u00caN TH\u1ee6Y<\/h5>\n

          \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u1edf vi\u1ec7c “Chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ea khai ng\u1ed9”, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ea khai ng\u1ed9, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng “tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c”. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 mong c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khai ng\u1ed9 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u00ednh do \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i ai c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

          Song, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0: Ph\u1eadt tuy ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c tri ki\u1ebfn” c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i chuy\u00ean l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c truy c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng. L\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o cho y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00f2n truy c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng r\u1ea5t gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 khi v\u00ec qu\u00e1 c\u00e2u n\u1ec7 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 truy c\u1ee9u \u1ea5y m\u00e0 sao nh\u00e3ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c tu v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Do \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y n\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tuy ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng “nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt”, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u00e0 ta c\u1ee9 c\u1ed1 l\u01b0u t\u00e2m ch\u00fa \u00fd, th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 bi\u00ean t\u1ebf hay kh\u00f4ng bi\u00ean t\u1ebf? Th\u00e2n, t\u00e2m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hay kh\u00e1c? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau khi ch\u1ebft c\u00f3 linh h\u1ed3n hay kh\u00f4ng? \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. Cho n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt tuy l\u1ea5y th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan s\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd, sinh v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m m\u1ea5y. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu ai b\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb thi\u00ean v\u0103n, \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, th\u00ec, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn (quan s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt) c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u1ee9u k\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Khi Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 khi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3. N\u1ebfu l\u00eca s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Cho n\u00ean, khi Ph\u1eadt thu d\u1ee5ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 n\u00fai Tu Di, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft Nam di\u00eam ph\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec1, n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n v.v… th\u00ec hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec \u00edt, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tuy c\u00f3 v\u1ebb v\u1ee5n v\u1eb7t, nh\u01b0ng trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0o? V\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0o? Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt trong khi thuy\u1ebft minh, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 thu d\u1ee5ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt, ho\u1eb7c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea1i sao? V\u00ec ch\u00ednh c\u1ea3 ngay s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u00f3 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, c\u0169ng v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

          3- TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI QUAN C\u1ee6A A T\u1ef2 \u0110\u1ea0T MA<\/h5>\n

          \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y l\u00e0 n\u00f3i theo h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Do \u0111\u00f3, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed5 k\u00ednh, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng v\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u1ed5 k\u00ednh h\u01a1n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 thu d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd r\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 coi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

          Ch\u1ee7 \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb x\u01b0a v\u1eabn cho r\u1eb1ng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong c\u00e1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan nh\u1ea5t ban c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi n\u1eefa. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, ngo\u00e0i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u1ee7a K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ri\u00eang. Do \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan nh\u1ea5t ban c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean do ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

          4- T\u00c0I LI\u1ec6U V\u1ec0 TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI QUAN<\/h5>\n

          Song, nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00ec r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 n\u00eau l\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c trong A H\u00e0m B\u1ed9, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed gi\u1eefa H\u00e1n V\u0103n v\u00e0 Ba Li. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y tuy kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ra ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0u t\u1eadp th\u00eam, th\u00eam ngo\u00e0i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, Trung A H\u00e0m ra, trong T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m v\u00e0 T\u0103ng Nh\u1ea5t A H\u00e0m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong A \u00c2n C\u00f4 Tha L\u1ea1p b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n Ba Li hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n trong Anguttara I, p. 227 v\u00e0 V, p. 59 v.v… n\u00f3i: “M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng chi\u1ebfu kh\u1eafp m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Trong ngh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 ngh\u00ecn m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, ngh\u00ecn m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, ngh\u00ecn n\u00fai Tu Di,\u00a0ngh\u00ecn Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1, ngh\u00ecn C\u00e2u \u0110a Ni, ngh\u00ecn U\u1ea5t \u0110an Vi\u1ec7t …). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i h\u00e3y c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean \u0111em so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

          V\u1edbi d\u1ee5ng \u00fd tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y n\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f2n truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i trong v\u0103n Ba Li. Ph\u1ea1m ng\u1eef v\u00e0 H\u00e1n V\u0103n. T\u1ef1u trung, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n Ba Li th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 B\u1ea3n Sinh \u0110\u00e0m (hay B\u1ea3n Sinh Kinh) v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u B\u1ea3n Sinh \u0110\u00e0m (VI, p. 125, v\u00e0 p. 432), ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u trong A Tha Sa Li Ni v.v… V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n Ph\u1ea1m ng\u1eef th\u00ec c\u00f3 Thi\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p th\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0110\u1ea1i S\u1ef1 (tham chi\u1ebfu Kirfel; Die Kosmographie der Inder S.186) v.v… Nh\u01b0ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch Kinh L\u00e2u Th\u00e1n (kinh Th\u1ebf Kh\u1edfi). B\u1ed9 kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 18 \u0111\u1ebfn 20 (do Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u00e0 Da X\u00e1 v\u00e0 Tr\u00fac Ph\u1eadt Ni\u1ec7m c\u00f9ng d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o th\u1eddi H\u1eadu T\u1ea7n). Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c th\u00ec c\u00f3 Kh\u1edfi Th\u1ebf Kinh, 10 quy\u1ec3n (do X\u00e0 Na Qu\u1eadt \u0110a d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f9y); Th\u1ebf Nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n kinh, 10 quy\u1ec3n (do \u0110\u1ea1t Ma C\u1ea5p \u0110a d\u1ecbch), c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f9y). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m sau \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1 Ch\u00e2u ph\u1ea9m; 2. U\u1ea5t \u0110an Vi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea9m; 3. Chuy\u1ec3n Lu\u00e2n Th\u00e1nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m; 4. \u0110\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c ph\u1ea9m; 5. Long \u0110i\u1ec3u ph\u1ea9m; 6. A Tu Lu\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m; 7. T\u1ee9 Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m; 8. \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean ph\u1ea9m; 9. Tam Tai ph\u1ea9m; 10. Chi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea5u ph\u1ea9m; 11. Tam Trung Ki\u1ebfp ph\u1ea9m; 12. Th\u1ebf B\u1ea3n Duy\u00ean ph\u1ea9m.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 l\u1eafm, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n

            Trong l\u1ea7n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m (l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, kinh v\u0103n v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lo\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 xem c\u00f3 hai b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5). Do \u0111\u1ea5y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tuy \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111em so s\u00e1nh n\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p sau n\u00e0y, th\u00ec v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

            Th\u1ebf Kh\u1edfi kinh, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, tuy l\u00e0 A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a, th\u00ec v\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c Kh\u1ebf Kinh. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 danh ngh\u0129a, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 “Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn (10 quy\u1ec3n, do Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ebf d\u1ecbch: \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh 32, trang 173 \u2013 226). B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y chia c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh 25 ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi 10 ph\u1ea9m trong kinh Th\u1ebf Kh\u1edfi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. \u0110\u1ecba \u0110\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea9m: 2. Nam Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m; 3. L\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea9m; 4. D\u1ea1 Xoa Th\u1ea7n ph\u1ea9m; 5. L\u1eadu X\u00e1 K\u1ef3 L\u1ee3i T\u01b0\u1ee3ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m; 6. T\u1ee9 Thi\u00ean H\u1ea1 ph\u1ea9m; 7. S\u1ed1 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea9m; 8. Thi\u00ean Tr\u1ee5 X\u1ee9 ph\u1ea9m; 9. Hoan H\u1ef7 Vi\u00ean ph\u1ea9m; 10. Ch\u00fang Xa Vi\u00ean ph\u1ea9m; 11. \u00c1c Kh\u1ea9u Vi\u00ean ph\u1ea9m; 12. T\u1ea1p Vi\u00ean ph\u1ea9m; 13. Ba L\u1ee3i D\u1ea1 \u0110a Vi\u00ean ph\u1ea9m; 14. \u0110\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea7u L\u1ea1i Tra Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m; 15. T\u1ef3 L\u01b0u L\u1eb7c Xoa Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m; 16. T\u1ef3 L\u01b0u B\u00e1c Xoa Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m; 17. T\u1ef3 Sa M\u00f4n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m; 18. Thi\u00ean Phi Thi\u00ean Chi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea5u ph\u1ea9m; 19.\u00a0Nh\u1eadt Nguy\u1ec7t H\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m; 20. V\u00e2n H\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m; 21. Th\u1ee5 Sinh ph\u1ea9m; 22. Th\u1ecd L\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea9m, 23. Ph\u1ea9m \u0110\u1ecba Ng\u1ee5c (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 10 ph\u1ea9m n\u00f3i 11 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c); 24. Ti\u1ec3u Tam Tai ph\u1ea9m (trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 T\u1eadt D\u1ecbch \u0110ao Binh v\u00e0 C\u01a1 Ng\u00e3 Ba ph\u1ea9m); v\u00e0 25. \u0110\u1ea1i Tam Tai ph\u1ea9m (h\u1ecfa tai).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              N\u1ed9i dung c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3. Tuy mang c\u00e1i t\u00ean l\u00e0 “Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft” nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1ecb lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma sau n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd, do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eafn ch\u1eafn ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c theo kinh Th\u1ebf Kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n

              Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd, ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n khoa trong c\u00e1c A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 Thi Thi\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y. Thi Thi\u1ebft lu\u1eadn b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch tuy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m Nh\u00e2n Thi Thi\u1ebft g\u1ed3m 7 quy\u1ec3n (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26), nh\u01b0ng \u1edf T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, ngo\u00e0i Nh\u00e2n Thi Thi\u1ebft ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Nghi\u1ec7p Thi Thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Gian Thi Thi\u1ebft ba ph\u1ea9m. Trong ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a hai ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u, De la Valleepoussin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n v\u00e0 X\u01b0ng H\u1eefu. Ph\u1ea9m Th\u1ebf Gian Thi Thi\u1ebft t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o kinh Th\u1ebf Kh\u1edfi trong Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m phong th\u00e1i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Long Th\u1ee5, cho n\u00ean trong lu\u1eadn Tr\u00ed \u0110\u1ed9 quy\u1ec3n 2 c\u00f3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

              “C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng trong s\u00e1u ph\u1ea7n A T\u1ef3 H\u00e0m th\u00ec Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t Th\u1ebf X\u1ee9 Ph\u1eadn th\u1ee9 3 g\u1ed3m\u00a08 ph\u1ea9m (Kinh L\u00e2u Th\u00e1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 3 trong s\u00e1u ph\u1ea7n) l\u00e0 do M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec7n Li\u00ean tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 25, trang 70, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng)”.<\/p>\n

              Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, trong s\u00e1u b\u1ed9 A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma (L\u1ee5c T\u00fac Lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9?), Thi Thi\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 3, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa th\u00edch th\u00ec c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o Kinh L\u00e2u Th\u00e1n, cho n\u00ean, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 lu\u1eadn Thi Thi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t thai t\u1eeb kinh Th\u1ebf Kh\u1edfi trong Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111em \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa Th\u1ebf Kh\u1edfi Kinh v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Gian Thi Thi\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt\u00a0kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y qua trong “A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma Lu\u1eadn Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u”, thi\u00ean th\u1ee9 3.<\/p>\n

              V\u1ec1 H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch, lu\u1eadn Thi Thi\u1ebft tuy ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, n\u00f3 mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong L\u1ee5c T\u00fac lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu B\u1ed9, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng. Cho n\u00ean, Th\u1ebf Gian Thi Thi\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n uy v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 T\u00f4n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u1eadp T\u1eadp D\u1ecb M\u00f4n T\u00fac lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 11, thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 ng\u0169 th\u00fa, quy\u1ec3n 17, thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 Th\u1ea5t Th\u1ee9c Tr\u1ee5, quy\u1ec3n 19, thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 C\u1eedu H\u1eefu T\u00ecnh C\u01b0; r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p U\u1ea9n T\u00fac lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 12 th\u00ec c\u00f3 C\u0103n ph\u1ea9m, \u0110a Gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m, Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi ph\u1ea9m; V\u00e0 Th\u1ee9c Th\u00e2n T\u00fac lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 2 \u0111\u1ebfn 3 th\u00ec c\u00f3 B\u1ed5 \u0110\u1eb7c Gi\u00e0 La U\u1ea9n; sau h\u1ebft, Ph\u1ea9m Lo\u1ea1i T\u00fac lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 6 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 D\u1ecb Sinh Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n 8 thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 C\u1eedu H\u1eefu T\u00ecnh C\u01b0, v.v…). \u0110\u1ebfn khi t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00ec, v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan, lu\u1eadn Thi Thi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu. Lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef3 B\u00e0 Sa, v\u00ec l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e1t Tr\u00ed, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb Th\u1ebf Gian Thi Thi\u1ebft. Trong lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e1p Th\u1eafng A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m T\u00e2m tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng trong lu\u1eadn A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma C\u00e2u X\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 t\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p Th\u1eafng A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m T\u00e2m lu\u1eadn, th\u00ec trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 3, c\u00f3 l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Gian ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ecfng theo th\u1ec3 t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn Thi Thi\u1ebft k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean. M\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1 t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 c\u00f2n tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 trong \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef3 B\u00e0 Sa, v\u00e0, n\u1ebfu \u0111em bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan trong Th\u1ebf Gian ph\u1ea9m th\u00ec, theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m cao nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 x\u01b0a nay h\u1ec5 c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129 ngay \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ebf Gian ph\u1ea9m trong lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1. Bi\u1ec7n Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi ph\u1ea9m trong Thu\u1eadn Ch\u00ednh L\u00fd lu\u1eadn, ho\u1eb7c Hi\u1ec3n T\u00f4n lu\u1eadn ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a theo nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

              5- S\u1ef0 PH\u00c2N LO\u1ea0I TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI<\/h5>\n

              Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i qua v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3.<\/p>\n

              Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (t\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gian) c\u00f3 hai ngh\u0129a: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 v\u1eadt kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gian, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gian. Kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, t\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt kh\u00ed; c\u00f2n h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt kh\u00ed n\u00e0y. Hai c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 tuy v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 r\u1eddi nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t n\u00ean chia th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee9 theo c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o cho ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i. Song, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ed1n quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “H\u1eefu t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gian”, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, n\u00ean trong Kh\u00ed Th\u1ebf Gian lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 H\u1eefu T\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn: \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1ecfng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i ai c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

              6- S\u00c1CH THAM KH\u1ea2O<\/h5>\n

              Khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean ra, nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. a) Vi\u00ean Huy, C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn t\u1ee5ng s\u1edb, quy\u1ec3n 8 \u0111\u1ebfn 12.<\/li>\n
              2. b) W. Kirfel, Die Kosmographie (2te Abschnitt, Die Kosmographie der Buddhisten) 1920 Bonn.<\/li>\n
              3. c) Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics (vol. IV, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p. 129 \u2013 138); Cosmogony and Cosmology (Buddhist) by De a Valleepoussin.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II: Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Quan C\u1ee7a B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o (\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gian)<\/h4>\n

                1- L\u1edcI T\u1ef0A<\/h5>\n

                Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n sinh quan. C\u00e1i l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ch\u1ee7 \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd duy t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn, do t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c m\u00e0 khai tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng do \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tam gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ea3n sinh t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n sinh quan, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, t\u00f9y theo tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ta m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh tu h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, \u0111em chia h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh gi\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ba th\u00e1i l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, s\u00e1c gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh. C\u1ee9 theo c\u00e1i danh ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y th\u00ec to\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 cho c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n, cho n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

                Nh\u01b0ng, gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, m\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean do \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n sinh quan m\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u01a1ng sang th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan v\u1eady. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, \u0111\u1ebfn Trung A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 43, trong Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t \u00dd H\u00e0nh Kinh th\u00ec cho \u00fd ngh\u0129a gi\u1eefa tam gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecba thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tam gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh ti\u00ean thi\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ed3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 sai kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa tam gi\u1edbi s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh \u1edf th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, cho \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, trong tam gi\u1edbi, v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n, kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t gi\u1edbi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o sinh \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00ean c\u00e1i h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tam gi\u1edbi th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn. Do \u0111\u00f3, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t ban \u1edf th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3.<\/p>\n

                2- TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI QUAN C\u1ee6A V\u1ec6 \u0110\u00c0 V\u00c0 \u00c1O NGH\u0128A TH\u01af<\/h5>\n

                V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan c\u1ee7a L\u00ea C\u00e2u V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u chia th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00e0nh Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t, r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n l\u1ea1i kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn trung gian gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft Tam gi\u1edbi. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, tr\u00ean c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi, n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed l\u01b0u th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi; v\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 tinh t\u00fa th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi; hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb ri\u00eang l\u00e0 Svar, Bhuvar, Bh\u00f9r. Tam gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh x\u1ee9 s\u1edf c\u00f3 giai \u0111\u1ecdan, m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 n\u01a1i y ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y sinh v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

                Song, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n m\u00e0 chia thuy\u1ebft minh gi\u1edbi th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng khu bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Trong L\u00ea C\u00e2u V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 (R, V, VII, 87, 5) \u0111\u00e3 chia th\u00e0nh tr\u1eddi ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ea5t ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 theo lu\u1eadn l\u00fd \u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ba giai \u0111\u1ecdan, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 manh nha thuy\u1ebft Tam gi\u1edbi c\u1eedu \u0111\u1ecba (ba c\u00f5i, ch\u00edn n\u01a1i) v\u1eady. \u0110\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng trong ba c\u00f5i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 cao, th\u1ea5p, kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n th\u01b0 V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i r\u00f5 ch\u01b0 th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tam gi\u1edbi, c\u1eedu \u0111\u1ecba nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1eddi, l\u1ea5y gi\u00f3 ph\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng, l\u1ea5y l\u1eeda ph\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 l\u00e0m v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 th\u1ea7n th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 manh nha trong L\u00ea C\u00e2u V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1m Th\u01b0. \u0110\u1ebfn Ph\u1ea1m Th\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c \u00c1o Ngh\u0129a Th\u01b0 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i chia ra t\u00e1m c\u00f5i (b\u00e1t gi\u1edbi) hay ch\u00edn c\u00f5i (c\u1eedu gi\u1edbi) \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong B\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1ea1m Th\u01b0 k\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1m th\u1ea7n: 1. H\u1ecfa th\u1ea7n, 2. \u0110\u1ecba th\u1ea7n, 3. Phong th\u1ea7n, 4. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n, 5. Th\u00e1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea7n, 6. Thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n, 7. Nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ea7n, 8. Tinh th\u1ea7n. L\u1ea1i trong B\u00e1 L\u1ecb C\u00e1p \u0110\u1ee9c \u00c1o Ngh\u0129a Th\u01b0 th\u00ec, ph\u00eda tr\u00ean c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi, k\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u00edn c\u00f5i l\u00e0:1. Phong gi\u1edbi; 2. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi, 3. C\u00e0n Th\u00e1t B\u00e0 gi\u1edbi, 4. Th\u00e1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi, 5. Nguy\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi, 6. Tinh gi\u1edbi, 7. Thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, 8. Nh\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0 La gi\u1edbi, 9. Sinh Ch\u1ee7 gi\u1edbi. Nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i quan th\u00ec ch\u01b0 th\u1ea7n trong c\u00e1c c\u00f5i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7ng b\u1eadc, nh\u01b0ng trong Tam gi\u1edbi th\u00ec m\u1ed7i th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ri\u00eang, m\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 Sinh Ch\u1ee7. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1m Th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u00c1o Ngh\u0129a Th\u01b0.<\/p>\n

                Nh\u01b0ng, c\u00e1i h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i L\u00ea C\u00e2u V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1p tr\u1eddi che, \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1edf. Trong L\u00ea C\u00e2u V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 v\u00ed tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 hai b\u00e1nh xe m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i tr\u1ee5c l\u00e0m li\u00ean l\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1ea1m Th\u01b0 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 con r\u00f9a v\u00e0 con voi. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, tr\u1eddi xanh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi b\u1ee5ng, c\u00f2n trung gian t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi. R\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc n\u1eefa m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan trong \u00c1i \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ec7 Da \u00c1o Ngh\u0129a Th\u01b0. Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc bao b\u1ecdc, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng (\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t (ch\u1ebft). Song, \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 B\u00e0 L\u00e0 M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (t\u1ee9c t\u1eeb L\u00ea C\u00e2u V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Kinh Th\u01b0), nh\u01b0ng s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng do \u0111\u1eddi sau s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c n\u00fai, c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Danh t\u1eeb Tu Di S\u01a1n tuy \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong Suy \u0110\u1ec1 L\u1ee3i Da \u00c1o Ngh\u0129a Th\u01b0, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ea3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111ang c\u01b0 tr\u00fa l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t r\u1ed3i sau m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, t\u1ee9c to\u00e0n c\u00f5i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i qui m\u00f4 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t sinh sau th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda nam, bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 n\u00fai tuy\u1ebft, c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3n, th\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, \u00edt ra, m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft ngo\u00e0i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

                3- TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI QUAN T\u00c2N B\u00c0 LA M\u00d4N GI\u00c1O<\/h5>\n

                Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i: 1) Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan T\u00e2n B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o; 2) Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o; v\u00e0 3) Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan Ky na gi\u00e1o. Trong kho\u1ea3ng h\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa ba t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y tuy c\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. B\u1edfi v\u00ec tuy c\u00f9ng l\u1ea5y t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean l\u00e0m b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t ri\u00eang, do \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. T\u1ef1u trung, thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a K\u1ef3 Na v\u00e0 T\u00e2n B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u1eb3ng qua c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf t\u1eeb c\u00e1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, cho n\u00ean, mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ta ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft qua th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a T\u00e2n B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay c\u1ee7a K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

                Song, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 d\u1ee5ng \u00fd l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a T\u00e2n B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh sau n\u00e0y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

                Nh\u01b0ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a T\u00e2n B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan trong Ma Ha B\u00e0 La \u0110a v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan trong Ma N\u00f4. K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na (Ph\u1ea1m) ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 18 lo\u1ea1i: 1. \u0110a Ca Ng\u00f5a Tha B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na; 2. Ba Quy X\u00e1 B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na; 3. B\u00e0 La M\u00e0n \u0110\u00e0 B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na; 4. B\u00e0 La Man Ng\u00f5a Y Ng\u00f5a Nh\u0129 Tha B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na; 5. \u0110\u1ee9c Duy Ba Ca Ng\u00f5a Tha B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na; 6. Ca Nh\u0129 Tha B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na; 7. Kh\u1ed1 L\u01b0 M\u00e3 B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na; 8. L\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na; 9. Ma L\u01b0 Can \u0110\u1ec1 Da B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na; 10. Ma Ca B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na; 11. Ph\u1ea1 \u0110\u00e0 Ma B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na; 12. Th\u1ea5p B\u00e0 B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na; 13. T\u01b0 Can \u0110\u00e0 B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na; 14. Ng\u00f5a Ma Na B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na; 15. Ng\u00f5a L\u1ea1p C\u00e1p B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na; 16. Ng\u00f5a Do B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na; 17. Duy T\u01b0 N\u00f4 B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na; 18. Na L\u1ea1p L\u1ecb Da B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na.<\/p>\n

                Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0: 1. \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, 2. Ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i, t\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, 3. Th\u1ea7n Ph\u1ed5 lu\u1eadn, 4. S\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Ma N\u00f4 (Manu) v\u00e0 5. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Thi\u00ean T\u00f4n H\u1ec7. N\u0103m \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 n\u0103m t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na (nh\u01b0ng trong Na L\u1ea1p L\u1ecb Da kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan). C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u1ea5y B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a T\u00e2n B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 t\u00ean s\u00e1ch th\u00ec trong B\u00e1 L\u1ee3i C\u00e1p \u0110\u1ee9c \u00c1o Ngh\u0129a Th\u01b0 tuy \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5. Theo t\u00f4i, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp sau k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean, v\u00ec t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na ta th\u1ea5y r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i trong c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea5t kinh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n nay t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

                A Ma La T\u00e2n C\u00e1p b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na l\u00e0 ng\u0169 t\u01b0\u1edbng, nh\u01b0ng A Ma La T\u00e2n C\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ch\u00edn th\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng Tri\u1ec1u Duy Kh\u1eafc La Ma L\u1ee3i Tha, Uy Nh\u0129 T\u1ed1n n\u00f3i: c\u1ed1t t\u1eed c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng trong ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa th\u00edch l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3o \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan trong B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na l\u00e0 uy\u00ean nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i coi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na m\u1edbi th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3i theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, ta v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u00ean khu c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y qua v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                4- TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI KH\u1edeI NGUY\u00caN LU\u1eacN C\u1ee6A B\u00c1 L\u1ea0P NA<\/h5>\n

                Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, h\u00e3y n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn. T\u1eeb L\u00ea C\u00e2u V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn Kh\u1edfi Nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00c1o Ngh\u0129a Th\u01b0, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y qua, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 Kh\u1edfi Nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na th\u00ec ch\u01b0a l\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

                B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u00e1ng th\u01a1 t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Ma Ha B\u00e0 La \u0110a (Mahabharata), nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0110a Th\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y T\u1ef3 N\u1eefu Noa hay Th\u1ea5p B\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ed5 phong, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n g\u00e2y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o trong d\u00e2n t\u00e2m. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00ec d\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb th\u1eddi L\u00ea C\u00e2u V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i m\u1edbi: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, trong n\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i m\u1edbi, Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n m\u1ea5t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 T\u1ef3 N\u1eefu Noa v\u00e0 Th\u1ea5p B\u00e0 l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i T\u1ef3 N\u1eefu Noa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 T\u1ef3 N\u1eefu Noa quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n (avat\u00e0ra) r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u ch\u00fang sanh. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o quan, khi T\u1ef3 N\u1eefu Na nh\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Sa Na \u0110\u00e0, th\u00ec t\u1eeb r\u1ed1n (r\u00fan) sinh ra b\u00f4ng sen, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb b\u00f4ng sen \u0111\u00f3 sinh ra Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Song, sau khi nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 thuy\u1ebft minh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn theo th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n t\u00e2m \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 c\u1ee9u cho khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc h\u00f3a th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y th\u1ea7n T\u1ef3 N\u1eefu Noa (c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m) l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1ed1i cao, r\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p hai nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n ng\u00e3, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n, ng\u0169 duy, m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u0103n v.v… m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u00c1o Ngh\u0129a Th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i, v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn, t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na.<\/p>\n

                Nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Khai T\u1ecbch lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a T\u00e2n B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o? Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, gi\u1eefa Ma Ha B\u00e0 La \u0110a, Ma N\u00f4 hay B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p \u0110a tuy c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft. Gi\u1edd t\u00f4i h\u00e3y th\u1eed tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y Khai T\u1ecbch lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ma N\u00f4 v\u00e0 Khai T\u1ecbch lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a T\u1ef3 N\u1eefu Noa B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na nh\u01b0 sau (c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo Hasting’s Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics vol. IV, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p. 155-161):<\/p>\n

                Ph\u00e1p \u0110i\u1ec3n Ma N\u00f4 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, n\u00f3i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t sinh c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Theo thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y th\u00ec ban s\u01a1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7n mang, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t ca \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u1edd m\u1ecbt. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ea5ng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n t\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1 tan m\u00e0n h\u1eafc \u00e1m \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu, b\u00e8n tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 sinh ra n\u01b0\u1edbc (ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y thuy\u1ebft t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i L\u00ea C\u00e2u V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1ea1m Th\u01b0, A T\u1ef7 T\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a A T\u1ef7 Lu\u00e2n, d\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u01b0\u1edbc Tha L\u1ec7 T\u01b0, \u0111\u1ea5t Hy B\u00e1 Lai b\u1ea3o t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n sinh ra n\u01b0\u1edbc). R\u1ed3i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n l\u1ea1i gieo h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 trong tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n (\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0: s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch th\u1ea7n = “v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u2192 Nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch th\u1ea7n”). Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean \u1edf trong qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0ng n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau th\u00ec chia n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh hai ph\u1ea7n: ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean l\u00e0 tr\u1eddi, ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t, \u1edf gi\u1eefa l\u00e0 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh tam gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh gi\u1edbi, b\u00e8n tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u00fd, t\u1eeb \u00fd t\u1ea1o ra ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n, r\u1ed3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e3 (gi\u00e1c) m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ng\u0169 duy, ng\u0169 c\u0103n, r\u1ed3i l\u00e0i t\u1eeb ng\u0169 duy, ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o n\u01a1i y ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh, r\u1ed3i sau h\u1ebft t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, thuy\u1ebft S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn tuy c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng sai bi\u1ec7t m\u1ea5y: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, qua \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y nh\u01b0 n\u00fai, s\u00f4ng c\u1ecf, c\u00e2y cho \u0111\u1ebfn Tam V\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e0, t\u1ee9 t\u00ednh v\u00e0 v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c v.v… t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft minh r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

                Nh\u01b0ng theo Ma N\u00f4, hay Ma H\u00e0 B\u00e0 La \u0110a th\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c, m\u00e0 sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n, bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea3n lai m\u1edd m\u1ecbt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfp di\u1ec7t thuy\u1ebft. V\u1ec1 n\u0103m, th\u00e1ng, theo Ma N\u00f4, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n gian xoay v\u1ea7n trong b\u1ed1n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n Du D\u00e0: Kh\u1ed1 L\u1ee3i Tha, Tho\u00e1t L\u1ee3i Tha, La Ng\u00f5a B\u00e0 La v\u00e0 Kh\u1ea3i L\u1ee3i. Kh\u1ed1 L\u1ee3i Tha Du D\u00e0 \u0111i trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Th\u1ef1 Quang th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i (th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 r\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u2013 400 n\u0103m), B\u1ea3n K\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i (4,000 n\u0103m), Ho\u00e0ng H\u00f4n th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i (400 n\u0103m) t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 4,800 n\u0103m, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd 4000 tu\u1ed5i. Tho\u00e1t L\u1ee3i Tha Du \u0110\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p, th\u00eam Th\u1ef1 Quang v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng H\u00f4n n\u1eefa th\u00ec k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 3,600 n\u0103m; th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd 3,000 tu\u1ed5i. La Ng\u00f5a Ba La Du D\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n hai ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 2,400 n\u0103m; ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd 2,000 tu\u1ed5i. Sau h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3i L\u1ee3i Du D\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 1,200 n\u0103m; tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf khi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Kh\u1ea3i L\u1ee3i Du D\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u00ec cu\u1ed9c tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Kh\u1ed1 L\u1ee3i Tha Du D\u00e0 v\u00e0 xoay v\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 c\u0169 (v\u1ec1 ni\u00ean s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Du D\u00e0, tham chi\u1ebfu Wilsons Visnu Pur\u00e0na Vol. 1, pp. 50-54 Note). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a \u00c2n T\u1ef3 La Kh\u1ed1 L\u1ee3i T\u01b0 (1- Duy \u00c1i; 2- T\u0103ng Sinh; 3- Duy T\u0103ng; 4- \u00c1i T\u00e1i Sinh).<\/p>\n

                Song, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n n\u00e0o th\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i theo Ma N\u00f4, c\u1ee9 b\u1ed1n Du D\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n gian, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 12,000 n\u0103m (t\u1ee9c 4,800 + 3,600 + 1,200 = 12,000) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Du D\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n. M\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn Du D\u00e0 n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean, th\u00eam l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u1eefa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean. M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 k\u1ec3 ban ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean ng\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 ngh\u1ec9 \u0111\u00eam, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfp di\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00ecm trong c\u1ea3nh t\u1ed1i t\u0103m, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng: \u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (Deussen, Allgemeine Geschte der Philosophie I,3, ss. 45-47).<\/p>\n

                Thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y tuy do s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam \u1edf nh\u00e2n gian m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 v\u00e0o c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, th\u00ec t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn. T\u1ea1i sao? V\u00ec thuy\u1ebft s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i L\u00ea C\u00e2u V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ed3i, b\u1ecf \u0111i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu th\u1ebf th\u00ec lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, cho n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n. Nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00ecm t\u00f2i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ma Ha B\u00e0 La \u0110a, hay l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tinh x\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Tuy v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec1u ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn, thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i, t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

                Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Khai T\u1ecbch lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n Ma N\u00f4, c\u00f2n Khai T\u1ecbch lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na th\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Khai t\u1ecbch lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na tuy l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec3u d\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i c\u0169ng xin tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u1ebfu, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo Khai T\u1ecbch lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a T\u1ef3 N\u1eefu N\u00f4.<\/p>\n

                \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ef1 T\u1ed3n d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i tri\u1ec3n khai ra ba lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u1edbn l\u00e0: th\u1ea7n ng\u00e3, t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u1eddi. Th\u1ea7n ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd tinh th\u1ea7n; t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t; c\u00f2n th\u1eddi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 hai. Do th\u1eddi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 hai, n\u00ean khi \u0111\u1ea5ng T\u1ef1 T\u1ed3n t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o trong, th\u00ec t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh tri\u1ec3n khai gi\u00e1c, ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n, ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u0103n. Khi ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i tri\u1ec3n khai r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1ea1m No\u00e3n (tr\u1ee9ng Ph\u1ea1m = kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi), \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1edd c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng, ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n, gi\u00e1c, t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng. \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ef1 T\u1ed3n t\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean, r\u1ed3i do \u0111\u1ee9c lo m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, do \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1eebng l\u1ea5y T\u1ef3 N\u1eefu Noa m\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i l\u1ea5y L\u1ed7 La L\u1ea1p m\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfp di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

                Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y tuy \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft Ma N\u00f4, hay Ma Ha B\u00e0 La \u0110a, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i t\u00f4n ph\u00e1i, v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a m\u1ecdi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc ban (Allegemeine G\u00e9schichte der Philosophie I, 3, SS. 38-47; Hasting’s Encycleopadia of Religion and Cosmology by Jacobbbi; Wilson’s Visnu Pur\u00e0na IV, 30).<\/p>\n

                5- DI\u00caM PH\u00d9 \u0110\u1ec0 CH\u00c2U<\/h5>\n

                Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? T\u1ee9c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

                Theo B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na th\u00ec trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. G\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi chung m\u1ed9t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m No\u00e3n. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, ph\u00e1t sinh lu\u1eadn Ph\u1ea1m No\u00e3n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i lu\u1eadn, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n. Song, \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u Ph\u1ea1m No\u00e3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

                Ph\u1ea1m No\u00e3n, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng v\u00f2ng \u0111ai n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng, ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ea1i (gi\u00e1c) v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tinh. L\u1edbp d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng t\u00ean g\u1ea5p m\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

                Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m, kh\u00f4ng, gi\u00f3, l\u1eeda, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t do \u00c1o Ngh\u0129a Th\u01b0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi c\u00e1i h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan.<\/p>\n

                Nh\u01b0ng trung khu b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp? Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng chia n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh B\u00e1 L\u1ed7, Ng\u00f5a T\u01b0, T\u01b0 Ng\u00f5a L\u1ed7, M\u00e3 C\u00e1p L\u1ed7, Ca Na T\u01b0, Tha Ba T\u01b0 v\u00e0 T\u00e1t \u0110\u1ecfa D\u1ea1 Ma g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3y t\u1ea7ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y tr\u1edf l\u00ean. T\u1ef1u trung, B\u00e1 L\u1ed7, B\u00e1 Ng\u00f5a T\u01b0, T\u01b0 Ng\u00f5a L\u1ed7, \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1m Th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean, Kh\u00f4ng, \u0110\u1ecba tam gi\u1edbi; cho \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u00e1i C\u01a1 L\u1ee3i Da, A Nan Da D\u00e0, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i th\u00eam M\u00e3 C\u00e1p L\u1ed7, Ca Na T\u01b0, B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na l\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3y c\u00f5i tr\u00ean c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f2n c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y c\u00f5i d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f5i c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Ba Tha L\u1ea1p, t\u1ee9c A Tu La, r\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u1eefa l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. B\u1ea3y c\u00f5i c\u1ee7a Ba Tha L\u1ea1p l\u00e0: A Tha L\u1ea1p, Duy Tha L\u1ea1p, T\u01b0 Tha L\u1ea1p, Tha L\u1ea1p Tha L\u1ea1p, M\u00e3 C\u00e1p Tha L\u1ea1p, L\u1ea1p T\u00e1t Tha L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Ba Tha L\u1ea1p. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i r\u00f5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f5i n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi ti\u1ebft th\u00ec r\u1ea5t phi\u1ec1n t\u1ea1p, cho n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

                C\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00f5i B\u00e1 L\u1ed7 (B\u00e1 L\u1ed7 gi\u1edbi) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb b\u1ea3y ch\u00e2u, b\u1ea3y bi\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n.<\/p>\n

                T\u1ef1 trung Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3y ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi bi\u1ec3n La Ngo\u00e3 N\u00f4 L\u1ea1p (Lavanod\u00e0). Ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y bao h\u00e0m to\u00e0n ch\u00e2u \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. V\u00ec B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1\u01b0 coi to\u00e0n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o cho n\u00fai Tu Di l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m, c\u00f2n Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u1edf v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nam m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1 l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n, chu vi ba m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n (Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec n\u00f3i tr\u1ef1c k\u00ednh hai ngh\u00ecn do tu\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 chu vi s\u00e1u ngh\u00ecn do tu\u1ea7n – L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 2, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh 32, trang 179, h\u1ea1). \u0110\u00f4ng, T\u00e2y ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec1u nhau v\u00e0 do s\u01a1n m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1i chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0: 1) Ba L\u1ea1p Tha (n\u00fai: Hi Ma Ng\u00f5a \u0110\u00e0); 2) Kim B\u00e1 L\u1ed7 Sa (n\u00fai: H\u1ea3i M\u00e3 Kh\u1ed1 Tha); 3) C\u00e1p L\u1ee3i Ng\u00f5a L\u1ed7 Sa (n\u00fai N\u1ecb Sa L\u1ea1p); 4) \u0110\u00f4ng \u2013 Ba \u0110\u1ed9c L\u1eadp T\u01b0 Ng\u00f5a; Trung \u2013 Y L\u1ea1p Ng\u00f5a L\u1ed7 Tha (n\u00fai: N\u1ecb L\u1ea1p); v\u00e0 T\u00e2y – Kh\u1eafc T\u01b0 M\u00e3 l\u1ea1p; 5) Nam \u0110a D\u00e0 (n\u00fai: T\u01b0 Duy Tha); 6) Hi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00e3 Da (n\u00fai: T\u00fa \u0110\u1ed1n T\u1ea1p Ng\u00f5a Tha); 7) Trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a \u01afu \u0110a La Kh\u1ed1 \u1ed8 B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n, l\u1ea5y B\u00e1t L\u1ea1p \u0110\u00e0 (\u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Kim \u0110\u1ec1 L\u1ee3i) l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

                S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n do theo t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh to\u00e0n c\u00f5i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

                Gi\u1edd h\u00e3y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u00e1t L\u1ea1p \u0110\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong \u0111\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c, h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng giao t\u1ea1, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh hay qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 sai bi\u1ec7t: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Kim B\u00e1 Di Sa, n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ch\u1ea1y d\u00e0i gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng n\u00fai Hi M\u00e3 Ng\u00f5a D\u1ed9c v\u00e0 n\u00fai H\u1ea3i M\u00e3 Kh\u1ed1 Tha. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0103n tr\u00e1i (qu\u1ea3) B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Kh\u1ed1 Tha, kh\u00f4ng \u0111au \u1ed1m, th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n tu\u1ed5i. Con trai th\u00ec s\u1eafc v\u00e0ng, con g\u00e1i th\u00ec nh\u01b0 A B\u00e1 Sa L\u1ea1p T\u01b0. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo B\u00e0 T\u1ea1p Ng\u00f5a Tha B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na th\u00ec T\u1ef3 N\u1eefu Noa \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, th\u1ee7 h\u00ecnh L\u1ea1p M\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u00e1p N\u00f4 M\u00e3 Tha t\u00f4n k\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

                Th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 C\u00e1p L\u1ee3i Ng\u00f5a Nh\u0129 Sa, \u1edf gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng n\u00fai H\u1ea3i M\u00e3 Kh\u1ed1 Tha v\u00e0 N\u1ecb Sa L\u1ea1p.D\u00e2n c\u01b0 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eeb th\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi xu\u1ed1ng. S\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng m\u00eda ng\u1ecdt, v\u00e0 th\u1ecd m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn tu\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u00e0 y\u1ebfu. T\u1ef3 N\u1eefu Noa \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 h\u00ecnh N\u00f4 L\u1ed9 T\u00e2y m\u00e3. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 L\u1ea1p Na Ng\u00f5a hay Th\u00e1i \u0110\u00e0 Da v.v…<\/p>\n

                Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 Y L\u1ea1p V\u0169 L\u1ee3i Tha \u1edf trung t\u00e2m ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1; t\u1ee9c Nam, B\u1eafc, \u1edf v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa n\u00fai N\u1ecb Xa Tha v\u00e0 n\u00fai N\u1ecb L\u1ea1p, \u0110\u00f4ng, T\u00e2y th\u00ec \u1edf gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng n\u00fai M\u00e3 Nh\u0129 Ba Ng\u00f5a Tha v\u00e0 n\u00fai \u00c1 Tha M\u00e3 L\u1ea1p Na. N\u00fai M\u00ea L\u01b0 \u1edf ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa, cao m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n (t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1edf l\u00ean, 84,000 do tu\u1ea7n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng, 16,000 do tu\u1ea7n). \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c k\u00ednh d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n n\u00fai l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n s\u00e1u ngh\u00ecn do tu\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai l\u00e0 ba v\u1ea1n hai ngh\u00ecn do tu\u1ea7n. B\u1ed1n Ch\u00e2u Tu Di l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Y L\u1ea1p V\u0169 L\u1ee3i Tha, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 sau: ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc c\u00f3 \u01afu \u0110a La Kh\u1ed1 Nh\u0129, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam c\u00f3 Ba La Tha, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ba \u0110\u00e0 La T\u00e2y Ng\u00f5a, v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 Kh\u1ea3i T\u01b0 M\u00e3 L\u1ea1p (nh\u01b0ng trong Mbh. VI, 226, Padma P, III , 3, 49, th\u00ec b\u1ea3o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam l\u00e0 Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1, \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Kirfel; Die Kosmographie der Inder S. 93). Chung quanh n\u00fai Tu Di c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai, m\u1ed7i ng\u1ecdn cao m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n. Ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 M\u1ea1n \u0110a L\u1ea1p, ph\u00eda Nam l\u00e0 \u00c1 Tha M\u00e3 L\u1ea1p Na, hay, M\u00ea L\u01b0 M\u1ea1n \u0110a La, ph\u00eda T\u00e2y c\u00f3 T\u1ef3 B\u00e1 l\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc l\u00e0 T\u01b0 Ba Nh\u0129 T\u01b0 Ng\u00f5a. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai n\u00e0y c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho m\u1ed7i n\u00fai, m\u1ed7i c\u00e2y cao m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m do tu\u1ea7n. T\u1ee9c \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 Kh\u1ea3i Nam L\u1ea1p, ph\u00eda nam l\u00e0 Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1, ph\u00eda T\u00e2y l\u00e0 T\u1ef3 Ba La, v\u00e0 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc l\u00e0 Ng\u00f5a Tha; ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean c\u00e2y c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai ph\u00eda nam (danh t\u1eeb Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 c\u00f3 r\u1ed9ng, h\u1eb9p kh\u00e1c nhau; t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec n\u00f3i n\u00f3 \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam Tu Di, c\u00f2n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau n\u00e0y th\u00ec n\u00f3i to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi danh x\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00f2a).<\/p>\n

                Ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai Tu Di l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean, r\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n b\u1ed1n ngh\u00ecn do tu\u1ea7n; chung quanh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00e1m v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n cth\u1ee7 h\u1ed9, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 ri\u00eang. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0: ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea7n Nh\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0 La, kinh \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh A M\u00e3 L\u1ea1p Ng\u00f5a C\u01a1; ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam, th\u1ea7n A C\u00f4 N\u1ecb, th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ec1 Ki\u00eau Ng\u00f5a C\u01a1; ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam, th\u1ea7n Da M\u00e3, th\u00e0nh Tham Da M\u00e3 N\u1ecb, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y Nam, th\u1ea7n V\u0169 Y L\u1ed9 Ba Kh\u1ed1 Sa, th\u00e0nh Kh\u1ed1 L\u1ed9 T\u01b0 Nam \u00c1 Na; ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, th\u1ea7n Ng\u00f5a L\u1ed9 Na, th\u00e0nh T\u00fa l\u1ea1p Ng\u00f5a C\u01a1; ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y b\u1eafc, th\u1ea7n Ng\u00f5a Du, th\u00e0nh Cam L\u1ea1p Ng\u00f5a C\u01a1; ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc, th\u1ea7n T\u00f4 Ma, th\u00e0nh Da T\u1ea9u Ng\u00f5a C\u01a1. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u01b0\u1edbc Y L\u1ea1p Duy L\u1ee3i Tha l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 n\u00fai l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1, l\u1ea5y Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n minh th\u1ee7 h\u1ed9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

                L\u1ea1i \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y n\u01b0\u1edbc Y L\u1ea1p Duy L\u1ee3i Tha c\u00f2n c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ba L\u1ea1p T\u00fa Ng\u00f5a (\u0110\u00f4ng) v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ea3i T\u1ef1 M\u00e3 l\u1ea1p (T\u00e2y). \u0110\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ba L\u1ea1p T\u00fa Ng\u00f5a \u1edf ch\u1ed7 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn gi\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 phi ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n tu\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tai h\u1ecda v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u01b0\u01a1i tr\u1ebb. T\u1ef3 N\u1eefu Noa \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00f2n n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ea3i T\u1ef1 M\u00e3 l\u1ea1p \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n; con trai s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p, con g\u00e1i th\u00ec s\u1eafc xanh nh\u1ea1t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng th\u1ecd m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n tu\u1ed5i. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y T\u1ef3 N\u1eefu Noa th\u1ee7 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i T\u1ea1p M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u1ea1p M\u1eadt \u0110a Kh\u1ea3i, \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa Ni l\u1ea1p v\u00e0 n\u00fai T\u00fa V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0. D\u00e2n c\u01b0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng, s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m. T\u1ef3 N\u1eefu Noa th\u1ee7 h\u00ecnh m\u00e3 T\u1ef1 Da.<\/p>\n

                Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ef7 Nam M\u00e3 Da, \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa n\u00fai T\u00fa V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 v\u00e0 n\u00fai T\u00fa L\u00e2m T\u1ea1p Ng\u00f5a \u0110\u1ed9c. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 s\u00f4ng T\u1ef7 Nam Ng\u00f5a C\u01a1, hoa sen \u0111\u1ea7y s\u00f4ng, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, gi\u00e0u c\u00f3; s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y T\u1ef3 N\u1eefu Noa c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh Ma L\u1ed9 M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 chi ph\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

                Th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y l\u00e0 \u01afu \u0110a La C\u00e2u L\u01b0, t\u1ee9c B\u1eafc C\u00e2u L\u01b0 Ch\u00e2u (\u00c1i L\u1ea1p Ng\u00f5a Tha), \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc n\u00fai T\u00fa L\u00e2m T\u1ea1p Ng\u00f5a \u0110\u1ed9c. Trong s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u00ean c\u1ea3nh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 hai ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai Nguy\u1ec7t Quang Huy v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt Quang Huy, \u1edf gi\u1eefa l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Ba \u0110\u00e0 l\u1ea1p T\u1ea9u M\u00e3. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1eefa v\u00e0 m\u1eadt lai l\u00e1ng, gi\u00f3 tho\u1ea3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng ng\u1ecdc qu\u00fd, c\u00e1t b\u1ee5i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u00e0ng r\u00f2ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u00e1i sinh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf thi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c, v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng c\u00f9ng sinh m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 th\u00e1i, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 khi ch\u1ebft, c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. S\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u 14,500 tu\u1ed5i. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c (c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y T\u1ef3 N\u1eefu Noa th\u1ee7 h\u00ecnh M\u00e3 T\u01b0 Da (tr\u1edf l\u00ean, theo Kirfel, Die Kosmographie der Inder S. 5700).<\/p>\n

                Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng: \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

                6- S\u00c1U CH\u00c2U KH\u00c1C<\/h5>\n

                Th\u1ee9 b\u1ed1n, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u00e1u ch\u00e2u kia nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eefa, v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, cho n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t ban, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Duy c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u01a1i th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i bi\u1ec3n L\u1ea1p Ng\u00f5a Nhu L\u1ea1p bao v\u00e2y ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Theo thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n L\u1ea1p Ng\u00f5a Nhu L\u1ea1p M\u1eb7n, v\u00e0 trong bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3o. T\u1ef1u trung h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00e1ch Ba L\u1ea1p Tha v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nam 10,000 do tu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3n tr\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u1ecdc q\u00fay, d\u00e2n c\u01b0 s\u1eafc \u0111en v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t sung s\u01b0\u1edbng. T\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan, ho\u1eb7c Qua Oa, T\u00f4 M\u00f4n \u0110\u00e1p L\u1ea1p hi\u1ec7n nay. Theo B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na th\u00ec Lan T\u1ea1p, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1, do \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1eefa T\u00edch Lan th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 T\u00edch Lan t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t. C\u0169ng trong bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc C\u00e2u L\u01b0 ch\u00e2u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3o Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1p Ta Ng\u00f5a Ba (Nguy\u1ec7t ch\u00e2u) l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, v\u00ec l\u00e0 tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i. Nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 sau \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, th\u00ec m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng so v\u1edbi Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn cao h\u01a1n, cho n\u00ean l\u1ea5y Nguy\u1ec7t ch\u00e2u l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

                L\u1ea5y bi\u1ec3n L\u1ea1p Ng\u00f5a Nhu L\u1ea1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0m kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m, n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ch\u00e2u B\u00e1 T\u01b0 T\u1ea1p L\u1ea1p \u0110\u00e0 Duy Ba, \u1edf ph\u00eda ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n Kh\u1ed1 T\u00e2y La L\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u00eda trong bi\u1ec3n T\u01b0 Ng\u00f5a L\u1ed7 L\u1ea1p T\u1ea1p (n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt). Trong ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 n\u00fai M\u00e3 Na T\u00f4 \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1p, cao n\u0103m v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n, qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai ph\u1ea7n. D\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n giai c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u01b0u, bi, kh\u1ed5, n\u00e3o; V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n tu\u1ed5i. C\u00f3 c\u00e2y Ni C\u00e2u L\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0 th\u1ea7n s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 n\u00fai Na M\u00e3 Na T\u00f4 L\u1ea1p \u0110\u00e0 l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n th\u1ea7n th\u1ee7 h\u1ed9: ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n Nh\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0 La (\u0110\u1ebf Th\u00edch), kinh \u0111\u00f4 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ng\u00f5a T\u01b0 Ng\u00f5a V\u0169 T\u1ea1p Sa L\u1ea1p, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 A M\u00e3 L\u1ea1p Ng\u00f5a C\u01a1; ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n Da M\u00e3, kinh \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 Tham Da M\u00e3 Ni; ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 Ng\u00f5a L\u1ed7, kinh \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 T\u01b0 T\u1ea1p, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 Ma H\u1ea1, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc l\u00e0 T\u00f4 M\u00e3, kinh \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 Duy L\u1ea1p Ng\u00f5a L\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n

                N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u00e2u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Bi\u1ec3n T\u01b0 Th\u00e1i T\u01b0 L\u1ea1p T\u1ea1p bao quanh ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 l\u00e0 chung k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong bi\u1ec3n N\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt tuy c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3o l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng ho\u00e0ng kim, nh\u01b0ng xa m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng qu\u00e1, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf.<\/p>\n

                V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 n\u0103m \u1ee9c do tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c k\u00ednh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi b\u1ea3y ch\u00e2u, b\u1ea3y bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1 l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na.<\/p>\n

                7- KH\u00d4NG GI\u1edaI V\u00c0 THI\u00caN GI\u1edaI<\/h5>\n

                Tr\u1edf l\u00ean m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i quan v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi, t\u1ee9c kh\u00ed l\u01b0u gi\u1edbi, th\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Theo Ng\u00f5a T\u1ea1p Ng\u00f5a Th\u00e0 B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb Th\u00e1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn do tu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi, g\u1ed3m Da C\u1ed5 Sa, L\u1ea1p Ma Sa, T\u1ef3 Sa Kh\u00e2u, B\u00e1 L\u1ec7 Tha v\u00e0 B\u00e1 Tha. Nh\u01b0ng trong B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 c\u00f5i n\u00e0y, v\u00ec h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u1eafm.<\/p>\n

                \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 k\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 Nh\u1eadt, Nguy\u1ec7t, Tinh Th\u1ea7n v.v… Theo B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt, Nguy\u1ec7t, Tinh Th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t lu\u1eadt; th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, cao nh\u1ea5t B\u1eafc c\u1ef1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Nguy\u1ec7t c\u1ea7u, Th\u1ea5t tinh v\u00e0 Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp b\u00e1t t\u00fa v.v…. Gi\u1edd xin bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt, Nguy\u1ec7t, Tinh Th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n; m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n; H\u1eb1ng tinh ba m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n; Th\u1ee7y tinh n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n; Kim tinh b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n; H\u1ecfa tinh ch\u00edn m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n; M\u1ed9c tinh m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n; Th\u1ed5 tinh m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ba m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n; \u0110\u1ea1i h\u00f9ng tinh m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n; B\u1eafc c\u1ef1c tinh m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

                Theo B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na th\u00ec trong nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt, Nguy\u1ec7t v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1edf trong xe do ng\u1ef1a ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea7n k\u00e9o: d\u0129 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y\u00a0l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t c\u1ef1c \u1ea5u tr\u0129. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh cho \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n minh s\u1eed m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft minh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

                8- N\u0102M V\u00c0 GI\u1edc L\u1ea4Y TH\u00c1I D\u01af\u01a0NG L\u00c0M TRUNG T\u00c2M<\/h5>\n

                Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ch\u00edn ngh\u00ecn do tu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n. N\u00f3 g\u1ed3m hai b\u00e1nh xe, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn ch\u00edn tr\u0103m b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n, ng\u1eafn b\u1ed1n v\u1ea1n n\u0103m ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u0103m do tu\u1ea7n. Theo B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na th\u00ec trong b\u00e1nh xe \u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. (trong Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai v\u1ecb Nh\u1eadt th\u1ea7n, m\u01b0\u1eddi hai v\u1ecb M\u00e2u Ni, m\u01b0\u1eddi hai v\u1ecb ti\u00ean, m\u01b0\u1eddi hai C\u00e0n Th\u00e1t B\u00e0, m\u01b0\u1eddi hai A B\u00e1 Sa L\u1ea1p T\u01b0, m\u01b0\u1eddi hai Ma L\u1ea1p M\u00e3 Ni, m\u01b0\u1eddi hai con r\u1eafn v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai La S\u00e1t).<\/p>\n

                Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y n\u00fai Tu Di l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng xoay quanh qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y, \u0111\u00eam. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u00fai Tu Di l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m th\u00ec thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 s\u1ebd l\u00e0: gi\u1eefa tr\u01b0a \u1edf ch\u00e2u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam l\u00e0 l\u00fac m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc \u1edf ch\u00e2u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u1eeda \u0111\u00eam \u1edf ch\u00e2u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc l\u00e0 l\u00fac m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u1eb7n \u1edf ch\u00e2u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. V\u1ec1 t\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u tuy kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (C\u00e2u X\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 11).<\/p>\n

                T\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba m\u01b0\u01a1i M\u00e2u h\u00f4 l\u1eadt \u0111a. M\u1ed7i M\u00e2u h\u00f4 l\u1eadt \u0111a l\u00e0 1440:30 = 48 ph\u00fat. Trong m\u1ed7i M\u00e2u h\u00f4 l\u1eadt \u0111a, Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba tr\u0103m m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n. (t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn chu vi n\u00fai M\u00e3 Na T\u01b0 th\u00ec l\u00e0 ch\u00edn ngh\u00ecn b\u1ed1n tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n).<\/p>\n

                Nh\u01b0ng, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 d\u00e0i, ng\u1eafn c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y, \u0111\u00eam v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n m\u00f9a th\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Theo B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na th\u00ec Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea5y n\u00fai Tu Di l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, tuy xoay theo m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 180 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang so v\u1edbi n\u00fai Tu Di th\u00ec c\u00e1ch xa. L\u1ea5y n\u00fai Tu Di l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m,Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i 180 v\u00f2ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh tr\u00f4n \u1ed1c. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n n\u00fai Tu Di nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, t\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ba L\u1ea1p Tha, g\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1 ch\u00ed, th\u1eddi gian ban ng\u00e0y l\u00e0 18 M\u00e2u h\u00f4 l\u1eadt \u0111a, ban \u0111\u00eam c\u00f3 12 M\u00e2u h\u00f4 l\u1eadt \u0111a. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y ban ng\u00e0y, so v\u1edbi\u00a0n\u00fai Tu Di, Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn xa, \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00edn m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0y th\u00ec ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam b\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n, v\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y thu ph\u00e2n. Khi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9 180 th\u00ec Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch xa n\u01b0\u1edbc Ba L\u1ea1p Na nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng ch\u00ed, ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 12 M\u00e2u h\u00f4 l\u1eadt \u0111a v\u00e0 \u0111\u00eam c\u0169ng 12 M\u00e2u h\u00f4 l\u1eadt \u0111a. Th\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e1ng M\u00e3 Ca, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang, th\u00e1ng hai. Cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nam \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 181 th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n x\u00edch l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n n\u00fai Tu Di. \u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 270, hay khi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam b\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n, l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y xu\u00e2n ph\u00e2n, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 360 m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1 ch\u00ed th\u00ec, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

                Do \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u1ebfu trong kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda n\u0103m, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y xoay quanh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n b\u00e1n k\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau, do m\u00f9a, ti\u1ebft m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y, \u0111\u00eam d\u00e0i ng\u1eafn kh\u00e1c nhau th\u00ec c\u00f2n c\u00f3 l\u00fd, ch\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e0ng n\u00e0y th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 30 M\u00e2u h\u00f4 l\u1eadt \u0111a, m\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng l\u1ea5y n\u00fai Tu Di l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m tr\u00f2n m\u00e0 xoay v\u1ea7n? V\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng do \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e1n k\u00ednh m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh b\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n do n\u01a1i m\u00f9a, ti\u1ebft m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam c\u00f3 d\u00e0i ng\u1eafn kh\u00e1c nhau? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n k\u00ednh m\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng; b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 30 M\u00e2u h\u00f4 l\u1eadt \u0111a, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian. C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam l\u00e0 v\u00ec: khi Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i v\u1ec1 Nam (t\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n xa d\u1ea7n) th\u00ec ban ng\u00e0y \u0111i nhanh, ban \u0111\u00eam \u0111i ch\u1eadm, n\u00ean \u0111\u00eam d\u00e0i; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, khi \u0111i v\u1ec1 B\u1eafc, th\u00ec ban ng\u00e0y \u0111i ch\u1eadm, ban \u0111\u00eam \u0111i nhanh, cho n\u00ean d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ng\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n, c\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u, c\u00e1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, v\u1eady m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecbnh ra gi\u1edd gi\u1ea5c th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh r\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 m\u00f9a, ti\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ea1nh, \u1ea5m kh\u00e1c nhau, thay v\u00ec cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00ec B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i m\u00e0 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n chi ph\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                9- M\u1eb6T TR\u0102NG V\u00c0 C\u00c1C V\u00cc SAO<\/h5>\n

                Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu: m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t hai v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n, cao g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi; \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n t\u00e1m ngh\u00ecn do tu\u1ea7n, c\u0169ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng q\u0169y \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3 ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3: ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 28 ng\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n

                Theo B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na th\u00ec s\u1ef1 tr\u00f2n, khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng l\u00e0: b\u1ea1ch ph\u00e2n (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh th\u1ec3 tr\u00f2n), l\u00e0 l\u00fac qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00e1nh Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc cam l\u1ed9 t\u1eeb T\u01b0 T\u00fa Na, ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 28 (ng\u00e0y 15 AL) l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y. Khi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n (36,333 th\u1ea7n) \u0111\u1ebfn u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc cam l\u1ed9, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1eafc ph\u00e2n, t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng, v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n u\u1ed1ng cam l\u1ed9 n\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n khuy\u1ebft \u0111i, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ea1p l\u1ea1p) th\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n \u0111i h\u1ebft. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn 14 th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111i v\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u1edf trong quang tuy\u1ebfn A M\u00e3, do \u0111\u00f3, \u1ea9n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam. Ti\u1ebfp sau, m\u1ea7m c\u00e2y sinh ra c\u00e1nh, \u0111i trong Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc cam l\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 b\u1ea1ch ph\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

                Trong kho\u1ea3ng 28 ng\u00e0y, khi m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111i v\u00f2ng quanh m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng, qua cc\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp b\u00e1t t\u00fa. \u0110\u00e2y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb sao. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 (nh\u01b0 Atharva Veda XIX, 7,1. K\u00e0thaka Samhit\u00e0 XXXIX, 13. Taittir\u00ecyabramana 1,5,1 … tham chi\u1ebfu Kirfel, Die Kosmographie der Inder S. 36), thuy\u1ebft tinh t\u1ecda \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 chi ph\u1ed1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Tinh t\u1ecda, t\u1ee9c tinh di\u1ec7u, c\u00f3 27 hay 28, do m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u tinh t\u1ecda h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. Xin k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. M\u00e3o; 2. T\u1ea5t; 3. Tuy; 4. S\u00e2m; 5. T\u1ec9nh; 6. Qu\u1ef7; 7. Li\u1ec5u; 8. Tinh; 9. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng; 10. D\u1ef1c; 11. Ch\u1ea9n; 12. D\u1ed1c; 13. C\u00e1ng; 14. Th\u1ecb; 15. Ph\u00f2ng; 16. T\u00e2m; 17. V\u0129; 18. K\u1ef3; 19. \u0110\u1ea9u; 20. Ng\u01b0u; 21. N\u1eef; 22. H\u01b0; 23. Nguy; 24. Th\u1ea5t; 25. B\u00edch; 26. Khu\u00ea; 27. L\u00e2u; 28. V\u1ecb.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                  10- THI\u00caN GI\u1edaI (ph\u1ea7n 2)<\/h5>\n

                  Tr\u1edf l\u00ean m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 Ng\u00f5a L\u1ed7 \u0110\u00e0 T\u1ea1p. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf l\u00ean n\u1eefa, c\u00f2n th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 tr\u1ee5 m\u00e0 chia thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00f5i nh\u01b0: M\u00e3 C\u00e1p L\u1ed7 \u0110\u00e0 D\u00e0, \u0110a Na L\u1ed7 \u0110\u00e0 D\u00e0, Tha Ba \u0110\u00e0 D\u00e0, Sa C\u01a1 Da L\u1ed7 D\u00e0 v.v… T\u1ef1u trung, M\u00e3 C\u00e1p L\u1ed7 \u0110\u00e0 D\u00e0 l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ki\u1ebfp tr\u1ee5, D\u00e0 Na L\u1ed7 \u0110\u00e0 D\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c con Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 Sa Nan \u0110\u00e0 Na v.v… L\u1ea1i theo T\u00fa B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na th\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft c\u1ee7a S\u1ed1 Lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 Ca T\u1ef3 La, A T\u01b0 L\u1ee3i, Nga T\u00fac, Bang Ca Thi D\u00e0 v.v… c\u0169ng \u1edf c\u00f5i n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f5i t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u1edf. Tha Ba \u0110\u00e0 D\u00e0, theo L\u00e2u Ca B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na l\u00e0 Sa La C\u00e1 Ba Ca L\u1ea1c D\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00f5i n\u00e0y th\u00e2n d\u00e0i t\u00e1m ngh\u00ecn v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n. Sau h\u1ebft l\u00e0 T\u00e1t Ca L\u1ea1c D\u00e0; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, sinh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft n\u1eefa, th\u00e2n d\u00e0i b\u1ed1n \u1ee9c t\u00e1m ngh\u00ecn v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n (48koti), duy ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

                  C\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1eefa n\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0: c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa th\u00edch kinh Du D\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Da X\u00e1 th\u00ec: 1. Nh\u0129 L\u1ea1c Ca, 2. An \u0110a Nh\u00e3 X\u00e1 L\u1ea1c Ca, 3. M\u00e3 \u0110\u00e0m \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1p L\u1ea1c Ca, 4. B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p X\u00e1 Ba Gi\u00e0 L\u1ea1c Ca,5. D\u00e0 Na L\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Ca, 6. Tha Ba L\u1ea1c Ca, 7. T\u00e1t Gi\u00e0 L\u1ea1c Ca g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ea5t gi\u1edbi (b\u1ea3y c\u00f5i). L\u1ea1i theo ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa th\u00edch Du D\u00e0 T\u00e1t \u0110a Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110a L\u1ee3i Ca c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 \u0110a Na C\u01a1 L\u1ee3i Tha th\u00ec v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u1edf c\u00f5i th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p X\u00e1 Ba D\u00e0 L\u1ea1c Ca l\u00e0 A Di \u0110\u00e0 B\u00e1: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Di \u0110\u00e0 trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

                  L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan trong ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa th\u00edch kinh Du D\u00e0 v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1; \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nghi\u00ean c\u00fau. T\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 trong D\u00e0 Na L\u1ed7 \u0110\u00e0 Ca L\u1eadp Ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ee5 thi\u00ean, Ph\u1ea1m ch\u00fang thi\u00ean; r\u1ed3i trong Ta Ba L\u1ea1c Ca th\u00ec Quang \u00e2m thi\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 (tham chi\u1ebfu Kirfel, Die Kosmographie der Inder ss. 142-143).<\/p>\n

                  11- H\u1ea0 GI\u1edaI<\/h5>\n

                  V\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y qua nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, sau \u0111\u00e2y ta h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1 gi\u1edbi, t\u1ee9c n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Ba Tha L\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

                  Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, Ba Tha L\u1ea1p (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng) g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y t\u1ea7ng l\u00e0: A Tha L\u1ea1p hay Tha L\u1ea1p, Duy Tha L\u1ea1p, Ni Tha L\u1ea1p, T\u01b0 Tha l\u1ea1p, Tha L\u1ea1p Tha L\u1ea1p, L\u1ea1p T\u00e1t Tha L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 M\u00e3 C\u00e1p Tha L\u1ea1p. M\u1ed7i t\u1ea7ng n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn do tu\u1ea7n ngo\u00e0i v\u1ecf c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0m c\u1ea3nh, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1ea7ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a A Tu La, La S\u00e1t v\u00e0 R\u1ed3ng v.v… Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u0169ng trang nghi\u00eam nh\u01b0 \u1edf Thi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c. V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb,, nh\u1eefng c\u00f5i n\u00e0y tuy \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e2n gian, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c (s\u1ee9c) th\u00ec l\u1ea1i \u1edf tr\u00ean nh\u00e2n gian, cho n\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i t\u1ea7ng tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 l\u1eafm, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111em ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u00f3, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng sau \u0111\u00e2y n\u00ean n\u00f3i s\u01a1 qua v\u1ec1 m\u1ed7i t\u1ea7ng.<\/p>\n

                  T\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Nam C\u01a1, t\u1ee9c A Tu La.<\/p>\n

                  T\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00f3 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a C\u00e1p Da Kh\u1ed1 L\u1ee3i Ng\u00f5a.<\/p>\n

                  T\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 ba, c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 L\u1ee3i Hi L\u1ea1p T\u01b0, Hi H\u01b0u M\u00e3 L\u1ea1p, Kh\u1ed5n T\u00ec L\u1ea1p, hay c\u00f3 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1p T\u00ec L\u1ea1p v.v…<\/p>\n

                  T\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4 th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1p L\u1ea1p N\u1ea1i M\u1ec5.<\/p>\n

                  T\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4 th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e3i K\u1ef7 \u0110a, V\u0169 La Ca Na.<\/p>\n

                  T\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e0i T\u1eed Long V\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

                  T\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4 th\u00e0nh Ba L\u1ee3i, A Tu La v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9c Long \u1edf.<\/p>\n

                  12- \u0110\u1ecaA NG\u1ee4C<\/h5>\n

                  Sau h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. \u0110\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi Ba Tha L\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi ngang v\u1edbi Ba Tha L\u1ea1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 xem K\u1ef3 Na Gi\u00e1o thay Ba Tha L\u1ea1p m\u00e0 l\u1eadp b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5.<\/p>\n

                  T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c tuy \u0111\u00e3 manh nha t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i L\u00ea C\u00e2u V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ebfn A Th\u00e1t B\u00e0 V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Th\u01b0 n\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t th\u1ecbnh. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef7 t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f4 b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ebf. Trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, ho\u1eb7c Ma Ha B\u00e0 La \u0110a th\u1ee9 12, cho \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n Ma N\u00f4 4.88, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m vi\u00ean th\u1ee5c. V\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, tuy c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111i v\u00e0o t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft, th\u00ec trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

                  Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft xin n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c. \u0110\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c c\u00f3 28 lo\u1ea1i, con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y tuy l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng trong Ma N\u00f4 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma X\u00e1 kinh, Vu Tu\u1ea7n T\u01b0 \u00d4 L\u1ee3i \u0110\u1ec3 v.v… th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 21. T\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng con s\u1ed1 21 so v\u1edbi 28 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y.<\/p>\n

                  B\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo Ma N\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u1eefng t\u00ean nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. Tha Di T\u01b0 L\u1ea1p (\u00c1m h\u1eafc); 2. An L\u1ea1p Tha Di T\u01b0 L\u1ea1p (Manh \u00e1m); 3. Ma Ha Lao L\u1ea1p Ng\u00f5a (\u0110\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfu ho\u00e1n); 4. Lao L\u1ea1p Ng\u00f5a (Khi\u1ebfu ho\u00e1n); 5. N\u1ea1i L\u1ea1c Ca (N\u1ea1i l\u1ea1c ca?); 6. T\u1ea1p L\u1ea1p T\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0 La (H\u1eafc th\u1eb1ng); 7. Ma Ha N\u1ea1i L\u1ea1c Ca (\u0110\u1ea1i n\u1ea1i l\u1ea1c ca); 8. Tam \u0110\u1ecba Ng\u00f5a Na (\u0110\u1eb3ng ho\u1ea1t); 9. Ma Ha Vu C\u01a1 (\u0110\u1ea1i a t\u1ef3); 10. Tha Ba Na (Vi\u00eam nhi\u1ec7t); 11. Tam Ba La Tha Thi\u00ean Na (\u0110\u1eb3ng nhi\u1ec7t); 12. Tam C\u00e1p Tha (Ch\u00fang h\u1ed9i); 13. T\u00e1t T\u1ea1p C\u00e2u L\u1ea1p (?); 14. 14 Kh\u1ed1 \u0110\u1eb7c M\u00e3 L\u1ea1p (\u00c1c x\u00fa); 15. Ph\u1ee5 C\u01a1 M\u1ed9c L\u1ee3i K\u1ef7 L\u1ea1p (Thi\u1ebft \u0111\u00ecnh); 16. La C\u00e1p H\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u1ed1 (Ph\u0169 nh\u1eadp); 17. L\u1ee3i K\u1ef3 X\u00e1 (?); 18. B\u1ea3n Tha Na (?); 19. X\u00e1 L\u1ed9 M\u00e3 L\u1ee3i (L\u1ea1t); 20. A T\u01b0 B\u00e0 La Ng\u00f5a Na (Ki\u1ebfm di\u1ec7p l\u00e2m); 21. La C\u00e1p L\u1ea1p La T\u1ea1p (?).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    Con s\u1ed1 28 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do s\u1ed1 21 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 th\u00eam l\u00ean, ho\u1eb7c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh con s\u1ed1 21 \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebfu m\u1ea5t: \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Gi\u1edd h\u00e3y t\u1ea1m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo B\u00e0 T\u1ea1p Ng\u00f5a Tha B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec1 Vu Ba T\u1ea1p Ng\u00f5a Tha B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na \u0111\u1ec3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u1eefng t\u00ean sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. \u00c1m h\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 2. \u0110\u1ea1i \u00e1m h\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 3. Khi\u1ebfu ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 4. \u0110\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfu ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 5. B\u00ecnh ch\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 6. H\u1eafc th\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 7. \u0110\u1ea1o di\u1ec7p l\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 8. Tr\u01b0 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 9. \u00c1m t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 10. Th\u1ef1c tr\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 11. H\u1ecfa tr\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 12. Thi\u1ebft qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 13. Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 14. Th\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7u c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 15. B\u1ea5t khi\u1ebft tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 16. T\u1eafc t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 17. S\u00e1t th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 18. Th\u00f3a \u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 19. Ng\u1ee5c khuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 20. V\u00f4 gi\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 21. Thi\u1ebft \u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 22. Di\u00eam th\u1ee7y tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 23. La s\u00e1t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 24. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng tuy \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 25. X\u1ec9 th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 26. Huy\u1ec7t d\u1ecb\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 27. Ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; 28. Ch\u00e2m kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      \u0110\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c trong Du D\u00e0 T\u1ea5t \u0110\u00e0m \u0110a Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ee3i D\u00e0 (trang 127) \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t thai t\u1eeb con s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean. Gi\u1edd xin t\u1ea1m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 trong m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. \u00c1m h\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean ngh\u1ec1 \u0103n tr\u1ed9m (tr\u1ed9m v\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng th\u1ebf). N\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t, b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng dao, g\u1eady, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ch\u1ebft ng\u1ea5t \u0111i.<\/li>\n
                      2. \u0110\u1ea1i \u00e1m h\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1edbp gi\u1eadt v\u1ee3, con, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta. K\u1ebb \u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y l\u1edbn b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t g\u1ed1c.<\/li>\n
                      3. Khi\u1ebfu ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft l\u1ee3i m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e1i ho\u00e0i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh. N\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 do r\u1eafn h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1.<\/li>\n
                      4. \u0110\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfu ho\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c tr\u00ean, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f2n k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t h\u01a1n n\u1eefa.<\/li>\n
                      5. B\u00ecnh ch\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay th\u00fa v\u1eadt. N\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 b\u1ecb ch\u01b0ng trong ch\u00e3o d\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n
                      6. H\u1eafc th\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ebft cha m\u1eb9 hay gi\u1ebft B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n. \u0110\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c n\u00e0y r\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n, tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi do \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y. T\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 tr\u1ea3i qua v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfp.<\/li>\n
                      7. \u0110ao di\u1ec7p l\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf kinh V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y theo nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan.<\/li>\n
                      8. Tr\u01b0 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng vua ch\u00faa, \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 x\u1eed t\u1eed nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i. N\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 do s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Di\u00eam ma l\u00e0 T\u01b0 Ca L\u1ea1p c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t ch\u00e2n tay.<\/li>\n
                      9. \u00c1m t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. Trong c\u00e1i gi\u1ebfng t\u1ed1i t\u0103m n\u00e0y, t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 do sinh v\u1eadt h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1.<\/li>\n
                      10. Th\u1ef1c tr\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng t\u1ebf l\u1ec5, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. N\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u00e1c tr\u00f9ng \u0103n th\u1ecbt.<\/li>\n
                      11. H\u00f3a ch\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n tr\u1ed9m v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta. N\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 do ng\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y \u0111\u0169a l\u1eeda xi\u00ean v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/li>\n
                      12. Thi\u1ebft qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb gian d\u00e2m. N\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eb1ng g\u1eady s\u1eaft nung \u0111\u1ecf.<\/li>\n
                      13. Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt. Theo B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Phu M\u00e3 B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 hoang d\u00e2m.<\/li>\n
                      14. Th\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7u c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb \u0111oan. Bao quanh \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ee9 r\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby v\u1eadt nh\u01a1 nh\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
                      15. B\u1ea5t khi\u1ebft tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng d\u00e2m v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1nh. N\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5\u00a0l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0103n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u01a1 b\u1ea9n trong ao n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f9 h\u00e3m.<\/li>\n
                      16. H\u00e0n t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i, v\u00ec s\u0103n b\u1eafn m\u00e0 gi\u1ebft l\u1ea7m sinh v\u1eadt. L\u00ednh g\u00e1c ng\u1ee5c d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefngng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3\u00a0l\u00e0m \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eafn.<\/li>\n
                      17. S\u00e1t th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 b\u1eady b\u1ea1. N\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 ng\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t c\u1eaft h\u1ebft ch\u00e2n tay.<\/li>\n
                      18. Th\u00f3a \u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n b\u1ed7ng v\u00ec d\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c giao ti\u1ebfp. Ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c tinh d\u1ecbch.<\/li>\n
                      19. Ng\u1ee5c khuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 gi\u1eb7c c\u01b0\u1edbp, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. N\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 do 720 con ch\u00f3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 Di\u00eam Ma c\u1eafn x\u00e9.<\/li>\n
                      20. V\u00f4 gi\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i, l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t. N\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ecfm \u0111\u00e1 cao 100 do tu\u1ea7n m\u00e0 l\u1ed9n nh\u00e0o xu\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u1eebng.<\/li>\n
                      21. Thi\u1ebft \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed5 \u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb tu h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u say s\u01b0a. N\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 ng\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t b\u1eaft u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1eaft n\u00f3ng.<\/li>\n
                      22. Di\u00eam th\u1ee7y tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u00fac s\u1ed1ng chuy\u00ean khen m\u00ecnh, ch\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00ean l\u00fac ch\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecda v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n
                      23. La s\u00e1t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1eadt t\u1ebf l\u1ec5, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u0103n th\u1ecbt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft l\u00e0m v\u1eadt t\u1ebf l\u1ec5. N\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 b\u1ecb La s\u00e1t \u0103n th\u1ecbt, u\u1ed1ng m\u00e1u h\u1ecd v\u00e0 v\u1eeba \u0103n v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y m\u00faa.<\/li>\n
                      24. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng tuy \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111em \u0111\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ra nh\u1eefng hoang \u0111\u1ea3o trong khi h\u1ecd th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i. N\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim d\u00f9ng m\u1ecf m\u1ed5 c\u1eafn.<\/li>\n
                      25. X\u1ec9 th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9 b\u1eaft \u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i theo m\u00ecnh. Sau khi ch\u1ebft b\u1ecb con r\u1eafn l\u1edbn d\u00f9ng r\u0103ng m\u00e0 c\u1eafn x\u00e9.<\/li>\n
                      26. Huy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ed1t v\u00e0o hang \u0111\u1ed9ng u \u00e1m. Khi ch\u1ebft b\u1ecb giam v\u00e0o hang n\u00fai, n\u00fai bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh l\u1eeda.<\/li>\n
                      27. Ch\u00e2m kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, v\u00ec tham d\u1ee5c, duy ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u00e1u. N\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 b\u1ecb ng\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t d\u00f9ng kim \u0111\u00e2m v\u00e0o ch\u00e2n tay.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                        13- TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI DI\u00caM MA<\/h5>\n

                        Tr\u1edf l\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. Trong c\u00e1c B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00ec gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9, mong \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam Die Kosmographie der Inder ss. 147-137 c\u1ee7a Kirfel s\u1ebd r\u00f5. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i qua v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y: T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1ng giam vong h\u1ed3n k\u1ebb ch\u1ebft v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c \u1ea5y c\u1ee9u kinh l\u00e0 ai? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 “t\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p s\u1edf c\u1ea3m”, nh\u01b0ng B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Di\u00eam Ma. Theo B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Phu B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na th\u00ec k\u1ebb \u00e1c sau khi ch\u1ebft b\u1ecb s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Di\u00eam Ma \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eaft linh h\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f4 th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Di\u00eam Ma. Th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y r\u1ed9ng m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n, b\u1ed1n g\u00f3c cao m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fac b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Di\u00eam Ma kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00e1c nh\u00e2n, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, sau khi ch\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0ng l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1eeda \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng tr\u00e0ng phan d\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd, ng\u00e2m v\u1ecbnh Ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u01b0\u1ee3c, A B\u00e1 T\u00e1t L\u1ea1p T\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3n r\u01b0\u1edbc: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n ti\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu Du D\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n. C\u1eeda B\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang ho\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng tr\u00e0ng hoa, ng\u1ecdc trai, c\u00f3 ti\u00eau, \u0111\u1ecbch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, c\u00f3 l\u00e0m ph\u00fac, c\u00f3 k\u00f2ng ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfu k\u00ednh cha m\u1eb9. C\u1eeda T\u00e2y, so v\u1edbi c\u1eeda B\u1eafc k\u00e9m h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 trang ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i Th\u1ea5p B\u00e0, h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e1nh t\u00edch v\u00e0 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng H\u1ecfa th\u1ea7n. C\u00f2n c\u1eeda Nam l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u00e0m \u00e1c. V\u1eeba b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 nghe ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u00e1c th\u00fa, \u00e1c tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 \u0111ang \u0111i \u0111i l\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i. Linh h\u1ed3n k\u1ebb \u00e1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua c\u1eeda \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 Di\u00eam Ma. L\u00fac \u1ea5y Di\u00eam Ma l\u00e0 \u00f4ng quan t\u00f2a r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3. Ng\u1ed3i c\u1ea1nh Di\u00eam Ma l\u00e0 vi\u00ean Th\u01b0 k\u00fd t\u00ean C\u01a1 \u0110\u00e0 La C\u00f4 B\u00e1 Tha, tuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ed9i tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n \u1edf Sa B\u00e0, Di\u00eam Ma theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 x\u00e9t x\u1eed th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u00f9y theo t\u1ed9i tr\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng, nh\u1eb9 m\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ec7nh t\u1ed1ng giam v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 d\u00e3 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh cho x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i tr\u1ea1ng. Trong B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Phu B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na c\u00f2n n\u00f3i r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c c\u00f3 l\u1edbn, nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 d\u00e0i, ng\u1eafn v.v… nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

                        T\u1ea1i Di\u00eam Ma c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 Thi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd (tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00eam Kirfel, Die Kosmographie der Inder ss. 163-4).<\/p>\n

                        Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III: Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Quan Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/h4>\n

                        Ti\u1ebft th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: KH\u00cd TH\u1ebe GIAN<\/h5>\n
                        1-\u00a0L\u1edcI T\u1ef0A<\/h5>\n

                        Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng chia th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh ba c\u00f5i: \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0, trong khi B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o cho Thi\u00ean, Kh\u00f4ng, \u0110\u1ecba l\u00e0 ba c\u00f5i v\u00e0 coi nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, suy c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 tu Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u00e0 g\u1ecdi ba c\u00f5i l\u00e0 D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi. D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u00f2ng d\u1ee5c th\u1ecbnh; S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tuy kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tho\u00e1t ly \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t; c\u00f2n V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00f5i \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tho\u00e1t ly s\u1ef1 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ec3 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u1ea5c thang tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 trong \u00dd h\u00e0nh kinh thu\u1ed9c Trung A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 43 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 400, trung) l\u1ea5y Sinh \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0m ba c\u00f5i, v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y Tu \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0m ba c\u00f5i v\u1eady. C\u1ee9 xem th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ec1n A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, tuy c\u00f3 tu ch\u1ec9nh ba c\u00f5i th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1eadt l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn khi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00ec v\u1eabn mu\u1ed1n theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Duy t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y. Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o cho s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 chung k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea5c hay ng\u1ee7 ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n, c\u00f2n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i; \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 quan h\u1ec7 chung k\u1ebft th\u00ec t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c \u1edf nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh: th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00e0nh hay ho\u1ea1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o h\u01a1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 Kh\u1edfi Nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, chi\u1ebfu theo v\u0103n t\u1ef1, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c Kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                        Nh\u01b0ng, nay n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma m\u00e0 nh\u00ecn ba c\u00f5i v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Trong ba c\u00f5i thi v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ly khai m\u1ecdi quan h\u1ec7 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra ngo\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i hai c\u00f5i l\u00e0 D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n v\u1eadt l\u00fd, tuy v\u1eabnch\u01b0a tho\u00e1t h\u1eb3n s\u1ef1 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, song \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1eadt ra do x\u1ee9 s\u1edf m\u00e0 b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f9 th\u1eafng. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gian t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

                        D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi l\u1ea5y n\u00fai Tu Di l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, tr\u1edf l\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn 33 t\u1ea7ng tr\u1eddi; l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y n\u00fai Thi\u1ebft Vi l\u00e0m v\u00f2ng ngo\u00e0i, l\u1ea5y n\u00fai Tu Di l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 C\u1eedu s\u01a1n, B\u00e1t h\u1ea3i, t\u1ee9 ch\u00e2u, nh\u1eadt, nguy\u1ec7t v.v… Song, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0, theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, trong B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, trung thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v.v…, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma th\u00ec l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Ti\u1ec3u thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn nh\u1eadt nguy\u1ec7t, Tu Di v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 ch\u00e2u v.v… \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sahasra-c\u00f9dika loka-dh\u00e0tu); m\u1ed9t trung thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn ti\u1ec3u thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn trung thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 1000×1000 = 100,000 ti\u1ec3u thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi), v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh hay ho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau (C\u00e2u X\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 11). Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tuy nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nhau n\u00ean, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, n\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

                        2-\u00a0PHONG LU\u00c2N, TH\u1ee6Y LU\u00c2N, KIM LU\u00c2N<\/h5>\n

                        T\u1eeb c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3, v\u00f2ng gi\u00f3, v\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng v\u00e0ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng (t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng gian). T\u1eeb tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gian sinh ra v\u00f2ng gi\u00f3. Theo lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1, g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 16 L\u1ea1c xoa (T\u00e0u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u1ee8c, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 100,000) do tu\u1ea7n; c\u00f2n theo l\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 1, th\u00ec c\u00f3 19 \u1ee9c s\u00e1u v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n. Theo T\u1ee5ng s\u1edb, m\u1ed7i do tu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 16 d\u1eb7m. Chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00ec t\u1eeb Kh\u1edfi Th\u1ebf kinh cho \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 cho l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng duy c\u00f3 L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai v\u1ea1n ba ngh\u00ecn b\u1ed1n tr\u0103m n\u0103m do tu\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

                        Tr\u00ean v\u00f2ng gi\u00f3 l\u1ea1i sinh ra v\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Theo C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn, chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u l\u00e0 t\u00e1m \u1ee9c do tu\u1ea7n, chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai \u1ee9c ba ngh\u00ecn b\u1ed1n tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i do tu\u1ea7n; c\u00f2n L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn th\u00ec b\u1ea3o chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u1ee9c t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi C\u00e2u X\u00e1, \u0110\u1ea1i L\u00e2u Th\u00e1n kinh th\u00ec n\u00f3i s\u00e2u b\u1ed1n tr\u0103m s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n; c\u00f2n Kh\u1edfi Th\u1ebf kinh l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3o s\u00e2u s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n; c\u00f2n Th\u1ebf K\u1ef7 kinh th\u00ec n\u00f3i ba ngh\u00ecn ba m\u01b0\u01a1i do tu\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng th\u00ec v\u00f4 bi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                        Tr\u00ean v\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 v\u00f2ng v\u00e0ng: r\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f2n d\u00e0y, theo C\u00e2u X\u00e1 l\u00e0 ba \u1ee9c hai v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n (nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea5y trong C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn ph\u00e1p ngh\u0129a, quy\u1ec3n 11, v\u00e0 C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 11). T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f2ng v\u00e0ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i tr\u00ean v\u00f2ng v\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

                        3-\u00a0C\u1eecU S\u01a0N, B\u00c1T H\u1ea2I L\u1ea4Y N\u00daI TU DI L\u00c0M TRUNG T\u00c2M<\/h5>\n

                        N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ngang m\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t th\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y n\u00fai Tu Di l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u00edn n\u00fai, t\u00e1m bi\u1ec3n. T\u1ee9c trong B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y bi\u1ec3n, b\u1ea3y ch\u00e2u. Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00edn n\u00fai, t\u00e1m bi\u1ec3n. M\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00edn n\u00fai, t\u00e1m bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 n\u00fai Tu Di. Theo C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn, L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec7 Duy Da Ng\u00f5a Tha Na th\u00ec c\u00e1c n\u00fai v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n bao quanh n\u00fai Tu Di theo thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                        T\u00f4 M\u00ea L\u01b0 S\u01a1n\u00a0(Di\u1ec7u Cao)<\/p>\n

                        Du Ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1t La S\u01a1n\u00a0(Tr\u00ec Song)<\/p>\n

                        Y Sa \u0110\u00e0 La S\u01a1n (Tr\u00ec Tr\u1ee5c)<\/p>\n

                        Kh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ecba L\u1ea1c Ca S\u01a1n\u00a0(Di\u00eam M\u1ed9c)<\/p>\n

                        T\u00f4 \u0110\u1ea1t L\u00ea X\u00e1 Na S\u01a1n\u00a0(Thi\u1ec7n Ki\u1ebfn)<\/p>\n

                        Ng\u1ea1ch Th\u1ea5p Ph\u01b0\u1ee3c Y\u1ebft Noa S\u01a1n\u00a0(M\u00e3 Nh\u0129)<\/p>\n

                        T\u1ef3 Na \u0110\u00e1t Ca S\u01a1n\u00a0(T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nh\u0129)<\/p>\n

                        Ni D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1t La S\u01a1n\u00a0(Tr\u00ec S\u01a1n, hay t\u00ean c\u00e1)<\/p>\n

                        Thi\u1ebft Lu\u00e2n Vi S\u01a1n<\/p>\n

                        Theo L\u00e2n K\u00fd th\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u00ean n\u00e0y do theo h\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t (T\u1ee5ng s\u1edb quy\u1ec3n 11). Theo Kh\u1eafc L\u1ed7 Ng\u00e3i L\u1ed7 th\u00ec b\u1ea3y n\u00fai t\u1eeb Tr\u00ec Song \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u00ec S\u01a1n l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi b\u1ea3y sao Nh\u1eadt, Nguy\u1ec7t, M\u1ed9c, H\u1ecfa, Th\u1ed5, Kim, v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7y.<\/p>\n

                        Nh\u01b0ng thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed trong c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft. Theo kinh B\u1ea3n Sinh, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea3y n\u00fai tr\u00ean l\u00e0: 1. Sudassana, 2. Isadhara, 3. Nemindhara, 4. Assakanna, 5. Karavika, 6. Yugandhara, 7. Vinataka. Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong \u00c1 Tha Na L\u1ee3i N\u1ea1t, \u0110\u1ea1i S\u1ef1, L\u00e2u Th\u00e2n kinh, v\u00e0 Kh\u1edfi Th\u1ebf kinh v.v… thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn (C\u00e2u X\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 11). T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, d\u00f9 sao th\u00ec thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng n\u00fai \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea5y n\u00fai Tu Di l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, r\u1ed3i thu\u1eadn theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3n (h\u1ea3i lu\u00e2n), m\u00e0 bao v\u00e2y \u1edf v\u00f2ng ngo\u00e0i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Lu\u00e2n S\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

                        Song, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u00fai \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Theo C\u00e2u X\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 11 th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean Kim lu\u1eadn (v\u00f2ng v\u00e0ng) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00e2m s\u00e2u xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u00fai Tu Di \u1edf tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng n\u00fai Tr\u00ec Song ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n v\u1ea1n, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00fai th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 Tr\u00ec Tr\u1ee5c th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3m \u0111i m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 n\u00fai Thi\u1ebft Vi ch\u1ec9 nh\u00f4 l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ba tr\u0103m m\u01b0\u1eddi hai do tu\u1ea7n r\u01b0\u1ee1i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00fai \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (C\u00e2u X\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 11), cho n\u00ean thu\u1eadn theo \u0111\u1ed9 cao, chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt \u0111i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

                        (c\u0169ng c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00fai t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc – L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 2, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 182, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

                        Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1m bi\u1ec3n. Trong t\u00e1m bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y, theo C\u00e2u X\u00e1 th\u00ec b\u1ea3y bi\u1ec3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u1ea3i, n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt, c\u00f2n bi\u1ec3n kia, t\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i h\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ebft Vi S\u01a1n, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i, to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n. V\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng th\u00ec C\u00e2u X\u00e1 n\u00f3i: “Kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u00fai c\u00f3 t\u00e1m bi\u1ec3n, b\u1ea3y bi\u1ec3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u1ea3i. Bi\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n, b\u1ed1n b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ea5p ba. S\u00e1u bi\u1ec3n kia ch\u1ec9 r\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng n\u1eeda, c\u00f2n bi\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i, r\u1ed9ng ba l\u1ea1c xoa (\u1ee9c) hai v\u1ea1n ngh\u00ecn du thi\u1ec7n na (do tu\u1ea7n)”.<\/p>\n

                        C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec t\u1eeb ngo\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n n\u00fai Tu Di \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i di\u1ec7n n\u00fai Tr\u00ec Song, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n, b\u1ed1n g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a n\u00fai Tr\u00ec Song c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a n\u00fai Tu Di, n\u1ed9i di\u1ec7n m\u1ed7i b\u00ean l\u00e0 24 v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng chu vi l\u00e0 96 v\u1ea1n (t\u1ee9c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 k\u1ebb l\u00e0 ch\u00edn \u1ee9c s\u00e1u v\u1ea1n) do tu\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

                        Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c n\u00fai kia, v\u00ec c\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3m \u0111i m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda b\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng cho n\u00ean, t\u1eeb ngo\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00fai Tr\u00ec Song \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00fai Tr\u00ec Tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ed1n v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9 t\u00ednh theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3, Bi\u1ec3n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u1ee9c \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u00fai Tr\u00ec S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00fai Thi\u1ebft Vi th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u00e0 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai v\u1ea1n ngh\u00ecn (t\u1ee9c ba \u1ee9c hai v\u1ea1n hai ngh\u00ecn) do tu\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 n\u00fai Thi\u1ebft Vi, v\u00ec l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f2n, cho n\u00ean to\u00e0n chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb trung t\u00e2m n\u00fai Tu Di \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1ch xa g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

                        L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn b\u1ea3o chu vi c\u1ee7a n\u00fai Thi\u1ebft Vi l\u00e0 16 \u1ee9c m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n ba tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i do tu\u1ea7n (L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn), quy\u1ec3n 2, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh 32, trang 181), v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, gi\u1eefa L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m v\u00e0 C\u00e2u X\u00e1 c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 h\u01a1i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, C\u00e2u X\u00e1 cho \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng \u2013 C\u00e2u X\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 11 n\u00f3i: “Ch\u00edn n\u00fai \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean Kim lu\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0103n s\u00e2u d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n – L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m th\u00ec cho n\u00fai Tu Di l\u00e0 s\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t, r\u1ed3i c\u00e1c n\u00fai theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee9 n\u00f3ng l\u00ean d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00fai Thi\u1ebft Vi th\u00ec chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 312 do tu\u1ea7n r\u01b0\u1ee1i.<\/p>\n

                        Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i v\u1ec1 c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ta hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

                        Trong ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i, t\u1ee9c ph\u00eda trong n\u00fai Thi\u1ebft Vi v\u00e0 ph\u00eda ngo\u00e0i n\u00fai Tr\u00ec Song, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2u. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1 \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam, h\u00ecnh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i xe, B\u1eafc r\u1ed9ng, Nam h\u1eb9p, ba c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00e0i hai ngh\u00ecn do tu\u1ea7n, c\u00f2n c\u1ea1nh ph\u00eda Nam ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba do tu\u1ea7n r\u01b0\u1ee1i.<\/p>\n

                        \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u1edf (B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o cho ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 n\u00fai Tu Di, \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam n\u00fai Tu Di l\u00e0 B\u00e0 La \u0110a, t\u1ee9c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9). Ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u0110\u00f4ng Th\u1eafng Th\u1ea7n (P\u00f9rvavideva), h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh b\u00e1n nguy\u1ec7t. C\u00e2u X\u00e1 n\u00f3i, c\u1ea1nh ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 350 do tu\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec ba c\u1ea1nh kia, m\u1ed7i c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 2000 do tu\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

                        T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb n\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Duy T\u1ea3i C\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ta.<\/p>\n

                        V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2u B\u1eafc C\u00e2u L\u01b0, B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc n\u00fai Tu Di v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. H\u00ecnh ch\u00e2u n\u00e0u vu\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 2,000 do tu\u1ea7n, cho n\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, chu vi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 8,000 do tu\u1ea7n. Sau h\u1ebft, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u00e2u T\u00e2y Ng\u01b0u H\u00f3a h\u00ecnh ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y tr\u00f2n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c k\u00ednh l\u00e0 2,500 do tu\u1ea7n, n\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, chu bi\u00ean c\u00f3 7,500 do tu\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

                        V\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y, theo L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m th\u00ec t\u1eeb trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u T\u00e2y Ng\u01b0u H\u00f3a l\u00e0 ba \u1ee9c s\u00e1u v\u1ea1n s\u00e1u ngh\u00ecn do tu\u1ea7n; l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u B\u1eafc ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u B\u1eafc ch\u00e2u B\u1eafc C\u00e2u L\u01b0 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u1ee9c b\u1ea3y v\u1ea1n b\u1ea3y ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u0103m do tu\u1ea7n (L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 2, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh 32, trang 181, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

                        T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn ch\u00e2u n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec3m th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1ee9c di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf m\u1ed7i ch\u00e2u c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u1ea5y. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1 th\u00ec m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean r\u1ed9ng, d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1eb9p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u T\u00e2y Ng\u01b0u H\u00f3a th\u00ec m\u1eb7t tr\u00f2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u B\u1eafc C\u00e2u L\u01b0 m\u1eb7t vu\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u0110\u00f4ng Th\u1eafng Th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh b\u00e1n nguy\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

                        Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed7i ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng c\u00f3. Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 hai ch\u00e2u ph\u1ee5. T\u1ee9c hai ch\u00e2u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1 l\u00e0 Da M\u1ea1t La ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 Phi\u1ec7t La Da M\u1ea1t La ch\u00e2u, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch L\u00f4n ng\u00e0y nay m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t. Hai ch\u00e2u ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Th\u1eafng l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec1 Ha ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 T\u1ef3 Ha ch\u00e2u; c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc C\u00e2u L\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0110o\u1ea3n L\u1ea1p D\u00e0 v\u00e0 Ki\u1ec1u l\u1ea1p B\u00e0; c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ng\u01b0u H\u00f3a l\u00e0 X\u00e1 H\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 U\u1ea5t \u0110\u00e1t La M\u1ea1n \u0110\u00e1t L\u00fd Noa. T\u00e1m ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y tuy n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng Da M\u1ea1t La ch\u00e2u, hay Phi\u1ec7t La Da M\u1ea1t La ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a qu\u1ef7 La S\u00e1t. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Qu\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 T\u00edch L\u00f4n.<\/p>\n

                        4-\u00a0N\u00daI TU DI<\/h5>\n

                        Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u00e1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u00fai Tu Di nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Nh\u01b0 d\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, n\u00fai Tu Di cao t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n, b\u1ed1n g\u00f3c tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1ed7i c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n. N\u1eeda ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi, t\u1ee9c t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ed1n v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n t\u1ea7ng, c\u00e1ch nhau m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea1y d\u00e0i ra v\u00e2y quanh trung khu b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00fai Tu Di. T\u1ee9c t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t nh\u00f4 ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n s\u00e1u ngh\u00ecn do tu\u1ea7n, t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 hai, t\u00e1m ngh\u00ecn do tu\u1ea7n, t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 ba, b\u1ed1n ngh\u00ecn do tu\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, hai ngh\u00ecn do tu\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

                        Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n. T\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n D\u1ea1 Xoa t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ki\u00ean Th\u1ee7; t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Tr\u00ec Ph\u00e1t; t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a H\u1eb1ng Ki\u00eau (x\u01b0a l\u00e0 H\u1eb1ng T\u00fay): t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n D\u1ea1 Xoa, h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 Thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 Tr\u00ec Qu\u1ed1c Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng; Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng do T\u0103ng Tr\u01b0\u1edfng Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf; T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng do Qu\u1ea3ng M\u1ee5c Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng; B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng do T\u1ef3 Sa M\u00f4n Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u0111a \u2013 v\u0103n \u2013 thi\u00ean): b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (nh\u01b0ng Kh\u1edfi Th\u1ebf Nh\u00e2n B\u1ea3n kinh quy\u1ec3n 6 (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh 1, trang 394, h\u1ea1); L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 4 (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 191, trung); Du Gi\u00e0 S\u01b0 \u0110\u1ecba lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 2 (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 30, trang 287, trung) \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00f3i b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai Tr\u00ec Song).<\/p>\n

                        Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai Tu Di l\u00e0 Tr\u1eddi 33 (\u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean) chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng, theo C\u00e2u X\u00e1 (quy\u1ec3n 11) \u0111\u01b0a ra hai gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i c\u1ea1nh r\u1ed9ng t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n; m\u1ed9t cho m\u1ed7i c\u1ea1nh r\u1ed9ng hai v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n. Tam Th\u1eadp Tam Thi\u00ean l\u00e0 tho\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 g\u1ecdi ch\u01b0 th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 Tam \u0110i\u1ec7p Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u00ean, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “T\u00e1m tr\u0103m v\u1ea1n Th\u1ea7n” v.v… t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, n\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n, v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c 33 n\u00e0y\u00a0kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3. Ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u1eddi \u0110\u1ebf Th\u00edch, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 S\u00e1 Kh\u1eafc L\u1ea1p \u0110\u1ee9c Duy Na M\u1ed7 Nh\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0 La. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 kinh Kh\u1edfi Th\u1ebf (quy\u1ec3n 20, ph\u1ea9m \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean)), r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kinh, lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c t\u00e1n th\u00e1n c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi \u0110ao L\u1ee3i n\u00e0y, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn qua c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 xem sao. B\u1ed1n g\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai Tu Di c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai cao 500 do tu\u1ea7n, l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee7, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi canh ph\u00f2ng n\u00fai Tu Di. Gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4 th\u00e0nh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec7n Ki\u1ebfn (Di\u1ec7u Ki\u1ebfn, ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 H\u1ef7 Ki\u1ebfn), b\u1ed1n b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 2,500 do tu\u1ea7n. Chu vi c\u00f3 Kim Th\u00e0nh d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t do tu\u1ea7n r\u01b0\u1ee1i. \u0110\u1ea5t m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 d\u1ea3i nhung t\u01a1. Trong th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n T\u1ef3 X\u00e0 Duy\u00ean r\u1ea5t th\u00f9 th\u1eafng, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf Th\u00edch. B\u1ed1n ph\u00eda ngo\u00e0i th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n khu v\u01b0\u1eddn: ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1eddn Ch\u00fang Xa; ph\u00eda Nam c\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1eddn Th\u00f4 \u00c1c (v\u01b0\u1eddn \u00c1c Kh\u1ea9u); ph\u00eda T\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1eddn T\u1ea1p L\u00e2m; ph\u00eda B\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1eddn H\u1ef7 L\u00e2m(L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 3, ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u1eddn k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 ghi v\u01b0\u1eddn Ba L\u1ee3i D\u1ea1 \u0110a. C\u00f2n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00ean Th\u00f4 \u00c1c, b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec c\u00f3 ao v\u00e0 c\u00e2y n\u00ean v\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Th\u00f4 \u00c1c. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, v\u00ec ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean khi v\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00e0y tranh gi\u00e0nh nhau \u0111i sau \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 sinh gh\u00e9t nhau, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u00c1c Kh\u1ea9u – \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 187, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i du ngo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean c\u00f5i \u0110ao L\u1ee3i. Ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Ba L\u1ee3i X\u00e0 \u0110a, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khu v\u01b0\u1eddn Vi\u00ean Sinh Th\u1ee5. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e2y Vi\u00ean Sinh cao 100 do tu\u1ea7n, c\u00e0nh t\u1ecfa ra b\u1ed1n ph\u00eda th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00e0n l\u1edbn che r\u1ee3p 50 do tu\u1ea7n. D\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00f3ng t\u00e0n \u0111\u00f3, ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean tha h\u1ed3 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ca m\u00faa (v\u1ec1 \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u1eddn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 20, ph\u1ea9m \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean; L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 2 v\u00e0 3; v\u00e0 C\u00e2u X\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 11)<\/p>\n

                        5-\u00a0NH\u1eacT NGUY\u1ec6T L\u1ecaCH S\u1ed0<\/h5>\n

                        Nh\u1eadt nguy\u1ec7t l\u1ecbch s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o so v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt nguy\u1ec7t l\u1ecbch s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a khoa h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eadt nguy\u1ec7t l\u1ecbch s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na th\u1ea5y \u1edf s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, n\u00ean r\u1ea5t th\u1eb3ng m\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i; Nh\u1eadt nguy\u1ec7t l\u1ecbch s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tuy c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u, n\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thuy\u1ebft minh r\u1ea5t kh\u00edt khao.<\/p>\n

                        Nh\u1eefng v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft th\u00ec v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00f3i ra t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt nguy\u1ec7t h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m, trong L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 5 (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 165, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, sau \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                        Theo L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng nhau, \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ed1n v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00fai Tu Di, t\u1ee9c c\u0169ng cao b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai Tr\u00ec Song (B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na cho m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi cao m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n); l\u01a1 l\u1eedng gi\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng trung, kh\u00f4ng r\u01a1i, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u1eebng xoay v\u1ea7n, s\u1edf d\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u1edf s\u1ee9c gi\u00f3 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1. (Theo Th\u1ebf K\u1ef7 kinh, Th\u1ebf B\u1ea3n Duy\u00ean ph\u1ea9m trong Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m th\u00ec c\u00f3 n\u0103m ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Tr\u00ec phong, D\u01b0\u1ee1ng phong, Th\u1ee5 phong, Chuy\u1ec3n phong v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u phong. \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 145, h\u1ea1). (L\u1ea1i trong Kh\u1edfi Th\u1ebf kinh, quy\u1ec3n 10 (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 360, h\u1ea1) n\u00f3i l\u00e0 Tr\u00ec phong, Tr\u1ee5 phong, Thu\u1eadn phong, Nhi\u1ebfp phong v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh phong). V\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 th\u00ec m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean th\u1ec3, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 51 do tu\u1ea7n, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 50 do tu\u1ea7n (n\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 th\u00ec m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n bi\u1ebft bao! V\u00ec ba c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 m\u1ed7i c\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng 2,000 do tu\u1ea7n). Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn trong m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u00f3 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Song, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u00ec, theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng l\u00e0 pha l\u00ea, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi l\u1edbp b\u1ea1ch \u2013 ng\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn; c\u00f2n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi tuy c\u0169ng l\u00e0 pha l\u00ea nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi x\u00edch kim v\u00e0 l\u1eeda chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn. Trong B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                        Song, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y n\u00fai Tu Di l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, l\u1ea5y b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2u l\u00e0m gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 c\u00f9ng xoay v\u1ea7n trong qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o. Do s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u1ea5y m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y, \u0111\u00eam. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi xoay t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng sang T\u00e2y; n\u1eeda \u0111\u00eam \u1edf B\u1eafc ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 l\u00fac m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u1eb7n \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng ch\u00e2u; gi\u1eefa tr\u01b0a \u1edf Nam ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 l\u00fac m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc \u1edf T\u00e2y ch\u00e2u. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 d\u00e0i, ng\u1eafn c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y, \u0111\u00eam th\u00ec: B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na cho qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng l\u00e0 180 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n h\u00ecnh \u1ed1c; trong L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 chia n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i l\u1ed9, v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 290 do tu\u1ea7n. T\u1ef1u trung, ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u1edf hai ch\u00e2u Nam Ph\u00f9 v\u00e0 B\u1eafc C\u00e2u L\u01b0, t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c Nam (c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 n\u00fai Tu Di l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc) c\u1ee7a hai ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y, \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m 60 do tu\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u1edf hai ch\u00e2u \u0110\u00f4ng Th\u1eafng Th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ng\u01b0u H\u00f3a, t\u1eeb c\u1ef1c Nam, \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba c\u1ee7a 393 do tu\u1ea7n, chi\u1ebfu theo b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecda m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y n\u00f3 l\u00e0m ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u1ee9c t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn ba tr\u0103m t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i do tu\u1ea7n, chu vi l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n \u1ee9c b\u1ed1n v\u1ea1n b\u1ed1n ngh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i do tu\u1ea7n. C\u00f2n n\u1ed9i l\u1ed9, t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec3m 290 do tu\u1ea7n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng su\u1ed1t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1edf hai ch\u00e2u Nam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1 v\u00e0 B\u1eafc C\u00e2u L\u01b0, c\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c Nam 350 do tu\u1ea7n; \u1edf hai ch\u00e2u \u0110\u00f4ng Th\u1eafng Th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ng\u01b0u H\u00f3a l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1edf v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba c\u1ee7a 683 do tu\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c k\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u1ee9c t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n t\u00e1m tr\u0103m do tu\u1ea7n, chu vi b\u1ed1n \u1ee9c b\u1ed1n v\u1ea1n hai ngh\u00ecn b\u1ed1n tr\u0103m do tu\u1ea7n. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh trong kho\u1ea3ng hai con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a 290 do tu\u1ea7n n\u00ean Nh\u1eadt nguy\u1ec7t l\u1ecbch s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

                        Do \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ea5y thuy\u1ebft qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t n\u0103m l\u00e0m 360 ng\u00e0y (5 n\u0103m nhu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng), th\u00ec qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u00f3 180 lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u00f3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i l\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i l\u1ed9 v\u00e0o ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 v\u1eady. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi (c\u1ea3 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u0169ng th\u1ebf) quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ri\u00eang \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 hay n\u1ed9i l\u1ed9 m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i l\u1eabn n\u1ed9i l\u1ed9, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh 180 lo\u1ea1i. Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1i ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i l\u1ed9 B\u1eafc C\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1n th\u00f4ng trung l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a hai ch\u00e2u \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y, ng\u00e0y \u0110\u00f4ng ch\u00ed (x\u01b0a l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 11?) c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y (Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ee9 hai, khi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i trung l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 B\u1eafc ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u1edf n\u1ed9i l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng ch\u00e2u, ng\u00e0y Thu ph\u00e2n \u1edf ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ee9 ba, l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc ch\u00e2u v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nam ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 trung l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a hai ch\u00e2u \u0110\u00f4ng, T\u00e2y, khi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111i theo qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebft H\u1ea1 ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y. Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p trung l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a hai ch\u00e2u Nam, B\u1eafc v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y ch\u00e2u, th\u00ec ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ng\u00e0y Xu\u00e2n ph\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1ed1n qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u00e0y l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p, giao thoa gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh ra 180 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

                        N\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn th\u00ec m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

                        \u0110i th\u1eb3ng\u00a01444140 + 1442400: 360 = 4009 x 1\/12 do tu\u1ea7n<\/p>\n

                        \u00a02<\/p>\n

                        \u0110i ch\u1ebfch\u00a0290\u00a0=1 x 11\/18 do tu\u1ea7n (t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i l\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 hay t\u1eeb ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i l\u1ed9).<\/p>\n

                        L\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam c\u00f3 d\u00e0i, ng\u1eafn kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y. Khi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi qua l\u1ea1i trong n\u1ed9i l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u th\u00ec r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i, khi qua l\u1ea1i trong trung l\u1ed9 th\u00ec B\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n. C\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft minh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam l\u00e0 30 M\u00e2u h\u00f4 l\u1eadt \u0111a, ho\u1eb7c M\u00e2u h\u01b0u \u0111a; ng\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 18 M\u00e2u h\u00f4 l\u1eadt \u0111a, ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 12 M\u00e2u h\u00f4 l\u1eadt \u0111a. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. N\u1ebfu theo L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn th\u00ec: s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y l\u00e0: 1\/30 M\u00e2u h\u00f4 l\u1eadt \u0111a = 1 La b\u00e0 hay L\u1ea1p ph\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb H\u1ea1 ch\u00ed, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y th\u1eddi gian gi\u1ea3m \u0111i m\u1ed9t L\u1ea1p ph\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng ch\u00ed, t\u0103ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t L\u1ea1p ph\u01b0\u1ee3c. Song, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y \u0110\u00f4ng ch\u00ed, H\u1ea1 ch\u00ed v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y B\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, do v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u01a1i sai kh\u00e1c. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 5, \u0111\u01b0a ra hai thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

                        Thuy\u1ebft th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

                        Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 5 – H\u1ea1 ch\u00ed<\/p>\n

                        Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 8 \u2013 B\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n<\/p>\n

                        Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 11 \u2013 \u0110\u00f4ng ch\u00ed<\/p>\n

                        Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 2 \u2013 B\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n<\/p>\n

                        Thuy\u1ebft th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

                        Ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 6 – H\u1ea1 ch\u00ed<\/p>\n

                        Ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 9 \u2013 B\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n<\/p>\n

                        Ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 11 \u2013 \u0110\u00f4ng ch\u00ed<\/p>\n

                        Ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 3 \u2013 B\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n<\/p>\n

                        L\u1ea1i trong lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 Sa, quy\u1ec3n 136 th\u00ec n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

                        Ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng ma D\u00e0 (9-12) \u2013 \u0110\u00f4ng ch\u00ed<\/p>\n

                        Ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng Th\u1ea5t La Phi\u1ec7t Noa (9-6) – H\u1ea1 ch\u00ed<\/p>\n

                        C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn th\u00ec n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

                        T\u1eeb V\u0169 T\u1ebf th\u00e1ng th\u1ee9 hai, ng\u00e0y 9, \u0111\u00eam d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u0103ng: t\u1eeb H\u00e0n T\u1ebf th\u00e1ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, ng\u00e0y 9, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n

                        Song, V\u0169 T\u1ebf th\u00e1ng th\u1ee9 hai, v\u00e0 H\u00e0n T\u1ebf th\u00e1ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 th\u00e1ng n\u00e0o th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5. Quang K\u00fd \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

                        Th\u00e1i S\u1edb th\u00ec n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

                        Ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 8 (V\u0169 T\u1ebf th\u00e1ng th\u1ee9 2) \u2013 Thu B\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n<\/p>\n

                        Ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 2 (V\u0169 T\u1ebf th\u00e1ng th\u1ee9 4) \u2013 Xu\u00e2n B\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n<\/p>\n

                        Quang K\u00fd th\u00ec n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

                        Ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 5 (V\u0169 T\u1ebf th\u00e1ng th\u1ee9 2) – H\u1ea1 ch\u00ed<\/p>\n

                        Ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 11 (V\u0169 T\u1ebf th\u00e1ng th\u1ee9 4) \u2013 \u0110\u00f4ng ch\u00ed.<\/p>\n

                        \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 T\u1ee5ng s\u1edb n\u00f3i, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00eam t\u0103ng l\u00ean, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 B\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u0103ng v\u00e0 sau H\u1ea1 ch\u00ed. Song, n\u1ebfu cho nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng V\u0169 T\u1ebf v\u00e0 H\u00e0n T\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n th\u1ecfa. Nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa m\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u00ec, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u0169 T\u1ebf, H\u00e0n T\u1ebf, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam d\u00e0i ng\u1eafn kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9, cho n\u00ean d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ed3i, hu\u1ed1ng chi c\u00f2n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. N\u1ebfu ta mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u00ec d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/p>\n

                        N\u1ebfu t\u00ednh theo ng\u00e0y nay, th\u00ec th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t xoay quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng l\u00e0 365 ng\u00e0y, 5 gi\u1edd, 48 ph\u00fat, 46 gi\u00e2y, do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu cho m\u1ed9t n\u0103m l\u00e0 365 ng\u00e0y, th\u00ec c\u1ee9 c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1n n\u0103m ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y nhu\u1eadn. \u0110\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng \u00c2m l\u1ecbch, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t n\u0103m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 360 ng\u00e0y, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 51\/4 ng\u00e0y n\u1eefa, cho n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng nhu\u1eadn. L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn tuy cho n\u0103m n\u0103m nhu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng nhu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1ed1 n\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc.<\/p>\n

                        Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Sau \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd n\u00f3i qua v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng. M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, c\u0169ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng hai con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111i qua 15 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u0169. \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i trong 30 ng\u00e0y th\u00ec \u0111i h\u1ebft to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i l\u1ed9 h\u1ebft 15 ng\u00e0y, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i l\u1ed9 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 h\u1ebft 15 ng\u00e0y. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, khi m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111i ch\u1ebfch th\u00ec nhanh h\u01a1n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 191\/3 do tu\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111i th\u1eb3ng th\u00ec t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nhanh h\u01a1n m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng 48,080 do tu\u1ea7n, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p hay ly. Khi h\u1ee3p th\u00ec \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi bao ph\u1ee7 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y l\u00e0 3: 1\/3 do tu\u1ea7n, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ecb bao ph\u1ee7, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ra “h\u1eafc ph\u00e2n”. Khi ly th\u00ec d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n ra 3: 1\/3 do tu\u1ea7n, c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi che n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 l\u00fac \u1ea5y l\u00e0 tr\u0103ng tr\u00f2n (b\u1ea1ch ph\u00e2n): \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao tr\u0103ng c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft, c\u00f3 tr\u00f2n v\u1eady. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo quan ni\u1ec7m ng\u00e0y nay th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na b\u1ea3o do s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7y v\u01a1i c\u1ee7a cam l\u1ed9 m\u00e0 tr\u0103ng c\u00f3 tr\u00f2n, khuy\u1ebft, th\u00ec c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t khoa h\u1ecdc (C\u00e2u X\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 11 n\u00f3i: “C\u00e1c s\u01b0 x\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 do \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i v\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u00ean m\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 tr\u00f2n, khuy\u1ebft”. T\u1ee5ng s\u1edb ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u00e1c s\u01b0 x\u01b0a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Kinh B\u1ed9. N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh trong L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u1edbi Kinh B\u1ed9).<\/p>\n

                        Ti\u1ebft th\u1ee9 hai: \u0110\u1ecaA NG\u1ee4C<\/h5>\n
                        1-\u00a0V\u0102N HI\u1ebeN<\/h5>\n

                        Sau \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y b\u00e0n qua v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

                        T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu d\u1ee5ng trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o r\u1ed3i. Song, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan. V\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c th\u00ec m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 sau n\u00e0y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh (A.L.p.141, M.3p.166, S. L. p. 151. T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 47, T\u0103ng Nh\u1ea5t A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 36, Trung A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 1, Thi\u00ean S\u1ee9 Kinh). Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 th\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c, v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c). Tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t huy nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c c\u0169ng l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb l\u1edbn trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh quan.<\/p>\n

                        D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin k\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 qua nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c: T\u0103ng Nh\u1ea5t B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung B\u1ed9 v\u0103n Ba Li l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa th\u00ec c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa kinh B\u1ea3n Sinh, \u0110\u1ea1i S\u1ef1, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 19, ph\u1ea9m \u0110\u1ecba Ng\u1ee5c, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 8, ph\u1ea9m \u0110\u1ecba Ng\u1ee5c, Th\u1ebf gian Thi Thi\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn, Th\u1ebf gian ph\u1ea9m (quy\u1ec3n 11), cho \u0111\u1ebfn Du D\u00e0 S\u01b0 \u0110\u1ecba lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh chung c\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

                        2- V\u1eca TR\u00cd<\/h5>\n

                        Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. Tr\u00ean v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, ph\u1ea9m \u0110\u1ecba Ng\u1ee5c n\u00f3i: “N\u01a1i t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3n n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hai ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u01a1i gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng hai ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai n\u00e0y, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfu r\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 121, h\u1ea1), L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 1 th\u00ec b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c \u1edf ngo\u00e0i n\u00fai Thi\u1ebft Vi (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 173, trung). Song, \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o n\u01a1i t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c th\u00ec quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, n\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 hai v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n (d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y, b\u1ed1n v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n t\u1eeb b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng) l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c A T\u1ef3 (V\u00f4 Gi\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c), l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3, tr\u1edf l\u00ean c\u00f2n c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c (Du D\u00e0 S\u01b0 \u0110\u1ecba lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 4, n\u00f3i, t\u1eeb d\u00e2y tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng ba v\u1ea1n hai ngh\u00ecn do tu\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0110\u1eb3ng Ho\u1ea1t Na L\u1ea1c Ca (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 30, trang 294) song c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c c\u00e1ch nhau m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn do tu\u1ea7n).<\/p>\n

                        3-\u00a0S\u1ed0 V\u00c0 LO\u1ea0I<\/h5>\n

                        Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn, l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, Trung B\u1ed9 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn k\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0n, t\u00e1m nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u t\u0103ng (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 173, 207, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, 215, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng); Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 19, c\u0169ng k\u1ec3 m\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0n, t\u00e1m nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c nh\u1ecf ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. \u0110\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea t\u00ean g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                        Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb t\u00e1m nhi\u1ec7t. T\u00e1m nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0: 1. \u0110\u1eb3ng Ho\u1ea1t (x\u01b0a l\u00e0 C\u00e1nh Ho\u1ea1t), 2. H\u1eafc Th\u1eb1ng, 3. Ch\u00fang H\u1ee3p (x\u01b0a l\u00e0 Ch\u00fang H\u1ea1p), 4. Hi\u1ec7u Khi\u1ebfu (x\u01b0a l\u00e0 Khi\u1ebfu Ho\u00e0n), 5. \u0110\u1ea1i Hi\u1ec7u Khi\u1ebfu, 6. Vi\u00eam Nhi\u1ec7t (x\u01b0a l\u00e0 Thi\u00eau), 7. C\u1ef1c Nhi\u1ec7t (x\u01b0a l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00eau), 8. V\u00f4 Gi\u00e1n. Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ef1c \u00e1c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 b\u1ecb thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t. C\u0169ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. T\u1ef1u trung, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecda v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c \u0110\u1eb3ng Ho\u1ea1t, tuy b\u1ecb ng\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t – v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn ng\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00fang B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh L\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1ed9 th\u00ec b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh l\u1edbn do \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m. \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u0169ng th\u1ebf (Duy Th\u1ee9c Nh\u1ecb Th\u1eadp lu\u1eadn thu\u1eadt k\u00fd, quy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 43, trang 987, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng), n\u1ebfu theo K. V. XX. 3, th\u00ec \u00c1n \u0110\u1ea1t La ph\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn – ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9t t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean s\u1eaft n\u00f3ng, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd gi\u00f3 m\u00e1t m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u0110\u1eb3ng Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. H\u1eafc Th\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y \u0111en. Nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c d\u00f9ng s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y \u0111en trong t\u00e0u m\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u tr\u00ean kh\u00fac c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0a x\u1ebb, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng v\u1eady: ng\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t d\u00f9ng d\u00e2y s\u1eaft n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 theo d\u1ea5u \u1ea5y m\u00e0 c\u01b0a x\u1ebb t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 H\u1eafc Th\u1eb1ng. C\u00f2n Ch\u00fang H\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ng\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t \u0111u\u1ed5i t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa hai qu\u1ea3 n\u00fai, ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1eeda ch\u00e1y, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 hai qu\u1ea3 n\u00fai h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 \u00e9p t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ch\u00fang H\u1ee3p. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Vi\u00eam Nhi\u1ec7t, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u00eam nhi\u1ec7t, Khi\u1ebfu Hi\u1ec7u. \u0110\u1ea1i Khi\u1ebfu Hi\u1ec7u v.v… \u0111\u1ec1u do ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed1t m\u00e0 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u00e1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i k\u00eau g\u00e0o, than kh\u00f3c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n. Sau h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c V\u00f4 Gi\u00e1n, Trong b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c kia, c\u00f3 khi t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat, kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5, ch\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c n\u00e0y th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ph\u00fat do d\u1ef1 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 V\u00f4 Gi\u00e1n. (Nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn sau \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u1edbn n\u00e0y: Du D\u00e0 S\u01b0 \u0110\u1ecba lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 4, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 30, trang 295, h\u1ea1 – 297, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng); Thi Thi\u1ebft t\u00fac lu\u1eadn. Thi Thi\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i: “T\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p s\u00e1t sinh, k\u1ebb n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecda v\u00e0o V\u00f4 Gi\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; n\u1eb7ng v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ecda \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u00eam Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; v\u1eeba n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ecda Vi\u00eam Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; v\u1eeba n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ecda \u0110\u1ea1i Hi\u1ec7u Khi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; v\u1eeba n\u1eefa, Hi\u1ec7u Khi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; v\u1eeba n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ecda Ch\u00fang H\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; v\u1eeba n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ecda H\u1eafc Th\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; v\u1eeba n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ecda \u0110\u1eb3ng Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; v\u1eeba n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ecda B\u00e0ng Sinh \u00e1c th\u00fa, v\u00e0 nh\u1eb9 nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecda Ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 gi\u1edbi”; B\u00e0 Sa quy\u1ec3n 47(\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 243, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng); v\u00e0 Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma Lu\u00e2n, trang 173).<\/p>\n

                        V\u1ec1 b\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u1edbn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, theo C\u00e2u X\u00e1, m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 hai v\u1ea1n do tu\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u00e1u \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 T\u0103ng. Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, tuy l\u1ea5y t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u1edbn l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i mu\u1ed1n gia t\u0103ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf con s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u T\u0103ng ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u. Trung B\u1ed9 (M.III, p. 166) n\u00f3i t\u1ea1i c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5: kinh Th\u1ebf Kh\u1edfi trong Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 19, ph\u1ea9m \u0110\u1ecba Ng\u1ee5c, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh 1, trang 121, h\u1ea1) n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 sau: 1. H\u1eafc Sa, 2. Phi Ni\u1ec7u, 3. Ng\u0169 B\u00e1ch \u0110inh, 4. C\u01a1, 5. Kh\u00e1t, 6. Nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ed3ng Ph\u1ee7, 7. \u0110a \u0110\u1ed3ng Ph\u1ee7, 8. Th\u1ea1ch Na, 9. N\u00f9ng Huy\u1ebft, 10. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ecfa, 11. Kh\u00f4i H\u00e0, 12. Thi\u1ebft Ho\u00e0n, 13. X\u00edch Ph\u1ee7, 14. S\u00e0i Lang, 15. Ki\u1ebfm Th\u1ee5, 16. H\u00e0n B\u0103ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a kinh Th\u1ebf Kh\u1edfi, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1ed3 nghi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t thai t\u1eeb B\u00e1 L\u1ea1p Na. Song, L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 8 (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 211, h\u1ea1), hay lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 11, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1i b\u1ed1n c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n t\u0103ng, c\u1ed9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i: 1. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed4i T\u0103ng (x\u01b0a g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nhi\u1ec7t Kh\u00f4i Vi\u00ean). 2 Th\u00ec Ph\u1ea9n T\u0103ng (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1eed Thi Vi\u00ean). Trong Thi Ph\u1ea9n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 con tr\u00f9ng k\u00eau l\u00e0 N\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee7 Tra (x\u01b0a g\u1ecdi Nh\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u01b0u \u0110a). 3. Phong Nh\u1eadn T\u0103ng (trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i chia th\u00e0nh 3 lo\u1ea1i: a) \u0110ao Nh\u1eadn L\u1ed9, b) Ki\u1ebfm Di\u1ec7p L\u00e2m, c) Thi\u1ebft Th\u00edch L\u00e2m). 4. Li\u1ec7t H\u00e0 T\u0103ng. N\u1ebfu chia nh\u1ecf ra n\u1eefa th\u00ec th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3y lo\u1ea1i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u00eam ba lo\u1ea1i \u1edf s\u1ed1 3 v\u00e0o. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i t\u0103m do tu\u1ea7n. T\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n khi t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh ra r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 T\u0103ng (th\u00eam). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1.<\/p>\n

                        Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 H\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 19, ph\u1ea9m \u0110\u1ecba Ng\u1ee5c (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 125, h\u1ea1) L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 1 (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 22, trang 173, h\u1ea1) li\u1ec7t k\u00ea m\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i. T\u0103ng Nh\u1ea5t B\u1ed9, T\u1eadp B\u1ed9, Kinh T\u1eadp B\u1ed9 th\u00ec k\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u00edn lo\u1ea1i. C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn th\u00ec l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i c\u00f3 t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

                        M\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0: 1. H\u1eadu V\u00e2n, 2. V\u00f4 V\u00e2n, 3. Ha Ha, 4. N\u1ea1i H\u00e0, 5. D\u01b0\u01a1ng Minh, 6. Tu C\u00e0n \u0110\u1ec1, 7. \u01afu B\u00e1t La, 8. C\u00e2u V\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea7u, 9. Ph\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ee3i, 10. B\u00e1t \u0110\u1ea7u Ma.<\/p>\n

                        M\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m l\u00e0: 1. At Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u00e0, 2. Ni\u1ebft Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u00e0, 3. A Ba Ba, 4. A Tra Tra, 5. \u01afu H\u1ed1ng H\u1ed3ng, 6. U\u1ea5t Ba L\u0169, 7. C\u00e2u V\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea7u, 8. T\u00f4 Ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u00e0 C\u1ed1, 9. Ph\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ee3i C\u1ed1, 10. Ba \u0110\u1ea7u Ma.<\/p>\n

                        C\u00f2n t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a C\u00e2u X\u00e1 l\u00e0 b\u1ecf s\u1ed1 7, 8, tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

                        Nh\u1eefng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo c\u00e1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c l\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebfng kh\u1ed5 th\u1ea3m m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t (trong Ph\u00e1t H\u1ee3p T\u01b0 Ba T\u1ea1o \u1ea2nh S\u01a1 Tri lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 229, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) v\u00e0 Du D\u00e0 S\u01b0 \u0110\u1ecba lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 4, c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 t\u00e1m H\u00e0n).<\/p>\n

                        V\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c n\u00e0y, L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 1, b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u00eda ngo\u00e0i n\u00fai Thi\u1ebft Vi, nh\u01b0ng C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 11, l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i \u1edf ngo\u00e0i t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c Nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean. M\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 ch\u00e2u Nam Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tuy kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng th\u00ec r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao h\u00e0m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

                        4-\u00a0DI\u00caM MA \u0110\u1ecaA NG\u1ee4C<\/h5>\n

                        Tr\u1edf l\u00ean, c\u00f3 b\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t, b\u00e1t h\u00e0n v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u t\u0103ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 8+8 (8×16). \u0110\u00e2y tuy l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c quan Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 19, L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 8, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Di\u00eam Ma \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

                        Vua Di\u00eam Ma, l\u00fac t\u1ed1i s\u01a1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft, m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 theo Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, vua tuy \u1edf trong cung \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c th\u00fa vui, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y ba l\u1ea7n, ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean s\u1eaft n\u00f3ng l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00f4i r\u00f3t v\u00e0o mi\u1ec7ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 19, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 126, trung). Theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i Di\u00eam Ma t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec cho th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn Di\u00eam Ma c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i qu\u1ef7. Song, Di\u00eam Ma c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 r\u0103n d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta x\u00e9t x\u1eed; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn th\u00ec n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Di\u00eam Ma kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n quan t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Di\u00eam Ma r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Di\u00eam Ma quan Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. S\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Di\u00eam Ma c\u00f3 ba ho\u1eb7c n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ba l\u00e0 l\u00e3o, b\u1ec7nh, t\u1eed; n\u0103m l\u00e0 sinh, l\u00e3o, b\u1ec7nh, t\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh v\u1ee5 s\u1edf. Di\u00eam Ma th\u01b0\u1eddng sai s\u1ee9 t\u0103ng gia c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u00e8m \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 lo t\u1ea1o \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p, cho n\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi r\u0103n d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Di\u00eam Ma \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi ch\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0 L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 8, n\u00f3i: “nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e0 \u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i, do n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecbu, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1eb9 cha l\u00e0m cho, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1eddi l\u00e0m, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i Sa M\u00f4n, B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n l\u00e0m, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecbu, tuy kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n, nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn”. L\u1ea1i trong Trung A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 12, Thi\u00ean S\u1ee9 kinh, (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 504, trung) n\u00f3i: “\u00c1c nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i cha m\u1eb9 l\u00e0m, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i vua, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i Sa M\u00f4n, Ph\u1ea1m Ch\u00ed l\u00e0m, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh do t\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, n\u00ean nay ng\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ea5t s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu b\u00e1o”. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Di\u00eam Ma th\u01b0\u1eddng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, Di\u00eam Ma tuy \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t c\u00e1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n quan, nh\u01b0ng trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i v\u1eabn th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a Di\u00eam Ma, theo Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m th\u00ec t\u1ea1i n\u00fai \u0110\u1ea1i Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9, nh\u01b0ng C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3o \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u0103m tr\u0103m do tu\u1ea7n, l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 thu\u1ed9c lo\u00e0i q\u1ee7y (C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 11.<\/p>\n

                        5-\u00a0C\u00d4 \u0110\u1ecaA NG\u1ee4C<\/h5>\n

                        Ngo\u00e0i ra, theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u00f2n c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, \u1edf r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t, ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng, \u1edf s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai hay gi\u1eefa c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0 S\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u0103ng \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, Kh\u1ee7ng S\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Nam B\u1ed9, Bi\u1ec7t Ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c v.v… c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi C\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u1edf t\u1ea3n m\u1ea1n kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00f4.<\/p>\n

                        (V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, ng\u1ea1 q\u1ee7y, s\u00fac sinh, Thi\u00ean v.v… xem Ch\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 Kinh To\u00e0n 70 quy\u1ec3n (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 17, trang 1-417).<\/p>\n

                        Ti\u1ebft th\u1ee9 ba: H\u1eeeU T\u00ccNH TH\u1ebe GIAN (Sinh v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn)<\/h5>\n
                        1- NG\u0168 \u0110\u1ea0O, HO\u1eb6C L\u1ee4C \u0110\u1ea0O<\/h5>\n

                        Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt l\u1ea5y v\u1eadt kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0m v\u0169 \u0111\u00e0i trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 H\u1eefu t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o chia h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i: T\u1ef1u trung, ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft Ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Tam gi\u1edbi. Ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, ng\u1ea1 q\u1ee7y, b\u00e0ng sinh, nh\u00e2n gian v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda v\u00e0 H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 th\u00e2u d\u1ee5ng. L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o (l\u1ee5c th\u00fa), sau b\u00e0ng sinh th\u00eam A Tu La n\u1eefa, l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ed9c T\u1eed B\u1ed9 hay \u00c1n \u0110\u1ea1t La Ph\u00e1i th\u00e2u d\u1ee5ng (tham chi\u1ebfu Tr\u00ed D\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 10, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 5, trang 135, h\u1ea1) Trong Ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o, th\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean r\u1ed3i n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 qu\u1ef7 tuy v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a qu\u1ef7 r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7, m\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Di\u00eam Ma, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 d\u1ea1 xoa \u0111\u1ec1u bao h\u00e0m trong \u0111\u00f3, cho n\u00ean, c\u00e1i c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi \u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1eddng khi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u1edf tr\u00ean nh\u00e2n gian ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. (Tam ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn, do T\u0103ng gi\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec1 B\u00e0 d\u1ecbch, n\u00f3i: “Ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 c\u00f3 V\u00f4 t\u00e0i, Thi\u1ec3u t\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0110a t\u00e0i … trong \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ef7 V\u00f4 t\u00e0i c\u00f3 mi\u1ec7ng l\u1eeda, mi\u1ec7ng kim v\u00e0 mi\u1ec7ng h\u00f4i, ba lo\u1ea1i: Thi\u1ec3u t\u00e0i qu\u1ef7 c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i l\u00f4ng kim, l\u00f4ng h\u00f4i v\u00e0 l\u00f4ng b\u1ec7nh; \u0110a t\u00e0i qu\u1ef7 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Kh\u00ed, Th\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf. Kh\u00ed l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Th\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 D\u1ea1 xoa, La s\u00e1t, T\u1ef3 x\u00e1 v.v…” (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 25, trang 28, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, trung). Ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ef7 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                        B\u00e0ng sinh, x\u01b0a d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 s\u00fac sinh, bao h\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 chim, mu\u00f4ng, c\u00e1, s\u00e2u, r\u1ed3ng, r\u1eafn v.v… A Tu La, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean B\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn th\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u00ec cho l\u00e0 \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ebf Th\u00edch. Trong Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 20, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 A Tu La (Asura). Do \u0111\u00f3, trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, nhi\u1ebfp c\u1ea3 A Tu La l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ri\u00eang, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u1ea1 c\u1ea3. A Tu La c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

                        Sau h\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n gian v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean. Trong \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e2n gian tuy c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e3y t\u1ea1m g\u00e1c l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u00ean. C\u00f2n ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean, theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean tr\u1edf l\u00ean, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 L\u1ee5c D\u1ee5c Thi\u00ean, S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi Thi\u00ean, v\u00e0 V\u00f4 S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi Thi\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1c c\u00f5i n\u00e0y, so v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n gian, \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00f9 th\u1eafng h\u01a1n n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                        2-\u00a0H\u1eeeU T\u00ccNH TRONG TAM GI\u1edaI<\/h5>\n

                        Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tuy chia h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ng\u0169 th\u00fa hay l\u1ee5c th\u00fa, nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, th\u00ec c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Tam gi\u1edbi, t\u1ee9c D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 V\u00f4 S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi. D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00f5i m\u00e0 d\u1ee5c t\u00e2m, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u00e1i d\u1ee5c, th\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5t; S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tuy l\u00f2ng d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tho\u00e1t ly s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t; c\u00f2n V\u00f4 S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00f5i \u0111\u00e3 to\u00e0n nhi\u00ean tho\u00e1t ly v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean kia \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i tri\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f9y theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan, t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c. Song, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i \u0111em chia tam gi\u1edbi h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh n\u00e0y nh\u1ecf ra n\u1eefa, th\u00ec c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau lo\u1ea1i? V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ebfn A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i l\u1ea5y 41 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7. \u0110\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0| \u0110\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c ….. 8 (B\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c)<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0| Qu\u1ef7 …..\u00a01<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0| B\u00e0ng sinh …\u00a01<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0| Nh\u00e2n gian … 4 (b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c nhau)<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0|<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0|\u00a01. T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng (T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00fang Thi\u00ean)<\/p>\n

                        D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi \u2192\u00a0|\u00a02. \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean (Tam Th\u1eadp Tam Thi\u00ean)<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0| D\u1ee5c Thi\u00ean …6: 3. D\u1ea1 Ma Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0|\u00a04. \u0110\u00f4 S\u1eed \u0110a Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0|\u00a05. L\u1ea1c Bi\u1ebfn H\u00f3a Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0|\u00a06. Tha H\u00f3a T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

                        \n

                        \u00a0|\u00a01. Ph\u1ea1m Ch\u00fang Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0| S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n … 3:\u00a02. Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1ee5 Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0|\u00a03. \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0|<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0| 1. Thi\u1ec3u Quang Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0| Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n … 3:\u00a02. V\u00f4 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Quang Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0| 3. Quang \u00c2m Thi\u00ean (C\u1ef1c Quang T\u1ecbnh Thi\u00ean)<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0|<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0| 1. Thi\u1ec3u T\u1ecbnh Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

                        S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi 17 \u2192 | Tam Thi\u1ec1n … 3:\u00a02. V\u00f4 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ecbnh Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0| 3. Bi\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0|<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0| 1 V\u00f4 V\u00e2n Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0| 2 Ph\u00fac Sinh Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0| 3 Qu\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ea3 Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0| T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n … 8:\u00a04 V\u00f4 Phi\u1ec1n Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0| 5 V\u00f4 Nhi\u1ec7t Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0| 6 Thi\u1ec7n Hi\u1ec7n Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0| 7 Thi\u1ec7n Ki\u1ebfn Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0| 8 S\u1eafc C\u1ee9u K\u00ednh Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

                        \n

                        \u00a01 Kh\u00f4ng V\u00f4 Bi\u00ean X\u1ee9<\/p>\n

                        V\u00f4 S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi\u00a0…\u00a04:\u00a02 Th\u1ee9c V\u00f4 Bi\u00ean X\u1ee9<\/p>\n

                        \u00a03 V\u00f4 S\u1edf H\u1eefu X\u1ee9<\/p>\n

                        \u00a04 Phi T\u01b0\u1edfng Phi Phi T\u01b0\u1edfng X\u1ee9<\/p>\n

                        Theo Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 20, ph\u1ea9m \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 135, h\u1ea1) th\u00ec ch\u00fang sanh \u1edf D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 12 lo\u1ea1i: 1. \u0110\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, 2. S\u00fac sinh, 3. Ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7, 4. Nh\u00e2n, 5. A Tu La, 6. T\u1ee9 Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng, 7. \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean, 8. Di\u1ec7m Ma Thi\u00ean, 9. \u0110\u00e2u Su\u1ea5t Thi\u00ean, 10. H\u00f3a T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean, 11. Tha H\u00f3a T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean, 12. Ma Thi\u00ean).<\/p>\n

                        (L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, theo Ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u00e0 La ph\u00e1i th\u00ec S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi g\u00f3 17; theo H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ca Th\u1ea5p \u0110\u00e0 La ph\u00e1i th\u00ec l\u00e0 16, t\u1ee9c coi \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i trong Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1ee5 Thi\u00ean (C\u00e2u X\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 8). Song, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 20, ph\u1ea9m \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 136, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) th\u00ec l\u1ea1i cho l\u00e0 22 lo\u1ea1i: 1. Ph\u1ea1m Th\u00e2n, 2. Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1ee5, 3. Ph\u1ea1m Ch\u00fang, 4. \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1m, 5. Quang Thi\u00ean, 6. Thi\u1ec3u Quang, 7. V\u00f4 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Quang, 8. Quang \u00c2m, 9. T\u1ecbnh Thi\u00ean, 10. Thi\u1ec3u T\u1ecbnh, 11. V\u00f4 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ecbnh, 12. Bi\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh, 13. Nghi\u00eam S\u1ee9c, 14. Ti\u1ec3u Nghi\u00eam S\u1ee9c, 15. V\u00f4 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nghi\u00eam S\u1ee9c, 16. Nghi\u00eam S\u1ee9c Qu\u1ea3 Th\u1ef1c, 17. V\u00f4 T\u01b0\u1edfng, 18. V\u00f4 T\u1ea1o, 19. V\u00f4 Nhi\u1ec7t, 20. Thi\u1ec7n Ki\u1ebfn, 21. \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u1ec7n Ki\u1ebfn, 22. A Ca Ni Tra.<\/p>\n

                        B\u00e2y gi\u1edd xin n\u00f3i qua v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00f5i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. Thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft, l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i li\u1ec7t. Duy c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0: Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ba c\u00f5i m\u00e0 l\u1eadp c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t chia Thi\u00ean B\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i, tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf ra, theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed v\u1edbi B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Trong L\u1ee5c D\u1ee5c Thi\u00ean, T\u1ee9 Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Tam Th\u1eadp Tam Thi\u00ean, D\u1ea1 Ma Thi\u00ean v.v… h\u01a1i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. L\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n tuy c\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c; v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u1eafm, nh\u01b0ng theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa th\u00edch kinh Du D\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Da X\u00e1, v\u00e0 Du D\u00e0 T\u1ea5t \u0110\u00e0m Da Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ee3i Da th\u00f4i, c\u00f2n ngo\u00e0i ra kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 do Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t minh? Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2u d\u1ee5ng ch\u01b0 th\u1ea7n? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1i uy\u00ean nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

                        Song m\u00e0, c\u00e1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed ra sao? T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c V\u00f4 Gi\u00e1n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn Tam Th\u1eadp Tam Thi\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba c\u01b0”, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng, l\u1edbp m\u00e0 \u1edf; t\u1eeb D\u1ea1 Ma Thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn S\u1eafc C\u1ee9u K\u00ednh Thi\u00ean, tuy c\u00f2n n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi l\u00e0m c\u01b0 tr\u00fa, do \u0111\u00f3, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “kh\u00f4ng c\u01b0”. \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ho\u1eb7c di\u1ec7n kh\u00ed l\u00e0m n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa, quan h\u1ec7 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9, duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 sinh ho\u1ea1t tinh th\u1ea7n. \u0110\u1ebfn V\u00f4 S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi th\u00ec to\u00e0n nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi \u1ea5y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa. V\u00e0 T\u1ee9 V\u00f4 S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f5i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, nghe, hay, bi\u1ebft, cho n\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma th\u01b0 l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t sinh c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0ng, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00ec gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c, n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 xin n\u00f3i qua m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

                        3-\u00a0XU\u1ea4T SINH<\/h5>\n

                        Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t sinh. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t sinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i: \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong A Y Tha S\u00e1 \u00c1o Ngh\u0129a Th\u01b0. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, thai sinh (\u0111\u1ebb b\u1ecdc), no\u00e3n sinh (\u0111\u1ebb tr\u1ee9ng), th\u1ea5p sinh (\u0111\u1ebb d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc) v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed sinh (do h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng). Thuy\u1ebft t\u1ee9 sinh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c trong h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed m\u00e0 n\u00f3i h\u00f3a sinh, v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y thai, no\u00e3n, th\u1ea5p, h\u00f3a sinh l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7. Thai sinh l\u00e0 sinh t\u1eeb b\u00e0o thai c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9: no\u00e3n sinh l\u00e0 sinh tr\u1ee9ng; th\u1ea5p sinh l\u00e0 sinh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt, nh\u01b0 ru\u1ed3i mu\u1ed7i v.v…; h\u00f3a sinh l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c c\u0103n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00f3a th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

                        Chi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ee9 sinh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh trong tam gi\u1edbi, th\u00ec s\u00fac sinh th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 thai, no\u00e3n, th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 h\u00f3a (trong Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 19, ph\u1ea9m Long \u0110i\u1ec3u, n\u00f3i r\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 chim th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 t\u1ee9 sinh). \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, theo C\u00e2u X\u00e1, B\u00e0 Sa th\u00ec nh\u00e2n gian c\u0169ng th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 t\u1ee9 sinh (B\u00e0 Sa quy\u1ec3n 120, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 626; C\u00e2u X\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 8). Tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb thai sinh ra c\u0169ng c\u00f3, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u01a1i \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt sinh ra c\u0169ng c\u00f3, l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00ec t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean sinh, l\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t thai t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. L\u1ea1i qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 thai sinh v\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh, nh\u01b0 Di\u00eam Ma l\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh , nh\u01b0 qu\u1ef7 t\u1eed m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ebb nhi\u1ec1u con, do truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 thai sinh. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean B\u1ed9 to\u00e0n l\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thai, no\u00e3n v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p sinh. T\u1ef1u trung, ch\u00fang sanh trong \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. Song, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi,t\u1ea1i L\u1ee5c D\u1ee5c Thi\u00ean, \u00edt ra, l\u00fac m\u1edbi sanh ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c. Theo Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 20, ph\u1ea9m \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 134, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) th\u00ec con trai, con g\u00e1i s\u01a1 sinh \u1edf c\u00f5i T\u1ee9 Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi con trai, con g\u00e1i m\u1ed9t hay hai tu\u1ed5i \u1edf ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9; con trai,\u00a0con g\u00e1i \u1edf \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi hai, ba tu\u1ed5i; \u1edf D\u1ea1 Ma Thi\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ba b\u1ed1n tu\u1ed5i; \u1edf \u0110\u00e2u Su\u1ea5t Thi\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n, n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i; \u1edf L\u1ea1c Bi\u1ebfn H\u00f3a Thi\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi s\u00e1u, b\u1ea3y tu\u1ed5i. Nh\u01b0ng, theo Thi Thi\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u01a1 sinh \u1edf T\u1ee9 Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i \u1edf ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9, tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn Tha H\u00f3a T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh h\u00e0i s\u00e1u tu\u1ed5i, b\u1ea3y tu\u1ed5i, t\u00e1m tu\u1ed5i, ch\u00edn v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ed5i m\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh (C\u00e2u X\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 11; B\u00e0 Sa, quy\u1ec3n 70, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 356, trung; Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma lu\u1eadn, trang 173). Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh, do \u0111\u1ea5y m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u1ee5c. Song, \u0111\u1ebfn S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 con n\u00edt n\u1eefa m\u00e0 ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c m\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

                        C\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1eefa l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 giao h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i xu\u1ea5t sinh tr\u00ean. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 th\u00ec giao h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a thai sinh, nh\u01b0ng theo s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec s\u1ef1 giao h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa nam, n\u1eef ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a thai sinh. V\u00ec tuy c\u00f3 giao h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng do h\u00f3a sinh m\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t sinh. Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, s\u1ef1 giao h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa nam, n\u1eef l\u00e0 qu\u1ef7, s\u00fac v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2u cho \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ee5c D\u1ee5c Thi\u00ean (ba ch\u00e2u \u0110\u00f4ng, T\u00e2y v\u00e0 Nam, gi\u1eefa nam, n\u1eef quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng B\u1eafc ch\u00e2u th\u00ec ch\u01b0a quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n; r\u1ed3ng chim Kim X\u00ed, A Tu La c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, \u1edf L\u1ee5c D\u1ee5c Thi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f4n ph\u1ed1i. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi tr\u1edf l\u00ean th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t nam, n\u1eef (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 20, ph\u1ea9m \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh 1, trang 133, h\u1ea1). Nh\u01b0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p th\u00ec kh\u00e1c nhau. Trai, g\u00e1i \u00f4m nhau m\u00e0 giao h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ecba c\u01b0 thi\u00ean (T\u1ee9 Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean), qu\u1ef7 v\u00e0 s\u00fac. \u0110\u1ebfn Thi\u00ean B\u1ed9 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea3y d\u00e2m th\u1ee7y nh\u01b0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebft ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 phong kh\u00ed l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n: \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ebfn D\u1ea1 M\u1ea1 Thi\u00ean th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh giao m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u00f4m nhau l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n. \u1ede \u0110\u00e2u Su\u1ea5t Thi\u00ean th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n tay b\u1eaft tay l\u00e0 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n; \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ea1c Bi\u1ebfn H\u00f3a Thi\u00ean th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n trao \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n. Sau h\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ebfn Tha H\u00f3a T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn nhau l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n (Thi Thi\u1ebft lu\u1eadn; B\u00e0 Sa, quy\u1ec3n 113, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 585, trung; C\u00e2u X\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 11).V\u00ec c\u00e0ng l\u00ean cao bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i c\u00e0ng nh\u1ea1t \u0111i b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau. Tuy th\u1ebf v\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan h\u1ec7 nam, n\u1eef n\u00ean m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

                        T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u1edf L\u1ee5c D\u1ee5c Thi\u00ean, tuy c\u0169ng n\u00f3i c\u00f3 luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f3 sinh th\u1ef1c. Sinh th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i, theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

                        4-\u00a0T\u01af LI\u1ec6U SINH HO\u1ea0T<\/h5>\n

                        Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i qua v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh. Trong Du D\u00e0 S\u01b0 \u0110\u1ecba lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 2, (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 30, trang 288, trung), c\u00f3 n\u00f3i “L\u1ee5c Y Tr\u00ec”, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Ki\u00ean l\u1eadp y tr\u00ec, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea5t (bao h\u00e0m phong lu\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y lu\u00e2n); th\u1ee9 hai, T\u1ebf ph\u00fa y tr\u00ec, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda; th\u1ee9 ba, Phong nh\u1eabm y tr\u00ec, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t; th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, An \u1ea9n y tr\u00ec, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi ph\u00f2ng th\u00e2n nh\u01b0 dao, g\u1eady v.v… th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, Nh\u1eadt nguy\u1ec7t y tr\u00ec, ch\u1ec9 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng; th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, Th\u1ef1c y tr\u00ec, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0103n. T\u1ef1u trung, h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1edd \u0103n m\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng, \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y tuy \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u0103n hay th\u1ee9c \u0103n ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/p>\n

                        Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n c\u00e1ch \u0103n: th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c (\u0111o\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c); th\u1ee9 hai, x\u00fac th\u1ef1c; th\u1ee9 ba, t\u01b0 th\u1ef1c; v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c. \u0110o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt \u0103n u\u1ed1ng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ecbt, c\u00e1, rau, tr\u00e1i v.v… c\u00f2n x\u00fac th\u1ef1c, t\u01b0 th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u1edf s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec sinh m\u1ec7nh. V\u1ec1 \u0103n, C\u00e2u X\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 10 n\u00f3i: 1 b\u1ed3i b\u1ed5 t\u1ef1 c\u0103n; 2, b\u1ed3i b\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng, n\u01a1i y ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 c\u0103n (t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c sinh l\u00fd); 3. b\u1ed3i b\u1ed5 c\u00e1c c\u0103n kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng. \u0110\u1ee7 ba \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0103n. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u0103n c\u00e1c th\u1ee9c v\u1eadt ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, hay \u0103n b\u1eb1ng tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1ef1c, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0103n.<\/p>\n

                        Trong ph\u1ea9m Lo\u1ea1i T\u00fac lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 7, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0103n nh\u01b0 sau: “Nu\u00f4i l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u0103n; b\u1ed3i b\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng; t\u01b0 tr\u1ee3, t\u00f9y t\u01b0 tr\u1ee3; vui s\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u00f9y vui s\u01b0\u1edbng; h\u1ed9, t\u00f9y h\u1ed9; chuy\u1ec3n, t\u00f9y chuy\u1ec3n; \u00edch, t\u00f9y \u00edch” (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 719, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ng\u1eafm m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh m\u00e0 l\u00f2ng m\u00ecnh th\u1ea5y vui v\u1ebb, s\u1ea3ng kho\u00e1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 x\u00fac th\u1ef1c; nh\u1edd hy v\u1ecdng hay kh\u00ed l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 t\u01b0 th\u1ef1c (v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 th\u1ef1c, C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 10, n\u00f3i: “Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha, g\u1eb7p l\u00fac n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c ki\u1ebfm \u0103n, mu\u1ed1n \u0111em theo hai \u0111\u1ee9a con nh\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec s\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 y\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f5ng n\u1ed5i, b\u00e8n l\u1ea5y bao b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea7y than r\u1ed3i treo l\u00ean v\u00e1ch m\u00e0 b\u1ea3o hai con r\u1eb1ng: “\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00fai b\u1ed9t m\u00ec”, hai \u0111\u1ee9a trr\u1ebb c\u1ee9 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng, nh\u1edd th\u1ebf s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y. Sau c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn, l\u1ea5y t\u00fai xu\u1ed1ng coi th\u00ec th\u1ea5y to\u00e0n than, hai \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf li\u1ec1n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng m\u00e0 ch\u1ebft”). Ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u1edd s\u1ee9c quan ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, ta th\u1ea5y gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng tinh th\u1ea7n, cho n\u00ean, theo \u00fd \u1ea5y, x\u00fac, t\u01b0 v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0103n, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1.<\/p>\n

                        Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u1ea5y b\u1ed1n c\u00e1ch \u0103n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, th\u00ec d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c (ba ch\u00e2u Nam Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9, T\u00e2y Ng\u01b0u H\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Th\u1eafng Th\u1ea7n \u0103n g\u1ea1o, rau, c\u00e1, th\u1ecbt, c\u00f2n ch\u00e2u B\u1eafc C\u00e2u L\u01b0 \u0103n rau, g\u1ea1o t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean – Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 2, ph\u1ea9m \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 133, trung). Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 20, ph\u1ea9m \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean n\u00f3i, r\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i chim Kim X\u00ed c\u0169ng \u0103n c\u00e1 v\u00e0 ba ba, \u0110\u1ebfn T\u1ee9 Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf l\u00ean L\u1ee5c D\u1ee5c Thi\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c thanh t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c m\u1ecf r\u1ed9ng m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn Tha H\u00f3a T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean, t\u1eeb T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n, tr\u1edf l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn T\u1ee9 V\u00f4 S\u1eafc Thi\u00ean th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c, duy ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1ef1c, t\u1ee9c nh\u1edd v\u00e0o ba c\u00e1ch \u0103n, x\u00fac t\u01b0, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. T\u1ef1u trung, T\u1ee9 V\u00f4 S\u1eafc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u1edd th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c, v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng x\u00fac, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean t\u01b0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1eefa. C\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1eefa l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u0103n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y? N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c \u1edf qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o do s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00eau ra s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 nh\u1edd v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, tr\u00e2n b\u1ea3o, l\u00faa, v\u1ea3i, n\u00f4 b\u1ed9c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0103n; ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y ch\u00e2u nh\u1edd tr\u00e2u d\u00ea, ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u; ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng ch\u00e2u nh\u1edd l\u00faa, v\u1ea3i, ch\u00e2u ng\u1ecdc, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng. B\u1eafc ch\u00e2u v\u00ec sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. \u0110\u1ebfn L\u1ee5c D\u1ee5c Thi\u00ean th\u00ec tr\u0103m m\u00f9i \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c do \u00fd mu\u1ed1n m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, cho n\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i lao l\u1ef1c (tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 theo Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 20, ph\u1ea9m \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 133, h\u1ea1) Trong lu\u1eadn Thi Thi\u1ebft th\u00ec n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 sau: “Khi tr\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n \u0103n th\u00ec l\u1ea5y \u00e1o ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean c\u00e1i b\u00e1t b\u00e1u \u1edf kh\u00f4ng trung r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i, ch\u1ec9 trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc, t\u00f9y theo ph\u00fac l\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9c \u0103n u\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng hay ngon, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y b\u00e1t” (B\u00e0 Sa, quy\u1ec3n 29, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 152, trung). L\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9c \u0103n th\u01b0\u1eddng hay ngon n\u00e0y, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 20, ph\u1ea9m \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean, n\u00f3i: “Ph\u00fac nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec th\u1ee9c \u0103n tr\u1eafng, ph\u00fac v\u1eeba th\u00ec th\u1ee9c xanh, \u00edt ph\u00fac nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u1ecf” (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 134, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

                        T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf l\u00ean, th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 V\u00f4 S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi thi\u00ean (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c) v\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00ean, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0103n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lao l\u1ef1c. Song, h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh \u1edf D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, khi mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c tu h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

                        5- TH\u00c2N TR\u01af\u1edcNG V\u00c0 TH\u1ecc L\u01af\u1ee2NG<\/h5>\n

                        Sau \u0111\u00e2y xin n\u00f3i qua v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u00f3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn. V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed. Nh\u01b0ng, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 th\u00ec: v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng c\u00e0ng \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 cao bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 th\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e0ng th\u00eam b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau: \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed (L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 7, ph\u1ea9m Th\u1ecd L\u01b0\u1ee3ng [\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 206]; Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 20, ph\u1ea9m \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean [\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, trang 133, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng] C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n11).<\/p>\n

                        Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 trung b\u00ecnh cao t\u1eeb ba tr\u1eedu r\u01b0\u1ee1i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n tr\u1eedu (m\u1ed7i tr\u1eedu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00e1u t\u1ea5c, v\u1eady ba tr\u1eedu r\u01b0\u1ee1i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u0103m th\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00e1u t\u1ea5c). Theo Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 20, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng ch\u00e2u, T\u00e2y ch\u00e2u t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u00f3c c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam ch\u00e2u, duy ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc ch\u00e2u th\u00ec cao g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y tr\u1eedu. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn (quy\u1ec3n 11) th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ba ch\u00e2u \u0110\u00f4ng, T\u00e2y, B\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ec1u cao g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam ch\u00e2u b\u1ed1n tr\u1eedu th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng ch\u00e2u t\u00e1m tr\u1eedu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y ch\u00e2u m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u tr\u1eedu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc ch\u00e2u ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai tr\u1eedu. Nh\u01b0 v\u00e2y, theo C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn,\u00a0c\u00e1c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u T\u1ee9 Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng trong L\u1ee5c D\u1ee5c Thi\u00ean cao m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 C\u00e2u l\u01b0 x\u00e1 (m\u1ed9t C\u00e2u l\u01b0 x\u00e1 l\u00e0 n\u0103m tr\u0103m cung), d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u1ee9 t\u0103ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0, cho \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eddi th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u l\u00e0 Tha H\u00f3a T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 cao \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t C\u00e2u l\u01b0 x\u00e1 r\u01b0\u1ee1i. Ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea7u trong S\u1eafc Thi\u00ean l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Ch\u00fang Thi\u00ean th\u00ec cao n\u1eefa do tu\u1ea7n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf l\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee9 g\u1ea5p l\u00ean n\u1eeda hay m\u1ed9t do tu\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea7u trong T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi V\u00f4 V\u00e2n, th\u00ec gi\u1ea3m \u0111i ba do tu\u1ea7n, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i g\u1ea5p th\u00eam l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi S\u1eafc C\u1ee9u K\u00ednh th\u00ec cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00e0nh ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n s\u00e1u ngh\u00ecn do tu\u1ea7n, (theo Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 20, th\u00ec A Tu La m\u00ecnh d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t do tu\u1ea7n, T\u1ee9 Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eeda do tu\u1ea7n, \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean m\u1ed9t do tu\u1ea7n, Di\u1ec7m Ma Thi\u00ean hai do tu\u1ea7n, \u0110\u00e2u Su\u1ea5t Thi\u00ean b\u1ed1n do tu\u1ea7n, L\u1ea1c Bi\u1ebfn H\u00f3a Thi\u00ean t\u00e1m do tu\u1ea7n (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 132, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng), song kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf S\u1eafc Thi\u00ean).<\/p>\n

                        V\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 sai kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u00ean th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Theo Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 20, ph\u1ea9m \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean, th\u00ec th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i, T\u00e2y ch\u00e2u hai tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i, \u0110\u00f4ng ch\u00e2u ba tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i. Song ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ba ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf B\u1eafc ch\u00e2u th\u00ec tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn tu\u1ed5i, trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ebft y\u1ec3u. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u1ea1 q\u1ee7y b\u1ea3y v\u1ea1n tu\u1ed5i, A Tu La m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn tu\u1ed5i, T\u1ee9 Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i, \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn tu\u1ed5i, cho \u0111\u1ebfn Phi T\u01b0\u1edfng Phi Phi T\u01b0\u1edfng X\u1ee9 Thi\u00ean th\u00ec th\u1ecd t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n b\u1ed1n ngh\u00ecn ki\u1ebfp (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 133, trung). Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau. Lu\u1eadn Du D\u00e0 n\u00f3i: “Th\u1ecd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Thi\u1ec7m B\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea5y ba m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng, l\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u1eddi hai th\u00e1ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 khi s\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tu\u1ed5i, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 khi s\u1ed1ng t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n tu\u1ed5i, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 khi th\u1ecd l\u01b0\u1ecdng gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ed5i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u0110\u00f4ng Th\u1eafng Th\u1ea7n th\u1ecd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i tu\u1ed5i; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u T\u00e2y Ng\u01b0u H\u00f3a th\u1ecd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 n\u0103m tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u b\u1eafc C\u00e2u L\u01b0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn tu\u1ed5i”, (Du D\u00e0 S\u01b0 \u0110\u1ecba lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 4, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 40, trang 295, trung). L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn (quy\u1ec3n 7, ph\u1ea9m Th\u1ecd L\u01b0\u1ee3ng), Thi Thi\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn v.v… th\u00ec n\u00f3i th\u1eddi gian \u1edf c\u00f5i nh\u00e2n gian v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i nh\u00e2n gian c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c cho n\u00ean tuy c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u0103m tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103m tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i \u1edf ngo\u00e0i nh\u00e2n gian th\u00e0nh n\u0103m tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i \u1edf nh\u00e2n gian th\u00ec th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u00e0i phi th\u01b0\u1eddng. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, h\u00e3y c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo C\u00e2u X\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                        Th\u1ecd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Nam Thi\u1ec7m B\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i tuy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng theo ki\u1ebfp m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00eam ho\u1eb7c b\u1edbt, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. B\u1eafc ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn tu\u1ed5i, T\u00e2y ch\u00e2u m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u00f2n n\u0103m tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i, \u0110\u00f4ng ch\u00e2u l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u00f2n hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i tu\u1ed5i. M\u00e0 T\u1ee9 Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng Thi\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u0103m tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i, \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn tu\u1ed5i, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, tuy gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u00ec r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Theo C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn th\u00ec n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m \u1edf nh\u00e2n gian l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u1edf c\u00f5i T\u1ee9 Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng; m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i \u1edf nh\u00e2n gian l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u1edf \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean. Cho n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu \u0111em n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i \u1edf c\u00f5i T\u1ee9 Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i ra n\u0103m tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i \u1edf nh\u00e2n gian th\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00e0 500x360x50 n\u0103m; \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn tu\u1ed5i s\u1ebd l\u00e0 100x 360×100 n\u0103m. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh \u1edf L\u1ee5c D\u1ee5c Thi\u00ean theo thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 g\u1ea5p th\u00eam l\u00ean l\u00e0 hai ngh\u00ecn, b\u1ed1n ngh\u00ecn, t\u00e1m ngh\u00ecn, m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n s\u00e1u ngh\u00ecn. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u00f5i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i, b\u1ed1n tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i, t\u00e1m t\u0103m tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn s\u00e1u tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i \u1edf nh\u00e2n gian, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n s\u00e1u ngh\u00ecn tu\u1ed5i \u1edf Tha H\u00f3a T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed5i ra tu\u1ed5i \u1edf nh\u00e2n gian, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 16000x360x16000 tu\u1ed5i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi th\u00ec s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp, song song v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0ng do tu\u1ea7n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u1edf Ph\u1ea1m Ch\u00fang Thi\u00ean, th\u00e2n d\u00e0i n\u1eeda do tu\u1ea7n th\u00ec b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh n\u1eeda ki\u1ebfp, \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean m\u1ed9t do tu\u1ea7n r\u01b0\u1ee1i th\u00ec b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp r\u01b0\u1edfi, cho \u0111\u1ebfn S\u1eafc C\u1ee9u K\u00ednh Thi\u00ean, th\u00e2n d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n s\u00e1u ngh\u00ecn do tu\u1ea7n s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n s\u00e1u ngh\u00ecn ki\u1ebfp. \u0110\u1ebfn V\u00f4 S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi th\u00ec c\u00f2n d\u00e0i h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh \u1edf Kh\u00f4ng V\u00f4 Bi\u00ean X\u1ee9 th\u1ecd hai v\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfp, Th\u1ee9c V\u00f4 Bi\u00ean X\u1ee9 b\u1ed1n v\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfp, Phi T\u01b0\u1edfng Phi Phi T\u01b0\u1edfng X\u1ee9, t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfp (nh\u01b0ng trong ki\u1ebfp c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfp, trung ki\u1ebfp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, tuy c\u00f9ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfp, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, n\u00ean n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm ra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p).<\/p>\n

                        Th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh \u1edf Thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi d\u00f9 cho c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0i bao nhi\u00eau, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c th\u00ec th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c c\u00f2n d\u00e0i h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. H\u00e3y l\u1ea5y \u0110\u1eb3ng Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u1edbn, l\u00e0m th\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf T\u1ee9 Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ee9c n\u0103m tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i (nh\u00e2n gian l\u00e0 500x360x50 n\u0103m), \u0111em n\u0103m tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i n\u00e0y nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi ba tr\u0103m s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i, l\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi n\u0103m tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu t\u00ednh theo ni\u00ean s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n gian th\u00ec 500x360x50x500 n\u0103m! H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u00fang H\u1ee3p v\u00e0 Vi\u00eam Nhi\u1ec7t! N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft th\u00ec: th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh \u1edf L\u1ee5c D\u1ee5c Thi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u1edf s\u00e1u \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong s\u1ed1 t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u1edbn b\u1eb1ng nhau, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Thi\u00ean B\u1ed9 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh theo s\u1ed1 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean B\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                        Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, C\u1ef1c Vi\u00eam Nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 n\u1eeda trung ki\u1ebfp (m\u1ed7i trung ki\u1ebfp l\u00e0 40 ti\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfp), cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, V\u00f4 Gi\u00e1n ng\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung ki\u1ebfp. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, s\u1ed1 n\u0103m \u1edf B\u00e1t h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng trong Ph\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec3n, th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u01b0\u1ee3n th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y hai m\u01b0\u01a1i “Kh\u01b0 l\u00ea” (m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1c = m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5u) h\u1ea1t v\u1eebng (m\u00e8), c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m b\u1ecf \u0111i m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t, th\u1eddi gian \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn, ch\u1ee9 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ecda v\u00e0o \u00c1t B\u1ed9 Tra (m\u1ed9t trong t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c l\u1ea1nh) kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t (tham chi\u1ebfu Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 19, ph\u1ea9m \u0110\u1ecba Ng\u1ee5c). Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tuy kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 gh\u00ea s\u1ee3: \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

                        6- NH\u00c2N GIAN V\u1edaI S\u1ef0 TU H\u00c0NH<\/h5>\n

                        A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh c\u00e1c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u00e1o c\u00f9ng, th\u00ec trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 c\u00f5i nh\u00e2n gian, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u Nam Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi l\u1ea5y kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, ho\u1eb7c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5t ban th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i quan ni\u1ec7m trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                        Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u Nam n\u00e0y, v\u00ec ch\u1ed7 t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 khi \u1edf nh\u00e2n gian, thi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn long, qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn l\u00e3nh qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o. Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n gian \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda ra m\u1ed9t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y tu h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5y. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng tu h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 20, ph\u1ea9m \u0110ao L\u1ee3i Thi\u00ean, cho r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1 h\u01a1n c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c \u1edf ba \u0111i\u1ec3m. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c, tu h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00f5i n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 20, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 135, trung). C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ta th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, trong c\u00e1c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, r\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, n\u1ebfu tu thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1, th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng.<\/p>\n

                        Ti\u1ebft th\u1ee9 t\u01b0: S\u1ef0 SINH – TR\u1ee4 – DI\u1ec6T C\u1ee6A TH\u1ebe GI\u01a0I (v\u1eadt kh\u00ed h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh)<\/h5>\n
                        1-\u00a0THUY\u1ebeT KI\u1ebeP BA V\u00c0 THUY\u1ebeT T\u1ee8 DU D\u00c0<\/h5>\n

                        Tr\u1edf l\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf. Song, ch\u01b0 h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, cho n\u00ean, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn v\u1eadt kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hay h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee9 chi\u1ebfu theo hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 chi tr\u00ec li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh) \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sinh di\u1ec7t trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft Ki\u1ebfp Ba, m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2u d\u1ee5ng quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u1ea5t ban c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

                        \u0110\u1ecdc b\u1ed9 Th\u00e1nh \u0110i\u1ec3u A H\u00e0m, ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd m\u1ea5y, do \u0111\u00f3, thuy\u1ebft Ki\u1ebfp Ba, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, ch\u01b0a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn. Nh\u01b0ng, v\u1ec1 sau, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kinh Th\u1ebf K\u1ef7 trong Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                        Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, chia v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3. Duy c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0: v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n trong kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ed1n Du D\u00e0 C\u00e2u L\u1ee3i \u0110a, Tho\u00e1t L\u1ee3i \u0110a, La Ng\u00f5a B\u00e0 La, T\u1ea1p L\u1ee3i v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ng\u1ee7 ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m l\u00e0m giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec cho b\u1ed1n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp (th\u00e0nh), l\u1eadp tr\u1ee5 (tr\u1ee5), ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i (ho\u1ea1i) v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n (kh\u00f4ng). S\u1ef1 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1eadp tr\u1ee5. Song, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng chia l\u00e0m b\u1ed1n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi chung c\u00f9ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n b\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

                        2- C\u00c1C LO\u1ea0I KI\u1ebeP<\/h5>\n

                        N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef th\u00ec b\u1ed1n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfp, tr\u1ee5 ki\u1ebfp, ho\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ebfp. T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp. T\u1eeb th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfp ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh: c\u00f3 khi g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfp l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfp, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi g\u1ecdi hai ti\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfp (trung ki\u1ebfp), hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ti\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfp l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfp, cho \u0111\u1ebfn 40 ti\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfp, 60 ti\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfp, 80 ti\u1ec3u ki\u1ec3p, c\u00f3 khi c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfp (L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 9, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 215, trung), nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t ban th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfp \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau th\u1eddi gian? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng l\u00e0: t\u1eeb tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0 84,000, c\u1ee9 100 n\u0103m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i, cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0 th\u1ecd; r\u1ed3i quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb m\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ed5i, c\u1ee9 100 n\u0103m th\u00eam l\u00ean m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i, cho \u0111\u1ebfn 84,000 nh\u01b0 c\u0169: m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n t\u0103ng, gi\u1ea3m, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfp. H\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 t\u0103ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung ki\u1ebfp (Trong Tr\u00ed \u0110\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 5, (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 2, trang 100, h\u1ea1) c\u00f2n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 B\u00e0n Th\u1ea1ch ki\u1ebfp v\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi T\u1eed ki\u1ebfp. B\u00e0n Th\u1ea1ch ki\u1ebfp, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u00e1o m\u1ecbn, m\u1ecfng, c\u1ee9 100 n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111em m\u00e0i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 vu\u00f4ng b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i d\u1eb7m, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u1ea5y b\u1ecb m\u00f2n h\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng ki\u1ebfp th\u00ec v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ebft. Gi\u1edbi T\u1eed ki\u1ebfp, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ea1t c\u1ea3i trong m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh l\u1edbn b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i d\u1eb7m, c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i tr\u0103m n\u0103m l\u1ea5y ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t, c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi l\u1ea5y h\u1ebft h\u1ea1t c\u1ea3i m\u00e0 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ki\u1ebfp, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

                        Song, b\u1ed1n ki\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh, tr\u1ee5, ho\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? M\u1ed7i ki\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb hai m\u01b0\u01a1i trung ki\u1ebfp (t\u1ee9c b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i ti\u1ec3u – ki\u1ebfp), do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i trung ki\u1ebfp. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfp nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 n\u0103m th\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh theo s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

                        3-\u00a0TH\u00c0NH KI\u1ebeP<\/h5>\n

                        D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfp. Nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u Th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfp, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Ho\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i th\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c tr\u1edf l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i chung c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Tam Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i, h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y d\u1eddi \u0111i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c; kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb tan v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c vi (cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c vi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n – C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 12) v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e3i c\u00e1t v\u1eafng. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ebfp” v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i hai m\u01b0\u01a1i trung ki\u1ebfp. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i hai m\u01b0\u01a1i trung ki\u1ebfp th\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh, do n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u sinh kh\u1edfi m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 nh\u1eb9, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea7n l\u1ea7n t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e0 th\u1ed5i m\u1ea1nh: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp (th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfp) c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

                        Kh\u1edfi s\u01a1, tr\u00ean, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec7 Tam Thi\u1ec1n tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai Tu Di tr\u1edf l\u00ean, sinh ra c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Kh\u00f4ng c\u01b0 gi\u1edbi”. t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y ph\u00e1t sinh c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i sinh ra “\u0110\u1ecba c\u01b0 gi\u1edbi”. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u1edf l\u00ean, theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t ph\u00e1t sinh, tr\u01b0\u00f3c h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i phong lu\u00e2n (thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y th\u1ea5y trong Du D\u00e0 S\u01b0 \u0110\u1ecba lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 2, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 30, trang 286, trung). Tr\u00ean Phong lu\u00e2n l\u1ea1i sinh Th\u1ee7y lu\u00e2n, tr\u00ean Th\u1ee7y lu\u00e2n sinh Kim lu\u00e2n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00ec ph\u00e1t sinh C\u1eedu s\u01a1n, B\u00e1t h\u1ea3i v\u00e0 T\u1ee9 ch\u00e2u. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t trung ki\u1ebfp. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ea5t m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn ki\u1ebfp n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

                        \u1ede th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u00f3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng (hay m\u00ea t\u00edn) cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

                        Theo A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 th\u00ec h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t sinh c\u0169ng theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, c\u0169ng t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1 gi\u1edbi. T\u1eeb c\u00f5i C\u1ef1c Quang T\u1ecbnh (Quang \u00c2m Thi\u00ean), v\u1ecb cao nh\u1ea5t trong Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh sinh xu\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ecb Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean ngh\u0129 l\u1ea7m r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng, v\u00ec v\u1eady, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, sau l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb Quang \u00c2m Thi\u00ean sinh xu\u1ed1ng Ph\u1ea1m Ch\u00fang Thi\u00ean, hay Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1ee5 Thi\u00ean, trong S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i tin l\u1ea7m cho \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. L\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u1eadn Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 t\u00edn l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

                        T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh sinh \u1edf S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n xu\u1ed1ng L\u1ee5c D\u1ee5c Thi\u00ean, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i sinh l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2u, cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u1ea1 q\u1ee7y, b\u00e0ng sinh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c th\u00ec, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i trung ki\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfp c\u0169ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac (tham chi\u1ebfu C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 12; Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 22, Th\u1ebf B\u1ea3n Duy\u00ean ph\u1ea9m, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 145: L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ea7u quy\u1ec3n 10).<\/p>\n

                        4- TR\u1ee4 KI\u1ebeP<\/h5>\n

                        Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfp d\u00e3 xong, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ee5 ki\u1ebfp. Tr\u1ee5 ki\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong hai m\u01b0\u01a1i trung ki\u1ebfp. Nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i; nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i d\u1eb7c \u1ea5y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh. T\u1ef1u trung, c\u00e1i v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecd, y\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.Trong B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, s\u1ef1 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n Du D\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ch\u00e2u Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9, th\u00ec trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Nam ch\u00e2u. L\u00fd do, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam ch\u00e2u \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh, thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c c\u0169ng m\u1ea1nh, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

                        V\u1eady, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y n\u00f3i qua v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp s\u01a1, t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5 ki\u1ebfp. Ki\u1ebfp s\u01a1, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00f3a sinh (c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i, s\u1eafc th\u00e0nh \u00fd \u2013 C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 12 \u2013 c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i, \u00fd sinh h\u00f3a th\u00e2n – L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 10 (\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 223, h\u1ea1), ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nam, n\u1eef t\u1ee9 chi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay \u0111i t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i trong kh\u00f4ng trung. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i l\u1ecdi; l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 vui m\u1eebng l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00ec ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c, cho n\u00ean sinh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Song, sau d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n sinh ra m\u00f9i \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ebfm m\u00f9i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1eb7ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u0169ng theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, do nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh m\u00e0 sinh ra m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 thay cho \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t t\u1eeb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nam n\u1eef c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 d\u1ee5c t\u00e2m d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1ed1c m\u1ea1nh, th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m \u0111i cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0 sa \u0111\u1ecda. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n gian, v\u00ec t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0m gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 sinh m\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 t\u0103ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m. \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Theo C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn (quy\u1ec3n 12) th\u00ec t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 Chuy\u1ec3n Lu\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, cho n\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia ho\u1eb7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Song, \u0111\u00e2y th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ee9 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, trong th\u1eddi gian hai m\u01b0\u01a1i trung ki\u1ebfp, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd t\u1eeb t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u0103ng, gi\u1ea3m n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nam n\u1eef t\u1ea5t c\u00f3 cha m\u1eb9 anh em, r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn sinh ho\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf, th\u00ec t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch. Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, s\u1ee1 d\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 sinh ho\u1ea1t qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n bi\u1ebft h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf l\u00f2ng t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c, l\u00fac d\u1ea7u, s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn khi v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng h\u1ebft th\u00ec h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu”. Do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u, ngh\u00e8o, c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t nhau, tranh gi\u00e0nh v\u00e0 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nhau; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n h\u00f2a ho\u00e3n c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u \u1ea5y, mu\u1ed1n nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n x\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ecdn l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 uy l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4n l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ea1p cho vua m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n s\u00e1u s\u1ed1 l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 vua thi h\u00e0nh ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u00f3i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a vua: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t sinh ra Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c Gia (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 23, Th\u1ebf B\u1ea3n Duy\u00ean ph\u1ea9m, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 148; C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 12). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft Qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 \u01af\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Jean Jacques Rousseau.<\/p>\n

                        Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u01b0u sinh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tuy mu\u1ed1n duy tr\u00ec ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec trong m\u1ed9t l\u00fac \u00fd ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0 d\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi, n\u00ean t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u phi ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hay v\u00e0, t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng vua, b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a, th\u00ec tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m l\u00e0m cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111au kh\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i d\u1ea7n v\u00e0o Th\u1eddi K\u1ef9 khinh b\u1ea1c. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng, t\u1eeb th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n tu\u1ed5i, c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111o\u1ea3n m\u1ec7nh. C\u1ee9 th\u1ebf t\u1ed9i \u00e1c c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00ec th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 (n\u1ebfu Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u00ec c\u1ee9 tr\u0103m n\u0103m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu Ph\u1eadt ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u00ec ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m. Khi n\u00e0o ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p di\u1ec7t th\u00ec tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m – L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 9, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 217, trung). Khi ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n suy vi th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n l\u00e0m \u00e1c m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “ng\u0169 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1c th\u1ebf”, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ed5i (Ng\u0169 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0: 1) Th\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1ee3c, 2) Ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1ee3c, 3) Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o tr\u01b0\u1ee3c, 4) Ki\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1ee3c, 5) H\u1eefu t\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1ee3c – C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 12). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c \u00e1c c\u1ee7a trung ki\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong Tr\u1ee5 ki\u1ebfp (khi th\u1ecd t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n tu\u1ed5i th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i m\u1edbi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, khi c\u00f2n m\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ed5i th\u00ec con g\u00e1i n\u0103m th\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng, L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 10, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh , 32, trang 221, h\u1ea1; Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 22, Trung ki\u1ebfp ph\u1ea9m, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 144, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y duy “l\u1ea5y t\u00f3c l\u00e0m qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, duy c\u00f3 dao, g\u1eady l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c” (L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 9, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh 32, trang 217, trung) th\u01b0\u1eddng ham \u0103n ngon l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o trong m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m. Do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t sinh ti\u1ec3u tam tai: 1. \u0111ao binh; 2. t\u1eadt – d\u1ecbch; 3. c\u01a1 c\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                        \u0110ao binh tai, l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y nhau l\u00e0 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn, r\u1ed3i ch\u00e9m gi\u1ebft t\u00e0n h\u1ea1i nhau; t\u1eadt d\u1ecbch ta l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh gh\u00ea g\u1edbm b\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t; c\u01a1 c\u1eadn tai l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c hay th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt. Ba tai h\u1ecda nay d\u0129 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Theo C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn th\u00ec \u0111ao binh tai l\u00e2u b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y, t\u1eadt d\u1ecbch tai b\u1ea3y th\u00e1ng b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y, v\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1eadn tai b\u1ea3y n\u0103m b\u1ea3y th\u00e1ng. Duy c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 tam tai kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra t\u1eadt d\u1ecbch tai, h\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 hai kh\u1edfi \u0111ao binh tai v\u00e0 h\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 ba ph\u00e1t sinh c\u01a1 c\u1eadn tai. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf tuy l\u00e0 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 12, Trung ki\u1ebfp ph\u1ea9m; L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 9), nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, khi x\u1ea3y ra, c\u00e1i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7t. Theo L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn th\u00ec c\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3 nam n\u1eef c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi (quy\u1ec3n 9, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 220).<\/p>\n

                        T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m, th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 l\u1eabn nhau, l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa conng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ebf gian l\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 t\u0103ng ki\u1ebfp, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u0103ng l\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia l\u00e0 t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n tu\u1ed5i. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u00e1m v\u1ea1n tu\u1ed5i n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfp s\u01a1 th\u00ec tuy \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecda l\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ed5i th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00fac n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n phi\u1ec1n b\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3y th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ec7n, ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec7n, kh\u00ed n\u00f3ng, l\u00f2ng d\u00e2m, \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t v\u00e0 gi\u00e0 l\u00e3o, ngo\u00e0i ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 b\u1ec7nh th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ed3n vinh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1eb7c, c\u01b0\u1edbp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh (L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 9, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 221, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3m ki\u1ebfp, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng ki\u1ebfp, c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf tr\u1edf \u0111i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n: \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i trung ki\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5 ki\u1ebfp (n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn ki\u1ebfp, v\u00ec s\u01a1 ki\u1ebfp ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m ki\u1ebfp v\u00e0 chung ki\u1ebfp ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u0103ng ki\u1ebfp). Theo L\u1eadp Th\u1ebf A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3m ki\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a trung ki\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn, do \u0111\u00f3, khi ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u1ea5t s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra c\u01a1 c\u1eadn tai. Ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u00e1u tr\u0103m ch\u00edn m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m (quy\u1ec3n 9, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 215, trung).<\/p>\n

                        T\u1ea1i hai ch\u00e2u \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u1ec3u tam tai, nh\u01b0ng B\u1eafc ch\u00e2u th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 (C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 22).<\/p>\n

                        5-\u00a0HO\u1ea0I KI\u1ebeP V\u00c0 KH\u00d4NG KI\u1ebeP<\/h5>\n

                        Sau tr\u1ee5 ki\u1ebfp, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp. Ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y c\u0169ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong hai m\u01b0\u01a1i trung ki\u1ebfp. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, cho n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i \u1ea5y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, tinh th\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta r\u1ea5t h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

                        C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1i, hai l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed ho\u1ea1i. C\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00fa ho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi ho\u1ea1i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. Khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i th\u00ec ch\u00fang sanh trong \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m \u0103n n\u0103n, h\u1ebft nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh trong c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c n\u1eefa: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf m\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp (n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c \u1edf c\u00f5i kh\u00e1c). T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7, b\u00e0ng sinh v.v… c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh trong c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Di\u00eam Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ec1, l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 tu Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1eeb S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n, Tam Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 khi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh l\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f5i \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u \u0110\u00f4ng, T\u00e2y c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m h\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 sinh l\u00ean th\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi (nh\u01b0ng \u1edf B\u1eafc ch\u00e2u, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tu Thi\u1ec1n n\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft sinh l\u00ean c\u00f5i D\u1ee5c Thi\u00ean th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u00e2n gian kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh n\u1eefa, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n th\u00fa ho\u1ea1i. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, \u1edf L\u1ee5c D\u1ee5c Thi\u00ean, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n, hay d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1i. Th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn trung ki\u1ebfp, \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i v\u1eadt kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

                        C\u00f3 ba c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i v\u1eadt kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: h\u1ecfa tai, th\u1ee7y tai v\u00e0 phong tai (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t l\u00fac). T\u1ef1u trung, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi h\u1ecfa tai. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00f3 hai m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3y m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, khi \u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 bi\u1ec3n h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4 c\u1ea1n, r\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn cu\u1ed3ng phong b\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft v\u1eadt kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecfa tai ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng). C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, khi th\u1ee7y tai v\u00e0 phong tai x\u1ea3y ra, c\u00e1i th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi l\u1ea5y n\u00fai Tu Di l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m, th\u1ee7y tai ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n, phong tai ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn Tam Thi\u1ec1n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng. Ba tai n\u1ea1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i tam tai.<\/p>\n

                        Nh\u01b0ng ba tai n\u1ea1n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, v\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Theo C\u00e2u X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn (quy\u1ec3n 12), th\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 sau: h\u1ecfa tai ki\u1ebfp ho\u1ea1i k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m th\u00ec th\u1ee7y tai ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi, c\u0169ng tr\u1edf \u0111i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3y l\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m th\u00ec phong tai x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u0169ng theo thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 tr\u00ean. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 chung k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp ho\u1ea1i theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7: h\u1ecfa tai n\u0103m s\u00e1u l\u1ea7n, th\u1ee7y tai b\u1ea3y l\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 phong tai m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. C\u1ee9 s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n quay \u0111i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

                        C\u00e1i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a ba tai n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecfa tai \u0111\u1ebfn S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n, th\u1ee7y tai \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 phong tai \u0111\u1ebfn Tam Thi\u1ec1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, tuy c\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn Tam Thi\u1ec1n tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (Du D\u00e0 S\u01b0 \u0110\u1ecba lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 2, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh, 30, 28, trung). L\u00fd do l\u00e0 v\u00ec tinh th\u1ea7n tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb Tam Thi\u1ec1n tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng, tuy \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t vi t\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi dao \u0111\u1ed9ng: t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 suy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec7 T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ee1i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng, cho n\u00ean, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tam tai.<\/p>\n

                        T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i, trong kho\u1ea3ng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ki\u1ebfp l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ebfp. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, trong th\u1eddi gian \u1ea5y, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ecbch t\u1ecbch. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, trong c\u00f5i th\u00e1i h\u01b0 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ba ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng, m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1. Cho n\u00ean, ngo\u00e0i ba ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ba ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh gi\u1edbi, v\u1eadt kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, trong c\u00f5i th\u00e1i h\u01b0 bao la n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng l\u00fac n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ho\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ho\u1ea1i \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

                        6- K\u1ebeT LU\u1eacN<\/h5>\n

                        Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. V\u1ec1 sau, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u0169ng thu d\u1ee5ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp ri\u00eang th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn n\u1eefa, v\u00ec c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1h \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma r\u1ed3i. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

                        Song, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc, th\u00ec n\u00f3 quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

                        Tuy v\u1eady, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00ec k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ti\u1ec3u tam tai v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea5y ngay s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 duy\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. L\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i tam tai, l\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c sinh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ta l\u00e0 th\u1ee7y, h\u1ecfa, phong \u0111\u1ed9ng dao m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00f3 \u1edf Tam Thi\u1ec1n, tr\u1edf l\u00ean, do s\u1ee9c tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u00e0 tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n th\u1ee7y, h\u1ecfa, phong. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu coi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, th\u00ec, d\u01b0\u1edbi con m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5u tr\u0129, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 “\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng vi” th\u00ec, trong \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u0169ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

                        THI\u00caN TH\u1ee8 T\u01af \u2013 T\u00c2M L\u00dd\u00a0LU\u1eacN<\/h3>\n

                        L\u1edcI T\u1ef0A<\/h4>\n

                        1- Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf thi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, tuy l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a B\u00e1-l\u1ea1p-na: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, m\u1edbi th\u1eadt l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t huy n\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n

                        T\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i, tuy \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. T\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ee9ng v\u1ecb. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00c1-l\u1ee3i-t\u01b0-\u0111a-\u0111\u1ee9c (?). Theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc qua c\u00e1c kinh, lu\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n Ba-li m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, ch\u1ee9 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch, cho n\u00ean v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i di\u1ec7u v\u1ecb \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. D\u00f9 n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u1edf trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra H\u00e1n v\u0103n, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5, \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho ch\u00fang ta (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt – ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3).<\/p>\n

                        2- \u0110i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tuy r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb h\u1ee9ng v\u1ecb khoa h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb n\u00f3 cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn c\u00e1i g\u00ec, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng, n\u1ebfu m\u00e0 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi sau. th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ec3n c\u1eadn, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf t\u00e2m \u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e2m th\u00fay, l\u00e0 \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, ph\u00e1t huy ch\u00e2n tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c, m\u00ea, ng\u1ed9 r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, cho n\u00ean n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfn tu, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t sinh t\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd, tuy c\u00f3 t\u00edch c\u00e1ch thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbp m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t c\u00f3 khi ph\u1ea3i linh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-h\u1ecdc \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m-s\u1edf-lu\u1eadn, t\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi t\u00e1c-d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m, phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o-t\u00e2m, thanh-t\u1ecbnh-t\u00e2m v.v\u2026 to\u00e0n l\u1ea5y thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 t\u00e1c-d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m-l\u00fd, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7-\u0111o\u1ea1n suy ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta.<\/p>\n

                        M\u1edbi nh\u00ecn, ta th\u1ea5y t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t-kh\u1ea3-t\u01b0-ngh\u1ecb, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n thuy\u1ebft minh ho\u1ea1t-\u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m-l\u00fd \u1edf nh\u00e2n-gian, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n thuy\u1ebft minh c\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t-\u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m-l\u00fd \u1edf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi t\u1ee9c S\u1eafc-gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 V\u00f4-s\u1eafc-gi\u1edbi n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu truy nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-gi\u1edbi t\u1ea5t kinh kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i c\u1ea3nh-gi\u1edbi tinh-th\u1ea7n h\u01b0\u1edbng-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Cho n\u00ean, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e2m-l\u00fd \u1edf hai c\u00f5i tr\u00ean t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tinh-th\u1ea7n h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n thuy\u1ebft minh t\u00e2m-l\u00fd. Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o tuy c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed-l\u00fd: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00fat b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafc th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00f4n-gi\u00e1o-lu\u1eadn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00f3 trong ph\u1ea1m-vi t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t th\u00ec r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng ri\u00eang tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

                        \u0110i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i qua trong Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn. C\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch t\u00e2m l\u00fd, cho n\u00ean thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c, khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n A-H\u00e0m. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, trong kinh A-H\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft li\u00ean quan nh\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn hay t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-thuy\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu thu t\u1eadp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn (tham chi\u1ebfu Trung-A-H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 58, kinh \u0110\u1ea1i-c\u00e2u-hi-la th\u1ee9 211; Trung-A-H\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 58, kinh Ph\u00e1p-l\u1ea1c-t\u1ef7-kh\u01b0u-ni th\u1ee9 210). Tuy kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn trong Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn. tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i th\u00ec t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. V\u1ec1 t\u00e2m s\u1edf, trong b\u1ed9 A-H\u00e0m Th\u00e1nh \u0110i\u1ec3n v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu d\u00f5i theo ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u00ec m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 T\u00e2m s\u1edf lu\u1eadn m\u1edbi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 chuy\u00ean x\u1ee9 x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft minh s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, th\u00ec t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thuy\u1ebft minh s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3. Mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i chia c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 l\u00e0m hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f5i theo c\u00e1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, tuy h\u01a1i phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i chia ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t m\u1edbi d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

                        Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 trong b\u1ea3y b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn v\u0103n ba-li ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. Trong c\u00e1c A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m v\u0103n Ba-li, t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn tuyc\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p-t\u1eadp-lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch l\u00e0: \u201cBuddhist Psychological Ethics\u201d[1], nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1eb7t ra s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a T\u00e2m-s\u1edf, cho n\u00ean tr\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, th\u00ec nh\u01b0 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3y b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9, trong \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1eeb hai b\u1ed9 Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf-H\u1eefu \u2013 khai tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m s\u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u2013 ra, c\u00f2n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, t\u00f4i cho v\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                        Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau khi t\u00e2m-s\u1edf-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u1eadt s\u1ef1. \u0110\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n v\u0103n Ba-li m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, th\u00ec nh\u01b0 A-n\u00e2u-l\u00e2u-\u0111\u00e0-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-ph\u00e1p-y\u1ebfu-lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch th\u00ec t\u1eeb Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa-lu\u1eadn, T\u1ea1p-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-t\u00e2m-lu\u1eadn, C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn, Ch\u00ednh-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec3n-t\u00f4n-lu\u1eadn, v.v\u2026 c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t th\u00ec l\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa-lu\u1eadn (trong \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi th\u00e2n) l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i chia ra giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t. Song, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0, c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a theo s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p th\u00e1i qu\u00e1. T\u1ea1i sao? V\u00ec s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 c\u00f2n l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn nay quy\u1ebft ph\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3n truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng khai tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1i (nh\u01b0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9-ch\u00e1nh-th\u1ed1ng, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9, Kinh-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9, v.v\u2026). T\u1ef1u trung, sau khi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i h\u01b0ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, t\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf.<\/p>\n

                        Tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, tuy n\u00f3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea7m khai tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1eefu ng\u00e3: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t bi\u1ec7t l\u01b0u \u00fd. C\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-h\u1ecdc b\u00ean T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, Nh\u01b0 trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u2013 \u00edt ra l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Duy-Th\u1ee9c-Lu\u1eadn l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u2013 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u01b0ng tu t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba lu\u1eadn h\u1ec7, c\u00f2n trong lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Nam-B\u1eafc-Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-T\u1ecda-H\u1ec7 c\u00f2n truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 t\u00ecmhi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-h\u1ecdc s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 t\u00e2m l\u00fd s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tham kh\u1ea3o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i n\u1eefa. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u1ea5y A-H\u00e0m l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t, r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i th\u00ec b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-T\u1ecda-B\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u1edf T\u00edch Lan; th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ki\u1ec3m th\u1ea3o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u tam lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9, Kinh-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn Duy-th\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. V\u1ec1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec c\u00f3 Lu\u1eadn S\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f2n B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c trong Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn, Tam-di-\u0111\u1ec3-b\u1ed9-lu\u1eadn, B\u00e0-sa-lu\u1eadn, C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn, Ch\u00ednh-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn, Hi\u1ec3n-t\u00f4n-lu\u1eadn, T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn, Du-d\u00e0-s\u01b0-\u0111\u1ecba-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 Duy-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                        Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn th\u01b0, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, thu t\u1eadp nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai \u2013 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thuy\u1ebft minh, cho \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 – \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 khai tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tam l\u00fd lu\u1eadn: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

                        4- Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: T\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng b\u00e0i x\u00edch linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y tuy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 th\u00ec n\u00ean th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ec hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9c, t\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, tuy l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng trong s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec1u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, hay ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea3y sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hay kh\u00e1c nhau. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf (nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m), v\u1eady t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t hay l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng? \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3. Th\u1ee9 hai, v\u1ec1 c\u0103n ki\u1ebfn, th\u1ee9c ki\u1ebfn, ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u0103n, c\u1ea3nh, th\u1ee9c h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi x\u00fac, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tranh lu\u1eadn, n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i n\u00eau ra con s\u1ed1 th\u00ec ta th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Do nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, cho n\u00ean v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t sinh nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn m\u1edbi, khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1.<\/p>\n

                        5- Sau h\u1ebft, n\u1ebfu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadt tinh t\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, cho n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, d\u00f5i theo d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft khai tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ed1n n\u1ed7i c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, cho n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 thi\u00ean tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00ec e r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng, t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a A-H\u00e0m b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn trong D\u1ecb-lan-\u0111\u00e0-v\u01b0\u01a1ng-v\u1ea5n kinh. N\u00f3i th\u1ebf tuy kh\u00f4ng sai, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt th\u00ec x\u00e9t \u0111\u00f3 do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch, v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng coi tr\u1ecdng Di-lan-\u0111\u00e0-v\u01b0\u01a1ng-v\u1ea5n-k\u00ednh, mu\u1ed1n cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tri\u1ec3n khai v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o; c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc trong Di-lan-\u0111\u00e0-v\u01b0\u01a1ng-v\u1ea5n-kinh \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau c\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, Di-lan-\u0111\u00e0-v\u01b0\u01a1ng-v\u1ea5n-kinh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 tr\u00e1c vi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 phu di\u1ec5n c\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-T\u1ecda-B\u1ed9-H\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u1edf T\u00edch Lan ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng bao h\u00e0m m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

                        T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tuy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u1ea5y k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n th\u00fa v\u1ecb: \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 xem nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u1ea5y A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u trung t\u00e2m \u2013 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111em chia nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c, r\u1ed3i trong m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t thuy\u1ebft minh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec1 ra m\u1ed9t quy m\u00f4 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu. Nh\u1edd th\u1ebf, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft khai tri\u1ec3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u0129nh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

                        Song, n\u00ean chia t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebft m\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ec9 n\u00eanchia th\u00e0nh ba ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 T\u00e2m-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn, C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t-ban-t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-t\u00e1c-d\u1ee5ng-lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                        Nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. a) Mrs. Rhys Davids; Buddhist Psychology (An Inquiry into The Analysis and Theory of Mind in Pali Literature) London 1914.<\/li>\n
                        2. b) Dr. Wolfgang: Die Pschology und Ethik des Buddismus Bohn (Muichon 1921)<\/li>\n
                        3. c) Qu\u1ed1c-Hu\u1ec7-Th\u0103ng; Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u T\u00e2m L\u00fd Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh n\u0103m th\u1ee9 5, \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, B\u00ednh Ng\u1ecd). B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fat gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tham kh\u1ea3o.<\/li>\n
                        4. d) M\u1ed9c-Th\u00f4n-Th\u00e1i-Hi\u1ec1n; Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn, thi\u00ean th\u1ee9 2, t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3.<\/li>\n
                        5. e) Ch\u1ea1i-m\u00f5-t\u01b0; Pschology, v\u00e0\u00a0U-\u00e1n-\u0111\u00f3c; Grudriss de Pschologie. Hai b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. Ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 tham kh\u00e0o qua.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          [1] Mrs. Rhys david; A Buddhist Manual of Paychological Ethics, Lodon, 1900.<\/p>\n

                          Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I: T\u00e2m Th\u1ec3 Lu\u1eadn<\/h4>\n

                          Ti\u1ebft th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. T\u1ed4NG THUY\u1ebeT<\/h5>\n

                          \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i t\u00e2m-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1m coi c\u00e1i t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t hay m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec1u xem t\u1ea5t k\u00ednh n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec. \u0110\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau tuy v\u1eabn coi t\u00e2m l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh-nhi-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-h\u1ecdc khi lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh hay b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh n\u1eefa. V\u1eady, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i t\u00e2m-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 c\u00e1i quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

                          Ti\u1ebft th\u1ee9 hai.\u00a0T\u00c2M-TH\u1ec2-LU\u1eacN.<\/h5>\n
                          1- T\u00c2M-TH\u1ec2-LU\u1eacN C\u1ee6A C\u00c1C H\u1eccC-PH\u00c1I \u1ede TH\u1edcI \u0110\u1ea0I D\u1ee8C PH\u1eacT.<\/h5>\n

                          Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 chia l\u00e0m hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng: 1) Cho t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201cNg\u00e3-lu\u1eadn-gi\u1ea3\u201d. T\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 U-\u00e2n-\u0111\u1ed1c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e2m-l\u00fd-h\u1ecdc-duy-t\u00e2m. 2) Cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c do v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 c\u00f3, ngo\u00e0i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hai ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-quan c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 th\u00ec t\u00e2m l\u00fd quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt theo thuy\u1ebft trung \u0111\u1ea1o. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0: m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t b\u00e0i x\u00edch linh h\u1ed3n lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a c\u1ea3 hai. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, r\u1ed3i l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i n\u00ea t\u00edn, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch quan s\u00e1t nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c-tri-ki\u1ebfn. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? V\u00ec t\u1ef1 x\u00e9t t\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ee9 ni\u1ec7m ni\u1ec7m sinh di\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t kh\u1eafc n\u00e0o d\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9, trong \u0111\u00f3 ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u00c1o-ngh\u0129a-th\u01b0-h\u1ec7, hay tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u0169-tr\u1ee5-linh-th\u1ea7n-ch\u1ee7-ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Song \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi duy v\u1eadt lu\u1eadn, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n c\u00f4ng k\u00edch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 lu\u1eadn. Theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay t\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 b\u00e0i x\u00edch, nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 phi l\u00fd c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3. n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i tr\u01b0ng ra nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u00ec th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 h\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt l\u00e0 phi l\u00fd, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng (v\u1eadt v\u00f4 t\u00e2m) m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1i c\u00f3 (\u00fd th\u1ee9c), cho n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng k\u00edch. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u00e0i x\u00edch \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee1ng bi\u00ean\u201d (hai c\u1ef1c \u0111oan), theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a c\u1ea3 hai m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft trung \u0111\u1ea1o. Theo Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 y t\u1ed3n v\u00e0o v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu bao qu\u00e1t l\u1ea1i th\u00ec ho\u1eb7c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ee9c\u201d nh\u01b0ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1. Trong c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, th\u00ec c\u1ea3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea5t ly. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9i \u0111\u00e1p. N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u00f5 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean quan h\u1ec7 \u201ckh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c\u201d (t\u1ee9c quan h\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0) \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Theo Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, do s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Cho n\u00ean, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

                          2- T\u00c2M-TH\u1ec2-LU\u1eacN C\u1ee6A PH\u1eacT-GI\u00c1O NGUY\u00caN TH\u1ee6Y.<\/h5>\n

                          Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-quan, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1i \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu sau \u0111\u00e2y: 1) b\u00e0i x\u00edch quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc; 2) cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p; 3) cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng sinh l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c (t\u00e2m v\u1eadt b\u00ecnh-\u0111\u1eb3ng-lu\u1eadn); 4) coi t\u00e2m l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-quan c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i (Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn, Trang 144).<\/p>\n

                          Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n t\u00edch y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u00ec trong t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u1ebd ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh-nhi-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u1ea1i nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 n\u1eefa, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e2m-s\u1edf-lu\u1eadn. Duy c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ng\u1eebng \u1edf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 tr\u00ean quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi lu\u00e2n-h\u1ed3i-lu\u1eadn, c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, n\u00ean quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi-quan, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf nh\u00e2n gian m\u00e0 c\u00f2n kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u1edf hai c\u00f5i tr\u00ean l\u00e0 S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

                          Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tuy ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, cho n\u00ean, ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i l\u00e0 g\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh. N\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfu theo kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y th\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u nh\u01b0: \u201cc\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, \u1ea5m n\u00e0y (ng\u0169 \u1ea5m) di\u1ec7t r\u1ed3i, \u1ea5m kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c\u201d (T\u1ea1p-H\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 13, Kinh 335, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 2, trang 92, h\u1ea1) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1ea5y c\u1ef1c s\u00e2u xa, cho n\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, cho n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 con c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng gi\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 l\u00e0 Ch\u00e0-\u0111\u1ebf t\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng sau khi ch\u1ebft, th\u1ee9c v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (Trung-A-H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 45, Kinh 201, Ch\u00e0-\u0111\u1ebf-kinh), ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t sai l\u1ea7m, cho n\u00ean Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho Ch\u00e0-\u0111\u1ebf hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 duy\u00ean sinh (s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt quan h\u1ec7) \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng n\u00e0y kh\u1ecfi ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0ng trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Ph\u1eadt, ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ng\u1ea7m ng\u1ea7m l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh: \u0111i\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea5y. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00f4 \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m l\u00fd quan hay sinh m\u1ec7nh quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu. V\u00f4 minh, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Ti\u00eau-b\u00e1i-\u00e2n-h\u00e0o-uy-nh\u0129 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u00fd ch\u00ed m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng\u201d. C\u00f2n nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch (hay kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t) c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 \u00fd th\u1ee9c. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd kinh nghi\u1ec7m, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0m c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u00f3 c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

                          3- T\u1eea V\u00d4-NG\u00c3-LU\u1eacN \u0110\u1ebeN H\u1eeeU-NG\u00c3-LU\u1eacN.<\/h5>\n

                          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ec3 khai tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00f3, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o (A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma). Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u00ec ph\u00e1i t\u00edch Lan thu\u1ed9c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-T\u1ecda-B\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, hay Thuy\u1ebft-nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-h\u1eefu-b\u1ed9, v.v\u2026 th\u1ee7y chung v\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f4-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn. Tuy mu\u1ed1n duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e1n th\u00f4ng \u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00e1m m\u1ea1t-l\u01b0u – nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 H\u1eefu-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn, h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 th\u00ea n\u00f3 l\u00e0 sinh c\u01a1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u2013 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea3y sinh nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-T\u1ecda-B\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng l\u1ea1i Quan-ni\u1ec7m-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1eefu-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec h\u1ecdc phong c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 cao t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d, cho n\u00ean d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eefu-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0ng\u00a0trong khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y, c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t sinh c\u01a1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

                          Th\u1ebf l\u00e0, do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng trong gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, t\u1ee9c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sinh m\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd s\u1eed l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3n tr\u1ee9: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i.<\/p>\n

                          Xem trong b\u1ed9 tam-di-\u0111\u1ec3-b\u1ed9-lu\u1eadn (th\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch, ph\u1ee5 t\u1ea7n l\u1ee5c) do Ch\u00ednh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9 l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n, th\u00ec gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i (?) th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng sau \u0111\u00e2y: 1) D\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 lu\u1eadn; 2) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i h\u1eefu ng\u00e3; 3) c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 lu\u1eadn; 4) T\u1ee9c ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n lu\u1eadn; 5) ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c nhau; 6) thuy\u1ebft cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng; 7) thuy\u1ebft cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng (Tam-di-\u0111\u1ec3-b\u1ed9-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 462, trung \u2013 464, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). T\u1ef1u trung, thuy\u1ebft th\u1ee9 3 l\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ng\u00e3, c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng; th\u1ee9 6 v\u00e0 7 l\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn t\u00e2m, l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng hay v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, do \u0111\u00f3 tuy n\u00f3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

                          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u00ec \u201c\u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc (ti\u00ean s\u01b0) c\u0169ng tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau\u201d (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 462, trung). \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u trong Ph\u00e1-ng\u00e3-ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.[1]<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, d\u00f9 n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u00f4-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i h\u1eefu-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 v\u00f4-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

                          4- V\u00d4-NG\u00c3-LU\u1eacN-C\u01a0-GI\u1edaI.<\/h5>\n

                          Theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f4-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi th\u00ec c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c th\u1eeba k\u1ebf l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng l\u00fd nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m. C\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, khi mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee9ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00fd v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, c\u00f3 khi gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea9u nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u0129nh, c\u00f3 khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m m\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n s\u1eafc, th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c. S\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, n\u00f3i t\u00e2m hay ng\u00e3, khi nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp th\u00ec th\u00e0nh c\u1ed7 xe, nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u00fang li t\u00e1n th\u00ec r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c c\u1ed7 xe c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Thi-la-t\u1ec9-kh\u01b0u-ni[2]\u00a0m\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh.<\/p>\n

                          Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 do c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n di sang qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Sau \u0111\u00e2y xin tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ea5y c\u00e2u kinh l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

                          \u201cNh\u00e3n s\u1eafc duy\u00ean sinh nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c, ba s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p sinh x\u00fac, x\u00fac sinh th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0 b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 s\u1eafc \u1ea5m. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e3n (c\u0103n) s\u1eafc \u1ea5y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00fang sinh, na la, ma n\u00e2u x\u00e0 (\u00fd sinh), ma-na-b\u00e0 (nho \u0111\u1ed3ng), s\u0129-phu-th\u00fac-gi\u00e0-la (d\u01b0\u1ee1ng gi\u1ea3?), k\u1ef3-b\u00e0 (m\u1ec7nh), thi\u1ec1n-\u0111\u1ea7u (sinh gi\u1ea3)\u2026\u201d (T\u1ea1p-A-H\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 13. \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, trang 287, h\u1ea1; C\u00e2u-x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 29).<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n v\u00f4-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau coi t\u00e2m l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u00e0 v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 ch\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t thuy\u1ebft minh nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m s\u1edf, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n) lu\u1eadn quy \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 c\u00e2u kh\u1edfi hay k\u1ebf kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111em ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf nhi\u1ec7m, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i thuy\u1ebft minh nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9, hay Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-B\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c T\u00edch Lan h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

                          Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kinh thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn s\u01b0. C\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 h\u1eefu-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn, ch\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 th\u00ec tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng. Nh\u01b0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-T\u1ecda-B\u1ed9 \u1edf T\u00edch Lan, trong Lu\u1eadn S\u1ef1, tuy b\u00e0i x\u00edch thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Kinh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n thuy\u1ebft minh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn. Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n trong lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1, ph\u1ea9m Ph\u00e1-ng\u00e3, tuy c\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 h\u1eefu-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u00f4-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. Song, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f4-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n \u2013 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1eadu th\u1ebf – c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00edt. Cho n\u00ean, c\u00e1i nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t huy ch\u00e2n \u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua. M\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00fd ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f4-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t ban v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y – s\u1ebd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u phong ph\u00fa nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ph\u00e1-ng\u00e3 trong C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9 ra sao.<\/p>\n

                          C\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 trong Ph\u00e1-ng\u00e3-ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, ng\u00e3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a V\u0103n-\u0111i\u1ec3n-ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 Th\u1eafng-lu\u1eadn-ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, t\u1eeb v\u00f4-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t sinh nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nan gi\u1ea3i (n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n) m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0: n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ta (ng\u00e3) th\u00ec: (1) th\u00ec ai l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n trong v\u00f2ng sinh t\u1eed? (2) K\u00fd-\u1ee9c-sinh-kh\u1edfi c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o (\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nghi v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9[3]? (3) Ch\u1ee7-th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ra sao? (4) L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ec t\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 (\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a V\u0103n-\u0111i\u1ec3n-ph\u00e1i)? (5) T\u1ea1i sao con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p? Ai t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p, ai ch\u1ecbu b\u00e1o (\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nghi v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Th\u1eafng-lu\u1eadn-ph\u00e1i)? Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n tuy chia ra ba ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p c\u00e1c nghi v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o, c\u00e1c nghi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec3u d\u1ecb, nh\u1edd l\u00fd do nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n \u1ea5y m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

                          Theo lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea5y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u201cbi\u1ebft\u201d gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, khi c\u0103n c\u1ea3nh h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p th\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1edfng (bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng) \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p bi\u1ebft c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh (t\u1ee9c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m l\u00fd). B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng ni\u1ec7m ni\u1ec7m sinh di\u1ec7t, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c t\u1eebng s\u00e1t na, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c. S\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u00ec t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u00fd th\u1ee9c ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y. M\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c \u1ea5y, ni\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ni\u1ec7m sau ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t ban, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1eefu vi tuy c\u00f3 d\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m kh\u1edfi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, t\u1ee9c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u1edfi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb A \u0111\u1ebfn B, t\u1eeb B \u0111\u1ebfn C (Ph\u00e1-ng\u00e3-ph\u1ea9m, 171-175, tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ng\u1eef-\u0111i\u1ec3n-ph\u00e1i). Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p xong n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Ng\u1eef-\u0111i\u1ec3n-ph\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

                          L\u00fd do tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u00fd \u1ee9c[4]. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1eefu-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u201cta\u201d th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a k\u00fd \u1ee9c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, n\u1ebfu ni\u1ec7m ni\u1ec7m sinh di\u1ec7t th\u00ec l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb hay nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m?\u201d V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 phi nan kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3! Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ta, k\u00fd \u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u1edb ngh\u0129, khi c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ho\u1eb7c khi g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, nh\u1edd \u1edf t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh m\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n ra trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u00fd \u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y[5]. T\u00e2m tuy ni\u1ec7m ni\u1ec7m sinh di\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf ni\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf ni\u1ec7m sau c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, cho n\u00ean, trong s\u1ef1 sinh di\u1ec7t \u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t, ni\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u1ec7m sau, ni\u1ec7m sau l\u1ea5y ni\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 sinh kh\u1edfi, c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c b\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t[6]\u00a0(C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 30).<\/p>\n

                          Sau h\u1ebft, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd do n\u00e0y v\u00e0o ba \u0111\u1eddi (qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u1ecb lai), th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nghi v\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i l\u00e0 g\u00ec? T\u1ea1i sao nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu b\u00e1o ra sao? C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Theo lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 th\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh m\u1ec7nh. \u201cNh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda ch\u00e1y tuy sinh di\u1ec7t trong s\u00e1t na, nh\u01b0ng do s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i c\u00f3 l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, do s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 n\u00f3i c\u00f3 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, \u00e1i th\u1ee7 l\u00e0m duy\u00ean cho sinh t\u1eed l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 (C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 30).<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. Theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 do s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. C\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc phong c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. Song n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ec7 l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1edb gi\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea9u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd \u0111em v\u00ed c\u00e1i th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5 xe. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00ec th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng. T\u1ea1i sao? V\u00ec xe l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u00f4 c\u01a1; ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i sau m\u1edbi c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh to\u00e0n th\u1ec3; c\u00f2n tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i t\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p h\u1eefu c\u01a1, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 r\u1eddi nhau, m\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn sau m\u1edbi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ed7 xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 lu\u1eadn \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, mu\u1ed1n \u0111em c\u00e1i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 tinh h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5 c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn th\u00e0nh to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? R\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i lu\u1eadn, s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd e v\u1eabn c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 lu\u1eadn tuy b\u1ea3o nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c; nh\u01b0ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong n\u0103m u\u1ea9n; t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u201ch\u00e0nh\u201d, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, thuy\u1ebft \u201c Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n gi\u1ea3 h\u1ee3p\u201d tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p th\u00ec t\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bao h\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a sinh m\u1ec7nh v\u00f4 \u00fd th\u1ee9c n\u1eefa m\u1edbi mong thuy\u1ebft minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi v\u00f4-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn. Trong Tam-di-\u0111\u1ec3-b\u1ed9-lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu ng\u00e3, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t-kh\u1ea3-thuy\u1ebft-h\u1eefu-ng\u00e3-v\u00f4-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn do khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ta t\u01b0\u1edfng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u sinh c\u01a1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

                          5- SINH C\u01a0 H\u1eeeU NG\u00c3 LU\u1eacN<\/h5>\n

                          Trong m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m ho\u1eb7c hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba d\u0129 nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 lu\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t qua c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ea3i, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00edt. Trong Th\u1ee9c-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0-thi\u1ebft-ma c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la (quy\u1ec3n 2-3) n\u00eau ra nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 v\u00e0 T\u00ednh-kh\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn s\u01b0[7], B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 tuy danh ph\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3. L\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 trong Lu\u1eadn S\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 b\u00e1c B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la-lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a hai ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 (Vajjiput, Vatsiputiiya) v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, taba c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo Di-b\u1ed9-t\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 tuy c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d, nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00e1m m\u1ea1t-l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3o \u201ct\u00e2m bi\u1ebfn kh\u1eafp th\u00e2n, t\u00e2m t\u00f9y y c\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y h\u01a1i gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a K\u1ef3-na-gi\u00e1o (v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i r\u00f5 trong Nhi\u1ebft-\u0111\u1ea1i-th\u1eeba-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh-nghi\u1ec7p-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n)\u00a0[8]. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-T\u1ecda-B\u1ed9, \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cPhi-t\u1ee9c-phi-ly-u\u1ea9n-ng\u00e3\u201d; Kinh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9[9]\u00a0chia u\u1ea9n th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i, g\u1ecdi n\u0103m u\u1ea9n ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u201cC\u0103n-bi\u00ean-u\u1ea9n\u201d, l\u1ea5y b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n l\u00e0m thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1ea5t-v\u1ecb-u\u1ea9n\u201d (c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ebf-\u00fd-th\u1ee9c), mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t-v\u1ecb-u\u1ea9n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. L\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfu theo \u0110\u1ea1i-th\u1eeba-th\u00e0nh-nghi\u1ec7p-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n (Huy\u1ec1n Trang d\u1ecbch, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 31, trang 785, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng; Nhi\u1ec7p th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u lu\u1eadn, t\u1ef3-m\u1ee5c-tr\u00ed-ti\u00ean d\u1ecbch, \u0111\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean Ng\u1ee5y, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 31 trang 780, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng), th\u00ec trong c\u00e1c kinh c\u1ee7a X\u00edch-\u0111\u1ed3ng-di\u1ec7p-b\u1ed9 (\u0110\u1ed3ng-Di\u1ec7p-B\u1ed9)[10]\u00a0b\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cH\u1eefu-ph\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c\u201d; trong c\u00e1c kinh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201cC\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9c; H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9[11]\u00a0th\u00ec b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 \u201cC\u00f9ng-sinh-t\u1eed-u\u1ea9n\u201d. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 d\u00f9 trong Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft A-l\u1ea1i-da-th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd t\u1ea3i n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i[12]\u00a0th\u00ec trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i sau \u0111\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u1eefu-ng\u00e3-ph\u00e1i: 1-\u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9, 2-\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-m\u1ea1t-l\u01b0u, 3-Ch\u00ednh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9, 4-H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9, 5-Kinh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9, 6-X\u00edch-\u0111\u1ed3ng-di\u1ec7p-b\u1ed9 (m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i nh\u1ecf \u1edf T\u00edch Lan), 7-Ph\u00e1p-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9, 8-Hi\u1ec1n-tr\u1ee5-b\u1ed9, 9-M\u1eadt-l\u00e2m-s\u01a1n. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y n\u1ebfu k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba th\u00ec Du-d\u00e0-ph\u00e1i, t\u1ee9c Duy-th\u1ee9c-ph\u00e1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia nh\u1eadp. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

                          Song, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 tr\u00e0o tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec3n tr\u1ee9 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi n\u00e0o? Ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ti\u00ean phong? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 g\u00ec hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u00ec \u0110\u1ec1-b\u00e0-thi\u1ebft-na l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ra \u0111\u1eddi kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, n\u1ebfu truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec sau Ph\u00e1p di\u1ec7t kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 r\u1ed3i. Nh\u01b0ng cho B\u00e0-\u0111\u1ec1-thi\u1ebft-ma, hay \u00edt ra th\u1ee9c-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kho\u1ea3ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u1ea1i trong Lu\u1eadn S\u01b0 c\u00f3 b\u00e1c h\u1eefu-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9, n\u1ebfu cho Lu\u1eadn-s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i A-d\u1ee5c-v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y-l\u1ecbch) thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u l\u1edbn r\u1ed3i. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nghi v\u1ea5n l\u00e0 cao l\u1ebd Lu\u1eadn-s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c theo th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i A-D\u1ee5c (n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo nh\u1eefng v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec trong lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u1ec1 h\u1eefu-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn, m\u00e0 Th\u1ee9c-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu ng\u00e3. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1eefu-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9, ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ef1c vi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. L\u1ee5c-ph\u00e1p-lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, hi\u1ec7n nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu ng\u00e3, \u0111\u00e2y tuy l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2t lu\u1eadn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i quan, t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec3u tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u l\u1edbn: t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng sai l\u1ea7m m\u1ea5y. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c nhau, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec \u00edt, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn (nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i m\u1ea7mm\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngay trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn).<\/p>\n

                          Song, trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh c\u01a1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 l\u1eafm, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, t\u00f4i thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129 cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 v\u00ec h\u1eefu-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i, cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi sinh m\u1ec7nh quan sinh c\u01a1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec3n tr\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                          Trong Lu\u1eadn-s\u1ef1 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf thuy\u1ebft B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la, m\u00e0 theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fa th\u00edch, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y; r\u1ed3i \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn b\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y, trong C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn, ph\u00e1-ng\u00e3-ph\u1ea9m ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu; r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ee9c-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i\u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la, t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y. Do nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng k\u00edch k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t \u1ea5y, n\u00ean trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, h\u1ec5 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho ngay ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u. M\u00e0 ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y, theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, D\u1ecb-b\u1ed9-t\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn x\u1ebfp n\u00f3 sau H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-T\u1ecda-B\u1ed9. Ngay trong Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng n\u00f3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

                          H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9 – Thuy\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-h\u1eefu-b\u1ed9<\/p>\n

                          Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-T\u1ecda-B\u1ed9\u00a0\u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9<\/p>\n

                          X\u1ebfp \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 ngang v\u1edbi H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c h\u00e0ng x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t. L\u1ea1i truy\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 hai trong Ba-\u00f4-\u00e1 th\u00ec truy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

                          Thuy\u1ebft-nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-h\u1eefu-b\u1ed9<\/p>\n

                          Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-T\u1ecda-B\u1ed9<\/p>\n

                          \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9<\/p>\n

                          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, cho n\u00ean trong c\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu ng\u00e3, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t. L\u1ea1i H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9, v\u00ec l\u1eadp \u201cC\u00f9ng-sinh-t\u1eed-u\u1ea9n\u201d, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ngang v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9, n\u00ean c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0ng, theo D\u1ecb-b\u1ed9-t\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec trong B\u1ea3n-t\u00f4n-\u0111\u1ed3ng-ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9 n\u00f3i: \u201cQuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p nh\u1ecf n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi sau\u201d, ngo\u00e0i Th\u00e0nh-Nghi\u1ec7p-Lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n ra kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1ebd thuy\u1ebft \u201cC\u00f9ng-sinh-t\u1eed-u\u1ea9n\u201d \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9 mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 Ch\u00ednh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9, Hi\u1ec1n-tr\u1ee5-b\u1ed9, Ph\u00e1p-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9, v\u00e0 M\u1eadt-l\u00e2m-s\u01a1n-b\u1ed9, v.v\u2026 ch\u1eb3ng qua c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra sau, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 (thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fa th\u00edch Lu\u1eadn-s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ee5ng, m\u00e0 ngay trong Tam-di-\u0111\u1ec3-b\u1ed9-lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu ng\u00e3, c\u1ee9 xem th\u1ebf c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5). L\u1ea1i theo Th\u00e0nh-nghi\u1ec7p-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 danh t\u1eeb \u201cc\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9c\u201d. X\u00edch-\u0111\u1ed3ng-di\u1ec7p-b\u1ed9 l\u1eadp \u201cH\u1eefu ph\u00e2n th\u1ee9c\u201d. Theo T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 v\u00ec thu\u1ed9c h\u00e0ng m\u1ea1t-k\u1ebf cho n\u00ean r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1eefu-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-T\u1ecda-B\u1ed9-h\u1ec7. Theo truy\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 hai[13]\u00a0trong Ba-\u00f4-\u00e1 th\u00ec X\u00edch-\u0111\u1ed3ng-di\u1ec7p-b\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t-b\u1ed9, h\u1eefu-ph\u00e2n-th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft chi\u1ebft-trung, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 hai.<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 n\u1eefa, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp h\u01a1i mu\u1ed9n, nh\u01b0ng theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, so v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Kinh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa, Kinh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9 do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ra. \u201cC\u0103n-b\u1ea3n-u\u1ea9n\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 lu\u1eadn c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft A-l\u1ea1i-da-th\u1ee9c sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1ebf c\u01a1. Do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau, trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u2013 tuy r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c – thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Kinh-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 c\u1ee9u cho t\u00f4n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh t\u00f4n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 cho n\u00ean t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

                          Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba, tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu ng\u00e3, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 v\u01b0 v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean kia, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Kinh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean l\u1ea5y hai ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

                          6- THUY\u1ebeT H\u1eeeU-NG\u00c3 C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ed8C-T\u1eec-B\u1ed8.<\/h5>\n

                          \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean kia \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i qua, \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1eefu-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 v\u00f4-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn c\u01a1-gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ho\u1ea1t t\u00e2m l\u00fd hay ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh m\u1ec7nh. T\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i l\u00e0 gi? Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a k\u00fd \u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi? Trung t\u00e2m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi? Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft minh. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 (ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n) l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean l\u00fd sinh c\u01a1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ea3y sinh ra ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1eefu ng\u00e3. V\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la lu\u1eadn: 1-V\u00ec ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5, vui, v\u00e0, 2-V\u00ec ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y, nghe, hay, bi\u1ebft m\u00e0 n\u00f3i c\u00f3 B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la (Th\u1ee9c-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 3, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 542, trung \u2013 543 trung). \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 9 th\u00ec n\u00f3i: \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cho n\u00ean \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 42, h\u1ea1). L\u1ea1i trong quy\u1ec3n 11 th\u00ec n\u00f3i: \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a k\u00fd \u1ee9c n\u00ean n\u00f3i c\u00f3 ng\u00e3 (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 55, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). Trong C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 3, Ph\u00e1-ng\u00e3-ph\u1ea9m l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3o v\u00ec ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a k\u00fd \u1ee9c m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1eefu-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn. R\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfn Tam-di-\u0111\u1ec3-b\u1ed9-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec l\u1ea1i cho l\u00fd do ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec tr\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 n\u00f3i c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i ch\u1ecbu b\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0ng Tam-di-\u0111\u1ec3-b\u1ed9-lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 (Tam-di-\u0111\u1ec3-b\u1ed9-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 463, trung). L\u1ea1i trong B\u1ea3n-t\u00f4n-\u0111\u1ed3ng-ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 trong D\u1ecb-b\u1ed9-t\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec b\u1ea3o ch\u1ec9 chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u01b0ng, v\u00f4-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, sinh m\u1ec7nh hay t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, ngo\u00e0i ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng minh b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, ngo\u00e0i ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u1ebfu l\u1eadp ra ng\u00e3 th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n theo ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Do \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nan gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea3y sinh m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: \u201cPhi-t\u1ee9c-phi-ly-u\u1ea9n-ng\u00e3\u201d. Ngo\u00e0i n\u0103m u\u1ea9n ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng ngay trong h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ea3, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ta tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thuy\u1ec3t.<\/p>\n

                          Theo \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9, s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa u\u1ea9n v\u00e0 ng\u00e3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa l\u1eeda v\u00e0 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u. Ngo\u00e0i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eeda, c\u0169ng th\u1ebf ngo\u00e0i l\u1eeda nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u00fd ngh\u0129a: s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa u\u1ea9n v\u00e0 ng\u00e3 c\u0169ng v\u1eady, b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t, b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb, b\u1ea5t t\u1ee9c, b\u1ea5t ly. C\u00f3 xa l\u00eca \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi th\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh (C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 29). Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y th\u00ec B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt c\u00f3, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3[14]. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 danh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n \u1edf trong th\u00e2n t\u00e2m, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 9). Song, l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean b\u1eadc n\u1eefa th\u00ec c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i \u201cPhi-t\u1ee9c-phi-ly-u\u1ea9n-ng\u00e3\u201d \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngay c\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 chia nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft (jneya) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u00e0nh n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i, ngo\u00e0i tam th\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi ra l\u1eadp th\u00eam m\u1ed9t t\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 n\u0103m n\u00ean m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ra c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cNg\u0169-ph\u00e1p-t\u1ea1ng-thuy\u1ebft\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y[15].<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1edbi nh\u00ecn qua thuy\u1ebft minh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt th\u00ec ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng. B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1i Phi-t\u1ee9c-phi-ly-u\u1ea9n-ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c v\u00f4 minh hay nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, m\u00e0 H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec mu\u1ed1n xem ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 c\u01a1-gi\u1edbi, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n coi ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 h\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0v\u1eady, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 h\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean th\u00ec, n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea9u ra, tuy l\u00e0 ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n k\u1ebft t\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u00e3; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 h\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean \u1ea5y th\u00ec v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n. \u00dd ngh\u0129a \u201cPhi-t\u1ee9c-phi-ly\u201d ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la (pudgala = ng\u00e3) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 d\u00f9 c\u00f3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 th\u1eadt, song quy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng. B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la tuy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 h\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean, ti\u1ec1n h\u1eadu nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xa l\u00eca \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai c\u1ef1c \u0111oan \u0111o\u1ea1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng (C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 29). N\u1ebfu \u0111em n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft A-l\u1ea1i-da-th\u1ee9c sau n\u00e0y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ec1n phong c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft A-l\u1ea1i-da-th\u1ee9c. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 tuy b\u1ecb c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i c\u00f4ng k\u00edch k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t cho r\u1eb1ng ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e9n v\u00e0o Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec5m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Kinh-b\u1ed9, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 Duy-th\u1ee9c-ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7t Phi-t\u1ee9c-phi-ly-u\u1ea9n-ng\u00e3 v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 ba sau t\u1ee9c-u\u1ea9n-ng\u00e3, Ly-u\u1ea9n-ng\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch b\u00e1c (Th\u00e0nh-duy-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 1, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 31, trang 1, h\u1ea1), nh\u01b0ng, \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i theo h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u1ea5y m\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i s\u1ea3n sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 sinh c\u01a1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ta th\u1ea5y thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi m\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

                          Song, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 nh\u01b0ng nhi\u00ean b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 d\u1ecb lu\u1eadn, cho n\u00ean tr\u00ean quan h\u1ec7 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb coi nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecbch v\u00ec t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ecb lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng b\u1edfi c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p n\u00ean v\u1eabn t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 m\u00e3i v\u1ec1 sau ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y v\u1eabn b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 k\u00edch.<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u01b0ng, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u00f4icho r\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb sinh m\u1ec7nh quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y r\u1ed3i trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh-nhi-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 th\u00e2u nh\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

                          7- THUY\u1ebeT H\u1eeeU-NG\u00c3 C\u1ee6A KINH-L\u01af\u1ee2NG-B\u1ed8.<\/h5>\n

                          Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Kinh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Kinh-b\u1ed9 tuy c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng ngo\u00e0i B\u00e0-sa th\u01b0\u1eddng hay tr\u00edch d\u1eabn v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u00e1c Th\u00ed-d\u1ee5-s\u01b0 ra, t\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Kinh-b\u1ed9 c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y \u1edf hai ba ch\u1ed7 n\u1eefa. Th\u00ed-d\u1ee5-s\u01b0 l\u00e0 Th\u1ea5t-l\u1ee3i-la-\u0111a c\u1ee7a c\u1ed5 Kinh-b\u1ed9. Kinh-b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb C\u01b0u-ma-la-\u0111a c\u1ee7a t\u00e2n Kinh-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ra. B\u1ed9 n\u00e0y v\u00ec b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9, mu\u1ed1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh kh\u1ebf kinh n\u00ean th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ri\u00eang. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y thu d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong sinh m\u1ec7nh quan (t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-quan), c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. D\u1ecb-b\u1ed9-t\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                          \u201cCho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi sau b\u00e8n l\u1eadp ra thuy\u1ebft chuy\u1ec3n. C\u00f3 c\u0103n-bi\u00ean-u\u1ea9n, c\u00f3 Nh\u1ea5t-v\u1ecb-u\u1ea9n\u2026 ch\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la\u201d.<\/p>\n

                          L\u1ea1i trong T\u1eeb-\u00e2n-\u0111\u1ea1i-th\u1eeba-ph\u00e1p-uy\u1ec3n-ngh\u0129a-l\u00e2m-ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, quy\u1ec3n 1, n\u00f3i: \u201cKinh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9-t\u00f4n n\u00f3i c\u00f3 th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la; trong v\u1ecb d\u1ecb sinh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 Th\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p; c\u00f3 C\u0103n-bi\u00ean-u\u1ea9n c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t-v\u1ecb-u\u1ea9n. Nh\u1ea5t-v\u1ecb-u\u1ea9n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ebf-\u00fd-th\u1ee9c. C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c, ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Thuy\u1ebft-nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-h\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 – (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 45, trang 250, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

                          T\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 l\u00e0: \u201cs\u00e1t na t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi sau\u201d; c\u00f2n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Kinh-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec: \u201cC\u00e1c u\u1ea9n tuy \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi sau, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c\u201d, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 Thuy\u1ebft-chuy\u1ec3n-b\u1ed9. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 theo Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec S\u1ea1m-b\u00e0-untiba, t\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft-chuy\u1ec3n-b\u1ed9, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Kinh-b\u1ed9, t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a Kinh-b\u1ed9 g\u1ed1c: \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y cho ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd Kinh-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t theo hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 h\u1eadu. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i quan, t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng Thuy\u1ebft-chuy\u1ec3n-b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Kinh-b\u1ed9 (Thuy\u1ebft-chuy\u1ec3n-b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 amrasatiya).<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi sau? Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u th\u1ee9 hai. U\u1ea9n c\u00f3 C\u0103n-bi\u00ean-u\u1ea9n (chi-m\u1ea1t-u\u1ea9n): C\u0103n-bi\u00ean-u\u1ea9n th\u00ec ni\u1ec7m sinh di\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5t-v\u1ecb-u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 cho s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi sau. Nh\u1ea5t-v\u1ecb-u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ebf-\u00fd-th\u1ee9c. \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a T\u1eeb-\u00e2n-ngh\u0129a-l\u00e2m-ch\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec3n 1 (trong \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean). N\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfu theo \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa, th\u00ec Th\u00ed-d\u1ee5-s\u01b0 trong \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a Kinh-b\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0ng trong thuy\u1ebft Th\u00ed-d\u1ee5-s\u01b0 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh trong ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o th\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

                          B\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 11 n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

                          \u201cHo\u1eb7c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p u\u1ea9n c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: 1) c\u0103n-b\u1ea3n-u\u1ea9n; 2) t\u00e1c-d\u1ee5ng-u\u1ea9n. U\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng, u\u1ea9n sau ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng hai u\u1ea9n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng tuy kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, v\u00ec t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng u\u1eadn l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, c\u0103n-b\u1ea3n-u\u1ea9n nh\u1edb vi\u1ec7c\u2026\u201d (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 55, trung).<\/p>\n

                          \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 ai th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee9 chi\u1ebfu theo c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp u\u1ea9n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o r\u1ed3i. N\u1ebfu tin v\u00e0o D\u1ecb-b\u1ed9-t\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n ta Kinh-b\u1ed9, do \u0111\u00f3, ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn tr\u1edf v\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Kinh-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y r\u1ed3i. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Kinh-b\u1ed9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 ch\u00ed n\u00f3i \u201cPhi-t\u1ee9c-phi-ly-u\u1ea9n\u201d. Trong Kinh-b\u1ed9, ngo\u00e0i n\u0103m u\u1ea9n ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng ra, c\u00f2n n\u00f3i c\u00f3 C\u0103n-b\u1ea3n-u\u1ea9n (th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a). H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, theo trong Nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-ki\u1ebfn t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a M\u00e3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ng\u00f5a-ca, th\u00ec Kinh-b\u1ed9 l\u1eadp A-l\u1ea1i-da-th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c, b\u1ea3o A-l\u1ea1i-da-th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n b\u00ean trong. Chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, r\u1ed3i \u0111em chia th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean Nh\u1ea5t-thi\u1ebft-ki\u1ebfn-t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee9 t\u00e1c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 11 sau T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, cho n\u00ean, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec nh\u1eefng k\u00fd t\u1ea3i t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 M\u00e3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ng\u00f5a-ca \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7m r\u1ed3i l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n thuy\u1ebft Duy-th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Kinh-b\u1ed9 ch\u0103ng?<\/p>\n

                          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Kinh-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 T\u00e2m-th\u1ec3-th\u1ef1c-h\u1eefu-lu\u1eadn r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 xem nh\u1eefng k\u00fd t\u1ea3i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 14, Kinh-b\u1ed9 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Duy-th\u1ee9c ch\u0103ng? Kinh-b\u1ed9 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed, lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp m\u00e0 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 cho l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n \u00fd c\u1ee7a kh\u1ebf kinh. M\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3i qua V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh ti\u00ean khu c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Duy-th\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, so v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9, Kinh-b\u1ed9 c\u00f2n di\u1ec5n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb.<\/p>\n

                          8- T\u1ed4NG-K\u1ebeT NH\u1eeeNG \u0110I\u1ec0U \u0110\u00c3 \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C TR\u00ccNH B\u00c0Y \u1ede TR\u00caN.<\/h5>\n

                          Tr\u1edf l\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m-th\u1ec3-quan c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u01a1i d\u00e0i n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 th\u1ebf th\u00f4i. Sau \u0111\u00e2y xin \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                          Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y b\u00e0i x\u00edch t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-quan linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng b\u00e0i x\u00edch lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc duy-v\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p: \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 sinh-m\u1ec7nh-quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o m\u00e0, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 chung, th\u00ec t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ng\u1eebng \u1edf c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-h\u1ecdc kinh nghi\u1ec7m. Nh\u01b0ng trong kho\u1ea3ng k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1ebf c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3? Ph\u1eadt tuy b\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0ng theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ecdng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1i l\u00fd do tinh m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 chia ra hai ph\u00e1i: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 duy ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t. V\u00ec h\u1ecd th\u00edch d\u00f9ng th\u00edch d\u00f9ng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00ean b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eeda t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t thanh c\u1ee7i n\u00e0y b\u00e9n sang thanh c\u1ee7i thanh c\u1ee7i kh\u00e1c, hay nh\u1eefng con ng\u1ef1a s\u1eafp h\u00e0ng tr\u00ean b\u00e0n c\u1edd t\u01b0\u1edbng, khi m\u1ed9t con ng\u00e3 th\u00ec d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n sang con kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-T\u1ecda-B\u1ed9 T\u00edch Lan \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 v\u1ebb qu\u00e1 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh c\u01a1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, mu\u1ed1n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Kinh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u00edt ra l\u00e0 tr\u00eanh\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft linh h\u1ed3n th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1n l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i x\u00edch quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, sau l\u1ea1i nh\u1edd k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm t\u00f2i suy ngh\u0129, v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng bao h\u00e0m \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cchuy\u1ec3n-bi\u1ebfn-thuy\u1ebft\u201d do ph\u00e1i S\u1ed1-lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua.<\/p>\n

                          *<\/p>\n

                          [1]\u00a0Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong th\u00e1nh-duy-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 1 (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 31,trang 1, trung, h\u1ea1) n\u00eau l\u00ean nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 sau \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0i x\u00edch: 1-Thuy\u1ebft coing\u00e3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i; 2-Thuy\u1ebft coi ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 co, r\u0103n; 3-Thuy\u1ebft cho ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf nhi\u1ec7m. L\u1ea1i b\u00e1c b\u1ecf c\u1ea3 ba thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 sau \u0111\u00e2y: 1-T\u1ee9c-u\u1ea9n-ng\u00e3; 2-Ly-u\u1ea9n-ng\u00e3; 3-Phi-t\u1ee9c-phi-ly-u\u1ea9n-ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

                          [2]\u00a0Trong T\u1ea1p-A-H\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 45, Kinh 122 (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 2, trang 227, trung) c\u00f3 Thi-la-t\u1ef7-kh\u01b0u-ni: trong lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1, ph\u1ea9m Ph\u00e1 Ng\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1eabn t\u00ean Th\u1ebf-la, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf m\u00e0 th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ed5 xe c\u00f3 trong Milindap\u00e0nha.<\/p>\n

                          [3]\u00a0Trong lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa, quy\u1ec3n 11, c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9. T\u1ee9c: n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-d\u00e0-la (ng\u01b0\u1eddi), l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed1i t\u00e2m sau th\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m? C\u00f2n n\u00f3i r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. H\u1ecfi: t\u1ea1i sao lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y? V\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n ng\u0103n t\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf ngh\u0129a l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebb ch\u1ea5p B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-d\u00e0-la l\u00e0 th\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. B\u00f4-do n\u00f3i: ta cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u00e3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u0129nh n\u1ea1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i t\u1ef1 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ta th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m? \u2013 \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 55, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

                          [4]\u00a0V\u1ec1 k\u00fd \u1ee9c, xin tham kh\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 11, 12 (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 55, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng).<\/p>\n

                          [5]\u00a0C\u00e2u-X\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 13, ph\u1ea9m Ph\u00e1 Ng\u00e3, n\u00f3i: \u201cDuy\u00ean t\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 thu\u1ed9c, t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00e0o sai bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec c\u00e1c duy\u00ean lo \u00e2u, t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n ho\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng (\u0111\u1ee9c) n\u00ean kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m sai bi\u1ec7t\u201d. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thamchi\u1ebfu k\u00fd-\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Bergson.<\/p>\n

                          [6]\u00a0C\u00e2u X\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 30 n\u00f3i: \u201cNh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c, chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 sinh (c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3) sai bi\u1ec7t\u201d. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c, chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 sai bi\u1ec7t? Nghi\u1ec7pv\u00ec s\u1eafc t\u00e2m n\u1ed1i nhau sinh kh\u1edfi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c; t\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c \u1ea5y c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i s\u00e1t na sau kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u00e1t na tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng h\u01a1n sinh qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n, h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn n\u00ean g\u1ecdi sai bi\u1ec7t\u201d. Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 thu d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Kinh B\u1ed9. C\u00e2u X\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 20 c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: \u201cKinh-b\u1ed9-s\u01b0 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Song nghi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c, chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn sai bi\u1ec7t khi\u1ebfn sinh qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y trong ph\u1ea7n Ph\u00e1 Ng\u00e3 s\u1ebd n\u00f3i r\u1ed9ng cho r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng th\u00eam\u201d.<\/p>\n

                          [7]\u00a0C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i: \u201cH\u1eefu-ng\u00e3, h\u1eefu-t\u00ecnh, m\u1ec7nh-gi\u1ea3, sinh-gia-d\u01b0\u1ee1ng-d\u1ee5c, si-phu, B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p. Ho\u1eb7c thu\u1eadn c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 vui, ho\u1eb7c thu\u1eadn c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 kh\u1ed5, ho\u1eb7c thu\u1eadn c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng vui. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1eadn vui r\u1ed3i l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn th\u00fa vui; t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p r\u1ed3i ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5; t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng vui th\u00ec l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng vui (Th\u1ee9c-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3 2, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 542, trung).
                          \nC\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y:\u2026nh\u1edd c\u00f3 B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5y, nghe, hay, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7u t\u00f9y \u00fd t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 x\u00e9t n\u00e9t (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, trang 542, trung).<\/p>\n

                          [8]\u00a0Th\u1ebf-Th\u00e2n-Nhi\u1ebfp-\u0110\u1ea1i-Th\u1eeba-Lu\u1eadn-Th\u00edch, quy\u1ec3n 9, (Ch\u00e2n-\u0111\u1ebf d\u1ecbch) n\u00f3i: T\u00ean \u201cC\u0103n-b\u1ea3n-th\u1ee9c\u201d l\u00e0 Do-ma-ha-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3-b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1eb7t \u201cC\u00f9ng-sinh-t\u1eed-u\u1ea9n\u201d do Di-sa-t\u1eafc-b\u1ed9 l\u1eadp. Ch\u00ednh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cQu\u1ea3-b\u00e1o-th\u1ee9c\u201d; Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-T\u1ecda-B\u1ed9 g\u1ecdi \u201cH\u1eefu-ph\u00e2n-th\u1ee9c\u201d (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 21, trang 160, h\u1ea1).
                          \nNgo\u00e0i ra Nhi\u1ebfp-\u0111\u1ea1i-th\u1eeba-lu\u1eadn-th\u00edch c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 T\u00ednh, trong quy\u1ec3n 2 c\u00f3 n\u00f3i: \u201cC\u00e1c th\u00e1nh trong Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-T\u1ecda-B\u1ed9 l\u1ea5y \u201ch\u1eefu-ph\u00e2n-thanh\u201d c\u00f9ng n\u00f3i th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y\u2026Ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t-thuy\u1ebft-b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201cH\u1eefu ph\u1eadn th\u1ee9c\u201d v\u00e0 n\u00f3i c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u00e1-b\u00e1o-th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9 (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 31, trang 386, trung).<\/p>\n

                          [9]\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ecb-u\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Kinh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9: \u201cHo\u1eb7c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p r\u1eb1ng u\u1ea9n c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 c\u0103n-b\u1ea3n-u\u1ea9n, hai l\u00e0 t\u00e1c-d\u1ee5ng-u\u1ea9n. U\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng, u\u1ea9n sau ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u1ecd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng hai u\u1ea9n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng tuy ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, v\u00ec t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng u\u1ea9n l\u00e0m, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n u\u1ea9n nh\u1edb\u201d \u2013 B\u00e0-sa quy\u1ec3n 11. \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 55, trung.<\/p>\n

                          [10]\u00a0Ph\u1ea9m-ph\u00e1-ng\u00e3 d\u1eabn l\u1eddi trong kinh ra \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 l\u00e0: \u201cNh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3 c\u00f3 n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i: t\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi ng\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn sa \u0111\u1ecda v\u00e0o c\u00f5i \u00e1c ki\u1ebfn; c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o\u2026\u201d. \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn kinh n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 th\u00ec cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1uth\u1eeba nh\u1eadn kinh n\u00e0y, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i \u201cc\u00e1c b\u1ed9\u201d theo s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a X\u01b0ng-H\u1eefu, l\u00e0 Tamraparniya. Song \u0110\u1ed3ng-di\u1ec7p-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec thu\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f4-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 29.<\/p>\n

                          [11]\u00a0Trong B\u1ea3n-t\u00f4n-\u0111\u1ed3ng-ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a H\u00f3a-\u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9 trong T\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn, n\u00f3i \u201c\u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00f4 thi\u1ec3u ph\u00e1p nang t\u00f4ng ti\u1ec3n th\u1ebf chuy\u1ec3 ch\u00ed h\u1eadu th\u1ebf\u201d n\u00f3i \u201c\u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00f4 trung h\u1eefu\u201d n\u00ean n\u00f3i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi \u201cc\u00f9ng sinh t\u1eed u\u1ea9n\u201d.<\/p>\n

                          [12]\u00a0Nh\u1eefng k\u00fd t\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 h\u1eefu-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn trong \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau:
                          \n1-Thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la l\u00e0 th\u1eadt c\u00f3\u201d (\u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa quy\u1ec3n 2, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 8, trung.<\/p>\n

                          2-L\u1eadp ng\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, ch\u1ea5p r\u1eb1ng \u201cngo\u00e0i n\u0103m u\u1ea9n c\u00f3 ng\u00e3\u201d \u2013 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, quy\u1ec3n 8, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 28, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

                          3-Thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 \u201cB\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ed\u201d \u2013 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean quy\u1ec3n 9, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 42, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

                          4-Thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 \u201cTa cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u00e3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb ngh\u0129 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m\u201d (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, quy\u1ec3n 11, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 55, trung).<\/p>\n

                          5-C\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ea5p r\u1eb1ng: \u201cU\u1ea9n c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: 1) l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n u\u1ea9n, 2) t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng u\u1ea9n\u201d \u2013 (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean).<\/p>\n

                          L\u1ea1i trong T\u1ee9-\u00e2n-\u0111\u1ea1i-th\u1eeba-ph\u00e1p-uy\u1ec3n-ngh\u0129a-l\u00e2m-ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, quy\u1ec3n 1 n\u00f3i: \u201cH\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 t\u00f4n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u0103m b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ed9c t\u1eed, Ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Hi\u1ec1n-tr\u1ee5, Ch\u00ednh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 M\u1eadt-l\u00e2m-s\u01a1n; l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec: \u201cB\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i u\u1ea9n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00eca u\u1ea9n, n\u0103m th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec3m c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00eca nhi\u1ec5m. V\u00e0o ch\u00ednh t\u00ednh l\u00eca sinh, kho\u1ea3ng 21 t\u00e2m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9 13 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3\u201d (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 45, trang 250, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

                          [13]\u00a0Tham chi\u1ebfu \u201cK\u1ebft t\u1eadp ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t s\u1eed kh\u1ea3o\u201d c\u1ee7a M\u1ed9c-th\u00f4n-can-t\u1ea3, trang 46, ch\u00fa th\u00edch 64.<\/p>\n

                          [14]\u00a0Theo Lu\u1eadn-s\u1ef1, \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 (Ch\u00ednh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng v\u1eady) n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00ednhch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la ch\u1ee7 \u00fd nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                          \u201cTh\u00e2n v\u00e0 B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u1ed5-\u0111\u1eb7c-gi\u00e0-la v\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed3ng nhau\u201d. 1.1 (No 156) Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ebf th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (No 158) Ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ct hay sao? \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (No 167) Ng\u00e3 t\u1eeb ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n m\u00e0 ra, nh\u01b0ng ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ea3 (No 172-176). Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m, bao g\u1ed3m quan ni\u1ec7m ng\u00e3 (No 193). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ecb. ai b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau? (No 212).<\/p>\n

                          [15]\u00a0V\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft Ng\u0169-ph\u00e1p-t\u1ea1ng, tham chi\u1ebfu C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 29, ph\u1ea9m Ph\u00e1-ng\u00e3; Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 3 (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 260, h\u1ea1). Th\u1eadp-tr\u1ee5-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 9 (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 25, trang 69, trung). Tr\u00ed-\u0111\u1ed9-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 1, \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 25, trang 60, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) v\u00e0 Duy-th\u1ee9c-thu\u1eadt-k\u00fd, cu\u1ed1i quy\u1ec3n 1 (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 43, trang 247, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

                          Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II: C\u00e1c V\u1ea5n \u0110\u1ec1 T\u01b0\u1edbng Tr\u1ea1ng C\u1ee7a T\u00e2m<\/h4>\n

                          1- L\u1edcI T\u1ef0A.<\/h5>\n

                          Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean tuy n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng, th\u1eadt ra \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 sinh-m\u1ec7nh-lu\u1eadn. B\u1edfi v\u00ec khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 th\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m-m\u1ec7nh-lu\u1eadn. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Theo ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Do \u0111\u00f3, ngo\u00e0i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ra kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 \u0111em qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y chuy\u1ec3n l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea7m c\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd, cho n\u00ean t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-quan \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u0129nh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ban gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 xem c\u00e1c v\u1ecb A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u00e2m l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. S\u1edf d\u0129 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i \u201cc\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1\u201d l\u00e0 v\u00ec gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y lu\u00f4n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

                          2- T\u00c2M L\u00c0 G\u00cc.<\/h5>\n

                          Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y n\u00f3i qua danh t\u1eeb v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u1ee9\u01a1c kia, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef bi\u1ec3u c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: t\u00e2m, \u00fd, th\u1ee9c. Trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u kinh c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u00f3 n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u00e2m \u1ea5y c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c\u201d. Ba thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng ba ch\u1eef \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ee9 theo c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. D\u00f9 cho c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. T\u1ef1u trung, t\u00e2m tuy t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Citta hay cit nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o ch\u1eef n\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang, ch\u1eef n\u00e0o xem tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh \u00fd th\u00ec c\u1ee9 c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef \u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5 (Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn, trang 273). Th\u1ee9c (li\u1ec5u tri\u1ec7t) d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u1ed9-t\u00ednh-li\u1ec5u-bi\u1ec7t, c\u00f2n n\u00f3i theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 cho \u00fd th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t ban, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e1ch xem c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft. Sau h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u00fd (t\u01b0 l\u1ef1), c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i ngo\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t hay d\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a trung khu nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi ng\u0169 quan (Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn, trang 151-152).<\/p>\n

                          Ba danh t\u1eeb tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y n\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch mang nhi\u00ean th\u00ec nh\u01b0 nhau, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec1u cho m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau. Chi\u1ebfu theo B\u00e0-sa, quy\u1ec3n 72, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u00f3 hai ph\u00e1i nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m, \u00fd, th\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u01b0 nhau, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. C\u00f2n ph\u00e1i kia th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng trong ba danh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t, m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t \u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i: ho\u1eb7c g\u1ecdi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 t\u00e2m l\u00e0 \u00fd, v\u1ecb lai t\u00e2m, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i t\u00e2m l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c; ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i t\u00e2m l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, \u00fd l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a sinh m\u00f4n, th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a t\u00edch t\u1ee5; ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng (t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed), t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u00fd l\u00e0 t\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 li\u1ec5u bi\u1ec7t, v.v\u2026 Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u khu bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa (B\u00e0-sa, quy\u1ec3n 72, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 371, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, trung). \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Hi\u1ebfp T\u00f4n Gi\u1ea3 n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, suy ngh\u0129 so \u0111o l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u00fd, ph\u00e2n bi\u00eat hi\u1ec1u r\u00f5 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c\u201d –\u00a0(nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, trang 371). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn do nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i cho ba c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c t\u00ean m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 5, V\u00f4-s\u00f4-ph\u1ea9m 60 (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 274, h\u1ea1) n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u00e2m, \u00fd, th\u1ee9c th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e0 t\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u1ebfu ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 duy\u00ean th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m\u201d. C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 4 n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u1eadp kh\u1edfi n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m, t\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd, li\u1ec5u bi\u1ec7t n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c\u201d.<\/p>\n

                          M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

                          T\u1ef1u trung, \u201cT\u1eadp kh\u1edfi n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m\u201d l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0i th\u00edch ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng g\u1ed1c sitta (v-ci t\u1eadp). Nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang l\u1eafm, v\u00ec citta l\u00e0 t\u1eeb v-cit m\u00e0 c\u00f3. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m l\u00e0 cintetiti Cittam m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u1ea5y t\u00e2m l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u00e0 coi nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh \u00fd, r\u1ed3i v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n th\u00eam \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m, n\u00ean \u201ct\u1eadp kh\u1edfi\u201d tr\u00ean ngh\u0129a l\u00fd, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i thuy\u1ebft minh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

                          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nh\u1ea5t-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng sai bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t theo c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 khu bi\u1ec7t d\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Duy-th\u1ee9c sau n\u00e0y, m\u1ed7i danh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n khu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec7 b\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 l\u1ee5c th\u1ee9c v\u1eady. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua.<\/p>\n

                          3- \u0110\u1eb6C T\u01af\u1edaNG C\u1ee6A T\u00c2M.<\/h5>\n

                          C\u1ee9 xem c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 danh t\u1eeb \u1edf tr\u00ean ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t6m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i. B\u1edfi v\u00ec danh t\u1eeb c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho danh t\u1eeb \u00edt ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. Theo \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng duy\u00ean t\u1ef1,t\u1ee9c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e0 sinh kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n, t\u01b0 duy, h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. C\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ebft minh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 quy k\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0ng, th\u1eadt ra \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, n\u00f3i theo ng\u1eef ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. C\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u201ct\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d (t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m) v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e2m s\u1edf\u201d, t\u1ee9c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng (s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf sau), gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tranh lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o, khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m s\u1edf, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i ra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u1ea5y th\u00ec e r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5t ban c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m c\u00f3 v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 lu m\u1edd \u0111i kh\u00f4ng? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, may l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng trong lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u00e0i x\u00edch. A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma v\u1ec1 sau, c\u1ea3 Nam, b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng thuy\u1ebft g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p\u201d (Duy-th\u1ee9c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Bi\u1ebfn-h\u00e0nh). \u0110\u1ea1i-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m sinh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f3. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 thei l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai l\u1ea7m m\u1ea5y khi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp coi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp coi t\u00e2m s\u1edf l\u00e0c\u01a1 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf, tuy l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y sau, nh\u01b0ng, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i qua v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

                          Theo H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0: t\u00e1c \u00fd, x\u00fac, th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0,d\u1ee5c,th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i, ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7. Theo A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-ph\u00e1p-y\u1ebfu-lu\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9, th\u00ec c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y lo\u1ea1i \u0111i kh\u1eafp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m (\u0111\u1ea1i-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, hay bi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u0169ng th\u1ebf). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0: t\u00e1c \u00fd, x\u00fac, th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0, t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh c\u0103n (Abhidhammatthasamgaha, p.6. Compendium of Philosophy, 12 ibid p. 4). Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Duy-th\u1ee9c th\u00ec \u0111\u00ednh ch\u00ednh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y n\u0103mlo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u00fd,x\u00fac, th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 l\u00e0m Bi\u1ebfn-h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c, th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i, ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0m Bi\u1ec7t-c\u1ea3nh. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, Nam-ph\u01b0\u01a1ng-lu\u1eadn-b\u1ed9 ngo\u00e0i b\u1ea3y lo\u1ea1ik\u1ec3 tr\u00ean c\u00f2n l\u1ea5y s\u00e1u ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea7m, t\u01b0, th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i, c\u1ea7n, h\u1ef7 v\u00e0 d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m Bi\u1ec7t-c\u1ea3nh (Compendium of Ph, p, 95). Xem th\u1ebf th\u00ec bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, tuy nhi\u00ean trong c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0 Duy-th\u1ee9c l\u1eadp t\u00e1c \u00fd, x\u00fac, th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-T\u1ecda-B\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng hay c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e3y t\u1ea1m l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 n\u0103m l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i qua v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                          T\u00e1c \u00fd c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fa \u00fd, x\u00fac c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, th\u1ee5 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh, t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 tri gi\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed. N\u0103m t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. N\u1ebfu t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 t\u00e2m, \u00fd, th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean kia m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh th\u00ec, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 sau: N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec t\u00e2m tuy l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ch\u1ee7, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec \u00edt ra t\u00e2m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c ch\u00fa \u00fd, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, tr\u00ed gi\u00e1c, c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ra ch\u00fang c\u0169ng bao h\u00e0m c\u00e1i khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ee5 b\u1ecb t\u1eeb t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tr\u00ean. \u0110\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y tuy v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n l\u1ef1\u00e2n c\u1ee9u, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i \u0111ang thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 T\u00e2m-s\u1edf-lu\u1eadn, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u1edf ph\u1ea7n sau s\u1ebd b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

                          4- T\u00c2M M\u1ed8T HAY NHI\u1ec0U.<\/h5>\n

                          Tr\u1edf l\u00ean, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t theo nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m n\u00e0y khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng ngo\u1ea1i th\u00ec th\u1ee7 s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0: m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u00fd. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t b\u1edfi \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u0103m c\u1ea3m quan (n\u0103m c\u0103n) m\u1edbi sinh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu, cho n\u00ean chia th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 t\u1eeb Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn nay. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: n\u0103m th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, hay ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m m\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau? N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo th\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u00ec: duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh \u00f4ng vua (t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng) r\u1ed3i bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ch\u00ed ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1i qu\u1ed1c gia t\u00e2m l\u00fd kia, hay ngo\u00e0i vua ra c\u0169ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp? N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi m\u1ebd th\u00ec: trung khu c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00e0 to\u00e0n nh\u1ea5t, hay, ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 trung khu c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c th\u1eadt l\u1edbn. Lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 5, trong n\u0103m ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb \u0110a T\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ebfn Minh \u0110a T\u00e2m ph\u1ea9m 72. b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean t\u1ea1m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1ea3o l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                          Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n Nh\u1ea5t-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i th\u00ec b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u00f3 n\u0103m c\u1eeda s\u1ed5, t\u00f9y theo s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ed7i c\u1eeda s\u1ed5. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khi t\u00e2m tr\u1ee5 \u1edf nh\u00e3n c\u0103n th\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c, cho \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5 \u1edf th\u00e2n c\u0103n l\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 x\u1eed hi\u1ec7n trong c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u (Phi-\u0111a-t\u00e2m-ph\u1ea9m 70). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a K\u1ebf-kinh. Nh\u01b0 trong T\u1ea1p-t\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

                          \u201cTrong n\u0103m c\u1eeda s\u1ed5, con kh\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d; \u201cL\u00fac kh\u1ec9 tr\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eebng b\u1ea3o nh\u01b0 c\u0169\u201d.<\/p>\n

                          \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e2u k\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a T\u00e2n-\u0111\u1ea7u-la-b\u1ea1t-la-\u0111\u1ecda-x\u00e0. T\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ch\u1ee7 \u00fd c\u1ee7a hai b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y t\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n trong n\u0103m c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u00ednh ch\u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, c\u1ee9 xem b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00f5.<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1ea5t-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, nh\u01b0 ghi nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, t\u00edch t\u1eadp nhi\u1ec3u kinh nghi\u1ec7m, cho \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, m\u00e0 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 duy ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t (Nh\u1ea5t-t\u00e2m-ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 69). T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1c\u201d, n\u1ebfu th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 th\u00ec sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean. N\u00f3i theo B\u1ed9-ph\u00e1i th\u00ec ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n nay t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm ra b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng trong lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u00e0i x\u00edch.<\/p>\n

                          Xin tr\u00edch m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n: \u201cHo\u1eb7c c\u00f3, k\u1ebb ch\u1ea5p ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1ea5t-t\u00e2m-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-t\u1ee5c-lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ecd b\u1ea3o h\u1eefu t\u00f9y mi\u00ean t\u00e2m, v\u00f4 t\u00f9y mi\u00ean t\u00e2m, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c, Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n, xa l\u00eca phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, ch\u1eb3ng xa l\u00eca t\u00e2m t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb t\u00e2m. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1eb7t \u00e1o, lau g\u01b0\u01a1ng, luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0ng, v\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u01a1n l\u00eca nhau, ch\u1eb3ng xa l\u00eca \u00e1o\u2026\u201d (B\u00e0-sa quy\u1ec3n 22, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 110, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). \u0110\u00e2y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1i Nh\u1ea5t-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn. N\u1ebfu theo lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu-ng\u00e3-lu\u1eadn. T\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o n\u0103m th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec5m, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00eca nhi\u1ec5m (D\u1ecb-b\u1ed9-t\u00f4n-lu\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn, \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ph\u00e1p uy\u1ec3n ngh\u0129a l\u00e2m ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, quy\u1ec3n 1), n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9c s\u00e1u (Ngh\u0129a l\u00e2m ch\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec3n 2, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 45, trang 2, h\u1ea1). Th\u00ec d\u00f9 c\u00f3 l\u1eadp s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn n\u0103m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00eam, th\u00ec b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn. Trong gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa. H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 chia v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu th\u00e0nh n\u0103m v\u1ecb l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf, t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh t\u1eeb x\u01b0a trong ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i t\u00fac lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu. \u0110\u1ebfn C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec chia c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ebfp trong n\u0103m v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh 75 lo\u1ea1i theo s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 sau: s\u1eafc 11, t\u00e2m 1, t\u00e2m s\u1edf 46, t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0nh 24, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi 3. T\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c, v\u1eady \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y h\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a Nh\u1ea5t-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn? V\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n[1]\u00a0lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-h\u1ecdc, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn n\u00f3i s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c, cho n\u00ean, l\u1ea5y\u00a0\u201cs\u00e1u th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3\u201d l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

                          Song, d\u00f9 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn thu d\u1ee5ng thuy\u1ebft L\u1ee5c-th\u1ee9c-bi\u1ec7t-th\u1ec3. T\u1eeb th\u1eddI \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ed9 h\u1ee3p s\u00e1u c\u0103n, s\u00e1u c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 18 gi\u1edbi. V\u1eady, tr\u00ean quan h\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng cho m\u1ed7i trong s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1eafc, tai \u0111\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfng, cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u00fac, m\u1ed7i th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi ri\u00eang, quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n, cho n\u00ean c\u00e1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. T\u1ea1i sao? H\u00e3y th\u1eed gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9c, th\u00ec xuy\u00ean qua nh\u00e3n c\u0103n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe ti\u1ebfng, qua nh\u0129 c\u0103n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc, v.v\u2026 Nh\u01b0ng do c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 c\u1ea3m quan b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, do c\u1ea3m quan m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u1eady cho nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 thu t\u1eadp. V\u00e3 l\u1ea1i, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3n t\u1ec9nh th\u00ec t\u1ef1 t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh, r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i duy ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m. T\u1ea1i sao? V\u00ec m\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y, dao kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 c\u1eaft, n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft (Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn, \u0110a-t\u00e2m-ph\u1ea9m 68). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t-t\u00e2m-lu\u1eadn tuy d\u00f9ng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong n\u0103m c\u1eeda s\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ed v\u1edbi t\u00e2m chung quy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. T\u1ea1i sao? V\u00ec t\u00e2m do nhi\u1ec1u duy\u00ean sinh, khi tr\u1ee5 \u1edf m\u1eaft th\u00ec t\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee7 \u1edf tai (Minh-\u0111a-t\u00e2m-ph\u1ea9m 72). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do c\u1ee7a \u0110a-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Nh\u1ea5t-t\u00e2m-lu\u1eadn chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u1edf th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1c n\u1ed9i di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t t\u00e2m, c\u00f2n \u0110a-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa trong \u1edf t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng tri gi\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi, c\u1ea3 hai th\u1eadt ra ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf ch\u1ed7 l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc; nh\u01b0ng \u1edf v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i B\u1ed9-ph\u00e1i, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cL\u1ee5c-th\u1ee9c-bi\u1ec7t-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn\u201d.<\/p>\n

                          Song, theo ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y m\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng khu bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa n\u0103m th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, th\u00ec c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa n\u0103m th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u l\u00e0: n\u0103m th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f2n th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u l\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m s\u1edf duy\u00ean, ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c ra, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng h\u1eb9p kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u00e0-sa, quy\u1ec3n 42 (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 219, trung), C\u00e2u-x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 2, n\u00f3i, Ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i: t\u1ef1-t\u00ednh-ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t, k\u1ebf-\u0111\u1ed9-ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u00f9y-ni\u1ec7m-ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t. T\u1ef1-t\u00ednh-ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng tri gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m quan (l\u1ea5y t\u1ea7m t\u01b0 l\u00e0m th\u1ec3), k\u1ebf-\u0111\u1ed9-ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u1ed9 t\u00ednh (t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7), t\u00f9y-ni\u1ec7m-ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng suy l\u00fd (t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec7m). Nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu \u0111em \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 v\u00e0o s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec n\u0103m th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, nh\u00ecn c\u00e2y anh \u0111\u00e0o, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2y anh \u0111\u00e0o tuy c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2y anh \u0111\u00e0o \u1ea5y \u0111\u1eb9p hay x\u1ea5u? Hoa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c n\u0103m ngo\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng? Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, chung quy, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng cho l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, n\u0103m th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf-\u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u00f9y-ni\u1ec7m. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i trong th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ba lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u1ea5y. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, tuy c\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa n\u0103m th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma. \u0110\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 th\u00eam \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y v\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec s\u1edf duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u0103m th\u1ee9c duy ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p (\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u th\u00ec l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1eabn c\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m duy\u00ean (tham chi\u1ebfu B\u00e0-sa, quy\u1ec3n 95, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27 trang 490, h\u1ea1 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n 127, trang 665, trung). T\u00f4i cho ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: th\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f2n th\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edbng bao h\u00e0m \u00fd ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 (l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed9i, ngo\u1ea1i th\u00ec, n\u1ebfu theo ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 n\u0103m th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 duy\u00ean v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n, n\u1ed9i th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y,c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, gi\u1eefa n\u0103m th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u2013 B\u00e0-sa, quy\u1ec3n 87, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 449, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

                          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y nay m\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn th\u00ec: c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t-t\u00e2m-lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng \u1edf th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1c, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i m\u1ed1i t\u1ec7 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1eadt th\u1ec3. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0110a-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn b\u1ea3o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u trung khu t\u00e2m l\u00fd nh\u1ecf, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y tuy \u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc n\u0103ng c\u1ef1 (t\u1ee9c m\u1ed1i t\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u1ed0c-l\u1ed7-b\u00e1 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong t\u00e2m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp). c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh n\u1eb1m \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa hai ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y ch\u0103ng?<\/p>\n

                          5- T\u00c2M V\u00c0 T\u00c2M S\u1ede.<\/h5>\n

                          Trung t\u00e2m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u00fang n\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m. M\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u00fd, x\u00fac, th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0, nh\u01b0ng ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1p \u0111a kh\u00e1c. D\u1ee5ng ng\u1eef th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi m\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m th\u00e2u nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1p \u0111a \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e2m s\u1edf\u201d. Danh t\u1eeb t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u00e3 trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y (nh\u01b0 D. II, Kevaddhasutta, vol-l, p.213; Tr\u01b0\u1eddng-A-H\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 16, Ki\u00ean-c\u1ed1, v.v\u2026\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 101, trung). Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. N\u00f3i theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m-s\u1edf-lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 t\u00e2m-s\u1edf-lu\u1eadn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trung t\u00e2m. C\u00f2n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 hay l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn th\u00ec gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y g\u00ec l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

                          Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t th\u00ec t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ch\u1ee7, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf \u00fd ngh\u0129a ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, t\u00e2m s\u1edf r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m ri\u00eang r\u1ebd, hay l\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u00f4i c\u1ee7a vua (t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng) m\u00e0, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t r\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, y l\u1ec7 c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i chia th\u00e0nh hai ph\u00e1i. M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i cho r\u1eb1ng ngo\u00e0i t\u00e2m ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u00e2m s\u1edf ch\u1eb3ng qua kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m; c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng ngo\u00e0i t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf. Theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa th\u00edch th\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cV\u00f4-t\u00e2m-s\u1edf-ph\u00e1p\u201d l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng-s\u01a1n-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Ngh\u0129a-th\u00e0nh-b\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9-h\u1ec7. Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i v\u00f4-t\u00e2m-s\u1edf c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c (xem Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 5, Kh\u1ed5-\u0111\u1ebf-t\u1ee5-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn, V\u00f4-s\u1ed1-ph\u1ea9m 60). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Th\u00ed-d\u1ee5[2]\u00a0c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 t\u00f4nc\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p C\u1ee9u v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1c Thi\u00ean trong B\u00e0-sa h\u1ed9i, B\u00e0-sa, quy\u1ec3n 2 (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trnag 8, h\u1ea1) n\u00f3i, Ph\u00e1p C\u1ee9u cho t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m-t\u00e2m-s\u1edf-bi\u1ec7t-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 T\u00edch Lan Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 Bi\u1ec7t-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn. Ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft trong Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 5 (th\u1ee9 60-61), v\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e3y t\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00fd do xem sao. Theo \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn, l\u00fd do n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u1ed3i. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, xem trong c\u00e1c kinh v\u0103n Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i (A-H\u00e0m b\u1ed9), tuy th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng ngo\u00e0i t\u00e2m ra, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m s\u1edf. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfm t\u00e2m s\u1edf nh\u01b0ng suy c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m m\u00e0 th\u00f4i (\u0111\u1ea1i \u00fd c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m V\u00f4-s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 60. N\u00f3i th\u1ee9c, n\u00f3i gi\u00e1c, n\u00f3i t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 danh x\u01b0ng, ch\u1ee9 th\u1eadt th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m; kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, ngay \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee5, t\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh, n\u1ebfu coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 y th\u1ee9c, th\u00ec nh\u01b0ng nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u201cbi\u1ebft\u201d). Minh-v\u00f4-s\u1ed1-ph\u1ea9m, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 276, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9, r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m (t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng duy\u00ean l\u1ef1) v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m (Minh-v\u00f4-s\u1ed1-ph\u1ea9m 64) \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                          \u0110\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m-s\u1edf-bi\u1ec7t-lu\u1eadn. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3i: Ph\u1eadt b\u1ea3o t\u1ed5-ch\u1ee9c-t\u00e2m-l\u00fd, sinh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n s\u1eafc, th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 sao? N\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao ngo\u00e0i th\u1ee9c (t\u00e2m) c\u00f2n n\u00f3i c\u00f3 th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf h\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau sao (L\u1eadp-h\u1eefu-s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea9m 61)? v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft, t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a th\u1ee5 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea1c, t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 \u1edf s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c, t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Cho n\u00ean, ngo\u00e0i t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (Phi-v\u00f4-s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea9m 62). Theo t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch[3], c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00fd ch\u1ee9ng. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ee5c th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean kia, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t-d\u1ecb-lu\u1eadn. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t-t\u00e2m-lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m; c\u00f2n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng \u1edf l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00fd m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec nh\u1eefng trung khu c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng b\u01a1-th\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o t\u1ee7y m\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, bi\u1ec7t-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn cho th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1c trung khu c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u00e2m sau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; theo t\u00f4i, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00ecnh ph\u00e1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

                          V\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tuy c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tranh bi\u1ec7n Nh\u1ea5t-t\u00e2m-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Bi\u1ec7t-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n bi\u1ec7t-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5t ban nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb T\u00edch Lan Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7. t\u1ee9c t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf, t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1eeb t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 ra, l\u00e0 v\u1eadt s\u1edf thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 th\u1ea1\u01b0c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tuy kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00eca t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t. V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u00ec, theo C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn, t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee7 t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1eabn bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u1edbng. (C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 1, n\u00f3i: m\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i li\u1ec5u bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u1ee7 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 li\u1ec5u bi\u1ec7t)[4]. T\u1ed5ng t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1c-nhi\u00ean; c\u00f2n bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u1edbng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ecf nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n th\u00eam s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (Ch\u00ednh L\u00fd n\u00f3i: nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ee7 s\u1eafc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ee7 thanh, ch\u1ec9 th\u1ee7 m\u00e0u xanh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 m\u00e0u xanh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ea3 \u00fd hay b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u00fd, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i nam n\u1eef, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y; nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3nh ch\u1ec9 th\u1ee7 t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u00e1c th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee9 suy \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec bi\u1ebft \u2013 Thu\u1eadn-ch\u00ednh-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 3, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 29, trang 342, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). M\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf c\u00f9ng y ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o c\u0103n (c\u00f3 s\u1edf y), c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (c\u00f3 s\u1edf duy\u00ean), v\u00e0 kinh doanh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd (c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng), v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f9ng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1a h\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng-nh\u1ea5t-th\u1ec3, B\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 16, C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 4, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 B\u00e0-sa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ec3 b\u00ecnh. T\u1ef1u trung, thuy\u1ebft T\u1ee9-s\u1ef1-b\u00ecnh-\u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a V\u1ee5-t\u00f4n-gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

                          T\u1ee9-s\u1ef1-b\u00ecnh-\u0111\u1eb3ng l\u00e0: 1-Th\u1eddi ph\u1eadn b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t sinh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. 2-S\u1edf y b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf c\u00f9ng y v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u0103n (nh\u01b0 nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf theo nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng y v\u00e0o nh\u00e3n c\u0103n). 3-S\u1edf duy\u00ean b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf c\u00f9ng duy\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. 4-H\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u00e1t sinh c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 nhau (nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec5u bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u00e0u xanh th\u00ec c\u00e1i m\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf li\u1ec5u bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u00e0u xanh). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 n\u0103m n\u1eefa l\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. T\u00e2m v\u01b0\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ec d\u0129 nhi\u00ean r\u1ed3i, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hai hay ba[5], (B\u00e0-sa, quy\u1ec3n 16, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 80, h\u1ea1; C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 4). T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau th\u00ec \u00edt ra c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n \u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd, m\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u00ec ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p ai c\u0169ng c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft ra, nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m s\u1edf bi\u1ec7t-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn coi t\u00e2m s\u1edf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

                          6- S\u1ef0 PH\u00c2N LO\u1ea0I C\u1ee6A T\u00c2M S\u1ede.<\/h5>\n

                          D\u00f9 c\u00f3 coi t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ec3 hay bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. B\u1ea3n lai, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf l\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 c\u00e1i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t, tuy c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd th\u00ec, \u00edt ra, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-quan ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc. Song, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00e2m l\u00fd n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma. B\u1ea3n lai Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-h\u1ecdc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00f3 cho c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c sau khi A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u00ean theo thuy\u1ebft ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n (s\u1eafc, th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c), th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb x\u1ee9 (l\u1ee5c c\u0103n, l\u1ee5c c\u1ea3nh), th\u1eadp b\u00e1t gi\u1edbi (l\u1ee5c c\u0103n, l\u1ee5c c\u1ea3nh, l\u1ee5c th\u1ee9c) c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 37 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ea9m; t\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n, t\u1ee9-v\u00f4-s\u1eafc, y theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c tu h\u00e0nh \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 tam \u0111\u1ed9c, t\u1ee9 l\u1eadu, ng\u0169 d\u1ee5c, th\u1eadp \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p,v.v\u2026l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ef1\u01a1c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i qua \u1edf ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ta m\u00e0 sinh kh\u1edfi, b\u1edfi v\u1eady m\u1edbi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u00e2m-t\u00e2m-s\u1edf-lu\u1eadn \u00fd th\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng tam gi\u1edbi, hay t\u1eeb l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng tam t\u00ednh (thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c, v\u00f4 k\u00fd), cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c, r\u1ed3i trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i: lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn. N\u1ebfu theo ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn-th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y th\u00ec Ph\u00e1p-t\u1eadp-lu\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u; v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec nh\u01b0 Th\u1ee9c-ch\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, Ph\u00e1t-tr\u00ed-lu\u1eadn, tuy c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 Gi\u1edbi-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu. T\u1ea1i sao? V\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ebf t\u00e2m s\u1edf m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e2m-s\u1edf-lu\u1eadn m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa th\u00edch lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m (nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Thanh-t\u1ecbnh-\u0111\u1ea1o-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m-s\u1edf-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c thuy\u1ebft minh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c tu h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch). Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, th\u00ec A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma ph\u00e1p y\u1ebfu lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a A-n\u00e2u-l\u1eadu-\u0111\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec t\u00e2m-s\u1edf-lu\u1eadn trong \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa, T\u1ea1p-t\u00e2m, C\u00e2u-x\u00e1, Ch\u00ednh-l\u00fd v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec3n-t\u00f4n-lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf trong c\u00e1c A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, tuy c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng do c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 n\u00ean ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh[6]. T\u1ee9c l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n, nh\u01b0ng sau d\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. N\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfu theo c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1eed ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m s\u1edf l\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu. Theo \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

                          \u00a0A \u2013 1. M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, 2. M\u01b0\u1eddi phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, 3. M\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec3u-phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, 4. N\u0103m phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, 5. N\u0103m ki\u1ebfn, 6. n\u0103m x\u00fac, 7. n\u0103m c\u0103n, 8. N\u0103m ph\u00e1p, 9. S\u00e1u th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n, 10. S\u00e1u x\u00fac th\u00e2n, 11. S\u00e1u th\u1ee5 th\u00e2n, 12. S\u00e1u t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e2n, 13. S\u00e1u t\u01b0 th\u00e2n, 14. S\u00e1u \u00e1i th\u00e2n (Gi\u1edbi-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 614, trung).<\/p>\n

                          B \u2013 1. M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p, 2. M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p, 3. M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p, 4. M\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec3u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p\u2026 (tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean) (Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 2, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 698, trung).<\/p>\n

                          So v\u1edbi Gi\u1edbi-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi-\u0111\u1ea1i-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, v\u00ec Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c sau Gi\u1edbi-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o sau n\u00e0y. M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, m\u01b0\u1eddi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p, m\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec3u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n khu c\u1ee7a C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 v\u00e0 Duy-th\u1ee9c sau n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u00eam nhi\u1ebfp h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y, m\u00e0 n\u0103m phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, n\u0103m ki\u1ebfn, n\u0103m ph\u00e1p v, v\u2026 t\u1ecbnh l\u1eadp th\u00ec, d\u00f9 n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng tr\u00fat b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i h\u00ecnh t\u00edch c\u0169. R\u1ed3i \u0111em ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong quy\u1ec3n 42. V\u00ec c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y trong Ph\u00e1t-tr\u00ed-lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00ean ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf-H\u1eefu-H\u1ec7. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y th\u00ec:<\/p>\n

                          1-\u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p 10, 2-\u0110\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p 10, 3-Ti\u1ec3u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p 10, 4-\u0110\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p 10, 5-\u0110\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p, 6-\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1eefu ph\u00fa v\u00f4 k\u00fd \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p 3, 7-\u0110\u1ea1i v\u00f4 ph\u00fa v\u00f4 k\u00fd \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p 10 (B\u00e0-sa, quy\u1ec1n, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 27, trang 220, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

                          L\u00e0 b\u1ea3y lo\u1ea1i, n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u00e1m t\u00e2m s\u1edf. Tr\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p, c\u00f2n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i\u201d l\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u00f3i r\u00f5 c\u00e1i c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 khi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m sinh kh\u1edfi bao h\u00e0m danh x\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra trong n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng. Theo s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn B\u00e0-sa th\u00ec trong m\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (b\u1ea5t t\u00edn, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i, ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed, v\u00f4 minh, vong ni\u1ec7m, b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u00e2m lo\u1ea1n, phi l\u00fd, t\u00e1c \u00fd, t\u00e0 th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i), b\u1ea5t t\u00edn, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i, ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh l\u1ea5y th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0, x\u00fac, d\u1ee5c trong \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m th\u1ec3, cho n\u00ean s\u1ed1 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadt ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, ba ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u trong \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (v\u00f4 minh, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed), n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i th\u00ec trong \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng c\u00f3, m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 t\u00e0m, v\u00f4 qu\u00fd. \u0110\u1ea1i-h\u1eefu-ph\u00fa-v\u00f4-k\u00fd-ph\u00e1p (v\u00f4 minh, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i-v\u00f4-ph\u00fa-v\u00f4-k\u00fd-ph\u00e1p (gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p) c\u0169ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 trong \u0111\u1ea1i-b\u1ea5t-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a 58 lo\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 37 lo\u1ea1i. Song, lu\u1eadn B\u00e0-sa v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. R\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd n\u1eefa l\u00e0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-t\u00e2m-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p Th\u1eafng, T\u1ea1p A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-t\u00e2m-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p C\u1ee9u, v\u00e0 trong Nh\u1eadp A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-t\u00e2m-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ng\u1ed9 Nh\u1eadp do Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i, tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m s\u1edf tr\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft minh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p (th\u00eam t\u00e2m s\u1edf H\u00e2n v\u00e0 Y\u1ebfm th\u00e0nh ra 77, so v\u1edbi 75 ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7 C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1n c\u00f3 hai ph\u00e1p). R\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n (theo s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Quang K\u00fd).<\/p>\n

                          1-\u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p 10: Th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0, x\u00fac, d\u1ee5c, tu\u1ec7, ni\u1ec7m, t\u00e1c \u00fd, th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i, tam ma \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n

                          2-\u0110\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p 10: T\u00edn, b\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt, khinh an, x\u1ea3, t\u00e0m, qu\u00fd,v\u00f4 tham, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n, v\u00f4 si, b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i, c\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

                          3-\u0110\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p 6: V\u00f4 minh, ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i, b\u1ea5t t\u00edn, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed.<\/p>\n

                          4-\u0110\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p 2: V\u00f4 t\u00e0m, v\u00f4 qu\u00fd.<\/p>\n

                          5-Ti\u1ec3u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p 10: Ph\u1eabn, ph\u00fa, xan, t\u1eadt, n\u00e3o, h\u1ea1i, h\u1eadn, xi\u1ec3m, cu\u1ed1ng, ki\u00eau.<\/p>\n

                          6-B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh 8: \u00c1c t\u00e1c, th\u00f9y mi\u00ean, t\u1ea7m t\u01b0, tham, s\u00e2n, m\u1ea1n, si.<\/p>\n

                          T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 46 ph\u00e1p (C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 4).<\/p>\n

                          Lu\u1eadn Duy-th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i h\u01a1i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat th\u00e0nh:<\/p>\n

                          1.Bi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, 2.Bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3nh, 3.Thi\u1ec7n, 4.Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, 5.T\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, 6.B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Con s\u1ed1 t\u00e2m s\u1edf tuy c\u00f3 th\u00eam l\u00ean ch\u00fat \u00edt nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thuy\u1ebft minh c\u1ee7a C\u00e2u-x\u00e1.<\/p>\n

                          N\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 th\u00ec c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-ph\u00e1p-y\u1ebfu-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a A-n\u00e2u-l\u1eadu-\u0111\u00e0 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ee9c chia 52 t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3y lo\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00edch th\u00fa l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u01a1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a Duy-th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

                          1-Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng (\u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p) 7: X\u00fac, th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0, t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3nh, m\u1ec7nh c\u0103n, t\u00e1c \u00fd.<\/p>\n

                          2-Bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3nh 6: T\u1ea7m, t\u01b0, th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i, c\u1ea7n, \u00e1i d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

                          3-Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng (\u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p) 14: Si, v\u00f4 t\u00e0m, v\u00f4 qu\u00fd, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed, tham, ki\u1ebfn, m\u1ea1n, s\u00e2n, t\u1eadt, san, \u00e1c t\u00e1c, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i, th\u00f9y mi\u00ean, si.<\/p>\n

                          4-T\u1ecbnh c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng (\u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p), 19: T\u00edn, ni\u1ec7m, t\u00e0m, qu\u00fd, v\u00f4 tham, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n, trung x\u1ea3, th\u00e2n khinh an[7], t\u00e2m khinh an, th\u00e2n khinh t\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u00e2m khinh t\u01b0\u1edbng, th\u00e2n nhu nhuy\u1ec5n, t\u00e2m nhu nhuy\u1ec5n, th\u00e2n th\u00edch nghi\u1ec7p, t\u00e2m th\u00edch nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00e2n h\u1eefu n\u0103ng, t\u00e2m h\u1eefu n\u0103ng, th\u00e2n tr\u1ef1c, t\u00e2m tr\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

                          5-Lu\u1eadt nghi\u1ec7p, 3: Ch\u00ednh ng\u1eef, ch\u00ednh nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00ednh m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n

                          6-V\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, 2: T\u1eeb, h\u1ef7.<\/p>\n

                          7-Tu\u1ec7 c\u0103n.<\/p>\n

                          T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 52. (Journal of the P.T.S. 1884, p-9)\u00a0(Compeudium of Philosophy pp. 94-97).<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, theo c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0, c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf tuy ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng. V\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i. N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm cho ra c\u00e1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p hay l\u00e0 Bi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 t\u1eeb Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma ph\u00e1p y\u1ebfu lu\u1eadn v\u1eabn nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t ban.<\/p>\n

                          Song, nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u su\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd mu\u1ed1n n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed \u00e1c, suy ti\u1ebfn thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ea khai ng\u1ed9. Th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba, v.v\u2026 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t ban m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p; th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u00e1c t\u00e2m hay l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho m\u00ea v\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i-b\u1ea5t-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 phi\u1ec3n-n\u00e3o-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p. M\u1ed9t, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea7u t\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch chinh ph\u1ee5c; v\u00ec thuy\u1ebft minh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00ean ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ti\u1ec3u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o hay t\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u00f5 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ea t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Sau h\u1ebft l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, trung C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 v\u00e0 Duy-th\u1ee9c, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m, t\u01b0, truy h\u1ed1i v\u00e0 th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng, trong t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, lo\u1ea1i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m n\u00e0y th\u1eadt ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd, th\u1eadt r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 v\u00e0 Duy-th\u1ee9c, theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma ph\u00e1p y\u1ebfu lu\u1eadn, l\u1eadp ra nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n

                          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo t\u00e2m s\u1edf lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c sau \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u:<\/p>\n

                          A \u2013 T\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t ban (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p).<\/p>\n

                          B \u2013 T\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9:<\/p>\n

                          1- C\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc t\u00e2m l\u00fd (\u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p).<\/p>\n

                          2- \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c (phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o lu\u1eadn).<\/p>\n

                          Song, t\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, th\u1eadt ra, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf th\u00ec v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf th\u00f4i th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 l\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t ban l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh t\u00e2m l\u00fd tu \u0111\u1ea1o. M\u00e0 trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, t\u00e2m l\u00fd tu \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 tr\u1ecdng, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn, Tr\u00ed lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 c\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd tu \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec tuy \u0111\u00e3 bao h\u00e0m trong c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean kia, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u00e2m l\u00fd tu \u0111\u1ea1o to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 theo t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay, th\u00ec b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n n\u00e0y, v\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u00e2m l\u00fd th\u00f4i mi\u00ean, hay t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, cho n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u0169ng chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u00fd nh\u1ecb. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3, th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t khoa \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u00f4n th\u1ee9 ba.<\/p>\n

                          7- T\u00c2M-T\u00cdNH-LU\u1eacN.<\/h5>\n

                          Tr\u1edf l\u00ean, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh xong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf \u0111i, theo nh\u01b0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u0103n c\u01b0 v\u00e0o t\u00e2m t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 c\u00e1i t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Song, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u th\u00eam m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00e2m-t\u01b0\u1edbng-lu\u1eadn: d\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m t\u00ednh t\u1ecbnh hay b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft t\u00ednh thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft t\u00ednh \u00e1c, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m t\u00ednh-b\u1ea3n-t\u1ecbnh hay phi b\u1ea3n-t\u1ecbnh. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn qua v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                          B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn t\u00e2m s\u1edf l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng hay b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 \u00e1c kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec bao h\u00e0m t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng b\u1edfi nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean m\u00e0 \u00e1c c\u0169ng do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y m\u00e0 c\u0169ng lo\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i. Nh\u01b0ng, ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ea5c m\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00e1i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh \u1ea5y, th\u00ec theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp do v\u00f4 minh, b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00e0 m\u00ea v\u1ecdng, l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ng\u00e3, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh trong gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. L\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc n\u1eefa m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trong v\u00f4 minh nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1i v\u1ecf c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 gn\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac v\u1edbi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: n\u00ean coi b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh hay b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh? \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nghi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea3y sinh trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i B\u1ed9-ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. M\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t th\u00edch th\u00fa l\u00e0, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn. kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd n\u00e0o v\u1ebf thuy\u1ebft t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh, m\u00e0 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2m t\u00ednh b\u1ea3n t\u1ecbnh r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh tr\u00ean nhi\u1ebfu v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn. Ny th\u1eed nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn \u2013 trong T\u00f4n-lu\u1eadn-lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9:<\/p>\n

                          \u201cT\u00e2m t\u00ednh v\u1ed1n trong s\u1ea1ch, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec kh\u00e1ch tr\u1ea7n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u00e0m n\u01a1 b\u1ea9n, n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh\u201d.<\/p>\n

                          L\u1ea1i trong lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa quy\u1ec3n 27 n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

                          \u201cHo\u1eb7c c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p t\u00e2m t\u00ednh v\u1ed1n trong s\u1ea1ch, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t-lu\u1eadn. H\u1ecd b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m t\u00ednh v\u1ed1n trong s\u1ea1ch, v\u00ec kh\u00e1ch tr\u1ea7n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u00e0m cho nh\u01a1 nh\u1edbp n\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng trong s\u1ea1ch\u201d.<\/p>\n

                          (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 27, trang 140, trung).<\/p>\n

                          L\u1ea1i trong X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn[8]\u00a0do \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i, quy\u1ec3n 27, ph\u1ea9m Gi\u1ea3-t\u00e2m, n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

                          \u201cT\u00e2m t\u00ednh l\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh, v\u00ec kh\u00e1ch tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec3m \u00f4. K\u1ebb ph\u00e0m phu v\u00ec ch\u01b0a nghe n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m tu. C\u00f2n th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 nghe n\u00ean th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m tu. Xa l\u00eca kh\u00e1ch tr\u1ea7n nh\u01a1 b\u1ea9n th\u00ec t\u00e2m t\u00ednh thanh t\u1ecbnh. K\u1ebb ph\u00e0m phu ch\u01b0a nghe n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m tu. C\u00f2n th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 nghe n\u00ean th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m tu\u201d.<\/p>\n

                          (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 697, trung).<\/p>\n

                          Trong Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 3. T\u00e2m-t\u00ednh ph\u1ea9m 30, c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i n\u00eau l\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, r\u1ed3i ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 n\u00f3 trong ph\u1ea7n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p. L\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfu theo Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 th\u00ec nh\u01b0 Lu\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb, tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m-t\u00ednh-b\u1ea3n-t\u1ecbnh-lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng theo Lu\u1eadn s\u1ef1 52 th\u00ec B\u1eafc-\u0111\u1ea1o-ph\u00e1i[9]\u00a0b\u1ea3o H\u1eefu-h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 V\u00f4-h\u1ecdc. L\u1ea1i theo Lu\u1eadn s\u1ef1 56 th\u00ec \u00c1n-\u0111\u1ea1t-la-ph\u00e1i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u1ee5c tr\u00ed, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m-t\u00ednh-b\u1ea3n-t\u1ecbnh-lu\u1eadn , c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9. Duy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng thuy\u1ebft \u201cb\u1ea3n t\u1ecbnh\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc? Thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t-b\u1ed9 trong \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa, cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i hay ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed? \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft \u201cb\u1ea3n t\u1ecbnh\u201d n\u00e0y \u2013 n\u00f3i theo ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u2013 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi t\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

                          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 do h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o-ngh\u0129a-h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 trong \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee9 xem s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c phe b\u00ecnh hay gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5.<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1edd m\u1edd trong thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u201ckh\u00e1ch tr\u1ea7n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo l\u00fd do n\u00e0o m\u00e0 n\u00f3i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 t\u00e2m thanh t\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m, \u00e1c t\u00e2m, thanh t\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m, hay b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ednh ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, trong T\u00f4n-lu\u1eadn-lu\u1eadn thu\u1eadt k\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i T\u1eeb \u00c2n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c tuy c\u00f3 t\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed t\u00e2m phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u00e2m thanh t\u1ecbnh, t\u1ee9c l\u1ea5y t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb kh\u1eed tr\u1eeb l\u00e0m kh\u00e1ch, t\u00f4i cho \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. Song, d\u00f9 cho th\u1ebf \u0111i n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 \u201cv\u1ed1n trong s\u1ea1ch\u201d (b\u1ea3n t\u1ecbnh) th\u00ec v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn. H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c, t\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0 t\u00f9y theo m\u1ed7i t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o t\u00e2m t\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ecbnh, th\u00ec: \u201cN\u1ebfu kh\u00e1ch tr\u1ea7n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4, tuy c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n-t\u00ednh-thanh-t\u1ecbnh-t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng thanh t\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m c\u0169ng v\u1eabn thanh t\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1ch tr\u1ea7n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o m\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t thanh t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m n\u00e0y sinh ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1ch tr\u1ea7n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o hay \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch tr\u1ea7n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o? N\u1ebfu l\u00e0 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. M\u00e0 n\u1ebfu th\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i trong hai s\u00e1t na, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u00e1t na di\u1ec7t n\u1eefa?\u201d B\u1edfi v\u1eady, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thanh t\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi quy t\u1eafc t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, do \u0111\u00f3, thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 B\u1ea3n-t\u1ecbnh-lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (B\u00e0-sa, quy\u1ec3n 27, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 140, trung, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

                          Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng k\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o l\u00fd do tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn b\u1ea3o phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m m\u00e0 sinh kh\u1edfi, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch (Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 3, T\u00e2m-t\u00ednh-ph\u1ea9m 30). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m-t\u00ednh-thanh-t\u1ecbnh-lu\u1eadn x\u00e9t t\u00e2m t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh-nhi-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-h\u1ecdc; c\u00f2n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn theo t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng hay t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t n\u00f3. Do ch\u1ed7 l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i b\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh. V\u1ec1 sau, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng t\u00e2m.[10]<\/p>\n

                          \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i tuy c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n-t\u1ecbnh-lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng coi t\u00e2m l\u00e0 trung t\u00ednh, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh Nh\u1ea5t-t\u00e2m-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-t\u1ee5c-lu\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u1ea5t-t\u00e2m-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-t\u1ee5c-lu\u1eadn? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u00ednh t\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5, nh\u01b0ng theo B\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn th\u00ec h\u1ecdc-ph\u00e1i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m r\u1ed3i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ed9c-t\u1eed-b\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n. Theo ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m kh\u1edfi, hay \u00e1c t\u00e2m kh\u1edfi, c\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o kh\u1edfi (c\u00f3 t\u00f9y mi\u00ean), t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh. Khi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o kh\u1edfi th\u00ec c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o hay t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp b\u1ee5i ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn; khi Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7n ra th\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eb7t s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lau b\u1ee5i\u2026 (B\u00e0-sa, quy\u1ec3n 22, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 27, trang 110, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). T\u1ee9c ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u00e2m t\u00ednh c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n-t\u1ecbnh-lu\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5 h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ecbnh, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u00f9y mi\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y mi\u00ean, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t; nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di65n trung l\u1eadp, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 v\u1eady. Song, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 th\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea3n-t\u1ecbnh-lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu cho t\u00e2m-t\u00ednh-lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u00ec tuy l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh-nhi-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Sau kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u, khi thuy\u1ebft Nh\u01b0 lai t\u1ea1ng ho\u1eb7c thuy\u1ebft T\u00e2m ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t th\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh-nhi-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m n\u1eb7c kh\u1edfi (ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng cho th\u1ee9c A-l\u1ea1i-da l\u00e0 v\u1ecdng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2m-b\u1ea3n-b\u1ea5t-t\u00ednh; c\u00f2n Nh\u01b0-lai-t\u1ea1ng-lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 khai tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2m-t\u1ecbnh).<\/p>\n

                          *<\/p>\n

                          [1]\u00a0V\u1ec1 th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 \u2013 Quang Nghi\u00eam S\u01b0 \u1edf Nam S\u01a1n Th\u00edch ca V\u0103n Vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ee5c-th\u1ee9c-th\u1ec3-nh\u1ea5t-lu\u1eadn. Trong 75 ph\u00e1p, coi t\u00e2m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

                          H\u00fac-nh\u00e3-s\u01b0 th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng bi\u1ec7t-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn (C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-danh-s\u1edf-t\u1ea1p-k\u00fd, quy\u1ec3n 1 trang 13 tr\u1edf \u0111i, quy\u1ec3n 3, trang 23 tr\u1edf \u0111i).<\/p>\n

                          [2]\u00a0V\u1ec1 v\u00f4-t\u00e2m-s\u1edf lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Th\u00ed-d\u1ee5, lu\u1eadn B\u00e0-sa n\u00f3i: c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Th\u00ed-d\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o t\u01b0 l\u1ef1 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m (B\u00e0-sa quy\u1ec3n 42, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 216, trung). Ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p t\u1ea7m, t\u01b0 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Th\u00ed-d\u1ee5 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 27, trang 218, h\u1ea1). C\u0169ng v\u1ec1 v\u00f4-t\u00e2m-s\u1edf lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Th\u00ed-d\u1ee5 c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y trong Thu\u1eadn-ch\u00ednh-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 11 (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 29, trang 395, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). L\u1ea1i n\u00f3i l\u00fd do c\u1ee7a v\u00f4-t\u00e2m-s\u1edf lu\u1eadn: \u201cL\u1eadp t\u00e2m s\u1edf c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau: c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i ba \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p, ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p, ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p, ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra c\u00e1i nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf bi\u1ec7t-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn\u201d (Thu\u1eadn-ch\u00ednh-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean).<\/p>\n

                          [3]\u00a0V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 ch\u01b0a chia th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m s\u1edf r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 hai tr\u00ean quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0ng cho n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng xa l\u00eca \u00fd th\u1ee9c. N\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo Ba li trung b\u1ed9 43, Mah\u00e0 Ve alla Sutta, th\u00ec X\u00e1 L\u1ee3i Ph\u1ea5t n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i c\u00e2u Hi La v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cN\u00e0y b\u1ea1n! Tu\u1ec7 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u01b0\u1edbng, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng. N\u1ebfu khu bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00eau ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u00ec r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3: v\u00ec khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c\u201d (M. vol. I, p. 292).<\/p>\n

                          T\u1ee9c theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf l\u00e0 hai v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau, l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3. V\u1eady n\u1ebfu \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a X\u00e1 L\u1ee3i Ph\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y n\u1ebfu cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn sao? Theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u1ea5y, t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, trong Thu\u1eadn-ch\u00ednh-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Th\u00ed-d\u1ee5 y theo Kh\u1ebf-kinh ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201ct\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u00e1p tri\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng d\u00f9 l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u00f2a l\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi thi\u1ebft sai bi\u1ec7t, \u00fd kinh \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5, t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c\u201d (Thu\u1eadn-ch\u00ednh-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 11, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 29, trang 395, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

                          [4]\u00a0Th\u00e0nh duy th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 5 (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 34, trang 26, h\u1ea1) n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u00e2m v\u1edbi s\u1edf duy\u00ean duy ch\u1ec9 th\u1ee7 t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u1edbi s\u1edf duy\u00ean th\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u1edbng, gi\u00fap cho t\u00e2m n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 v\u1ebd t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0u s\u1eafc cho b\u1ee9c tranh\u201d.<\/p>\n

                          [5]\u00a0Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f3n c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Di\u1ec7u \u00c2m: s\u1edf y, s\u1edf duy\u00ean, h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng, s\u1edf t\u00e1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng (B\u00e0-sa quy\u1ec3n 16, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 27, trang 21, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

                          [6]\u00a0A – (1): Gi\u1edbi-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 26, trang 614, trung):
                          \n1- M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0, x\u00fac, t\u00e1c \u00fd, d\u1ee5c, th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i, ni\u1ec7m, tam ma \u0111\u1ecba, tu\u1ec7).<\/p>\n

                          \n2- M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (b\u1ea5t t\u00edn, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i, th\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m, t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n, v\u00f4 minh, b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, phi l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd, t\u00e0 th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed, ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt).<\/p>\n

                          3- M\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec3u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (ph\u1ea9n, h\u1eadn, ph\u00fa, n\u00e3o, t\u1eadt, xan, cu\u1ed3ng xi\u1ec3m, ki\u00eau, h\u1ea1i).<\/p>\n

                          4- V\u00e0 n\u0103m phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, n\u0103m ki\u1ebfn, n\u0103m x\u00fac, n\u0103m c\u0103n, n\u0103m ph\u00e1p, s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n, s\u00e1u x\u00fac th\u00e2n, s\u00e1u th\u1ee5 th\u00e2n, s\u00e1u t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e2n, s\u00e1u t\u01b0 th\u00e2n, s\u00e1u \u00e1i th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

                          A \u2013 (2): Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 96, trang 698, trung):<\/p>\n

                          1- M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Gi\u1edbi-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn).<\/p>\n

                          2- M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (t\u00edn, c\u1ea7n, t\u00e0m, qu\u00fd, v\u00f4 tham, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n, khinh an, x\u1ea3, b\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt, b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i).<\/p>\n

                          3- M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Gi\u1edbi-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn).<\/p>\n

                          4- M\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec3u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Gi\u1edbi-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn).<\/p>\n

                          Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb n\u0103m phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1u \u00e1i th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 trong Gi\u1edbi-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                          B \u2013 \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 42 (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 220, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

                          1- M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i).<\/p>\n

                          2- M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i).<\/p>\n

                          3- M\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec3u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i).<\/p>\n

                          4- M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i).<\/p>\n

                          5- N\u0103m \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (v\u00f4 minh, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed, v\u00f4 t\u00e0m, v\u00f4 qu\u00fd).<\/p>\n

                          6- Ba \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1eefu ph\u00fa v\u00f4 k\u00fd \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (v\u00f4\u00a0minh, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed).<\/p>\n

                          7- M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00f4 ph\u00fa v\u00f4 k\u00fd \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p).<\/p>\n

                          C \u2013 T\u1ea1p-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-t\u00e2m-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p C\u1ee9u,quy\u1ec3n 2, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 881-):<\/p>\n

                          1- M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong B\u00e0-sa).<\/p>\n

                          2- M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean).<\/p>\n

                          3- M\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec3u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean).<\/p>\n

                          4- M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean).<\/p>\n

                          5- Hai \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (v\u00f4 t\u00e0m, v\u00f4 qu\u00fd).<\/p>\n

                          D \u2013 C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n, quy\u1ec3n 4:<\/p>\n

                          1- M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean).<\/p>\n

                          2- M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean).<\/p>\n

                          3- S\u00e1u \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (v\u00f4 minh, ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i, b\u1ea5t t\u00edn, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed – trong m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u00e0 th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i, b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh \u1ee9c (phi \u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd), b\u1ea5t thu\u1eadn tr\u00ed (b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh tri), th\u1ea5t, ni\u1ec7m).<\/p>\n

                          4- Hai \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 T\u1ea1p-t\u00e2m).<\/p>\n

                          5- N\u0103m ti\u1ec3u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean).<\/p>\n

                          6- T\u00e2m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (\u00e1c t\u00e1c, th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean, t\u1ea7m, t\u01b0, tham, s\u00e2n, m\u1ea1n, si).<\/p>\n

                          E \u2013 Th\u00e0nh Duy-th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 5-quy\u1ec3n 7 (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 31, trang 27 tr\u1edf \u0111i):<\/p>\n

                          1- N\u0103m bi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh (t\u00e1c \u00fd, x\u00fac, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0).<\/p>\n

                          2- N\u0103m bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3nh (d\u1ee5c, th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i, ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7) \u2013 (M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia \u0111\u00f4i).<\/p>\n

                          3- M\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p (th\u00eam v\u00f4 si v\u00e0o m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean).<\/p>\n

                          4- S\u00e1u \u0111\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (tham, s\u00e2n, si, m\u1ea1n, nghi, \u00e1c ki\u1ebfn. S\u1ed1 th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed9i dung th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c).<\/p>\n

                          5- Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (ph\u1ea9n, h\u1eadn, n\u00e3o, ph\u00fa, cu\u1ed1ng, xi\u1ec3m, ki\u00eau, h\u1ea1i, t\u1eadt, xan, v\u00f4 t\u00e0m, v\u00f4 qu\u00fd, b\u1ea5t t\u00edn, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i, ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed, th\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m, b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh tri, t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n).<\/p>\n

                          6- B\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (\u00e1c t\u00e1c, mi\u00ean, t\u1ea7m t\u01b0).<\/p>\n

                          G \u2013 Anurudha \u2018s Abhidhammatthasangaha (Compendium of Phylosophy pp. 94 \u2013 97):<\/p>\n

                          1- Hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh 7 (x\u00fac, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0, t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3nh, m\u00eanh c\u0103n, t\u00e1c \u00fd).<\/p>\n

                          2- Bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3nh 6 (t\u1ea7m, t\u01b0, th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i, c\u1ea7n, \u00e1i, d\u1ee5c).<\/p>\n

                          3- \u0110\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p 14 (si, v\u00f4 t\u00e0m, v\u00f4 qu\u00fd, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed, tham, \u00e1c ki\u1ebfn, m\u1ea1n, s\u00e2n, t\u1eadt, xan, \u00e1c t\u00e1c, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i, th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean, nghi).<\/p>\n

                          4- \u0110\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p 19 (t\u00edn, ni\u1ec7m, t\u00e0m, qu\u00fd, v\u00f4 tham, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n, trung x\u1ea3, th\u00e2n khinh an, t\u00e2m khinh an, th\u00e2n khinh t\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u00e2m khinh t\u01b0\u1edbng, th\u00e2n nhu nhuy\u1ec5n, t\u00e2m nhu nhuy\u1ec5n, th\u00e2n th\u00edch nghi\u1ec7p, t\u00e2m th\u00edch nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00e2n h\u1eefu n\u0103ng, t\u00e2m h\u1eefu n\u0103ng, th\u00e2n tr\u1ef1c, t\u00e2m tr\u1ef1c).<\/p>\n

                          5- Lu\u1eadt nghi 3 (ch\u00ednh ng\u1eef, ch\u00ednh nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00ednh m\u1ec7nh).<\/p>\n

                          6- V\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 2 (t\u1eeb, h\u1ef7).<\/p>\n

                          7- Tu\u1ec7 c\u0103n.<\/p>\n

                          [7]\u00a0Ch\u1eef th\u00e2n (k\u00e0ya) t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng, theo Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m l\u00e0 ba u\u1ea9n (khandha) th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

                          [8]\u00a0V\u1ec1 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn, tham chi\u1ebfu \u201cNghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn\u201d, (trang 149).<\/p>\n

                          [9]\u00a0Xem K\u1ebft-t\u1eadp-s\u1eed v\u00e0 Ph\u00e2n-ph\u00e1i-s\u1eed-kh\u1ea3o, trang 49.<\/p>\n

                          [10]\u00a0Duy-th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn (20 lu\u1eadn) do B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3-l\u01b0u-chi d\u1ecbch, n\u00f3i: T\u00e2m c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng, hai l\u00e0 t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng. T\u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, ki\u1ebft s\u1eed, th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh\u2026 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf n\u00ean n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m, \u00fd v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u00ean kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh thanh t\u1ecbnh (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 31, trang 64, trung).<\/p>\n

                          Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III: T\u00e2m L\u00fd T\u00e1c D\u1ee5ng Lu\u1eadn (n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t ban)<\/h4>\n

                          Ti\u1ebft th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: C\u1ea2M GI\u00c1C LU\u1eacN<\/h5>\n
                          1- T\u1ed4 CH\u1ee8C V\u00c0 T\u00cdNH CH\u1ea4T C\u1ee6A NH\u1eeeNG C\u1ea2M GI\u00c1C KH\u00cd QUAN.<\/h5>\n

                          \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e3y c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 \u1edf cu\u1ed1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd nh\u1ea5t ban \u0111\u00e3. Trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t ban, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thuy\u1ebft minh tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m-gi\u00e1c-lu\u1eadn. M\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n thuy\u1ebft minh c\u1ea3m-gi\u00e1c-lu\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5 c\u00e1i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u0103n, t\u1ee9c ng\u0169 quan. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ng\u00e0y nay th\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n kinh tri gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

                          C\u0103n t\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m quan, c\u00f3 s\u00e1u th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u00fd, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong \u00c1o-ngh\u0129a-th\u01b0, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i 12 x\u1ee9 hay 18 gi\u1edbi, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 s\u00e1u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y trong Ni-kha-da, tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ebft minh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh t\u1ebf, v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, d\u00f9 n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma.<\/p>\n

                          V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ng\u0169 c\u0103n l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u0103n, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng sinh l\u00fd, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t; \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan t\u00e2m l\u00fd, c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng si\u00eau v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Cho n\u00ean, mu\u1ed1n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. N\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfu theo c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1i S\u1ed1-lu\u1eadn ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n th\u00ec, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 hai thuy\u1ebft. Thuy\u1ebft th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o ng\u0169 c\u0103n v\u00e0 l\u1ee5c c\u0103n kh\u00e1c, c\u00f9ng t\u1eeb ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh. Ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n, v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, n\u00f3i theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eadn ng\u0169 c\u0103n l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u00ednh; c\u00f2n n\u00f3i theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p th\u00ec ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 quan t\u00e2m l\u00fd, ng\u0169 c\u0103n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u00ednh m\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Thuy\u1ebft th\u1ee9 hai ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u00ednh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft cho ng\u0169 c\u0103n t\u1eeb ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh. thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i S\u1ed1-lu\u1eadn (S\u00e1u Ph\u00e1i Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, trang 133). Theo \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec:<\/p>\n

                          Thanh => kh\u00f4ng => nh\u0129 c\u0103n<\/p>\n

                          \u00fac => phong => th\u00e2n c\u0103n<\/p>\n

                          \nNg\u00e3 m\u1ea1n \u2013 ng\u0169 duy (tr\u1ea7n) s\u1eafc => h\u1ecfa => nh\u00e3n c\u0103n<\/p>\n

                          V\u1ecb => th\u1ee7y => thi\u1ec7t c\u0103n<\/p>\n

                          H\u01b0\u01a1ng => \u0111\u1ecba => t\u1ef5 c\u0103n.<\/p>\n

                          Trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean bao h\u00e0m s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c like of like. N\u1ebfu, l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0ng theo Th\u1eafng-lu\u1eadn, th\u00ec c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh Th\u1eafng-lu\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft th\u1ee9 hai trong S\u1ed1-lu\u1eadn. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 cho ng\u0169 c\u0103n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u00ednh ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i (S\u00e1u Ph\u00e1i Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, trang 326 tr\u1edf \u0111i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

                          \u00a0\u0111\u1ea5t —————-h\u01b0\u01a1ng (m\u00f9i th\u01a1m)—————-t\u1ef7 (m\u0169i)<\/p>\n

                          \u00a0n\u01b0\u1edbc————–v\u1ecb (m\u00f9i v\u1ecb)————–thi\u1ec7t (l\u01b0\u1ee1i)<\/p>\n

                          \u00a0l\u1eeda—————-s\u1eafc (m\u00e0u s\u1eafc)—————-nh\u00e3n (m\u1eaft)<\/p>\n

                          \u00a0gi\u00f3—————–x\u00fac (va ch\u1ea1m)——————th\u00e2n (b\u00ec da)<\/p>\n

                          \u00a0kh\u00f4ng————-thanh (ti\u1ebfng)————–nh\u0129 (tai)<\/p>\n

                          \u0110\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ea5y h\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t, v\u00ec c\u0103n m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1ef5 c\u0103n, t\u1ee9c gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef5 c\u0103n ph\u00e1t sinh quan h\u1ec7 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c; b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i kia c\u0169ng v\u1eady. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u1ea5y like of like l\u00e0m c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u01b0ng, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ng\u0169 c\u0103n? Chi\u1ebfu theo Ni-ka-da th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u0169 c\u0103n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh luy\u1ec7n (tham chi\u1ebfu T\u1ea1p-a-h\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 12, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 2, trang 91, h\u1ea1). Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9-t\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y trong Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, B\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn, v.v\u2026 (Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 1, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 692, h\u1ea1, B\u00e0-sa, quy\u1ec3n 13, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 64, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng; C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 1). V\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t tuy do t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdc b\u1ea3o ch\u00e2u trong s\u00e1ng (C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-trung-s\u1edb, quy\u1ec3n 1, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 41, trang 819, h\u1ea1). Song, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 S\u1ed1-lu\u1eadn hay Th\u1eafng-lu\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m cho t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u0103n l\u00e0 do \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh. T\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ng\u0169 c\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean l\u00e0: t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh ng\u0169 c\u0103n? N\u00f3i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u201cnghi\u1ec7p\u201d (nh\u01b0 Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 4, C\u0103n-gi\u1ea3-danh-ph\u1ea9m 45). Nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i th\u1ebf th\u00f4i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, cho n\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn (quy\u1ec3n 13, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 27, trang 63, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 2, v.v\u2026) m\u1edbi b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh ng\u0169 c\u0103n l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed1i tr\u00ed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ef1c vi. T\u1ee9c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e3n c\u0103n r\u00e3i kh\u1eafp trong tr\u1ed3ng con m\u1eaft, h\u00ecnh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e2y d\u01b0\u1ee3c can; t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a nh\u0129 c\u0103n \u1edf trong l\u1ed7 tai gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u0103ng kh\u00ed; t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a t\u1ef5 c\u0103n \u1edf trong l\u1ed7 m\u0169i nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh m\u00f3ng tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi; t\u1ebf b\u00e0o thi\u1ec7t c\u0103n \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee1i gi\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh dao c\u1ea1o; t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u00e2n c\u0103n r\u00e3i kh\u1eafp trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, h\u00ecnh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y m\u00e1c. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, x\u00e9t ra c\u00f3 ch\u00fat \u00edt c\u0103n c\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc ch\u0103ng? \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 tuy kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, mu\u1ed1n thuy\u1ebft minh theo s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ng\u0169 quan, thi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, theo A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 theo B\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn, th\u00ec b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u0103n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, v\u00e0 th\u00e2n, ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan th\u1ee7 h\u1ed9 cho c\u00e1c c\u0103n. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma chia c\u0103n l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 tr\u1ea7n c\u0103n v\u00e0 th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a c\u0103n, v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 cho th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a c\u0103n l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n c\u0103n. Theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng trong lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0 T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-b\u0103ng-gi\u00e0[1]\u00a0c\u0169ng cho c\u0103n l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4-ki\u1ebfn-h\u1eefu-\u0111\u1ed1i\u201d (Vibhanga p.70-71). Cho c\u0103n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 khu bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ng\u0169 quan \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1ed3 nghi g\u00ec n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

                          Duy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: c\u0103n, n\u1ebfu do v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd, ng\u0169 c\u0103n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u1eeda ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi hay ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng? Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd, m\u00e0 c\u0103n th\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, cho n\u00ean ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c th\u00ec t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m quan t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, b\u1edfi v\u1eady m\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 c\u0103n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 c\u1eeda ngo\u00e0i. chi\u1ebfu theo ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau, m\u00e0 ngay trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh nhi\u1ec3u d\u1ecb lu\u1eadn. D\u1ecb-b\u1ed9-t\u00f4n-lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i C\u0103n-v\u00f4-tri-lu\u1eadn, cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cn\u0103m s\u1eafc c\u0103n l\u1ea5y th\u1ecbt l\u00e0m th\u1ec3. M\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc, tai kh\u00f4ng nghe ti\u1ebfng\u2026\u201d coi c\u0103n duy ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 g\u00e2n th\u1ecbt (nh\u01b0ng theo Lu\u1eadn-s\u1ef1, 18, ph\u1ea7n 9 th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cc\u0103n th\u1ea5y\u201d). Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn b\u1ea3o Ha-l\u00ea-b\u1ea1t-ma l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cth\u1ee9c th\u1ea5y\u201d m\u00e0 cho c\u0103n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1eeda (Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 4, C\u0103n-v\u00f4-tri-ph\u1ea9m 48). Tr\u01b0ng theo ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn, trong s\u1ed1 b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9, Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u0103n-ki\u1ebfn-lu\u1eadn (c\u0103n th\u1ea5y) (B\u00e0-sa, quy\u1ec3n 13, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 63, trung v\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n 95, trang 489, h\u1ea1). Nh\u01b0ng Ph\u00e1p C\u1ee9u th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c-ki\u1ebfn-lu\u1eadn (th\u1ee9c th\u1ea5y), r\u1ed3i Di\u1ec7u \u00c2m th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tu\u1ec7-ki\u1ebfn-lu\u1eadn (th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7) \u2013 (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 61, h\u1ea1). \u0110\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Th\u00ed-d\u1ee5, t\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc Kinh-b\u1ed9-s\u01b0, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0103n, th\u1ee9c h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p (B\u00e0-sa, quy\u1ec3n 13, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 61, h\u1ea1 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n 95, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 489, h\u1ea1). l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0ng theo Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y,tuy kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u1eafm, nh\u01b0ng theo Lu\u1eadn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0103n-ki\u1ebfn-lu\u1eadn b\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 cho l\u00e0 d\u1ecb \u0111oan, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u1ee9 theo \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c-ki\u1ebfn-lu\u1eadn. Ph\u00e1p-t\u1eadp-lu\u1eadn hay A-\u0111\u1ea1t-t\u00e1t-l\u1ee3i-n\u00f4, cho s\u00e1u c\u0103n m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u1eeda, s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u1eeda n\u0103m c\u0103n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi g\u00f5 c\u1eeda \u00fd c\u0103n, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t sinh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (Atthas\u00e0lini p.72. Expositor I. P. 69). Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t theo nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean, ta th\u1ea5y Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c-ki\u1ebfn-lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u0103n c\u0169ng cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 v\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0103n th\u1ee9c h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p lu\u1eadn[2].<\/p>\n

                          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfc trung, n\u0103m c\u0103n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 hai l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c sinh l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1eeb ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi th\u00f4ng qua c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

                          2- S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T SINH C\u1ea2M GI\u00c1C.<\/h5>\n

                          L\u1ea5y n\u0103m c\u0103n l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a, tuy \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i qua v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh kh\u1edfi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u201cph\u00e1t th\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 c\u1ea3nh\u201d, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u1ea1i xin tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma.<\/p>\n

                          \u201cN\u00e0y b\u1ea1n! Nh\u00e3n s\u1eafc l\u00e0m duy\u00ean nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c, ba h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p x\u00fac, x\u00fac duy\u00ean th\u1ee5, th\u1ee5 gi\u00e1c tri, gi\u00e1c tri kh\u1ea3o l\u1ef1, kh\u1ea3o l\u1ef1 r\u1ed3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m duy\u00ean, sinh duy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u1edfng, theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai; do nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta \u2013 cho \u0111\u1ebfn tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u00fd c\u0169ng th\u1ebf\u201d[3]. (M 18, Madhupindika sutta vol. L. p. III. F) (Trung-a-h\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 28, M\u1eadt-ho\u00e3n-d\u1ee5-kinh, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 604, trung).<\/p>\n

                          B\u00e2y gi\u1edd xin c\u0103n c\u1ee9 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u00ean nh\u01b0 sau: C\u00e1i c\u1eeda nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 con m\u1eaft tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (s\u1eafc c\u1ea3nh). C\u00f3 khi th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 sinh ra nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hai, ba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

                          Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, theo \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u00ean, do s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa nh\u00e3n c\u0103n v\u00e0 s\u1eafc c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c, n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch theo v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn – L\u1ee5c-th\u1ee9c-bi\u1ec7t-lu\u1eadn \u2013 th\u00ec t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea5t c\u00e1i kh\u00ed v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt lu\u1eadn! T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? v\u00ec do s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u00ednh ng\u0169 c\u0103n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t sinh t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, cho n\u00ean t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, ng\u0169 quan ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i duy v\u1eadt lu\u1eadn, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, l\u1ea5y c\u0103n, c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0m duy\u00ean m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh th\u1ee9c, do c\u0103n c\u1ea3nh h\u1ee3p tr\u00ed m\u00e0 sinh kh\u1edfi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a sinh c\u01a1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u0103ng? N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ed3i do s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 b\u1ecb k\u00edch th\u00edch ch\u0103ng?<\/p>\n

                          Th\u1ee9 hai, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o c\u0103n, c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0m duy\u00ean m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh th\u1ee9c th\u00ec c\u00e1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p c\u0103n, c\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y m\u00f3c n\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi kh\u00f4ng sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Ni-ka-da b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o trong \u00e0p\u00e0tha (tri c\u1ea3nh) trong c\u0103n, c\u0103n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi th\u1ee9c (\u00e0p\u00e0tha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 tri c\u1ea3nh – bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3nh \u2013 tham chi\u1ebfu Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 4, C\u0103n-tr\u1ea7n-h\u1ee3p-ly-ph\u1ea9m 49; M. 8, Mahahatthi Padopama vol. I, p. 190; Trung-a-h\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 7, T\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u00edch-d\u1ee5-kinh: Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn, trang 757). V\u00ec \u00e0p\u00e0tha \u0111\u1ea1i \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m, l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 trung-khu-b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u0103n (c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fa \u00fd trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc), t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u00edch \u1ee9ng ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft c\u1ea3m quan \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khi sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1eeb ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi l\u00e0m kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0103n, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u0103n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft m\u00e0 th\u1ee5 d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 th\u00edch kh\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o trung khu b\u1ed9, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c x\u00fac gi\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u00e3n s\u1eafc l\u00e0m duy\u00ean sinh ra nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c. Song, th\u1ef1c ra s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c do s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p tr\u00ed gi\u1eefa c\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh. C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, chh\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd, t\u1eeb trong c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 chi tri c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t ban. Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n, m\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t ban l\u00e0 \u00fd c\u0103n, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1eeda c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

                          \u201cN\u00e0y b\u1ea1n! N\u0103m c\u0103n m\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1ed5i nhau m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi. N\u0103m c\u0103n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1ed5i nhau nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed7 y c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u00fd. \u00dd th\u00ec nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi kia\u201d.<\/p>\n

                          (M. 43, Mah\u00e0vedalla voi. I, p. 295; Trung-a-h\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 58, \u0110\u1ea1i-c\u00e2u-hy-la-kinh; Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn, trang 151).<\/p>\n

                          Song, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u0103n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 \u00fd c\u0103n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, th\u00ec theo Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. L\u1ee5c c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu v\u00e0o trung khu c\u1ee7a hai c\u1eeda. t\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o ngo\u1ea1i c\u0103n b\u1ecb kh\u00edch th\u00edch th\u00ec ngay l\u00fac \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu v\u00e0o trong c\u1eeda \u00fd c\u0103n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 con chim \u0111\u1eadu tr\u00ean c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y, khi n\u00e0o c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y lay \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u00f3ng chim c\u0169ng lay \u0111\u1ed9ng. S\u1ef1 kh\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu v\u00e0o c\u1eeda \u00fd c\u0103n r\u1ed3i do t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng (t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00f4 \u00fd th\u1ee9c) m\u00e0 sinh kh\u1edfi tri gi\u00e1c. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh (Atthas\u00e0lini p. 72, Expositor p. 96), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m. Do t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 (bhavanga calana samatthat\u00e0ya) tuy l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m, nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t sinh c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i c\u0103n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ebf h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 l\u00fd ch\u1ee9ng: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho nh\u1ea5t ban A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma. N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t sinh c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u00ec, th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i c\u0103n, th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh, th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 \u00fd c\u0103n, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0o trung khu c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i, ngo\u1ea1i c\u0103n. B\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ph\u00e1t sinh t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

                          Tr\u1edf l\u00ean l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u201cnh\u00e3n c\u0103n, s\u1eafc c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0m duy\u00ean m\u00e0 sinh nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c\u201d. Song \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 thuy\u1ebft minh c\u00e1i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sinh c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c. Mu\u1ed1n thuy\u1ebft minh \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e2u \u201ctam-h\u00f2a-x\u00fac\u201d. X\u00fac[4]\u00a0c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd khi \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng qua c\u0103n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c. C\u00f3 s\u00e1u x\u00fac, khu bi\u1ec7t theo c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m quan kh\u00e1c nhau, bao h\u00e0m t\u1eeb th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn tri gi\u00e1c b\u00ean trong (\u00fd x\u00fac).<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 n\u1ea3y sinh ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0: X\u00fac t\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u0103n, c\u1ea3nh, th\u1ee9c (tam s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p) hay l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (x\u00fac) ph\u00e1t sinh ngo\u00e0i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u201ctam s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p\u201d? C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 10 c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng ngo\u00e0i tam s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p c\u00f2n c\u00f3 x\u00fac ri\u00eang: Kinh-b\u1ed9-s\u01b0 (theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i) th\u00ec b\u1ea3o tam-s\u1ef1-h\u00f2a-h\u1ee3p t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 x\u00fac. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng, th\u00ec Kinh-b\u1ed9, ngo\u00e0i t\u00e2m ra v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf, n\u00ean m\u1edbi cho x\u00fac l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 tam-s\u1ef1-h\u00f2a-h\u1ee3p t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 x\u00fac. H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec ngo\u00e0i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ra, v\u00ec th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf cho n\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u1ee9c c\u00f2n l\u1eadp ri\u00eang x\u00fac. Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Kinh-b\u1ed9, kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp ri\u00eang x\u00fac, m\u00e0 n\u00f3i khi nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u00fac (quy\u1ec3n 6, X\u00fac-ph\u1ea9m 85); Duy-th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn (quy\u1ec3n 3, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 31, trang 11, trung) th\u00ec b\u1ea3o \u201cX\u00fac ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tam h\u00f2a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb, l\u1ea5y t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf x\u00fac c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0m t\u00ednh, l\u1ea5y th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0, v.v\u2026 s\u1edf y l\u00e0m nghi\u1ec7p\u201d, th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ngo\u00e0i tam s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, c\u00f3 x\u00fac. Kinh c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: \u201cTam s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p x\u00fac v\u00e0 y tam s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, c\u00f3 x\u00fac\u201d \u2013 Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 6, X\u00fac Ph\u1ea9m 85 (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 286, h\u1ea1). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0: khi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9 ba bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n hay sao? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9, ngo\u00e0i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a tam s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp x\u00fac, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i bao h\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 \u00fd v\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

                          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd thu\u1ea7n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m l\u1ea5y \u201cx\u00fac\u201d l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-ph\u00e1p-y\u1ebfu-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a A-n\u00e2u-l\u1eadu-\u0111\u00e0 n\u00f3i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y s\u00e1t na \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi: 1 \u2013 2, hai c\u0103n n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng, 3, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, 4, nh\u1eadn tri c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3, 5, tri gi\u00e1c, bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3, 6, th\u1ee9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3, 7, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, 8 \u201314, th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1c c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3, 15 \u2013 16, d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, 17, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u1eadp kh\u00ed m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y hay b\u1ecf (Teet, J.P.T.S.1884, p. 16 \u201317, Compendium of Ph. P. 125). \u0110\u00e2y tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t th\u00edch th\u00fa l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u00e2m l\u00fd th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

                          3- \u0110\u1ed0I T\u01af\u1ee2NG C\u1ee6A C\u1ea2M GI\u00c1C.<\/h5>\n

                          Tr\u1edf l\u00ean m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m-gi\u00e1c-lu\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t ban, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 th\u00ec c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i qua v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (c\u1ea3nh) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u0103n. C\u0103n c\u00f3 s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i, c\u1ea3nh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac, ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh ra c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1eadp nh\u1ecb x\u1ee9 – 12 ch\u1ed7\u201d v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay. Trong \u0111\u00f3, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e3n c\u0103n, thanh v\u1edbi nh\u0129 c\u0103n, h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 c\u0103n, v\u1ecb v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7t c\u0103n, x\u00fac v\u1edbi th\u00e2n c\u0103n, v\u00e0 sau h\u1ebft, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00fd c\u0103n. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: n\u0103m c\u1ea3nh hay s\u00e1u c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00edch th\u00edch c\u0103n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u0103m c\u1ea3nh hay s\u00e1u c\u1ea3nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00edch th\u00edch c\u0103n hay l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f9ng l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 hay Lu\u1eadn-b\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 chia l\u1ee5c c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0m ba lo\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ee3p-trung-s\u1eafc\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u0103n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00edch th\u00edch, t\u1ee9c h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00fac. Hai l\u00e0 \u201cly-trung-s\u1eafc\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ly khai v\u1edbi c\u0103n m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00edch th\u00edch, t\u1ee9c s\u1eafc v\u00e0 thanh. Ba l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng-h\u1ee3p-c\u0169ng-kh\u00f4ng-ly\u201d, t\u1ee9c ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3nh (Compendium of Ph. P. 3; C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 2). Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9c, m\u1eaft v\u00e0 tai nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt \u1edf xa, c\u00f2n m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i v\u00e0 th\u00e2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh thuy\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t ban c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o gi\u1edbi, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 xem \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f4 b\u1ea7y trong Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 4, C\u0103n-tr\u1ea7n-h\u1ee3p-ly-ph\u1ea9m 49 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5. Theo \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 nh\u00e3n c\u0103n hay nh\u0129 c\u0103n, t\u1ea5t k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ee3p-trung-tri\u201d. V\u00ec m\u1eaft th\u1ebfy s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00e0 do quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e3n quang h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa m\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, nh\u0129 c\u0103n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u00e2m thanh l\u00e0 do quan h\u1ec7 \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0o trong tai h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u0129 c\u0103n. N\u1ebfu \u00e2m thanh \u1edf qu\u00e1 xa ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf qu\u00e1 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, trong kinh c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i c\u0103n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i (c\u1ea3nh). V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, chi\u1ebfu theo \u201ctam s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p\u201d m\u00e0 c\u00f3 x\u00fac th\u00ec \u201ch\u1ee3p\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf n\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec \u00fd c\u0103n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3nh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh. Kinh n\u00f3i khi ng\u1ee7 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t t\u1ec9nh t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Do \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean bi\u1ebft \u201cl\u1ee5c c\u1ea3nh\u201d \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ee3p-trung-tri\u201d. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia (Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 4, C\u0103n-tr\u1ea7n-h\u1ee3p-ly-ph\u1ea9m 49, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 268, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). Ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y? R\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

                          Tr\u1edf l\u00ean m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 quan s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Sau \u0111\u00e2y xin \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 c\u0103n, t\u1ee9c m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 c\u1ea3nh.[5]<\/p>\n

                          Ng\u0169 c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00fac.<\/p>\n

                          S\u1eafc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc: \u00edt ra, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 (Kinh-b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec3n s\u1eafc ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc \u2013 C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 13 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn). Hai lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai m\u01b0\u01a1i th\u1ee9: xanh, v\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ecf, tr\u1eafng, b\u00f3ng, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, s\u00e1ng, t\u1ed1i, m\u00e2y, kh\u00f3i, b\u1ee5i, m\u00f9 (s\u01b0\u01a1ng) l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n s\u1eafc,d\u00e0i, ng\u1eafn, vu\u00f4ng, tr\u00f2n, cao, th\u1ea5p, th\u1eb3ng, cong v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc (B\u00e0-sa, quy\u1ec3n 13, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 27, tr\u00e2ng0, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng; C\u00e2u-x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 1).<\/p>\n

                          N\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo Ph\u00e1p-u\u1ea9n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                          \u201cNh\u1eefng c\u00e1i do t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh l\u00e0: xanh, v\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ecf, tr\u1eafng, m\u00e2y, kh\u00f3i, b\u1ee5i, m\u00f9, d\u00e0i, ng\u1eafn, vu\u00f4ng, tr\u00f2n, cao, th\u1ea5p, th\u1eb3ng, cong, b\u00f3ng, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, s\u00e1ng, t\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3n s\u1eafc, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p, \u0111\u1ecf l\u1ee3i, \u0111\u1ecf t\u00eda, bi\u1ebfc, m\u00e0u l\u1ee5c, \u0111en, v\u00e0ng s\u1eabm, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 nh\u00e3n c\u0103n th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c bi\u1ebft\u201d \u2013 (Ph\u00e1p-u\u1ea9n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 1, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 500, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

                          Thanh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u0129 c\u0103n. Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn chia th\u00e0nh hai th\u1ee9 l\u00e0: H\u1eefu-ch\u1ea5p-th\u1ee5-vi-nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 V\u00f4-ch\u1ea5p-th\u1ee5-vi-nh\u00e2n (quy\u1ec3n 1, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 962, h\u1ea1). B\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn th\u00ec chia th\u00e0nh t\u00e1m th\u1ee9. T\u1ee9c theo nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 chia th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt t\u00ednh (\u00e2m thanh l\u1ea5y h\u1eefu-ch\u1ea5p-th\u1ee5-\u0111\u1ea1i-ch\u1ee7ng l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt t\u00ednh; r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i chia th\u00e0nh kh\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3i (h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh danh), v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3i (phi h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh danh); l\u1ea1i theo s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh m\u00e0 chia th\u00e0nh kh\u1ea3 \u00fd (quy\u1ebft) v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u00fd (b\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft): t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e0 l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh t\u00e1m th\u1ee9. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0: 1- H\u1eefu-ch\u1ea5p-th\u1ee5-\u0111\u1ea1i-ch\u1ee7ng-vi-nh\u00e2n-h\u1eefu-t\u00ecnh-danh-kh\u1ea3-\u00fd-thanh; 2- H\u1eefu-ch\u1ea5p-th\u1ee5-\u0111\u1ea1i-ch\u1ee7ng-vi-nh\u00e2n-h\u1eefu-t\u00ecnh-danh-kh\u1ea3-\u00fd-thanh; 3- H\u1eefu-ch\u1ea5p-th\u1ee5-\u0111\u1ea1i-ch\u1ee7ng-vi-nh\u00e2n-phi-h\u1eefu-t\u00ecnh-danh-kh\u1ea3-\u00fd-thanh; 4- H\u1eefu-ch\u1ea5p-th\u1ee5-\u0111\u1ea1i-ch\u1ee7ng-vi-nh\u00e2n-phi-h\u1eefu-t\u00ecnh-danh-kh\u1ea3-\u00fd-thanh; 5- V\u00f4-ch\u1ea5p-th\u1ee5-\u0111\u1ea1i-ch\u1ee7ng-vi-nh\u00e2n-h\u1eefu-t\u00ecnh-danh-kh\u1ea3-\u00fd-thanh; 6- V\u00f4-ch\u1ea5p-th\u1ee5-\u0111\u1ea1i-ch\u1ee7ng-vi-nh\u00e2n-h\u1eefu-t\u00ecnh-danh-b\u1ea5t-kh\u1ea3-\u00fd-thanh; 7- V\u00f4-ch\u1ea5p-th\u1ee5-\u0111\u1ea1i-ch\u1ee7ng-vi-nh\u00e2n-phi-h\u1eefu-t\u00ecnh-danh-kh\u1ea3-\u00fd-thanh; 8- V\u00f4-ch\u1ea5p-th\u1ee5-\u0111\u1ea1i-ch\u1ee7ng-vi-nh\u00e2n-phi-h\u1eefu-t\u00ecnh-danh-kh\u1ea3-\u00fd-thanh (B\u00e0-sa, quy\u1ec3n 1, Thu\u1eadn-ch\u00ednh-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn (h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c ch\u00fat \u00edt), quy\u1ec3n 1, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 29, trang 334, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng; Nh\u1eadp A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 29, trang 980, h\u1ea1, v.v\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y).<\/p>\n

                          H\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef5 c\u0103n. Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn chia th\u00e0nh h\u1ea3o h\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00e1c h\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng (quy\u1ec3n 1, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 692, h\u1ea1) B\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn l\u1ea1i chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n l\u00e0 h\u1ea3o h\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00e1c h\u01b0\u01a1ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng (m\u00f9i th\u01a1m), b\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng (B\u00e0-sa, quy\u1ec3n 13, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 64, h\u1ea1; C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 1).<\/p>\n

                          V\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7t c\u0103n, Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng chia th\u00e0nh ba th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0: kh\u1ea3 \u00fd, b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u00fd, v\u00e0 trung dung. Nh\u01b0ng B\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ch\u00e0nh s\u00e1u th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdt, chua, m\u1eb7n, cay, \u0111\u1eafng v\u00e0 l\u1ea1t (B\u00e0-sa, C\u00e2u-x\u00e1, Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean).<\/p>\n

                          Sau h\u1ebft, x\u00fac l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n c\u0103n. B\u00e0-sa chia th\u00e0nh m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng, \u01b0\u1edbt, \u1ea5m, \u0111\u1ed9ng, ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh (tr\u01a1n tr\u1ee5), s\u00e1p t\u00ednh (s\u1ea7n s\u00f9i), tr\u1ecdng t\u00ednh, khinh t\u00ednh, l\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean).<\/p>\n

                          V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, trong B\u00e0-sa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

                          Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3nh, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00fd c\u0103n. Ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng qua ng\u0169 quan m\u00e0 do \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn. T\u1ee9c do t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng suy l\u00fd ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1ed3i l\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i t\u1ea1m kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Theo ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf, v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc, t\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi, v.v\u2026 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3nh. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 tuy ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng ng\u0169 c\u0103n c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee5c c\u0103n, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u0169 c\u1ea3nh, ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u1ea3nh th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, khi tu ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh th\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh tr\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, tham ch\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1ea1m \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

                          Ti\u1ebft th\u1ee9 hai: C\u1ea2M T\u00ccNH LU\u1eacN<\/h5>\n
                          1- C\u1ea2M T\u00ccNH LU\u1eacN B\u1ea0N (TH\u1ee4).<\/h5>\n

                          C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (x\u00fac) \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, r\u1ed3i trong m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u00e2m, l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh, t\u1ee9c th\u1ee5. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u00f3i th\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi x\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan[6]; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i dung t\u00e2m v\u00e0, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u1ed9i di\u1ec7n. Do \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean \u2013 theo C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 10 \u2013 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa x\u00fac v\u00e0 th\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi sau x\u00fac hay ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa-s\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean quan h\u1ec7 h\u00f5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng y t\u1ed3n (c\u00e2u-h\u1eefu-nh\u00e2n). Kinh-b\u1ed9-s\u01b0 th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng x\u00fac l\u00e0 ti\u00ean khu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh th\u1ee5, tuy c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng y t\u1ed3n. Do \u0111\u00f3, ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Kinh-b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e2u kinh \u201cTam t\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p h\u1eefu x\u00fac, x\u00fac duy\u00ean th\u1ee5\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 th\u00ec Th\u1ea5t-l\u1ee3i-la-\u0111a c\u1ee7a Kinh-b\u1ed9 n\u00f3i s\u00e1t na th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u0103n, c\u1ea3nh h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, s\u00e1t na th\u01b0 hai sinh x\u00fac, ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1t na th\u1ee9 ba m\u1edbi sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh (C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 10). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. N\u1ebfu theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ri\u00eang t\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t sinh m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec Kinh-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00fang; c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00fang. V\u00ec t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di chuy\u1ec3n, m\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, tuy t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

                          Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y m\u00e0 chia th\u1ee5[7]\u00a0th\u00e0nh ba th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea1c, x\u1ea3 (kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng vui), t\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ba tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n nay. C\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t \u1ea5y l\u00e0: \u201cN\u1ebfu th\u00eam \u00edch cho th\u00e2n t\u00e2m th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c; n\u1ebfu l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n gi\u1ea3m th\u00e2n t\u00e2m th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5: ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi hai \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec g\u1ecdi kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng vui\u201d (Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 6, Th\u1ee5-t\u01b0\u1edbng-ph\u1ea9m 78). Kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea1c, x\u1ea3 tuy l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t, c\u0169ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u201cl\u1ee5c th\u1ee5\u201d, \u201cl\u1ee5c x\u00fac\u201d, \u201cl\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d, v.v\u2026 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i Ni-kha-da. B\u1edfi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y l\u1ee5c x\u00fac m\u1eaft,tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u00fd l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea1c, th\u1ee5, v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean n\u00f3i nh\u00e3n x\u00fac sinh th\u1ee5, nh\u0129 x\u00fac sinh th\u1ee5, v.v\u2026 (theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, x\u00fac c\u00f3 thu\u1eadn-l\u1ea1c-th\u1ee5-x\u00fac, thu\u1eadn-kh\u1ed5-th\u1ee5-x\u00fac, thu\u1eadn-b\u1ea5t-kh\u1ed5-b\u1ea5t-l\u1ea1c-th\u1ee5-x\u00fac, C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 1). C\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ee5, t\u00e2m th\u1ee5. Th\u00e2n th\u1ee5 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u1ed5, vui do ng\u0169 c\u0103n m\u00e0 c\u00f3; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh; c\u00f2n t\u00e2m th\u1ee5 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 vui m\u1eebng hay lo \u00e2u ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi trong tinh th\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 (C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 1). \u0110em k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u00e2n th\u1ee5, t\u00e2m th\u1ee5 v\u1edbi kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea1c, x\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh ra c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ng\u0169 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c song song v\u1edbi tam th\u1ee5.[8]\u00a0Ng\u0169 th\u1ee5 l\u00e0 \u01b0u, h\u1ef7, kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea1c, x\u1ea3. Trong \u0111\u00f3, ba t\u00e2m th\u1ee5 \u01b0u, h\u1ef7, x\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u00e1u c\u1ea3nh, l\u1ea5y \u00fd l\u00e0m c\u1eadn duy\u00ean (duy\u00ean g\u1ea7n) h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh – m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m \u00fd c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 10;Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 6, Bi\u1ec7n-tam-th\u1ee5-ph\u1ea9m 81, B\u00e0-sa quy\u1ec3n 139, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 27, trang 716, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng – T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u01b0u, h\u1ef7 l\u1ea5y t\u00e2m th\u1ee5 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u; kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea1c l\u1ea5y th\u00e2n th\u1ee5 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u; x\u1ea3, t\u1ee9c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trung dung, trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m[9]\u00a0(C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 2).<\/p>\n

                          2- C\u1ea2M T\u00ccNH \u0110\u1eb6C TH\u00d9.<\/h5>\n

                          Tr\u1edf l\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t ban. L\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t ban n\u00e0y l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 doanh l\u00fd nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. Nh\u01b0ng, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o coi c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh n\u00f3 ra sao? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u1ea1i th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec1 cao c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c. \u00dd t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 trong T\u1ee9-ni\u1ec7m-tr\u1ee5: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n,Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 6 (t\u1eeb Th\u1ee5-t\u01b0\u1edbng-ph\u1ea9m 78 \u0111\u1ebfn Ng\u0169-th\u1ee5-c\u0103n-ph\u1ea9m 83) n\u00f3i: \u201cc\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 vui (l\u1ea1c) r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 vui trong kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i\u201d. Song, l\u1ea5y th\u1ee5 l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d. Nh\u01b0 ba d\u1ed9c tham, s\u00e2n, si ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ba tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 v\u1eady. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ea1c sinh tham, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u1ed5 sinh s\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c sinh si; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong Kh\u1ebf-kinh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh th\u00eam (Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 6, Bi\u1ec7n-tam-th\u1ee5-ph\u1ea9m 81). Trong m\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m ti\u1ec3u-phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o: ph\u1eabn, ph\u00fa, xan, t\u1eadt, n\u00e3o, h\u1ea1i, h\u1eadn, xi\u1ec5m, cu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ki\u00eau, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u do c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n quan s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00f5 (v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd tr\u00ean s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh sau, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf thi\u00ean th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u ph\u1ea7n Lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn, m\u1ee5c n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00c1c-\u0111\u1ee9c).<\/p>\n

                          Song, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi nh\u1eb9 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh cao \u0111\u1eb3ng. Trong kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e2u \u201cNi\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d, t\u1ee9c d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1c th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh Ni\u00eat b\u00e0n. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi T\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n, t\u1eeb S\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n, Tam thi\u1ec1n, l\u1ea5y h\u1ef7, l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1c l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, do \u0111\u00f3, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng cho h\u1ef7, l\u1ea1c l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y m\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e2m s\u1edf, th\u00ec trong c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0 t\u00edn, t\u00e0m, qu\u00fd, v\u00f4 tham, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n, b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u00fd tr\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu coi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, th\u00ec t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m cao \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0 T\u1ee9-v\u00f4-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb, bi, h\u1ef7, x\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y coi tr\u1ecdng, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng th\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00e1t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0 ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0 T\u1ee9-v\u00f4-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o t\u00e2m s\u1edf, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 do c\u00f4ng tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u00e0 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n h\u1eadu thi\u00ean, B\u1eafc-\u0111\u1ea1o-ph\u00e1i v\u00ec b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m n\u00ean ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m t\u1eeb bi (K.V, 18,3). Song, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ecnh l\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

                          Trong t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eefa c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1t \u00e1i, hay l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng t\u00e2m s\u1edf. N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00ec tuy n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o tham, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi d\u1ee5c s\u1ebd n\u00f3i sau \u0111\u00e2y, c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan. Do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00e1t \u00e1i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m l\u1eabn \u00fd ch\u00ed m\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf ti\u1ebft sau.<\/p>\n

                          Kh\u00e1t \u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00e1i, \u00e1i \u00e1i, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i phi h\u1eefu \u00e1i. H\u1eefu \u00e1i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ea7u s\u1ed1ng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh sinh m\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 trong t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a sinh m\u1ec7nh lu\u1eadn r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u xa. \u00c1i \u00e1i l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c. C\u00f2n quy\u1ec3n t\u00e0i phi h\u1eefu \u00e1i th\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Ph\u1ed3n-vinh-d\u1ee5c (Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn, trang 170), nh\u01b0ng trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u00ec c\u1ea3 Nam, B\u1eafc b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 v\u00f4-h\u1eefu-\u00e1i (B\u00e0-sa quy\u1ec3n 27, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 138, trung). H\u00e3y c\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m h\u01b0 v\u00f4, hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 do tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng m\u00e0 c\u00f3. Song, ba d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y v\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ebfp v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m n\u00ean n\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ebd thuy\u1ebft minh n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn sau.<\/p>\n

                          V\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb9p th\u00ec A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma (v\u0103n Ba-li) c\u00f2n n\u00f3i s\u00e1u c\u00e1ch c\u01b0\u1eddi: 1-m\u1ec9n c\u01b0\u1eddi, 2-c\u01b0\u1eddi, 3-c\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng, 4-c\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1eb7t ngh\u1ebbo, 5-c\u01b0\u1eddi ra n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, 6-c\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103n.<\/p>\n

                          Ti\u1ebft th\u1ee9 ba: \u00dd CH\u00cd LU\u1eacN<\/h5>\n
                          1- B\u1ea2N CH\u1ea4T C\u1ee6A \u00dd CH\u00cd (T\u01af).<\/h5>\n

                          Tr\u00ean kia \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (x\u00fac) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh (th\u1ee5); \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, song song v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed (t\u01b0) v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (t\u01b0\u1edfng). Theo thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u00fd ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3.<\/p>\n

                          Trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u danh t\u1eeb, nh\u01b0 d\u1ee5c, t\u01b0, h\u00e0nh, nghi\u1ec7p, v.v\u2026 T\u1ef1u trung, ngay t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, danh t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u201ch\u00e0nh\u201d. H\u00e0nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 (ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n) c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ee9c s\u1eafc, th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c. Trong \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u2013 (trong Sankhara c\u00f3 ba ngh\u0129a: 1. \u00dd ch\u00ed, 2. Tr\u1eeb th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m s\u1edf kh\u00e1c, 3. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p (trong 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a A-\u00f4-\u00e2n-th\u1ecb (?) \u2013 Compendium of Ph. pp, 273-174) \u2013 T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u00fd ch\u00ed l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m m\u00e0 nhi\u1ebfp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, trong Kh\u1ebf-kinh l\u1ea5y l\u1ee5c-t\u01b0-th\u00e2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n, c\u1ee9 xem c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 (T\u1ea1p-a-h\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 3, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 2, trang 15, h\u1ea1; C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 1, d\u1eabn d\u1ee5ng). Song, \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u1eef h\u00e0nh trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u201cch\u01b0 h\u00e0nh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng cho th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 \u00fd ch\u00ed. Tr\u00ean quan h\u1ec7, v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y, khi t\u00e2m s\u1edf lu\u1eadn ph\u00e1t ti\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ebfp v\u00e0o ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh, v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng. Khi t\u00e2m s\u1edf lu\u1eadn ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a, nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb t\u01b0, d\u1ee5c, nghi\u1ec7p, v.v\u2026 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                          T\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh hai \u0111o\u1ea1n. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u00fd ch\u00ed n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ed ho\u1eb7c ch\u00ed h\u01b0\u1edbng. Th\u1ee9 hai, \u00fd ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng (trong Th\u00e0nh-nghi\u1ec7p-lu\u1eadn, Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n chia T\u01b0 l\u00e0m ba lo\u1ea1i: th\u1ea9m-l\u1ef1-t\u01b0 (t\u01b0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1?); quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0 (\u00fd ch\u00ed n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9); v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng-ph\u00e1t-t\u01b0 (h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng)) (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 31, trang 785, h\u1ea1). Trong C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 13, theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Kinh-b\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0a ra ba tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ea9m l\u1ef1, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t; Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i chia ra l\u00e0m th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay.<\/p>\n

                          Duy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: \u00fd ch\u00ed l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ba nghi\u1ec7p hay trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1i ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ed b\u00ean trong ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 chuy\u00ean gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u01b0, d\u1ee5c trong ph\u1ea1m vi \u00fd ch\u00ed n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. Trong kinh chia nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e0nh hai t\u00e0-t\u01b0-nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 t\u01b0-d\u0129-nghi\u1ec7p. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 (A.vol. III, p. 415); Trung-a-h\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 27, \u0110\u1ea1i-ph\u1ea1m-h\u1ea1nh-kinh (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 1, trang 600, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng)), tuy c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00fd ch\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t (B\u00e0-sa quy\u1ec3n 113, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 27, trang 587, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng; C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 13). Th\u00ed-d\u1ee5-s\u01b0 (Kinh-b\u1ed9) l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ba nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u, \u00fd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ct\u01b0\u201d. B\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i: \u201cC\u00e1c Th\u00ed-d\u1ee5 s\u01b0 b\u1ea3o th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u, \u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0\u201d (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean). L\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1ed9 th\u00ec ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp tham d\u1ee5c, s\u00e2n hu\u1ec7, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean). Kinh-b\u1ed9, theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh c\u01a1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng hai nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Th\u00ed-d\u1ee5-s\u01b0 l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 6, trong T\u01b0-ph\u1ea9m 84 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u01b0. Theo \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec t\u01b0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u, m\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u00e1i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u01b0 l\u1ea5y \u00e1i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 (nh\u00e2n) r\u1ed3i sinh nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u01b0, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3u bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng, theo Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec t\u1ef1 do ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00f3, cho n\u00ean \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u01b0 c\u1ee9u k\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Wundt l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m cho \u00fd th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

                          V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 th\u00ec \u00e1i, d\u1ee5c, t\u01b0, h\u00e0nh, nghi\u1ec7p, v.v\u2026l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau, m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho quan ni\u1ec7m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00fd ch\u00ed.<\/p>\n

                          2- QU\u00c1 TR\u00ccNH HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG C\u1ee6A \u00dd CH\u00cd.<\/h5>\n

                          T\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i, ti\u1ec1n khu trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3m, l\u1ea1c c\u1ea3m. Tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ed5 t\u00ecm vui l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00fd ch\u00ed, l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed n\u1ed9i di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng trong t\u00e2m ta. Nh\u01b0 \u00e1i, d\u1ee5c hay nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u, t\u1ee9c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m kh\u1ed5, vui, l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u00f3a (theo C\u00e2u-x\u00e1, d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 \u201chy c\u1ea7u t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p\u201d. (C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 3; Duy-th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 5 (\u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 31, trang 28, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 mong c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3nh vui l\u00e0m t\u00ednh, h\u0103ng h\u00e1i y theo c\u1ea3nh vui l\u00e0m nghi\u1ec7p\u201d, trong Lu\u1eadn-b\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 Kattukamyat\u00e0 (intention) (Compendium of Ph. p, 244). Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, d\u1ee5c chinh th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1; l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u00e1i, hay th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tham \u2013 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 – n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd th\u00ec nh\u01b0ng nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u00f3a. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c t\u00e2m l\u00e0 \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0, th\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u m\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p. Nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m (hay t\u00e2m, th\u00e2n), n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 sau v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc\u201d ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u201cnghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp\u201d (H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 l\u1eadp ri\u00eang v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc, Kinh-b\u1ed9 th\u00ec b\u1ea3o n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u01b0). N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-h\u1ecdc th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

                          3- \u00dd CH\u00cd T\u1ef0 DO.<\/h5>\n

                          Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ch\u00ed lu\u1eadn, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do? \u00d0\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd ai ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do. Tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9c th\u00ec A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do. Song, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u00fd ch\u00ed ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c, t\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9c, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00fd ch\u00ed l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, nh\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ti\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea9m th\u1ee5, ho\u1eb7c do t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh sao? N\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfu theo Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p m\u00e0, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch bao qu\u00e1t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh hai ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ng\u1eabu-nhi\u00ean-lu\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft-\u0111\u1ecbnh-lu\u1eadn cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh-vi \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u0169 kh\u1ed5, vui l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi ph\u1ed1i, m\u00e0 t\u01b0-t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh t\u00fac-m\u1ec7nh-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n-\u00fd-lu\u1eadn. C\u00f2n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee7-tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eabu-nhi\u00ean-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec b\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh-vi kh\u1ed5, vui c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7-tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4-nh\u00e2n-v\u00f4-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn (Anguttara III, 61, vol. I, p. 173, f; Vibhanga pp. 367-368). Song, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn-c\u1ee9 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u cho l\u00e0 phi-l\u00fd m\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed7-l\u1ef1c-lu\u1eadn. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 kh\u1ed5, vui c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh-vi hi\u1ec7n-th\u1ef1c h\u1eadu thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi ph\u1ed1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c (Nguy\u00ean-Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt-Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0-T\u01b0\u1edfng-Lu\u1eadn, trang 111; Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng H\u01b0\u1edbng V\u1ec1 Gi\u1ea3i Tho\u00e1t, trang 208). Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t coi tr\u1ecdng t\u00fac-nghi\u1ec7p, cho n\u00ean ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft minh nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 t\u00fac-nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u00fd-ch\u00ed quy\u1ebft-\u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta. B\u1edf th\u1ebf m\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do? V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft minh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, cho n\u00ean r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00d0\u1ebfn th\u1eddi-\u0111\u1ea1i B\u1ed9-ph\u00e1i \u2013 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, v\u1ea5n-\u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u1ea5y – v\u1ea5n-\u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra lu\u1eadn-c\u1ee9u, v\u00e0 theo Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 th\u00ec V\u01b0\u01a1ng-S\u01a1n-B\u1ed9, Ngh\u0129a-Th\u00e0nh-B\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u do nghi\u1ec7p\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c, nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 do c\u00e1i nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc (K. V, XVII, 3): \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eadp-tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00fac-t\u00e1c-nh\u00e2n-lu\u1eadn v\u1eady. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7-tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh-th\u1ed1ng cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn-S\u1ef1 c\u0169ng c\u00f4ng k\u00edch n\u00f3 k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t. L\u1ea1i T\u1ef3-B\u00e0-B\u0103ng-Gi\u00e0 th\u00ec b\u1ea3o ba lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 t\u00fac-t\u00e1c, th\u1ea7n-\u00fd v\u00e0 ng\u1eabu-nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c b\u00e0i x\u00edch. Song, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft minh r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u0103n-c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a \u00fd-ch\u00ed t\u1ef1-do: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc! B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00eau v\u1ea5n-\u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ra \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1i Tri\u1ebft-H\u1ecdc-H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 in v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1n \u201cCon \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng H\u01b0\u1edbng V\u1ec1 Gi\u1ea3i Tho\u00e1t\u201d.<\/p>\n

                          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o b\u1ea3o c\u00e1i v\u00f4-minh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a sinh-m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n-t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00fd-ch\u00ed. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ng\u00e0y nay th\u00ec \u00fd-ch\u00ed tuy l\u00e0 v\u1eadt t\u1ef1-nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i theo ph\u00e1p-t\u1eafc t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t tinh th\u1ea7n m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1i v\u1ecf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u00ednh \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Song, th\u1eadt ra, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a \u00fd-ch\u00ed t\u1ef1-do-lu\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng tri\u1ebft-h\u1ecdc th\u00f4i, ch\u1ee9 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp-tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec v\u1ea5n-\u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t-\u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m-l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean), m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t tuy kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng trong c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n-duy\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9ng-c\u01a1 \u00fd-ch\u00ed, nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, do th\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ed m\u00e0, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, trong t\u00e1c-d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng-l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng-c\u01a1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn; \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed. Trong H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9-T\u00f4n n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng-lo\u1ea1i-nh\u00e2n \u1edf v\u1ecb lai ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd-ch\u00ed-t\u1ef1-do-lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                          Ti\u1ebft th\u1ee9 t\u01b0: BI\u1ec2U-T\u01af\u1ee2NG-LU\u1eacN\u00a0(Tr\u00ed-Gi\u00e1c – T\u01b0\u1edfng)<\/h5>\n
                          1-\u00dd NGH\u0128A C\u1ee6A T\u01af\u1edeNG (BI\u1ec2U T\u01af\u1ee2NG).<\/h5>\n

                          Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, khi \u0111\u1ed1i-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u1ea1i-gi\u1edbi xuy\u00ean qua c\u1eeda n\u0103m c\u0103n \u0111\u1ebfn trung-khu tri-gi\u00e1c th\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean h\u00ecnh-th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh-th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. N\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi tri-gi\u00e1c hay t\u00e2m-l\u00fd bi\u1ec3u-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta. Trong c\u00e1c A-T\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch. Ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c-d\u1ee5ng th\u1ee7-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh, th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sai bi\u1ec7t\u201d (C\u00e2u X\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 3), hay \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m t\u00ednh, b\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng danh ng\u00f4n l\u00e0m nghi\u1ec7p\u201d (Duy-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 3, \u00d0\u1ea1i-Ch\u00ednh, 31, trang 11, h\u1ea1). T\u1ef1u-trung c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt-\u00c2m l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t (p. 110; The Expositor I, p. 146), b\u1edfi th\u1ebf xin k\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u01b0 sau,<\/p>\n

                          T\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh-gi\u1edbi sai bi\u1ec7t. T\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea5y tri-gi\u00e1c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb7c-t\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u1ea5y x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f4-tri-gi\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 do c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft kinh-nghi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc[10]\u00a0(abhinnana) m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbng tri-gi\u00e1c t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi g\u1ed7, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng abhinn\u00e0na \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd –<\/p>\n

                          Nil\u00e0dibhedam \u00e0rammanam sanjanatiti sann\u00e0, S\u00e0 s\u00e3nj\u00e0n-analakkhan\u00e0 pacca-bhinn\u00e0maras\u00e0 gatubh\u00f9makasann\u00e0hi no sanj\u00e0nanalakkhan\u00e0 n\u00e0ma natthi. Sanj\u00e0nanalakkhan\u00e0 va y\u00e0 pan ettha abhinn\u00e0nena san-j\u00e0n\u00e0ti s\u00e0 pacca bhinn\u00e0nam n\u00e0ma hoti ti. Tasm\u00e0 vadhakissa d\u00e0rumh\u1ecb abhinn\u00e0nam katva puna tena abhinn\u00e0uena tam pacc\u00e0bhijananak\u00e0le purisassa kalati-lak\u00e0di-abhinnanam sallakkhetva puna tena abhinn\u00e0nena asuko nama eso ti tassa paccabhij\u00e0nanak\u00e0le \u2026
                          \n(Atthas\u00e0lini p. 110).<\/p>\n

                          Theo c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa th\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

                          T\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 do nhi\u1ebfp th\u1ee7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng tri-gi\u00e1c, l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1eb7c-tr\u01b0ng tri-gi\u00e1c \u1ea5y c\u00e1i l\u00fd-do t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi g\u1ed7.<\/p>\n

                          Apara nayo: sa bhasang\u00e0hikavasena hi sanj\u00e0nanalaykha-n\u00e0 sanna puna sanj\u00e0nananimittak\u00e0ranarasa, d\u00e0ru\u00e0disu tacchapadayo viyo \u2013 (Atthas\u00e0 ni p. 110, The Expositor I, p. 147).<\/p>\n

                          N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n-gi\u1ea3n th\u00ec nh\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 do c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft kinh-nghi\u1ec7m n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 h\u01a1i x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n-lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e1y, kia l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edfng. M\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn-tri n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t-\u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3m-gi\u00e1c (x\u00fac) v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng (bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng), cho n\u00ean Ph\u1eadt-\u00c2m \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn-l\u1ef1c thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft tr\u00e1c vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

                          Song, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0: t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 do s\u1ef1 k\u00edch-th\u00edch t\u1eeb ngo\u1ea1i-gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi c\u00f3, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t sinh ngay t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 n\u1eefa. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, do k\u00fd \u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edfng-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i trong t\u00e2m-t\u01b0 th\u00ec t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edfng. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 xem trong Ni-kha-da n\u00f3i c\u00f3 l\u1ee5c-t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5. L\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho tri-gi\u00e1c ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u00fd. M\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103m ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng do s\u1ef1 k\u00edch-th\u00edch t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 c\u00f3, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u00ec ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 k\u00fd-\u1ee9c hay t\u01b0\u1edfng-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t sinh ngay t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong v\u1eady. Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i \u201cTh\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3-ph\u00e1p n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d 9quy\u1ec3n 6, T\u01b0\u1edfng-\u1ea5m ph\u1ea9m 77), ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1eb1ng tri-gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u- t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 k\u00fd-\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eefa. V\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 trong \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u00ec t\u01b0\u1edfng bao h\u00e0m t\u00ednh-ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00ean t\u00ednh-ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c-d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong Lu\u1eadn-B\u1ed9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khu-bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong Thu\u1eadn-ch\u00ednh-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 11 (\u00d0\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 29, trang 295, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng), n\u00f3i r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cC\u00e1i bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh-gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1i th\u1ee7 ri\u00eang danh t\u01b0\u1edbng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, tri gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 t\u00e1c-d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c; bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u00fd-ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edfng (nh\u01b0 v\u00f4-th\u00f9ng-t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00f4-ng\u00e3-t\u01b0\u1edfng, kinh c\u00fa-t\u01b0\u1edfng, tuy c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n \u2013 tham-chi\u1ebfu Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 6, T\u01b0\u1edfng-\u1ea5m-ph\u1ea9m 77). Th\u1ebf th\u00ec, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u00f3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh-th\u00e1i suy-t\u01b0 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong t\u00e2m, tuy c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi suy l\u00fd, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v.v\u2026, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3. V\u1eady ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1i tr\u1ea1ng-th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a suy l\u00fd, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4 l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

                          2- KH\u00c1I NI\u1ec6M<\/h5>\n

                          Do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 v\u1ea5n-\u0111\u1ec1 d\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: bi\u1ec3u-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m? Trong kinh b\u1ea3o tri-gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o-l\u1ef1, kh\u1ea3o-l\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i qu\u00e1-tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb kh\u1ea3o-l\u1ef1, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i-ni\u1ec7m-h\u00f3a t\u1ea5t kinh ra sao? R\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 cho t\u1edbi nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1eef t\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o-l\u1ef1, kh\u1ea3o l\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng song song v\u1edbi t\u01b0 (hay quan). T\u1ea7m v\u00e0 T\u01b0 tuy l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Trung-Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

                          Ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: t\u1ea7m (1) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t th\u00f4, t\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t t\u1ebf. Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o-l\u1ef1, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 c\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m \u00fd ngh\u0129a ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i thu\u1eadn-t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7ng-kh\u00e1i-ni\u1ec7m la\u1ecdi-kh\u00e1i-ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5. Ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng ra \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1c-d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m-l\u00fd kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u01b0? N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 th\u00ec trong t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 bao h\u00e0m \u00fd-ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1i-ni\u1ec7m r\u1ed3i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 xem c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt-\u00c2m s\u1ebd r\u00f5. Ph\u1eadt-\u00c2m b\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn, hay l\u00e0 t\u00e1i-x\u00e1c-nh\u1eadn; ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 \u201cdo nhi\u1ebfp h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y t\u00e1c-d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng tri-gi\u00e1c\u201d. V\u00ec x\u00e1c-nh\u1eadn hay t\u00e1i-x\u00e1c-nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 chi\u1ebfu theo m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u1ed3i nh\u1eadn-\u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y thu\u1ed9c ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. C\u00f2n b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 \u201cnhi\u1ebfp h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y t\u00e1c-d\u1ee5ng\u201d ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

                          Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi danh t\u1eeb kh\u00e1i-ni\u1ec7m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong t\u00e2m-s\u1edf-lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1i-ni\u1ec7m: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1m prajnapti (thi thi\u1ebft) v\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb thi-thi\u1ebft trong Ba-li. \u00d0\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong \u00d0\u1ea1t-ma-t\u0103ng-gi\u00e0-ni thu\u1ed9c Lu\u1eadn-b\u1ed9 Nam-ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn danh t\u1eeb pannatti n\u00e0y r\u1ed3i (No 1306 \u2013 1308, Mrs. Rhys Davids Tr. Pp, 346 \u2013 341). \u00d0\u1ebfn A-tha-t\u00e1t-l\u1ee3i-ni c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt-\u00c2m th\u00ec trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 bao h\u00e0m l\u1ee5c-n\u1ed9i-x\u1ee9, tam-t\u01b0\u1edbng, tam-v\u00f4-s\u1eafc-u\u1ea9n (t\u1ee9c th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh), th\u1eadp-ng\u0169-vi-t\u1ebf-s\u1eafc, Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00e0 pannatti (Atthas\u00e0lini p.80. The Expositor I, p, 196) \u0111\u1ea1i \u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 trong \u0111\u00f3. R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn A-n\u00e2u-l\u00e2u-\u0111\u00e0-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-ph\u00e1p-y\u1ebfu-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec chia v\u1ea1n-h\u1eefu, t\u1ee9c h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, th\u00e0nh n\u0103m v\u1ecb: 1- T\u00e2m, 2- T\u00e2m-s\u1edf, 3- T\u1ecbnh-s\u1eafc, 4- Th\u00ec-thi\u1ebft, 5- Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Compendium of Ph. P. 4 ibid p. 198). M\u00e0 pannatti (kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m) n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh sadda Pannatti hay n\u00e0ma pannatti v\u00e0 attha pannatti (Compendium of Ph. P. 4 and 198). Trong \u0111\u00f3, ngh\u0129a thi-thi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, c\u00f2n danh t\u1eeb thi-thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i danh-x\u01b0ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

                          Sau \u0111\u00e2y, tuy h\u01a1i phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-ph\u00e1p-y\u1ebfu-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

                          Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 pannatti \u00e1m th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u00fai v.v.. l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 ra. Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn, pannatti ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, chi\u1ebfn-xa, h\u00e0-m\u00e3-xa v.v\u2026 l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb v\u1eadt-ch\u1ea5t-c\u1ea5u-th\u00e0nh. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 pannatti v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u0169-u\u1ea9n t\u00edch-t\u1ee5 m\u00e0 ra. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 pannatti v\u1ec1 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac m\u00e0 ra. R\u1ed3i c\u00f3 pannatti t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, l\u1ea5y v\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u1eadt kia l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n, ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb t\u00e2m tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. S\u1ef1 khu-bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y d\u0129 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec7-nh\u1ea5t-ngh\u0129a, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u00ec n\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt \u2026 (Abhidham-matthasangaha p. 39 Compendium of Ph. Pp. 189 -199).<\/p>\n

                          A-\u00f4-\u00e2n-th\u1ecb ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y (e kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i y theo s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa-th\u00edch \u1edf T\u00edch-Lan), cho attha-pannatti c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai lo\u1ea1i: 1- tajj\u00e0 pannatti ch\u00e2n-nh\u01b0 (\u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t-ngh\u0129a): 2- up\u00e0da pannatti t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec7-nh\u1ea5t-ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 ra; 3- samuha pannatti t\u1eadp-h\u1ee3p quan-ni\u1ec7m; 4- jati pannatti ch\u1ee7ng hay lo\u1ea1i quan ni\u1ec7m; 5- santh\u00e0ma pannatti h\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng quan ni\u1ec7m (t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt m\u00e0 ra); 6- disa pannatti ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng; 7- k\u00e0la pannatti th\u1eddi-gian; 8- ak\u00e0sa pannatti kh\u00f4ng-gian; 9- nimitta pannatti tri-gi\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; 10- natthi-bh\u00e0va pannatti phi-h\u1eefu; 11- santati pannatti k\u1ebf-t\u1ee5c (y v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t); 12- sanketa pannatti ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n quan ni\u1ec7m (Compendium of Ph. P. 5).<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean kia, r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5i t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m-l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-lu\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i-ni\u1ec7m-lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Song quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng, hay ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 th\u00f4i? \u00d0i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, b\u00ean T\u00e2y-ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tranh-bi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 duy-danh-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn; trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i B\u1ed9-ph\u00e1i, c\u00f3 H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m-b\u1ea5t-t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng-h\u00e0nh-ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-h\u00f3a pannatti m\u00e0 th\u00f4i; \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean r\u1ed3i. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, thuy\u1ebft-gi\u1ea3-b\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c \u00d0\u1ea1i-ch\u00fang-b\u1ed9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng Duy-danh-lu\u1eadn. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1ecda-b\u1ed9 nam-ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1ed3n-t\u1ea1i chung c\u00f9ng, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, tuy c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 duy-danh-lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i-ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ee7-ngh\u0129a (tham chi\u1ebfu Compendium of Ph. P. 6).<\/p>\n

                          *<\/p>\n

                          [1]\u00a0Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0: m\u1eaft nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u? M\u1eaft do t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ecbnh s\u1eafc t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh, nhi\u1ebfp v\u00e0o ng\u00e3 s\u1edf, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tattha Kataman chakkh\u1ea3yat\u00e0nan yan cahkkun catunnan mabh\u00f9tanan yan cahkkun catunnan mah\u00e0bh\u00f9t\u00e0nan up\u00e0d\u00e0ya pasado attabh\u00e0vo pariyapanno sappatigho (Vibhanga p. 70) X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 1, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 534, trung). Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn (trang 97).<\/p>\n

                          [2]\u00a0\u0110\u00e0m lu\u1eadn (door theory) Dhammasargahi, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Anh v\u0103n, xem cu\u1ed1n A Buddhist Manual of Psychological Eihies London 1900, LIV 70, fo c\u1ee7a Mrs. Rhya Davids.<\/p>\n

                          [3]\u00a0Cakkhun c\u00e0vuso palicca rupe ca uppajjati c\u00e0kkhuvinnnam tinam sangati phasso phassapaccaya vedan\u00e0, yamvedeti t\u1ea1m s\u00e0ngi\u00e1n\u00e0ti, yam s\u00e0nj\u00e0n\u00e0ti t\u1ea1m vitakketi, yam pan\u00e0nceti tato nid\u00e0nam purisam pap\u00e0ncasannasaukha samudacaranti atit\u00e0gntapaccup p\u00e0nnesu cakkhuvinneyyesu r\u00f9pesu (M). 18 Madhupindikasuttam P.T.S. Vol. I, p.111).<\/p>\n

                          [4]\u00a0Tham chi\u1ebfu Mrs, Rhys Davids A Buddhist Manual of Psychological Ethis, (From the Pali of the Dhamma-sangani) p, LV, f.<\/p>\n

                          [5]\u00a0V\u1ec1 ng\u0169 c\u1ea3nh xin xem Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 4, C\u0103n-tr\u1ea7n-h\u1ee3p-ly-ph\u1ea9m 59, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n 5, X\u00fac-t\u01b0\u1edfng-ph\u1ea9m 59.\u00a0Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u1ec1 ng\u0169 c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Duy-th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn, xin xem Duy-th\u1ee9c y\u1ebfu ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Hoa \u0110i\u1ec1n Th\u1ecb t\u1eeb trang 150 tr\u1edf \u0111i.<\/p>\n

                          [6]\u00a0Samphassa \u2013 j\u00e0 \u2013 vedan\u00e0 (tham chi\u1ebfuCompendium of Ph p,14) n\u00f3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi th\u1ee5 l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p t\u00f9y x\u00fac (C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 1). Sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 x\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 23, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 130, trung).<\/p>\n

                          [7]\u00a0Duy-th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 3, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 31, trang 11, h\u1ea1 n\u00f3i: \u201cTh\u1ee5 l\u00e3nh n\u1ea1p c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1edbng, ngh\u1ecbch, c\u00e2u phi (kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ngh\u1ecbch) l\u00e0m t\u00ednh kh\u1edfi \u00e1i l\u00e0m nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi hai d\u1ee5c h\u1ee3p, ly, phi\u201d.<\/p>\n

                          [8]\u00a0V\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tam th\u1ee5, ng\u0169 th\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu Compendium of Ph p.14. f.<\/p>\n

                          [9]\u00a0V\u1ec1 th\u1ee5 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 tam th\u1eadp l\u1ee5c th\u1ee5, hay b\u00e1ch b\u00e1t th\u1ee5. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem B\u00e0-sa quy\u1ec3n 439, \u0110\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 27, trang 715, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

                          [10]\u00a0V\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef abhinn\u00e0na, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem Compendium of Philosophy, p. 224. Trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eef abhinn\u00e0na \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u1ef1c-tri\u201d (intuitive knowledge), hay d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ef1c-t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d (ultra thought), nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                          THI\u00caN TH\u1ee8 N\u0102M\u00a0\u2013 LU\u00c2N\u00a0L\u00dd\u00a0LU\u1eacN<\/h3>\n

                          CH\u01af\u01a0NG I: T\u1ed4NG LU\u1eacN<\/h4>\n

                          1- Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, tuy ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb; nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m-k\u00fd-quan nh\u1ea5t ban c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-lu\u1eadn-th\u01b0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i. Song, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eafc \u0111i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m-l\u00fd su\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho vi\u1ec7c tu-d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t ban ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o-tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t ban-lu\u1eadn \u1edf tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 tu-\u0111\u1ea1o-lu\u1eadn. Song, tr\u00ean gi\u00e1o-t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 tu-\u0111\u1ea1o-lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn (\u00d0\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 8, h\u1ea1) n\u00f3i, Ph\u00e1p-C\u1ee9u cho t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m-s\u1edf ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u01b0, t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c-d\u1ee5ng \u00fd-ch\u00ed; Gi\u00e1c-thi\u00ean th\u00ec cho t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m-s\u1edf, th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m-t\u00e2m-s\u1edf-bi\u1ec7t-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u T\u00edch-lan Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-T\u1ecda-B\u1ed9, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c ch\u1ee7-tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u01a1-gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn. Ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft trong Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 5 (th\u1ee9 60-64), v\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e3y t\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00fd do xem sao. Theo \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ch\u00ednh T\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7-tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn, l\u00fd do n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u1ed3i. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, xem trong c\u00e1c kinh v\u0103n Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i (A-H\u00e0m-B\u1ed9), tuy th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng ngo\u00e0i t\u00e2m ra, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m s\u1edf. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m-s\u1edf nh\u01b0ng suy c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m m\u00e0 th\u00f4i (\u0111\u1ea1i \u00fd c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m V\u00f4-S\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 60). N\u00f3i th\u1ee9c, n\u00f3i gi\u00e1c, n\u00f3i t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 danh x\u01b0ng ch\u1ee9 th\u1eadt th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m; kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, ngay \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee5, t\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh, n\u1ebfu coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u201cbi\u1ebft\u201d (do \u0111\u00f3, tuy n\u00f3i kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea1c th\u1ee5, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u201cbi\u1ebft\u201d). Minh-v\u00f4-s\u1ed1-ph\u1ea9m 64, \u00d0\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 276, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9, r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m (t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng duy\u00ean l\u1ef1) v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m (minh v\u00f4-s\u1ed1-ph\u1ea9m 64) \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t-th\u1ec3-lu\u1eadn (t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m-s\u1edf-lu\u1eadn) t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ee5c h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau cho n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t l\u1ea5y t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfu theo nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m-l\u00fd bi\u1ec3u-hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 tu \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean c\u00e1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u01b0ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn-x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u qua lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

                          2- Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n-gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi, Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n-gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm nh\u1ea5t. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 T\u00e2y-ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng, so v\u1edbi B\u00e0-La-M\u00f4n-gi\u00e1o, Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd. Do \u0111\u00f3 ta th\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd. Theo Ph\u1eadt, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh-gi\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1ed1i cao th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ti\u00eau-c\u1ef1c, l\u00e1nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu. Ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft b\u1ed1n c\u00e2u k\u1ec7 tr\u1ee9 danh \u201cCh\u01b0 \u00e1c m\u1ea1c t\u00e1c, ch\u00fang thi\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5ng h\u00e0nh, t\u1ef1 t\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 \u00fd, th\u1ecb ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o\u201d \u2013 tr\u00e1nh m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c, l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n, gi\u1eef t\u00e2m trong s\u1ea1ch: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt – ch\u1ed7 l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tuy \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i quan h\u1ec7 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, th\u00ec d\u00f9 c\u00f9ng trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec t\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. Trong th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y, \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1ead tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1nh d\u1eef, l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 suy ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1. \u00d0\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh-gi\u1edbi t\u1ed1i cao th\u00ec bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh v\u00f4-ng\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n hy sinh t\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c l\u1ee3i tha, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4-\u0111\u1ec3-kh\u00e1ng (nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1nh B\u1ed3-T\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong B\u1ea3n-sinh-\u0111\u00e0m). R\u1ed3i tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng, nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n l\u1ea5y th\u00f9 b\u00e1o \u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, hay thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 l\u1ea5y h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eebng l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt suy ti\u1ebfn. M\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1ed1i cao l\u00e0 nh\u1edd c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4-l\u1eadu-thi\u1ec7n, ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c-gia, ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a thu\u1eadn trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0, v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng, anh em, th\u1ea7y tr\u00f2; cho \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf, v\u1ec7 sinh, v.v\u2026 t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1edfng. \u00d0\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

                          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u00e2m t\u1eeb bi v\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 v\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc qua b\u1ed9 A-H\u00e0m Th\u00e1nh-\u0111i\u1ec3n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. C\u00e1i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch-s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ngminh, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u vua ch\u00faa, sau khi quy y Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 chi ph\u1ed1i qu\u1ed1c-gia, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh: \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb vua A-D\u1ee5c \u1edf \u1ea4n-\u00d0\u1ed9 thu\u1edf x\u01b0a cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                          3- Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o tuy \u0111\u1eb7m m\u00e0u lu\u00e2nl\u00fd nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc-v\u1ea5n, th\u00ec do c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 th\u1ef1c-h\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 \u00fd lu\u1eadn, cho n\u00ean, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n l\u00e2m th\u1eddi, ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t-qu\u00e1n th\u00ec, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau. Gi\u1edd xin \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                          Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. M\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t l\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7n-th\u1ebf, do \u0111\u00f3 lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh cho hi\u1ec7n-th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1ea5t k\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. \u00d0\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, xa l\u00eca ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng v\u00f4-ng\u00e3, v\u00f4-\u0111\u1ec3-kh\u00e1ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t tuy ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai kh\u00e1c, song tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n-s\u1ef1 th\u1ebf-gian, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec7-nh\u1ea5t-ngh\u0129a-\u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, ch\u1eb3ng qua c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho vi\u1ec7c tu \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4-ng\u00e3 t\u1ed1i-cao m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

                          Th\u1ee9 hai, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u00ec v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2u n\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u00d0\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb thi v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

                          Th\u1ee9 ba, lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1ea5t k\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7-nh\u1ecb-ngh\u0129a, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 ch\u1ea5p n\u00ea s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c tu \u0111\u1ea1o \u2013 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch theo nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng, trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u00c2u-ch\u00e2u, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea3o \u201ctrong nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d. Ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u00d0\u1ea1i-Th\u1eeba, mu\u1ed1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, th\u1eadt t\u1ebf v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3n lai c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o, gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                          4- Song, tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n. \u1ede m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd t\u1ea1p \u0111a l\u00e0m nh\u00e3n m\u1ee5c cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do sau \u0111\u00e2y: 1)\u00a0Theo B\u1ea3n-sinh-\u0111\u00e0m, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp tu h\u1ea1nh b\u1ed3-T\u00e1t, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng sinh v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec3u lo\u1ea1i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 trong c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1i-t\u1eeb-bi-v\u00f4-ng\u00e3 m\u00e0 t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang sinh, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ecfi m\u1ec7t. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0o d\u00f9 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edbi m\u00e0 l\u00e0m, v\u00e0 coi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt. 2) Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y B\u1ed3-T\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt. Tuy Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1ed1i cao l\u00fac 25 tu\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng trong su\u1ed1t 46 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m. Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, theo gi\u00e1o-l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt sau khi th\u00e0nh Ch\u00ednh-gi\u00e1c, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-T\u00e1t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, l\u1ea1i \u0111em nh\u1eefng kinh-nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i B\u1ed3-T\u00e1t m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi trong ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn 3,) l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, \u0111\u00f2ng th\u1eddi, v\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi m\u00e0 suy ti\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Do \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o. Cho n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e2u n\u1ec7 theo th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. N\u1ebfu tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u1ea5y nh\u00e2nc \u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m th\u00ec, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

                          5- C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u, d\u00f9 cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u00ec t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd. Song, tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u2013 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd quan trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-lu\u1eadn-th\u01b0 theo th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, tuy kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t kh\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i hai lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t-gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o-\u0111\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i-gia, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t r\u1ed3i t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i suy ti\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 th\u1ebf-gian, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c tuy l\u00e0 n\u1ea5c thang c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu. Trong b\u1ed9-ph\u00e1i ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 B\u1eafc-\u0111\u1ea1o-ph\u00e1i cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u1ee7-tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cPh\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb bi t\u00e2m\u201d (K. V. XVIII, 3). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i-Th\u1eeba sau n\u00e0y b\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i Ti\u1ec3u-Th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ch\u00ea h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh c\u0169ng v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u1ea5y. T\u01b0-t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y, sau khi ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh. N\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn trong Gi\u00e1o-H\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o th\u00ec nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai ai c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf s\u1ef1 kinh l\u1ecbch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt d\u0129 nhi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong B\u1ea3n-sinh-\u0111\u00e0m khi tu h\u1ea1nh B\u1ed3-T\u00e1t v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i coi \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 chuy\u00ean theo v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u-di\u1ec7n trong kinh r\u1ed3i ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, cho n\u00ean, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. \u00d0\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 tuy nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 \u00d0\u1ea1i-Th\u1eeba ch\u00ea l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t si\u00eau-tho\u00e1t, m\u00e0 theo l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n \u1edf th\u1ebf gian. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn-\u0111\u1ecba th\u1ea7n-h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. \u00d0\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n \u1edf th\u1ebf-gian m\u00e0 xa l\u00eca \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m-s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai c\u0169ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee9u-t\u1ebf th\u1ebf-gian l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0m l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i-th\u1eeba v\u00e0 chung c\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft-ph\u00e1p B\u1ea5t-tr\u1ee5 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

                          Song \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u00d0\u1ea1i-th\u1eeba ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 \u0111ang lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd-quan c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u-th\u1eeba-lu\u1eadn-b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n th\u00eam n\u1eefa th\u00ec, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i Ti\u1ec3u-Th\u1eeba tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i chung c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t n\u00ean v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t coi tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1o -\u0111\u1ee9c. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u1ee9 xem trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn-th\u01b0, khi lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ba t\u00ednh, l\u1ea5y thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c, v\u00f4-k\u00fd l\u00e0m ti\u00eau-chu\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn-th\u01b0 l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t r\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u01a1-s\u1edf-\u0111\u1ea1o-\u0111\u1ee9c \u1edf t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadn-B\u1ed9 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi trong kinh, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c-m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u-hi\u1ec7n trong Lu\u1eadt r\u1ed3i cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p-ph\u1ea9m v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

                          T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-lu\u1eadn, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc-phong nh\u1ea5t-ban c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng thay v\u00ec \u0111i v\u00e0o chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi kinh theo chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec7n. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf th\u00f4i th\u00ec tuy v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3ng-b\u00e1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft qua nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd-quan c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-lu\u1eadn, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, th\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t b\u00e1c-t\u1ea1p, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu ta mu\u1ed1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3-h\u1ec7 th\u00ec t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                          6- V\u1ec1 t\u00e0i-li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch tham kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean-c\u1ee9u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, l\u1ea5y thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong Ni-kh-da l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, m\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p-ph\u1ea9m, Phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o-ph\u1ea9m, Tr\u00ed-ph\u1ea9m, \u00d0\u1ecbnh-ph\u1ea9m v.v\u2026 (kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u-x\u00e1) trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn th\u01b0\u00a0x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                          V\u1ec1 s\u00e1ch tham kh\u1ea3o, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 v\u00e0i ba cu\u1ed1n sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

                          Ward; TheEthics of Buddhism.<\/p>\n

                          P.Dahlke; Buddhism als Religion und Moral. Zweite<\/p>\n

                          Auflage 1923, Miinchen \u2013 Neubiberg.<\/p>\n

                          John Mckenzie, Hindu Ethics. 1922, London and Calcutta.<\/p>\n

                          Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II: Ba T\u00ednh Thi\u1ec7n, \u00c1c, V\u00f4 K\u00fd<\/h4>\n

                          1- TI\u00caU CHU\u1ea8N THI\u1ec6N, \u00c1C.<\/h5>\n

                          \u0110i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh l\u00e1nh \u00e1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, n\u00f3i theo t\u00e2m c\u0103n ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ea5t kinh kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i hai ng\u00e3 thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c; ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3, gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trung-gian kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng \u00e1c th\u00ec th\u00e0nh ra ba ng\u1ea3. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chia ba tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. N\u00f3i theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ba t\u00ednh thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u00f4-k\u00fd.<\/p>\n

                          Song, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u00e1c, n\u00f3i theo th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9c, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh-gi\u00e1 thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c, \u00edt ra l\u00e0 tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m, do th\u1eddi gian, x\u1ee9 s\u1edf v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u1ee9 xem nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i trong Ni-kha-da, Ph\u1eadt tuy lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y m\u1ee5c-ti\u00eau th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, tr\u00ean quan h\u1ec7, c\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng n\u00f3i theo nguy\u00ean-t\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t-ban, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c th\u00ec, ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ai c\u0169ng b\u1ebft l\u00e0m m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, t\u1ea1o m\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7p \u00e1c l\u00e0 \u00e1c, m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft minh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh. Song, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf th\u00f4i th\u00ec s\u1ebd thi\u1ebfu m\u1ea5t c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t ban, tr\u00ean quan h\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, tuy nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi n\u00f3i trong c\u00e1c kinh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u00f5 c\u00e1i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t ban c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u01b0ng, A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u1eb7t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o? V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t tuy ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i ti\u00eau-chu\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. Lu\u1eadnTh\u00e0nh-th\u00e0nh 8, ph\u1ea9m Tam-nghi\u1ec7p 100, n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

                          \u201cB\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n. L\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vui th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ea3o, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00fac\u201d[1]<\/p>\n

                          M\u00e0 \u201cl\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00f3i theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh; b\u1edfi th\u1ebf n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc, khi \u0111em l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh-ph\u00fac cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n; n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh, tuy c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u1ee9 l\u00e0m th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e1c, c\u00f2n \u1edf v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4-k\u00fd. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, n\u1ebfu k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho m\u00ecnh, cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 \u00e1c. M\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a t\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i, l\u1ee3i tha l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o. Khi l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n (v\u1ec1 \u00fd hi\u1ec7n, tham chi\u1ebfu Atthasalini p, 38, f. The expositor I, pp. 48 \u2013 49). Th\u00e0nh-duy-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i: \u201cThu\u1eadn \u00edch \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, h\u1ea1i t\u1ed5n \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u00e1c\u201d[2], ch\u00ednh c\u0169ng do \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 ra. \u00d0\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a thu\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n-b\u00e1o, thu\u1eadn sinh b\u00e1o v.v\u2026 nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu chia n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: \u0111\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd-quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 c\u00f4ng-l\u1ee3i-lu\u1eadn. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee5c trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7-ngh\u0129a c\u00f4ng-l\u1ee3i, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu quan s\u00e1t n\u00f3 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 ba \u0111\u1eddi (tam th\u1ebf) th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ki\u00eam c\u1ea3 t\u1ef1-l\u1ee3i ch\u1ee7-ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i-tha ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

                          2- \u00dd NGH\u0128A H\u1ea0NH PH\u00daC.<\/h5>\n

                          Song, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a vui s\u01b0\u1edbng. B\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 truy c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh-ph\u00fac, cho n\u00ean, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi mang l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u00edt ra, t\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi l\u1ebd thi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec c\u00e1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, cho n\u00ean t\u1eeb x\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd-quan h\u1ea1nh-ph\u00fac. Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o n\u00f3i, hanh-ph\u00fac (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n m\u1ecdi \u00fd d\u1ee5c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u1ee9 xem c\u00e1ch d\u1ee5ng ng\u1eef th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5. Song, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o. Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o ch\u00e1n h\u1ea1nh-ph\u00fac c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, tuy c\u0169ng t\u1ea7m c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0m l\u00fd-t\u01b0\u1edfng. \u00d0\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, b\u1edfi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i \u201cNi\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui t\u1ed1i cao\u201d. Do \u0111\u00f3, theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, tuy c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, n\u00f3i thoe thu\u1eadt-ng\u1eef, c\u00f3 h\u1eefu-l\u1eadu-thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u00f4-l\u1eadu-thi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi l\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00fd d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf, mong l\u00e0m th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n m\u1ecdi d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf hi\u1ec7n th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u1edf v\u1ecb lai c\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1eef-l\u1eadu-thi\u1ec7n, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea3 li m\u1ecdi d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng \u1edf hi\u1ec7n th\u1ebf, t\u1ea7m c\u1ea7u ni\u1ec1m vui gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n t\u1ed1i cao l\u00e0 v\u00f4-l\u1eadu-thi\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tuy c\u0169ng t\u1ea7m c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hay kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c hay \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf tinh th\u1ea7n, th\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m\u00a0thi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Khi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u1eef thi\u1ec7n, A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng suy ngh\u0129 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, B\u00e0-sa quy\u1ec3n 51, khi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c, tuy c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u0169ng bao h\u00e0m \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean. Nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n

                          H\u1ecfi: Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd?<\/p>\n

                          \u00d0\u00e1p: Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e9o gi\u1eef g\u00ecn, c\u00f3 chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m qu\u1ea3 tr th\u00edch, t\u00ednh an \u1ed5n th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n. Kh\u00e9o gi\u1eef g\u00ecn l\u00e0 t\u1ecf \u00d0\u1ea1o-\u0111\u1ebf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m qu\u1ea3 \u01b0a th\u00edch l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 Kh\u1ed5, T\u1eadp-\u0111\u1ebf, t\u1ee9c H\u1eefu-l\u1eadu-thi\u1ec7n, t\u00ednh an \u1ed5n l\u00e0 t\u1ecf Di\u1ec7t-\u0111\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e9o gi\u1eef g\u00ecn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a th\u00edch, t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng an \u1ed5n, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ecf Kh\u1ed5, T\u1eadp-\u0111\u1ebf, t\u1ee9c m\u1ecdi \u00e1c ph\u00e1p. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi hai lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4-k\u00fd. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i, qu\u1ea3 l\u1ea1c th\u1ee5 th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i, qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5 th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi hai lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4-k\u00fd. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ea3y sinh ra m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i, m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, n\u1ebfu n\u1ea3y sinh m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i hai lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4-k\u00fd. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho sinh v\u00e0o thi\u1ec7n-th\u00fa th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, khi\u1ebfn sinh \u00e1c th\u00fa th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i hai lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u00f4-k\u00fd. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecda Ho\u00e0n-di\u1ec7t-ph\u1ea9m, t\u00ednh nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ecda L\u01b0u-chuy\u1ec3n-ph\u1ea9m, t\u00ednh n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i hai lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u00f4-k\u00fd (B\u00e0-sa quy\u1ec3n 51, \u00d0\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 263, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

                          T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c tr\u00ean, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn la\u1ecdi n\u00e0o, c\u00f9g v\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh-ph\u00fac \u1edf lu\u00e2n-h\u1ed3i-gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00e0m ng\u1ee5 \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i-tho\u00e1t-gi\u1edbi. M\u00e0 c\u00e1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u1eefu-l\u1eadu-thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u00f4-l\u1eadu-thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, tuy th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao, th\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, th\u00ec t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u01a1ng hai \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh\u00a0c\u00f3 hai l\u1edbp b\u1ea1o-\u0111\u1ee9c-quan.<\/p>\n

                          3- T\u00c2M C\u0102N THI\u1ec6N \u00c1C.<\/h5>\n

                          Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t theo nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1edf tr\u00ean, ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1o-\u0111\u1ee9c-quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o r\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u s\u1eafc th\u00e1i c\u00f4ng-l\u1ee3i, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u1edf k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi. So v\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Khang-\u00d0\u1ee9c, tuy c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u1edf th\u00edch-ph\u00e1p-t\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 quan s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t th\u00f4i[3], n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u00ec, nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn sau, Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7-tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng-c\u01a1-lu\u1eadn, thay v\u00ec ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u1edf h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u1ea1i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00e2m-c\u0103n m\u00e0 c\u1ed5 gi\u00e1 thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea9u nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c-d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m-l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, n\u00ean m\u1edbi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh ba t\u00ednh. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 g\u1ecdi t\u1ef1 tinh thi\u1ec7n hay t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n th\u00ec ch\u00ednh ngay c\u00e1i t\u00e2m-c\u0103n t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n r\u1ed3i. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00e2m c\u0103n t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh thi\u1ec7n, t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, c\u0169ng t\u00f9y theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay ph\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Theo \u00d0\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-ba-sa quy\u1ec3n 51 th\u00ec t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh thi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m, qu\u00fd hay l\u00e0 v\u00f4-tham, v\u00f4-s\u00e2n, v\u00f4-si, m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t lu\u1eadn cho tr\u00ed (s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c) l\u00e0 t\u1ef1-t\u00ednh-thi\u1ec7n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh tr\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ec1u cho v\u00f4 t\u00e2m, v\u00f4 qu\u00fd hay tham, s\u00e2n, si l\u00e0 t\u1ef1-t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. Tuy c\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u cho t\u00e2m-c\u0103n l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua (B\u00e0-sa quy\u1ec3n 51, \u00d0\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 17, trang 263, trung; C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 13). \u00d0i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea5y t\u00e2m qu\u00fd l\u00e0m t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh. Theo s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u00ec t\u00e2m ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u00e2m tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c hay l\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y h\u1ed5 v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh; qu\u00fd l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1ee3 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c, hay l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1eb9n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi (C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 3). N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ng\u00e0y nay th\u00ec c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho quan ni\u1ec7m g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng-t\u00e2m. L\u1ea5y l\u01b0\u01a1ng-t\u00e2m l\u00e0m t\u1ef1-t\u00ednh-thi\u1ec7n, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng-t\u00e2m t\u1ef1-t\u00ednh-b\u1ea5t-thi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1o-\u0111\u1ee9c-quan c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c l\u1ea5y l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ef1c-quan-ph\u00e1i. \u00d0\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, theo A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u00ec do h\u00e0nh-vi t\u00e2m, qu\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m qu\u1ea3 t\u1ef1-l\u1ee3i, l\u1ee3i-tha; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, h\u00e0nh-vi v\u00f4-t\u00e2m v\u00f4-qu\u00fd chung cu\u1ed9c s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 \u00e1c. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, tuy v\u1eabn quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng-l\u1ee3i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nhi nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u0103n t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n. N\u1ebfu qu\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea1o-\u0111\u1ee9c-quan c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u-Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00f4ng-l\u1ee3i th\u00ec r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn sai l\u1ea7m, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                          4- B\u1ed0N LO\u1ea0I THI\u1ec6N, \u00c1C.<\/h5>\n

                          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tuy c\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t h\u1ed7-t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan li\u00ean, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng theo m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t mu\u1ed1n nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1\u00a0ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p thi\u1ec7n qua thuy\u1ebft t\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong lu\u1eadn \u00d0\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-ba-sa, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 theo b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 quan-ni\u1ec7m-thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c. T\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 l\u00e0: 1- T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, 2- T\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u01b0ng, 3- \u00d0\u1eb3ng-kh\u1edfi, 4- Th\u1eafng-ngh\u0129a. T\u1ef1u trung, t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u1edfi chuy\u00ean n\u00f3i theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2m-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn, c\u00f2n th\u1eafng-ngh\u0129a th\u00ec n\u00f3i theo h\u1ea1nh-ph\u00fac t\u1ed1i-cao. t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m c\u0103n thi\u1ec7n; t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u1ea5y t\u00e2m c\u0103n l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi; \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 do t\u00e2m c\u0103n m\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed; th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t ban th\u00f4i; n\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i \u0111i s\u00e2u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa th\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u00e3y th\u1eed k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. V\u1ee5-t\u00f4n-gi\u1ea3 n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u1ef1 t\u00ednh c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ef1-t\u00ednh-thi\u1ec7n, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 t\u00e2m, qu\u00fd hay l\u00e0 ba thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n. T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m-s\u1edf. \u00d0\u1eb3ng kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi thi\u1ec7n; t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng (b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng h\u00e0nh) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i do hai nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi. Th\u1eafng-ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a thi\u1ec7n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n an \u1ed5n n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n\u201d. Song, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, l\u1ea1i h\u01a1i nghi\u00ean v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ed ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. Theo h\u1ecd, t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 cho tr\u00ed, t\u1ee9c t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 cho v\u00f4 tri, ngu si; t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng thi\u1ec7n, ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ee9c (t\u00e2m t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00e1c); \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u1edfi thi\u1ec7n hay \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u1edfi \u00e1c, nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng h\u00e0nh; c\u00f2n th\u1eafng-ngh\u0129a-thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 sinh t\u1eed. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfp-t\u00f4n-gi\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9 c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. Theo Hi\u1ebfp-t\u00f4n-gi\u1ea3 th\u00ec nh\u01b0 l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd (ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c) l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh thi\u1ec7n, phi l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng kh\u1edfi (\u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u1edfi) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh tr\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u01b0u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u1ed7i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u1ea5y tam thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n (tam b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n), ng\u0169 c\u0103n (ng\u0169 c\u00e1i) v.v\u2026 l\u00e0m t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng, \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u1edfi, th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a v.v\u2026 nh\u01b0ng s\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 phi\u1ec1n t\u1ecfa, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00f4i. Theo s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh n\u00e0y th\u00ec t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng, \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u1edfi chuy\u00ean n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 h\u1eefu-l\u1eadu-thi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u00e2m c\u0103n l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tinh c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c. N\u00f3i theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef th\u00ec hoat \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u1edfi qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh may (thi\u1ec7n) r\u1ee7i (\u00e1c), t\u1ee9c l\u1ea5y d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 quy k\u1ebft \u1edf thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c (\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong T\u1eadp-d\u1ecb-m\u00f4n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 B\u00e0-sa \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5. B\u00e0-sa quy\u1ec3n 51, \u00d0\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 263, trung, h\u1ea1). \u00d0\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c chuy\u00ean xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng may, r\u1ee7i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec ta th\u1ea5y r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m. Nh\u01b0, \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, t\u1ee9c th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a, l\u1ea5y sinh-t\u1eed Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ed1i cao thuy\u1ebft minh thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft T\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean (B\u00e0-sa, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 13).<\/p>\n

                          5- V\u1ea4N \u00d0\u1ec0 T\u1ef0 DO \u00dd CH\u00cd.<\/h5>\n

                          C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u00e2m l\u00fd kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do \u00fd ch\u00ed b\u00ean T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong Lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma r\u1ea5t s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i. Tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m hay kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0i x\u00edch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ea7n-\u00fd-lu\u1eadn, T\u00fac-t\u00e1c-lu\u1eadn, Ng\u1eabu-nhi\u00ean-lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed h\u1eadu thi\u00ean, th\u01b0\u1eddng cho h\u1eefu \u00fd l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u00fd-ch\u00ed-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u1ef1-do lu\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9c. Song, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa m\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, do t\u00ednh t\u00edch v\u00e0 kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1n nghi\u1ec7p, \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o th\u00ec d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, ph\u1ea1m vi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 r\u1ed3i tuy \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng \u1edf t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 t\u00e2m c\u0103n nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u1edfi m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ba t\u00ednh v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

                          6- C\u0102N C\u1ee8 C\u1ee6A TINH TI\u1ebeN \u00d0\u1ea0O \u00d0\u1ee8C.<\/h5>\n

                          C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eefa, theo A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u00ec t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u1ea1i th\u1eafng th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u00e1c. T\u1ea1i sao con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u. S\u1ef1 t\u00f4n nghi\u00eam c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ti\u1ebfn theo t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u1edbi. Theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t tinh ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd c\u1ee9 xem hai m\u1ee5c l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tinh ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o r\u1ed3i, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh-nhi-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c b\u1ed9-ph\u00e1i thuy\u1ebft minh tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t ban th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 y v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i lau6n h\u1ed3i nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0m \u00e1c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft nh\u01b0ng do quy t\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 th\u1ee5 kh\u1ed5, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7n th\u00ec d\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i \u0111i n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sung s\u01b0\u1edbng, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o, d\u1ee7 kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u \u0111i n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u00e1nh \u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ec7n. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i coi t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m l\u00e0 t\u00e2m qu\u00fd (t\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m) m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m tr\u00ed hay nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00f4ng l\u1ee3i n\u00e0y, t\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i, h\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eafc, th\u1ea5t v\u1eady. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec tuy r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng, ngo\u00e0i c\u00f4ng l\u1ee3i ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec kh\u00e1c, cho n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tinh ti\u1ebfn v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma. Th\u1ee9 hai, t\u1eeb l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean. T\u1ee9c l\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 t\u00e2m l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m chinh ph\u1ee5c t\u1ed9i \u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu ai ch\u00ed t\u00e2m \u1edf gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u00ec t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i l\u00e1nh \u00e1c, h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ec7n. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai, n\u1ebfu th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh l\u00fd t\u00ednh, d\u1ed1c ch\u00ed gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngay l\u00fd t\u00ednh (tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7) c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, cho n\u00ean, l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh ch\u1eb3ng qua c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c qui \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng cho t\u00e2m qu\u00fd l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh thi\u1ec7n, ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2m-t\u00ednh-b\u1ea3n-t\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n b\u00e0y t\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean. \u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd quan kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u1ee3i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra, \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u1ea9n t\u00e0ng trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u00f4i, ch\u1ee9 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u00d0\u1ea1i-Th\u1eeba sau n\u00e0y (A Buddhist Manual of Psychological Ethics pp. LXXXII \u2013 XCV cf).<\/p>\n

                          *<\/p>\n

                          [1]\u00a0Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 8, ph\u1ea9m Tam-nghi\u1ec7 100 n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i m\u00ecnh l\u1ee3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1eddi sau, \u0111\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c; n\u1ebfu k\u1ebb l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh, h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi sau, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t-thi\u00ean-t\u00e2m l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c\u201d.<\/p>\n

                          [2]\u00a0Th\u00e0nh-duy-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 5 (\u00d0\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 31, trang 26, trung), n\u00f3i: \u201cC\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c thu\u1eadn \u00edch th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n. L\u1ea1c qu\u1ea3 c\u00f5i nh\u00e2n, coi Thi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thu\u1eadn \u00edch nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn \u00edch cho \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n. L\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. Qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u1edf \u00e1c th\u00fa, tuy \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi t\u1ed5n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng vi t\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. Trong ngh\u0129a thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed5n, \u00edch, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4-k\u00fd\u201d.<\/p>\n

                          [3]\u00a0\u201c\u00d0\u1ea1o-\u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch khoa-h\u1ecdc, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn-h\u00f3a-lu\u1eadn\u201d \u2013 xem Mrs. Rhys Davids; A Buddhist Manual of Psychological Ethise T\u1ef1a p. LXXXVI.<\/p>\n

                          Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III: Nh\u1eefng T\u00e1c D\u1ee5ng V\u1edbi Ba T\u00ednh<\/h4>\n

                          1- L\u1edcI T\u1ef0A.<\/h5>\n

                          Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u00e2m l\u00fd kinh nghi\u1ec7m. M\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c r\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa, l\u1ea5y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t ban \u1edf thi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd xin b\u00e0n k\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi lu\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u00e2m l\u00fd s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c thuy\u1ebft minh c\u00e1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u00e2m l\u00fd m\u00e0 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

                          Trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00e2m l\u00fd l\u1ea5y thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t theo \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, th\u00ec c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3y m\u1ee5c trong lu\u1eadn \u00d0\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-ba-sa (Quy\u1ec3n 42, \u00d0\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 320). \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 1- Th\u1eadp-\u0111\u1ea1i-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, 2- Th\u1eadp-\u0111\u1ea1i-phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, 3- Th\u1eadp-ti\u1ec3u-phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, 4- Th\u1eadp-\u0111\u1ea1i-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p. 5- Ng\u0169-\u0111\u1ea1i-b\u1ea5t-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, 6- Tam-\u0111\u1ea1i-h\u1eefu-ph\u00fa-v\u00f4-k\u00fd-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, 7- Th\u1eadp-\u0111\u1ea1i-v\u00f4-ph\u00fa-v\u00f4-k\u00fd-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p. Duy c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 tuy c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n la\u1ecdi hai h\u1ea1ng, ba h\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd, cho \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn, Th\u00e0nh-duy-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn v.v\u2026 tuy c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y ba t\u00ednh l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, l\u1ea1i th\u00eam c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1ea5t. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ec3 cho ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i, h\u00e3y t\u1ea1m d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                          2- THI\u1ec6N T\u00c2M S\u1ede.<\/h5>\n

                          Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n \u1edf tr\u00ean, thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00e2m l\u00fd m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m x\u1ea3 ly ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p, ng\u00e3 d\u1ee5c khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong s\u00e1ng. M\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau c75c, l\u00e0 xa l\u00eca tham, s\u00e2n, si, t\u1ee9c v\u00f4 tham, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n, v\u00f4 si. Ba t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 Lu\u1eadn B\u1ed9 Nam, B\u1eafc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c th\u00ec ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 qu\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 \u1edf tr\u00ean. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 l\u1ea5y v\u00f4 t\u00e2m, v\u00f4 qu\u00fd l\u00e0m hai \u00d0\u1ea1i-b\u1ea5t-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu th\u00ec hai t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m, qu\u00fd m\u1edbi \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m. Theo lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u-x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 4, th\u00ec t\u00e2m c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c (Tam h\u1ecdc) t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng cung k\u00ednh; c\u00f2n qu\u00fd l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3 t\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp qua, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m m\u00e0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma cho l\u00e0 t\u00ednh thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t r\u1ea5t x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng. Tuy l\u1ea5y ba c\u0103n ho\u1eb7c t\u00e2m qu\u00fd l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng, tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u00d0\u1ea1i-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, gno\u00e0i n\u00f3 ra c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 con s\u1ed1, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 10, \u0111\u1ebfn Duy-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 11, v\u00e0 trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-ph\u00e1p-y\u1ebfu lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a A-n\u00e2u-l\u00e2u-\u0111\u00e0 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 c\u00f3 19 lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

                          Nay t\u1ea1m theo Duy-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea con s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 sau: t\u00edn, tinh ti\u1ebfn, t\u00e2m, qu\u00fd, v\u00f4 tham, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n, v\u00f4 si, khinh an, b\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt, x\u1ea3, b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00e2m qu\u00fd th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 \u1edf tr\u00ean r\u1ed3i, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0n qua m\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

                          T\u00edn d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng. \u00d0\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf, Tam b\u1ea3o, Nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 v.v\u2026 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0i nghi. V\u00ec ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n trong s\u00e1ng, v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

                          Tinh ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt tuy g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m phi th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng theo C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 th\u00ec si\u00eang n\u0103ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng h\u0103ng h\u00e1i d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n. B\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng thu nhi\u1ebfp t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 tu thi\u1ec7n. T\u00edn gi\u00e0u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, c\u00f2n tinh ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt th\u00ec ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed l\u1ef1c v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

                          Khinh an v\u00e0 x\u00e3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n t\u00e2m, l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng thanh th\u1ea3n nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng. C\u00e2u x\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i tam khinh an, nh\u01b0ng A-n\u00e2u-l\u00e2u-\u0111\u00e0 l\u1ea1i chia ra th\u00e2n khinh an v\u00e0 t\u00e2m khinh an. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng thanh th\u1ea3n s\u1ea3ng kho\u00e1i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p. X\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd khinh an, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng dao. Khinh an v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 thay v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd th\u00ec l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 tinh th\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n s\u1ea3ng kho\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

                          B\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ba thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n-\u00d0\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t coi tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

                          Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m, do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh. N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, n\u1ebfu thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m sinh kh\u1edfi, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng m\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng sinh kh\u1edfi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1p, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 B\u00e0-sa, C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 v.v\u2026 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng khi thi\u1ec7n sinh kh\u1edfi c\u00f3 22 t\u00e2m s\u1edf c\u00f9ng sinh kh\u1edfi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eadp-\u0111\u1ea1i-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, th\u1eadp-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u01b0. T\u1ea7m, t\u01b0, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0 duy, quan s\u00e1t g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c \u0111i, trong t\u00e2m D\u1ee5c-gi\u1edbi t\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi nhau m\u00e0 c\u00f9ng sinh kh\u1edfi, cho n\u00ean \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 22 lo\u1ea1i (C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 4). Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma chia t\u00e2m l\u00fd thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00eam \u00e1i ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb bi l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i l\u00e0m sao? L\u00e0 v\u00ec, do c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, \u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi tuy l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng theo A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u00ec gi\u1eefa \u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t; v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb bi tuy l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cao \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c do tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u00d0\u1ea1i-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p. \u00d0\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 \u00e1i th\u00ec tuy c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u01a1 s\u1edf, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, \u00e1i c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: m\u1ed9t luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4, t\u1ee9c l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh y\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u1ee9 theo C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i v\u00ec thu\u1ed9c lobha n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n; c\u00f2n k\u00ednh \u00e1i th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 tin cho nen \u0111\u1ec3 ri\u00eang m\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ebfp trong thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p (C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 4). S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, r\u1ea5t x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

                          3- B\u1ea4T THI\u1ec6N T\u00c2M.<\/h5>\n

                          B\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m, do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu cho v\u00f4 tham, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n, v\u00f4 si l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n th\u00ec hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean tham, s\u00e2n, si l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n; v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu cho t\u00e2m, qu\u00fd l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh thi\u1ec7n th\u00ec c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00e2m, v\u00f4 qu\u00fd. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu s\u1ed1 t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i-b\u1ea5t-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi; m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1i-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t th\u00ec b\u1ea5t-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t. Song \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i v\u00e0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5 t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Ngo\u00e0i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ra, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Chi\u1ebfu theo v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn th\u00ec trong Ni-kha-da c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y tham, s\u00e2n, si l\u00e0m tam b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00eam, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m s\u1edf th\u00ec n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u00d0\u00e2y th\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5 t\u00e2m. Trong Gi\u1edbi-th\u00e2n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf-h\u1eefu, tuy c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea1i-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ea1i-phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, ti\u1ec3u-phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c, \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec tuy c\u00f3 th\u00eam Th\u1eadp-\u0111\u1ea1i-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ebfn \u00d0\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-ba-sa-lu\u1eadn m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1ea5t-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y n\u0103m t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00f4 t\u00e2m, v\u00f4 qu\u00fd, v\u00f4 minh, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e2-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec v\u00f4 minh, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ebfp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i-phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1ea5t-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i hai l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00e2m, v\u00f4 qu\u00fd m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ebfn Duy-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec v\u00f4 t\u00e2m, v\u00f4 qu\u00fd l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu v\u00e0o tu\u1ef3-phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o, do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea5t-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n. N\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i \u0111em \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi Lu\u1eadn-b\u1ed9 Nam-ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-ph\u00e1p-y\u1ebfu-lu\u1eadn, tuy c\u00f3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea th\u1eadp-t\u1ee9-\u0111\u1ea1i-b\u1ea5t-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c \u0111i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong ph\u00e1p-t\u01b0\u1edbng A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t-thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t l\u1edd m\u1edd. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng danh t\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

                          4- V\u00d4 K\u00dd T\u00c2M.<\/h5>\n

                          Tr\u1edf l\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n t\u00e2m hay h\u00e0nh vi v\u00f4 k \u00fd l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00ec v\u00f4 k\u00fd l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi l\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u1edfi l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. Theo B\u00e0-sa th\u00ec thi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ghi l\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 \u00e1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ghi l\u1ea1i cho n\u00ean, c\u00e1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd (B\u00e0-sa quy\u1ec3n 51, \u00d0\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 363, h\u1ea1). Tuy \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trung gian, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t k\u1ef7 ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y trong t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u tuy ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u00d0\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-ba-sa lu\u1eadn th\u00ec quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. \u00d0\u00f3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch chia v\u00f4 k\u00fd th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 h\u1eefu-ph\u00fa-v\u00f4-k\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ph\u00fa v\u00f4 k\u00fd. h\u1eefu ph\u00fa t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cphi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o s\u1edf vi\u201d, cho n\u00ean, v\u00ec lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m s\u1edf n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-b\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0a ra ba lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 minh, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed. ba lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00e1c nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c tu \u0111\u1ea1o, che l\u1ea5p t\u00e2m b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu-ph\u00fa-v\u00f4-k\u00fd, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o lu\u1eadn th\u00ec ba lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu. V\u00f4 ph\u00fa v\u00f4 k\u00fd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 trung gian th\u00e1i, tuy kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i t\u00e2m th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n hay phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. M\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e2m s\u1edf (t\u00e1c \u00fd, x\u00fac, th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0, d\u1ee5c, th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i, ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7) c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn \u00d0\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-ba-sa tuy thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb B\u00e0-sa lu\u1eadn tr\u1edf \u0111i. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0: 1- Di th\u1ee5c, 2- Uy nghi l\u1ecd, 3- C\u00f4ng x\u1ea3o x\u1ee9, 4- Th\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00e2m do nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 c\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng \u00e1c, do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd (l\u1ea5y th\u1eadp-\u0111\u1ea1i-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m v\u00f4-k\u00fd t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u00f3). Th\u1ee9 hai, t\u00e2m uy nghi l\u1ed9 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00e2m th\u00e1i sinh kh\u1edfi khi \u0111i \u0111\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed3i n\u1eb1m \u0111\u00fang theo uy nghi, t\u00e2m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n hay \u00e1c, cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd. Th\u1ee9 ba, c\u00f4ng x\u1ea3o x\u1ee9 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00e2m khi xem c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, ho\u1eb7c nghe ng\u00e2m th\u01a1, ca h\u00e1t v.v\u2026 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m. Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, th\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3 v\u00f4 k\u00fd c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00e2m khi nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n, thi\u00ean nh\u0129 v.v\u2026 m\u00e0 sinh kh\u1edfi bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 2). C\u1ee9 theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec v\u00f4 k\u00fd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ph\u00fa v\u00f4 k\u00fd, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tinh th\u1ea7n, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m th\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p. \u00d0\u00e2y tuy l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua. Cai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m, t\u1ee9c khi trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng \u00e1c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ec7n. \u00d0\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u00ec tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c l\u00e1nh \u00e1c, ph\u00e1 ch\u1ea5p th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                          5- PHI\u1ec0N N\u00c3O.<\/h5>\n

                          Trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 tu \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o-lu\u1eadn. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng th\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1ed1i cao l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u1ec9 cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u00f3. V\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u1ea5y ng\u00e3 th\u1ea5p, ng\u00e3 d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf, l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p, ng\u00e3 d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u00fd th\u1ee9c hay v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c. C\u1ee9 theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec s\u1edf d\u0129 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm trong b\u1ec3 sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u0169ng v\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (Lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 19, Ph\u1ea9m T\u00f9y mi\u00ean, n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u1ea1i sao t\u00f9y mi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c? – T\u1ea1i v\u00ec c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ec7c. 1 Ki\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n (do phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 m\u00e0 c\u00f3), 2 L\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c, 3 Tr\u1ecb t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n (nh\u1eefng ca\u00ed l\u00e0m cho y th\u00e2n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o), 4 . D\u1eabn \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u01b0u, 5 Ph\u00e1t nghi\u1ec7p h\u1eefu, 6 nhi\u1ebfp t\u1ef1 c\u1ee5 (l\u00e0m t\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ch\u00ednh phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o), 7 m\u00ea s\u1edf duy\u00ean, 8 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ee9c l\u01b0u, 9 Vi\u1ec7t thi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea9m, 10 Qu\u1ea3ng ph\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129a, nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i t\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d). \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa t\u00e2m thuy\u1ebft minh phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, theo nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, ph\u00e2n ra nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 c\u00e1i t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1n s\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, tuy c\u0169ng l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i, ho\u1eb7c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (theo th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7), hay l\u00e0 t\u00f9y mi\u00ean, l\u00e0 tri\u1ec1n, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 k\u1ebft. Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n \u00e1o n\u00e3o, tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c, m\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do n\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng danh x\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. \u00d0\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec nh\u1eefng danh x\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 r\u1ed9ng, h\u1eb9p kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 d\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f9y mi\u00ean v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1n, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 sinh tranh lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 theo nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho c\u00e1i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m ch\u1ea5p ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Song, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafng th\u00ec c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y th\u1eadt r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. C\u1ee9 xem trong T\u0103ng-nh\u1ea5t-a-h\u00e0m, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p th\u00ec ta \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u1ea5y ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng giao thoa, tuy \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0ng do c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng danh x\u01b0ng bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, th\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng tinh m\u1eadt. \u00d0\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0y, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi sau, khi tu t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, khi thuy\u1ebft minh v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3 th\u00ec b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn hai ph\u00e1p r\u1ed3i ba ph\u00e1p, th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ph\u1ed1i l\u1ec7, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong Ti\u1ec3u-s\u1ef1-ph\u1ea9m trong T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-b\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 hay phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o-ph\u1ea9m trong X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn (quy\u1ec3n 18 \u2013 19), c\u1ee9 xem \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5. M\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u-s\u1ef1-ph\u1ea9m[1]\u00a0trong T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-b\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 Phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o-ph\u1ea9m trong X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn tuy xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng (xem A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma-lu\u1eadn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, trang 108 \u2013 117), nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o to\u00e1n ban c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Nay th\u1eed x\u00e9t qua Phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o-ph\u1ea9m trong X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn (\u00d0\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 644, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

                          Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p, t\u1ee9c m\u1ed7i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp: nh\u01b0 c\u1eady m\u00ecnh (khoe khoang), n\u1ecbnh n\u00f3t, t\u00e0 k\u00ednh v.v\u2026 \u0111\u1ea1i \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m th\u1ee9. Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn hai ph\u00e1p, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh tr\u00ed, v\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00e1i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i. R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn ba ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0 tam t\u1eadp (trong, ngo\u00e0i, c\u1ea3 trong ngo\u00e0i), tam b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n, tam tri\u1ec1n (d\u1ee5c, hu\u1ec7, si), tam \u00e1i (d\u1ee5c, h\u1eefu, v\u00f4, h\u1eefu), c\u0169ng k\u1ec3 ra \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi. Tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 t\u1ee9 l\u01b0u – b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i d\u1ee5c, h\u1eefu ki\u1ebfn v\u00f4 minh) n\u0103m ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 ng\u0169 c\u00e1i, ng\u0169 h\u1ea1 ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft, ng\u0169 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft), s\u00e1u ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 l\u1ee5c \u00e1i, l\u1ee5c hu\u1ec7), b\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec5m, t\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 trai g\u00e1i; th\u1ea5t m\u1ea1n, b\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1n, th\u1eafng m\u1ea1n, t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1n, ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n, t\u00e0 m\u1ea1n, m\u1ea1n trung m\u1ea1n), t\u00e1m ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 b\u00e1t gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i s\u1ef1) ch\u00edn ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 c\u1eedu \u00e1i c\u0103n ph\u00e1p), m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 th\u1eadp phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o s\u1eed) m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 th\u1eadp nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m c\u1ea5u), ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u00e1p, hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t ph\u00e1p, ba m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u \u00e1i h\u00e0nh, s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i hai ki\u1ebfn v.v\u2026 (X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 18 \u2013 20). C\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 suy ra ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 ph\u1ed3n t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i. Song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thuy\u1ebft minh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i quan ni\u1ec7m trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ma c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd th\u00eam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 n\u1eefa. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng tr\u00fat b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong th\u00e1i ph\u1ed3n t\u1ecfa. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea9m T\u00f9y-mi\u00ean trong lu\u1ec7n C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c th\u00ec hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m r\u1ea5t t\u1ea1p lo\u1ea1n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u1ea5y, lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n? C\u1ee9 theo ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, B\u00e0-sa-lu\u1eadn, T\u1ea1p-h\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn v.v\u2026 th\u00ec c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i sau \u0111\u00e2y: b\u1ea5t t\u00edn, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i, th\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m, t\u00e2m lo\u1ea1n, v\u00f4 minh, b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, phi l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd, t\u00e0 th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed, ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt (Ph\u1ea7m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 2, \u00d0a\u1ecb-ch\u00ednh 26, trang 698, h\u1ea1). \u00d0\u1ebfn C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec b\u1ecf b\u1edbt \u0111i b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u00e0 th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i, phi l\u00fd, t\u00e1c \u00fd, b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh tri v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i s\u00e1u. V\u00ec b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ngo\u00e0i t\u00e2m s\u1edf tron Th\u1ead-\u0111\u1ea1i-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 suy ra ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y. Song, th\u1eadt ra, m\u01b0\u1eddi hay s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh-duy-th\u1ee9c-lu\u1eadn (quy\u1ec3n 6, \u00d0\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh 31 trang 31, trung), th\u00ec \u0111em nhi\u1ebfp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o Ti\u1ec3u-phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o, m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i tham, s\u00e2n, si, m\u1ea1n, nghi, \u00e1c ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Trong C\u00e2u-x\u00e1-lu\u1eadn tuy kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i-phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m cho T\u00f9y-mi\u00ean l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t (C\u00e2u x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 19 T\u00f9y-mi\u00ean ph\u1ea9m) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2u n\u00ea v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u00d0\u1ea1i-phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o hay Ti\u1ec3u-phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh th\u00f4i, th\u00ec t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean tham chi\u1ebfu c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong Duy th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. \u2013 C\u0103n b\u1ea3n T\u00f9y-Mi\u00ean \u2013 tham, s\u00e2n, si (v\u00f4 minh), m\u1ea1n, nghi, \u00e1c, ki\u1ebfn<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            1.- Tham c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ea5p ch\u1eb7t l\u1ea5y, trsu\u00e0, \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u00e1i. Tham chia th\u00e0nh hai:
                            \na) d\u1ee5c tham, b) h\u1eefu tham. Theo ch\u1ed7 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, \u00fd ngh\u0129a nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a \u00e1i d\u1ee5c tuy l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i d\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u201d tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch d\u1ee5c tham l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi D\u1ee5c-gi\u1edbi, h\u1eefu tham l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi S\u1eafc v\u00e0 V\u00f4-S\u1eafc-Gi\u1edbi (C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 19; X\u00e1-L\u1ee3i-Ph\u1ea5t A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 10, \u00d0\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 650, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

                            2- S\u00e2n d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, l\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00e1c h\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

                            3- V\u00f4 minh c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tr\u00ed, t\u00f4i cho l\u00e0 moha, t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e2m ngu \u0111\u1ed9n\u201d, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 \u1ef7 v\u00e0o m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 \u00fd ch\u00ed mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng. T\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00f4 minh c\u00f3 hai \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00f4ng (chi m\u1ea1t v\u00f4 minh) v\u00e0 s\u00e2u (c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 minh) kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

                            4- M\u1ea1n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 h\u1eefu m\u1ea1n, qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1n (b\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1n?), m\u1ea1n qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1n, ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n, t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1n, t\u1ef3 m\u1ea1n, t\u00e0 m\u1ea1n v.v\u2026 kh\u00e1c nhau (\u201cB\u1ea3y m\u1ea1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u2013 L\u00e0 m\u1ea1n, b\u1ea5t h\u01b0 m\u1ea1n, th\u1eafng m\u1ea1n, t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1n, ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n, t\u00e0 m\u1ea1n, m\u1ea1n trung m\u1ea1n \u2026\u201d X\u00e1-L\u1ee3i-Ph\u1ea5t T\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 19, \u00d0\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 654, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n k\u1ec3 12 m\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: 1- Ng\u00e3 th\u1eafng m\u1ea1n, 2- Ng\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb3ng m\u1ea1n, 3- Ng\u00e3 bi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1n, 4- Ng\u00e3 th\u1eafng th\u1eafng m\u1ea1n, 5- Ng\u00e3 th\u1eafng \u0111\u1eb3ng m\u1ea1n, 6- Ng\u00e3 th\u1eafng li\u1ec7t m\u1ea1n, 7- Ng\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1eafng m\u1ea1n, 8- Ng\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng m\u1ea1n, 9- Ng\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb3ng li\u1ec7t m\u1ea1n, 10- Ng\u00e3 li\u1ec7t th\u1eafng m\u1ea1n, 11- Ng\u00e3 li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb3ng m\u1ea1n, 12- Ng\u00e3 li\u1ec7t li\u1ec7t m\u1ea1n (Vibhanga p. 346).<\/p>\n

                            5- Nghi l\u00e0 sinh l\u00f2ng nghi ng\u1edd do v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd T\u1ee9 \u00d0\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

                            6- \u00c1c ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft sai l\u1ea7m; c\u00f3 n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i: 1- H\u1eefu th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn (T\u00e1t-gi\u00e0-da-ki\u1ebfn), t\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p n\u0103m u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 ta, l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ta. 2- Bi\u00ean ch\u1ea5p ki\u1ebfn, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1ea5p \u0111o\u1ea1n. 3- T\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tin l\u00fd nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3. 4- Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee7 ki\u1ebfn, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh. 5 Gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m th\u1ee7 ki\u1ebfn, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u00e0m theo nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1i m\u00e0 cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tu \u0111\u1ea1o. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi s\u00e1u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n T\u00f9y-Mi\u00ean k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn sau.<\/p>\n

                            B – Ti\u1ec3u phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o – k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Ph\u1ea9m-lo\u1ea1i-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn nay, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng Ti\u1ec3u-phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9n (gi\u1eadn) ph\u00fa (che d\u1ea5u), xan (b\u1ecfn x\u1ebbn), t\u1eadt (ghen gh\u00e9t), n\u00e3o, h\u1ea1i, h\u1eadn, xi\u1ec3m (n\u1ecbnh h\u00f3t), cu\u1ed1ng (d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1), ki\u00eau (ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o) t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb Ph\u1ea9m-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn T\u1ea1p-h\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn, l\u1ea1i th\u00eam v\u00e0o Th\u1eadt-\u0111\u1ea1i-phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o nh\u01b0ng h\u01a1i bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i, m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat (l\u1ea5y v\u00f4 t\u00e2m qu\u00fd l\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf cho phi l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u00fd, t\u00e0 th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i) l\u00e0 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i lo\u1ea1i T\u00f9y-phi\u1ec1n-n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a Duy-th\u1ee9c (quy\u1ec3n 6, \u00d0\u1ea1i-ch\u00ednh, 31, trang 33, trung, h\u1ea1). B\u00e2y gi\u1edd xin gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                            Ph\u1eabn, h\u1eadn, n\u00e3o, h\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n. Ph\u1eabn ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1eadn, h\u1eadn ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ee9 \u1ea5p \u1ee7 m\u00e3i ni\u1ec1m gi\u1eadn t\u1ee9c trong l\u00f2ng, v\u00ec gi\u1eadn t\u1ee9c n\u00ean sinh bu\u1ed3n b\u1ef1c (n\u00e3o), c\u00f2n h\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u00e2n h\u1eadn m\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

                            Ph\u00fa, xi\u1ec3m, cu\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 che d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, n\u1ecbnh h\u00f3t v\u00e0 h\u00f9a theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1, do tham si m\u00e0 ra.<\/p>\n

                            T\u1eadt v\u00e0 ki\u00eau, ghen gh\u00e9t s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 t\u1eadt, d\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc l\u00e0 ki\u00eau.<\/p>\n

                            Xan l\u00e0 t\u00ednh keo ki\u1ec7t, b\u1ee7n x\u1ec9n.<\/p>\n

                            B\u1ea5t t\u00edn l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi t\u00edn.<\/p>\n

                            Gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3i l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi si\u00eang n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

                            Ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00e0n d\u1ee1, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

                            H\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m l\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u00ed n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi khinh an.<\/p>\n

                            Tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi x\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

                            Th\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m, b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ni\u1ec7m, th\u1eb3ng gi\u1ea3i, tam-ma-\u0111\u1ecba trong \u00d0\u1ea1i-\u0111\u1ecba-ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee5c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

                            C- Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o nh\u1ecf n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

                            Tr\u1edf l\u00ean, tuy \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u1ee7 y\u00eau nh\u01b0ng, ngo\u00e1i ra, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 danh x\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c n\u1eef. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c kinh c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp qua, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed l\u00e0 trong ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c ph\u1ea9m T\u00f9y-Mi\u00ean trong Lu\u1eadn-C\u00e2u-X\u00e1 (quy\u1ec3n 20-21) c\u0169ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 m\u1ee5c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t. \u00d0\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e2m l\u00fd m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u qua \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh, \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu:<\/p>\n

                            Tam l\u1eadu[2]\u00a0– d\u1ee5c l\u1eadu, h\u1eefu l\u1eadu, v\u00f4 minh l\u1eadu.<\/p>\n

                            T\u1ee9 b\u1ed9c l\u01b0u – d\u1ee5c b\u1ed9c l\u01b0u, h\u1eefu b\u1ed9c l\u01b0u, ki\u1ebfn b\u1ed9c l\u01b0u, v\u00f4 minh b\u1ed9c l\u01b0u.<\/p>\n

                            T\u1ee9 \u00e1ch \u2013 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                            T\u1ee9 th\u1ee7 – d\u1ee5c th\u1ee7, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee7, gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m th\u1ee7, ng\u00e3 ng\u1eef th\u1ee7 (s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a D\u1ee5c-gi\u1edbi, S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, Tham chi\u1ebfu C\u00e2u X\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 9)<\/p>\n

                            C\u1eedu k\u1ebft \u2013 \u00e1i k\u1ebft, hu\u1ec7 k\u1ebft, m\u1ea1n k\u1ebft, v\u00f4 minh k\u1ebft, ki\u00ean k\u1ebft, th\u1ee7 k\u1ebft, nghi k\u1ebft, t\u1eadt k\u1ebft, xan k\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

                            Ng\u0169 h\u1ea1 ph\u1eadn k\u1ebft – h\u1eefu th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn, gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m th\u1ee7, nghi, d\u1ee5c tham, s\u00e2n hu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

                            Ng\u0169 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1eadn k\u1ebft – s\u1eafc tham, v\u00f4 s\u1eafc tham, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed, m\u1ea1n, v\u00f4 minh.<\/p>\n

                            Tam h\u1ecdc- tham, s\u00e2n, si.<\/p>\n

                            B\u00e1t (hay th\u1eadp) tri\u1ec1n \u2013 v\u00f4 t\u00e2m, v\u00f4 qu\u00fd, t\u1eadt, xan, h\u1ed1i, mi\u00ean, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m (n\u1ebfu th\u00eam ph\u1eabn, ph\u00fa, th\u00ec th\u00e0nh m\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i).<\/p>\n

                            Ngo\u00e0i ra v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec qu\u00e1 phi\u1ec1n t\u1ea1p n\u00ean xin ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn trong Ph\u00e1p-u\u1ea9n-t\u00fac-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 9, T\u1ea1p-s\u1ef1-ph\u1ea9m; C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 21, T\u00f9y-Mi\u00ean ph\u1ea9m; X\u00e1-L\u1ee3i-Ph\u1ea5t A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 18 \u2013 20, Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ph\u1ea9m; v\u00e0 T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-b\u0103ng-gi\u00e0, Ti\u1ec3u-s\u1ef1-ph\u1ea9m v.v\u2026).<\/p>\n

                            \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma c\u00f3 chia nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i hai lo\u1ea1i: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 tr\u00ed m\u00ea ch\u1ea5p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m. N\u00f3i theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cKi\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c\u201d. Hai l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh \u00fd m\u00ea ch\u1ea5p, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tuy \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00ecnh \u00fd. N\u00f3i theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef l\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c\u201d hay \u201ctu ho\u1eb7c\u201d. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 m\u00ea o\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tr\u00ed th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh \u00fd: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. T\u1ef1u trung, t\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu; c\u00f2n ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u00e2u n\u00ea v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec, v\u00ec t\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh, n\u00ean v\u1eabn l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb hai lo\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 tu \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a tu \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                            T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u1ea5y tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 nh\u01b0ng, tr\u00ean gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t suy ti\u1ebfn tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tri \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd.<\/p>\n

                            6- T\u00c2M L\u00dd LU\u1eacN.<\/h5>\n

                            C\u1ee9 theo A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u00ec t\u00e2m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd kh\u00e1c nhau, song, do c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean b\u1eadc n\u1eefa th\u00ec, v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh, t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n hay \u00e1c? L\u00e0 trong s\u1ea1ch hay l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh? v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec, nh\u01b0 \u1edf thi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i qua, l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m-t\u00ednh-lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                            N\u00f3i theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t sinh, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 minh. B\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee7y chung l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5m, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00e1c. Song, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t theo s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt th\u00ec trong t\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1, c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 \u00e1c, \u0111\u00e1o c\u00f9ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ee9 l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t kh\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh th\u00ec t\u00e2m thanh t\u1ecbnh hay thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m do \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi? B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n l\u1eabn \u00e1c h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p. Song, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t theo m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, th\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh duy t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed \u00e1c t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n, \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t t\u00e2m phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o khi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m thanh t\u1ecbnh. \u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7t, b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh c\u00f2n ba thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m hay phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch tr\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t theo nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m-t\u00ednh-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i. Theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00ec trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ea5t-t\u1ecbnh-lu\u1eadn (t\u1ee9c nguy\u00ean \u00e1c), nh\u01b0ng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Kinh-B\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00e0 h\u01b0 v\u00f4, theo t\u00f4i, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m d\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ea5t-t\u1ecbnh-lu\u1eadn (Duy th\u1ee9c cho A-La\u1ecb-Da l\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb7c kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y). Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p, t\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng, l\u00e0 H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9, tuy cho t\u00e2m t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00e1c m\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean m\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m sinh kh\u1edfi, l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c t\u00e2m sinh kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 \u00e1. \u00d0\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t \u1ed5n th\u1ecfa, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft b\u00ecnh ph\u00e0m nh\u1ea5t. \u00d0\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m-t\u00ednh-b\u1ea3n-t\u1ecbnh-lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t-b\u1ed9 (ph\u00e1i) (Tham chi\u1ebfu T\u00f4n-gi\u00e1o Nghi\u00ean-c\u1ee9u 2 \u2013 1). S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u00e1ch tr\u1ea7n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Nh\u01b0-Lai-T\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i-Th\u1eeba \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu cho c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m ti\u00ean thi\u00ean th\u00ec th\u1eadt Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i-Th\u1eeba l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa thuy\u1ebft \u00d0\u1ec7-nh\u1ea5t-v\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ec7-tam-thanh-t\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea3o phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o t\u1ee9c B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1, v\u00f4 minh th\u1ef1c t\u00ednh t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt-t\u00ednh. Song, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

                            T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, trong Ph\u1eadt-gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1), tuy c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u00ec v\u1eabn do ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea5y. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, nh\u1edd n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a t\u00e2m \u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m thanh t\u1ecbnh. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tu \u0111\u1ea1o: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd.<\/p>\n

                            *<\/p>\n

                            [1]\u00a0V\u1ec1 danh x\u01b0ng, Ti\u1ec3u-s\u1ef1-ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed v\u1edbi T\u1ea1p-s\u1ef1-ph\u1ea9m trong ph\u00e1p-u\u1ea9n-t\u00fac lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 9, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n x\u1eed l\u00fd phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung th\u00ec g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                            [2]\u00a0Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1eadu? Trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n b\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1eadu. Nh\u01b0 Kh\u1ebf-Kinh (T\u1ea1p-A-H\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 18) n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u n\u00ean bi\u1ebft, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng d\u00f9 c\u00f3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu th\u1ea3 thuy\u1ec1n tr\u00f4i theo d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec d\u00f9 ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng: kh\u1edfi thi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e2m c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf (C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 20 – ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i).<\/p>\n

                            Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IV: Nh\u1eefng T\u01b0\u1edbng C\u1ee7a H\u00e0nh Vi \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c<\/h4>\n

                            Ti\u1ebft th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: H\u00c0NH VI \u00d0\u1ea0O \u00d0\u1ee8C.<\/h5>\n
                            1- H\u00c0NH VI V\u00c0 H\u00c0NH \u00d0\u1ed8NG.<\/h5>\n

                            Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh; v\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft, n\u00ean c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00ecnh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi. N\u00f3i theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cnghi\u1ec7p\u201d trong c\u00e1c A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cNghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea9m\u201d[1]\u00a0ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111em chia ra t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i r\u1ed3i l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c tu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 c\u00e1i s\u1edf c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                            Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi nh\u1ea5t ban: t\u1ee9c mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t ban c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh vi, khi \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ed3i n\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sinh nghi v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

                            2- C\u00c1C LO\u1ea0I H\u00c0NH VI.<\/h5>\n

                            N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m l\u00fd th\u00ec trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0 t\u01b0 (\u00fd ch\u00ed). Ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0 ra, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 \u00fd th\u1ee9c (b\u1ea5t c\u1ed1 t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p), nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi \u00fd th\u1ee9c (c\u1ed1 t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u201cNh\u01b0 Lai n\u00f3i t\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p\u201d. \u00d0\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i B\u1ed9-ph\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 Kinh-B\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ba nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u, \u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0. Song, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0: c\u1ee9 theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u00ec t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ng\u00e0y nay th\u00ec trong c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i \u00fd ch\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng chia n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh hai hay ba \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t. Hai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u00e0 t\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p, t\u01b0 d\u0129 nghi\u1ec7p. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y (v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 d\u0129 t\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu X\u00e1-L\u1ee3i-Ph\u1ea5t A-T\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 17; C\u00e2u-X\u00e1 lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 13; Th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 7, Nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea9m 95; Trung-a-h\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 27, \u00d0\u1ea1t-ph\u1ea1m-h\u1ea1nh-kinh v.v\u2026) c\u00f2n ba \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u00e0 th\u1ea9m l\u1ef1 t\u01b0, quy\u1ebft d\u1ecbnh t\u01b0 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Kinh-B\u1ed9 (xem C\u00e2u-X\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 1) v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf th\u00e2n c\u0169ng thu d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. Duy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00ecnh gi\u00e1 thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c? N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c trong th\u1ea9m l\u1ef1 t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c, hay \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 d\u0129 th\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 m\u1edbi, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                            \u00d0\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y, Ma-ca-l\u1ee3i-ka-t\u00e1t- l\u1ea1t v\u00e0 K\u1ef3-na-gi\u00e1o chuy\u00ean l\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7; Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u1edf t\u00e2m c\u0103n, \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 cho ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi nh\u1ea5t ban, trong ba nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u, \u00fd Ma-ca-l\u1ee3i-ka-t\u00e1t-l\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho hai nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu, \u00d0\u1ea1i-H\u00f9ng h\u01a1i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u1edf \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec l\u1ea5y \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u00e0 cho th\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa ba ph\u00e1i tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng (\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c) l\u1edbn th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, khi ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n h\u00e0nh vi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, hay khi ph\u00e2n x\u1eed v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t h\u00f4m c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb T\u1ef3-Kh\u01b0u v\u00ec gi\u1ebft con r\u1eafn m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i gi\u1ebft l\u1ea7m (ng\u1ed9 s\u00e1t) m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, khi lu\u1eadn t\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn t\u1ed9i gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi s\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfu theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft, c\u1ee9 xem th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 c\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 n\u00f3i sao \u0111i n\u1eef th\u00ec lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00e1i quan h\u1ec7 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a hay gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Tuy ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u1edf t\u00e2m c\u0103n nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mang l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau tuy ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa \u00fd. D\u00f9 cho \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u1ed1t m\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t h\u1ea3o th\u00ec c\u0169ng v\u1eabn b\u1ecb l\u00ean \u00e1n, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ebf h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c tri ki\u1ebfn. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, trong B\u1ea3n-sinh-\u0111\u00e0m c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t l\u00fd th\u00fa. Thu\u1edf x\u01b0a, vua Ph\u1ea1m-Th\u1ee5 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc Ba-la-ni-t\u01b0, trong v\u01b0\u1eddn nh\u00e0 vua nu\u00f4i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ec9. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 t\u1ebf sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn mu\u1ed1n \u0111i xem b\u00e8n nh\u1edd m\u1ea5y con kh\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e2y. Khi t\u01b0\u1edbi xong, kh\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ea5m n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0a li\u1ec1n nh\u1ed5 t\u1eebng c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4 h\u1ebft. B\u1ed3-T\u00e1t th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00ed s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3; k\u1ebb ngu l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u00edch c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khi l\u00e0m cho c\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4\u201d.<\/p>\n

                            C\u00e2u truy\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y tuy l\u00e0 truy\u1ec7n bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3 ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft-qu\u1ea3-lu\u1eadn c\u0103n c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i tinh th\u1ea7n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

                            3- \u00d0\u1ed0I T\u01af\u1ee2NG \u00d0\u1ec2 B\u00ccNH GI\u00c1 \u00d0\u1ea0O \u00d0\u1ee8C.<\/h5>\n

                            Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o B\u1ed9-ph\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 tuy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00ec gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 coi tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 khi h\u00e0nh vi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0o c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u (v\u00f4 t\u00e1c) do h\u00e0nh vi ph\u00e1t sinh, hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9 \u00fd ch\u00ed hay h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o h\u1ecda, ph\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u1edbn r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3n tr\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, duy ch\u1ec9 y v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 khong th\u00f4i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, hay ph\u1ea3i y v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh vi m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                            N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i sinh c\u01a1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ec1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 (t\u1ee9c t\u00e1m c\u00e2n); c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn, c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa \u00fd, nh\u01b0ng theo m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn, c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tuy\u1ebft T\u01b0. Theo v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n th\u00ec b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t-thuy\u1ebft-b\u1ed9. C\u1ee9 theo \u00d0\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-ba-sa-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec Ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t-thuy\u1ebft b\u1ed9 cho tham d\u1ee5c, s\u00e2n hu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p. B\u00e0-sa quy\u1ec3n 113, \u1edf cu\u1ed1i b\u00e0i t\u1ef1a c\u00f3 d\u1eabn Kh\u1ebf-Kinh n\u00f3i: \u201cCho n\u00ean t\u01b0 t\u1ea1o ba nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh c\u00e1c th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5, c\u1ea3m kh\u1ed5 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c; T\u01b0 t\u1ea1o b\u1ed1n nghi\u1ec7p kh\u1ea9u, ba nghi\u1ec7p \u00fd, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp, l\u00e0 \u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh c\u00e1c th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5, c\u1ea3m kh\u1ed5 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c. Ba nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00fd l\u00e0 tham, hu\u1ec7, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn\u201d. R\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 t\u00f4i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 Ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t-thuy\u1ebft-b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o. V\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa; coi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1eb3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00ecn h\u1ed3 nghi g\u00ec n\u1eefa. Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Th\u00ed-d\u1ee5-s\u01b0 hay c\u1ee7a Kinh-B\u1ed9 m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb-lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a H\u1eef-B\u1ed9 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. V\u1ec1 v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1ea5y r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u00d0\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-ba-sa, C\u00e2u-x\u00e1 v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt v.v\u2026<\/p>\n

                            Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, Kinh-B\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f4ng k\u00edch n\u00f3 k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t n\u1eefa (C\u00e2u-X\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 13). Nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi v\u00f4 bi\u1ebfu s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed do t\u01b0 hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp, th\u00ec Kinh-B\u1ed9 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed nh\u1ecf nhi\u1ec7m, bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n sai bi\u1ec7t n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (C\u00e2u-X\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 13). T\u1ee9c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9 v\u1edbi l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh c\u01a1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. Th\u1eeba k\u1ebf Kinh-B\u1ed9 l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-s\u01b0 v\u1eabn th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00f4-t\u00e1c (t\u1ee9c v\u00f4-bi\u1ec3u) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u c\u0169ng l\u00e0 theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean n\u00e0y. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i thuy\u1ebft minh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, ch\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1i th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp, th\u00ec b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9, Kinh-B\u1ed9 hay Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. \u00d0i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0: khi h\u00e0nh vi ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o th\u00ec th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u? Theo H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9 th\u00ec trong ba nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u, \u00fd \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00ec l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u cho n\u00ean v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u c\u0169ng y v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ra th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 y v\u00e0o \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i (C\u00e2u-X\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n 13). \u00d0\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p (t\u1ee9c t\u01b0) th\u00ec d\u00f9 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ec7n hay \u00e1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u. \u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u; nh\u01b0 khi lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1 gi\u1edbi, gi\u1eefa gi\u1edbi, H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng d\u00f9 t\u00e2m c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1 gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ra th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 hay ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 gi\u1edbi[2]. \u00d0\u00e2y hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft-qu\u1ea3-lu\u1eadn. Kinh-B\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea5t kinh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u201ct\u01b0\u201d (\u00fd ch\u00ed), cho n\u00ean khi quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0, cho d\u00f9 n\u00f3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp trong t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean sau s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

                            \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi v\u00f4-bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9. Trong C\u00e2u-X\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 13, Kinh-B\u1ed9 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cNh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, hai bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0 th\u00f9 th\u1eafng n\u00ean kh\u1edfi t\u01b0 sai bi\u1ec7t, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u\u201d T\u1ee9c Kinh-B\u1ed9 tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u00f4-bi\u1ec3u, l\u1ea5y n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u01b0 m\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u. N\u1eb7c kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Kinh-B\u1ed9 m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn. Trong quy\u1ec3n 7, Nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea9m 95, c\u00f3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                            H\u1ecfi: N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t th\u00ec \u00fd v\u00e0 \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hay kh\u00e1c?<\/p>\n

                            \u00d0\u00e1p: Hai lo\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c \u00fd t\u1ee9c \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p, hay t\u1eeb \u00fd sinh nghi\u1ec7p. N\u1ebfu \u00fd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i ch\u00fang sinh l\u00e0 \u00e1c \u00fd, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng, n\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u00ec \u00fd v\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nhau \u2026<\/p>\n

                            H\u1ecfi: Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u c\u00f3 v\u00f4 t\u00e1c, c\u00f2n \u00fd c\u00f3 v\u00f4 t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

                            \u00d0\u00e1p: Kh\u00f4ng! V\u00ec trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 v\u00f4 t\u00e1c, \u00fd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00f4 t\u00e1c; l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 trong kinh n\u00f3i c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 d\u0129. T\u01b0 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p. T\u01b0 d\u0129 ba lo\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb t\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p. \u00dd nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ebd n\u00f3i sau. Do tr\u1ecdng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00e1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng sinh kh\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf n\u00ean bi\u1ebft \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u00f4 t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

                            \u00dd ngh\u0129a trong \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u00fd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c khi bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ra th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u m\u00e0 ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m r\u1ed3i. V\u1ec1 sau, Duy th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ba nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                            T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, d\u00f9 cho trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i c\u0169ng quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Song, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi th\u00ec, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Kinh-B\u1ed9, Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn v.v\u2026 tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn coi t\u00e2m c\u0103n l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c; c\u00f2n H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9 khi x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

                            4- CH\u00cdNH \u00d0\u1ea0O.<\/h5>\n

                            Gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c khinh hay tr\u1ecdng, tuy c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9 n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng. Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, cho t\u00e2m c\u0103n l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, v\u00ec nu\u00f4i cha m\u1eb9 m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0103n c\u1eafp, hay v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m v\u1eeba l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng gian v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec d\u00f9 t\u00e2m c\u0103n c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 theo Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn th\u00ec v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ebft gi\u1eb7c c\u01b0\u1edbp, v\u00ec c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tuy l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u1ea5y ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng (c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u00fd \u0111\u00f3, Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng kinh th\u1ebf-ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebft tr\u1eadn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh l\u00ean c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi. L\u1ea1i n\u00f3i gi\u1ebft gi\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ebft th\u00ec \u0111\u1eafc t\u1ed9i. R\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng s\u00e1u ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a B\u00e0-La-M\u00f4n, b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a S\u00e1t-\u00d0\u1ebf-L\u1ee3i, ba ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ec7-X\u00e1 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7-\u0111\u00e0-la v.v\u2026 Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a B\u00e0-La-M\u00f4n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang t\u1ebf l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n, c\u1ee7a S\u00e1t-\u00d0\u1ebf-L\u1ee3i b\u1ea3o v\u00ec t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1. L\u1ea1i d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng kinh Th\u1ebf-ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o n\u1ebfu trong b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ecbn \u0111\u00f3i th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1edbp gi\u1eadt l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7-\u0111\u00e0-la m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i, n\u1ebfu g\u1ea7n ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a B\u00e0-La-M\u00f4n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i. D\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y – quy\u1ec3n 7, Tam-nghi\u1ec7p-ph\u1ea9m 100). \u00d0i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u0103n c\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ebf h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: h\u00e3y gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o r\u1ea5t r\u00e1o l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n nh\u1ea5t ban n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u1eadp thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p. V\u00ec l\u1ebd thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m c\u0103n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1ch quan, chi n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y\u00a0hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean l\u00fd kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n. Song n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh th\u00ec l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ec7n ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh t\u1ed1i cao l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, m\u00e0 c\u00e1i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 cao t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 k\u1ef7, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00f9i kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch g\u00ec v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                            5- HO\u00c0N TH\u00c0NH H\u00c0NH VI.<\/h5>\n

                            Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y xin n\u00f3i qua v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c trong Th\u1eadp thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u1eebng m\u1ee5c, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n qua v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh vi. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n qua m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnht r\u1ea1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n? Th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, \u0111\u00e2y tuy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ta c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u1eefa. V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9 n\u00ean t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                            Theo H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi, mu\u1ed1n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i qua ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gia h\u00e0nh, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 h\u1eadu kh\u1edfi. Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 manh nha t\u1eeb lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e1t-tr\u00ed (trong quy\u1ec3n 11). C\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft \u201cB\u1ec9 gia h\u00e0nh v\u1ecb t\u1ee9c\u201d; B\u00e0-sa, quy\u1ec3n 118, c\u0169ng bao h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a h\u1eadu kh\u1edfi n\u00e0y), \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i-t\u1ef3-ba-sa n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u00fd th\u1ee9c, r\u1ed3i t\u1edbi lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u-x\u00e1, Nghi\u1ec7p-ph\u1ea9m, th\u00ec thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. T\u1ef1u trung, gia h\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb; c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m, th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 do h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3. Theo C\u00e2u-X\u00e1, \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0 khi gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi[3]\u00a0ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: 1- \u00dd ch\u00ed nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i (c\u1ed1 t\u01b0); 2- Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o (tha); 3- Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 (t\u01b0\u1edfng); 4- Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn (b\u1ea5t ng\u1ed9). N\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t ban h\u00f3a b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb, m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn hay nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa. \u00d0i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n d\u1ea9n s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m (C\u00e2u-X\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 16). C\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn tuy c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd quan s\u00e1t th\u1eadt chu \u0111\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 H\u1eefu-B\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh hay b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 khinh, tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c (v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u). Nh\u01b0ng, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean r\u1ed3i; \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

                            6- QUAN H\u1ec6 GI\u1eeeA \u00d0\u1ea0O \u00d0\u1ee8C, LU\u00c2N H\u1ed2I V\u00c0 GI\u1ea2I THO\u00c1T.<\/h5>\n

                            C\u1ee9 theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i hay Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c tuy l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed thi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa \u00fd. Khang D\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, thong \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, tr\u00ean quan h\u1ec7, so v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c thong th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec ph\u1ea1m vi quan li\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u1ea3. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ng\u1eebng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 hay k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u1edf ph\u1ea1m vi lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, hay li\u00e2n h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t? N\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ph\u00e0m phu hanh h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u. nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c, cho n\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u1eebng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ed9t m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 Nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea9m trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta xem nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

                            Trong X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 7, c\u00f3 ghi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 Nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                            1- T\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p, t\u01b0 d\u0129 nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                            2- C\u00f3 t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p, phi c\u1ed1 t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                            3- Th\u1ee5 gnhi\u1ec7p, phi th\u1ee5 nghi\u1ec7p (nh\u1eadn ch\u1ecbu hay kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o).<\/p>\n

                            4- Thi\u1ec3u th\u1ee5 nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111a th\u1ee5 nghi\u1ec7p (ch\u1ecbu b\u00e1o nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt).<\/p>\n

                            5- Th\u1ee5c nghi\u1ec7p, phi th\u1ee5c nghi\u1ec7p (b\u00e1o g\u1ea7n hay xa).<\/p>\n

                            6- S\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7p, phi s\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7p (s\u1eafc l\u00e0 than, kh\u1ea9u, phi s\u1eafc l\u00e0 \u00fd).<\/p>\n

                            7- Kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn nghi\u1ec7p (s\u1eafc nh\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, ph\u00e1p nh\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y).<\/p>\n

                            8- H\u1eefu \u0111\u1ed1i nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1i nghi\u1ec7p (thanh s\u1eafc nh\u1eadp c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i, ph\u00e1p nh\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i).<\/p>\n

                            9- Th\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p, phi th\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p (v\u00f4 l\u1eadu v\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu).<\/p>\n

                            10- H\u1eefu l\u1eadu nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00f4 l\u1eadu nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                            11- H\u1eefu \u00e1i nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00f4 \u00e1i nghi\u1ec7p (h\u1eefu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u1ea7u).<\/p>\n

                            12- H\u1eefu c\u1ea7u nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00f4 c\u1ea7u nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                            13- \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee7 nghi\u1ec7p, phi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee7 nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                            14- H\u1eefu th\u1ee7 nghi\u1ec7p (h\u1eefu th\u1eafng), v\u00f4 th\u1ee7 nghi\u1ec7p (v\u00f4 th\u1eafng).<\/p>\n

                            15- H\u1eefu th\u1eafng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00f4 th\u1eafng nghi\u1ec7p (h\u1eefu th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

                            16- Th\u1ee5 nghi\u1ec7p, phi th\u1ee5 nghi\u1ec7p (n\u1ed9i nghi\u1ec7p, ngo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p).<\/p>\n

                            17- N\u1ed9i nghi\u1ec7p, ngo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p (th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 phi th\u1ee5).<\/p>\n

                            18- H\u1eefu b\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 b\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                            19- T\u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng nghi\u1ec7p, phi t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                            20- T\u00e2m s\u1ed1 nghi\u1ec7p, phi t\u00e2m s\u1ed1 nghi\u1ec7p (y v\u00e0o duy\u00ean v\u00e0 phi duy\u00ean).<\/p>\n

                            21- Duy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, phi duy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p (y v\u00e0o t\u00e2m s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 phi t\u00e2m s\u1ed1).<\/p>\n

                            22- C\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p, phi c\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p (y v\u00e0o t\u00f9y t\u00e2m chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u00f9y t\u00e2m chuy\u1ec3n).<\/p>\n

                            23- T\u00f9y t\u00e2m chuy\u1ec3n nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1ea5t t\u00f9y t\u00e2m chuy\u1ec3n nghi\u1ec7p (y v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m).<\/p>\n

                            24- Phi nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng nghi\u1ec7p, phi nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng, phi phi nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng nghi\u1ec7p (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 hay kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng).<\/p>\n

                            25- C\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p (y v\u00e0o t\u00f9y chuy\u1ec3n nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u00f9y chuy\u1ec3n nghi\u1ec7p).<\/p>\n

                            26- T\u00f9y nghi\u1ec7p chuy\u1ec3n nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1ea5t t\u00f9y nghi\u1ec7p chuy\u1ec3n nghi\u1ec7p (y v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p).<\/p>\n

                            27- Nh\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p, phi nh\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p (y v\u00e0o duy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t duy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p).<\/p>\n

                            28- H\u1eefu nh\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p, h\u1eefu duy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p (h\u1eefu nh\u00e2n = h\u1eefu duy\u00ean = h\u1eefu duy\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p).<\/p>\n

                            29- H\u1eefu duy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, h\u1eefu vi nghi\u1ec7p (h\u1eefu duy\u00ean = h\u1eefu vi).<\/p>\n

                            30- Tri nghi\u1ec7p, phi tri nghi\u1ec7p (tri nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tri ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t tri nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tri ki\u1ebfn).<\/p>\n

                            31- Th\u1ee9c nghi\u1ec7p, phi th\u1ee9c nghi\u1ec7p (y v\u00e0o h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ee9c \u00fd th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng).<\/p>\n

                            32- Gi\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7p, phi gi\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7p (v\u00e0o tri nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tri ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t tri nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tri ki\u1ebfn).<\/p>\n

                            33- Li\u1ec5u nghi\u1ec7p, phi li\u1ec5u nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                            34- \u0110o\u1ea1n tr\u00ed tri nghi\u1ec7p, phi \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ed tri nghi\u1ec7p (y v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p).<\/p>\n

                            35- \u0110o\u1ea1n nghi\u1ec7p, phi \u0111o\u1ea1n nghi\u1ec7p (y v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n).<\/p>\n

                            36- Tu nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t tu nghi\u1ec7p (y v\u00e0o thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, v\u00f4 k\u00fd).<\/p>\n

                            37- Ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7p, phi ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7p (y v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tri ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tri ki\u1ebfn).<\/p>\n

                            38- Gi\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00f4 gi\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p (than, kh\u1ea9u l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p, \u00fd l\u00e0 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p; hay, s\u1eafc nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p, ph\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00f4 gi\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p).<\/p>\n

                            39- Th\u00e2n h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00e2n v\u00f4 gi\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                            40- Kh\u1ea9u h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u1ea9u v\u00f4 gi\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                            41- Th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p, \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                            42- Gi\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p (thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, v\u00f4 k\u00fd).<\/p>\n

                            43- Th\u00e2n gi\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00e2n v\u00f4 gi\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p, than phi gi\u1edbi phi v\u00f4 gi\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                            44- Kh\u1ea9u gi\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u1ea9u v\u00f4 gi\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u1ea9u phi v\u00f4 gi\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                            45- \u00dd gi\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p, \u00fd v\u00f4 gi\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p, \u00fd phi gi\u1edbi phi v\u00f4 gi\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                            46- Thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00f4 k\u00fd nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                            47- H\u1ecdc nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc nghi\u1ec7p, phi h\u1ecdc phi v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                            48- B\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p, b\u00e1o ph\u00e1p nghi\u1ec7p, phi b\u00e1o, phi b\u00e1o ph\u00e1p nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                            49- Ki\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n nghi\u1ec7p, t\u01b0 duy \u0111o\u1ea1n nghi\u1ec7p, phi ki\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n, phi t\u01b0 duy \u0111o\u1ea1n nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                            50- Ki\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p, t\u01b0 duy \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p, phi t\u01b0 duy \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                            51- T\u1ef3 nghi\u1ec7p, trung nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1eafng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                            52- Th\u00f4 nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ebf nghi\u1ec7p, vi nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                            53- Th\u1ee5 l\u1ea1c nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1ee5 kh\u1ed5 nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1ee5 x\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p (tam th\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng nghi\u1ec7p).<\/p>\n

                            54- L\u1ea1c th\u1ee5 nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u1ed5 th\u1ee5 nghi\u1ec7p, x\u1ea3 th\u1ee5 nghi\u1ec7p (n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o).<\/p>\n

                            55- L\u1ea1c th\u1ee5 nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u1ed5 th\u1ee5 nghi\u1ec7p, phi l\u1ea1c phi kh\u1ed5 nghi\u1ec7p (y v\u00e0o qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, v.v.v<\/p>\n

                            Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V: Thi\u1ec7n, \u00c1c Nghi\u1ec7p V\u1edbi Qu\u1ea3 B\u00e1o<\/h4>\n

                            1- L\u1edcI T\u1ef0A.<\/h5>\n

                            Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean tuy h\u01a1i t\u1ea1p lo\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c l\u00e1nh \u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi v\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng l\u1ee3i l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9, \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ec7, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i xa l\u00e1nh. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, t\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, tuy \u1edf c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4 s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc\u201d (nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ebf Th\u00edch v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n th\u1eed h\u1ea1nh b\u00e1 th\u00ed c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t, m\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, r\u1ed3i b\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh th\u00ed ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, c\u00f2n k\u1ebb th\u1ee5 th\u00ed th\u00ec sinh l\u00ean c\u00f5i Tr\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t v\u1eabn m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u00e1 th\u00ed), song, \u1edf trong lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i gi\u1edbi th\u00ec nh\u01b0ng nhi\u00ean thi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n b\u00e1o, m\u00e0 \u00e1c th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u00e1c b\u00e1o. Nh\u1edd \u1edf s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Chi\u1ebfu theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n, tuy th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i \u201cthi\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3, \u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u00e1c qu\u1ea3\u201d, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu thuy\u1ebft minh n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i l\u00fd lu\u1eadn th\u00ec, theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, trong Ni Kha Da v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n. Song, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 sinh m\u1ec7nh qu\u00e1n m\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i n\u00f3 theo h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i l\u00fd lu\u1eadn th\u00ec th\u00e0nh ra ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc \u201ct\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc\u201d, t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, gi\u1eefa \u00fd ch\u00ed, kinh nghi\u1ec7m, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i qua trong cu\u1ed1n Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn (c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 – ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch) r\u1ed3i. R\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0.<\/p>\n

                            2- \u1ea2NH H\u01af\u1edeNG T\u00c2M L\u00dd V\u1edaI NGHI\u1ec6P.<\/h5>\n

                            Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, h\u00e3y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m l\u00fd, do nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c m\u00e0 th\u00e2n t\u00e2m ta ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, tuy l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00fd th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0ng, theo quy m\u00f4 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u1eadt ra, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng theo thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i xin n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u00eam.<\/p>\n

                            \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec sinh m\u1ec7nh quan l\u1ea5y nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c sinh m\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 th\u00eam v\u00e0o cho \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc sinh m\u1ec7nh. H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 n\u00f3i v\u00f4 bi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3. Theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y th\u00ec sinh m\u1ec7nh (hay t\u00e2m) c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu \u0111em n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 t\u1ea5t k\u00ednh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y m\u00f3c. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh c\u01a1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec v\u00ec coi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c sinh m\u1ec7nh (hay t\u00e2m) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, n\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp, t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1eefu c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 r\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1i t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3. \u1ea4y l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u l\u1ea5y kinh L\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1ed9 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ea3i qua \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Duy Th\u1ee9c v.v\u2026 Lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u201cH\u1eefu Ph\u00e2n Th\u1ee9c\u201d, n\u00f3i theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nghi\u1ec7p Lu\u1eadn, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa hai t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. H\u1eefu Ph\u00e2n Th\u1ee9c, th\u1ec3 v\u00f4 \u00fd th\u1ee9c – v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ee9a gi\u1eef nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp, tuy c\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed l\u1ea5y C\u0103n B\u1ea3n U\u1ea9n l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea5y n\u00f3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u00e0 coi l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t m\u00e1y m\u00f3c. Th\u1eadt ra, coi nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 sinh s\u01a1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1eefu Ng\u00e3 Lu\u1eadn, coi nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c Ng\u00e3, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea5y nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp l\u00e0m b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t sinh m\u1ec7nh (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng) th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t; tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o b\u00ean n\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang, b\u00ean n\u00e0o sai, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean l\u00e0: c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a cho nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh c\u01a1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u00ec cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

                            3- NGHI\u1ec6P V\u00c0 QU\u1ea2 B\u00c1O.<\/h5>\n

                            L\u1ea5y nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd th\u00ec do c\u00e1c l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau[1]. Nh\u01b0ng, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i. N\u00f3i theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u01b0u qu\u1ea3 (g\u1ed3m t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ea3) v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3. \u0110\u00fang ra th\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec qu\u00e1 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y t\u1ea1m chia th\u00e0nh hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u01b0u qu\u1ea3, khi x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, th\u00ec d\u00f9 cho l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, tr\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. Th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ea5u, ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean n\u1eefa s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u00e1c qu\u1ef7; c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed1t th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t, ti\u1ebfn m\u00e3i s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n, thi\u00ean s\u1ee9 v.v\u2026 M\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, tuy c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n truy nguy\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn ba \u0111\u1eddi, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ea5u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n \u1edf ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u do nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc (nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00fac M\u1ec7nh Lu\u1eadn). Th\u1ee9 hai, d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n, d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3, l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng: l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o sung s\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u00e0m \u00e1c ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u0111au kh\u1ed5. C\u00e1i t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u01b0u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n gi\u1ed1ng nhau, c\u1ee9 theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i th\u00ec kh\u00e1c lo\u00e0i m\u00e0 ch\u00edn n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3[2]. Nh\u00e2n tuy l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c, m\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 vui (l\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n kh\u1ed5 vui m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00e2n t\u00e2m v\u00f4 k\u00fd), ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 tuy c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u lu\u1eadn l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 g\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Song, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 th\u00ec, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u01b0u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3 qua ba \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

                            Do hai lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng sinh, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh kh\u1ed5 vui, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan (hay nh\u00e2n sinh quan) c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma. \u1ede \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea9m Nghi\u1ec7p trong C\u00e2u x\u00e1, n\u00f3i \u201c\u0110\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p sinh\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                            Song, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gian hay c\u00f2n bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gian n\u1eefa? \u1ede th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y ch\u1ec9 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta\u201d, c\u00f2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u00ec v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Nghi\u1ec7p Lu\u1eadn, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0ng theo Lu\u1eadn S\u1ef1 th\u00ec \u00c1n \u0110\u1ea1t La Ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201c\u0110\u1ecba c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3 (K, V, VII)\u201d. Ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-b\u1ed9 c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cV\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3 (K,V. XVI, 8)\u201d, hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean ta th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u0169ng y v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn gi\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, tuy mu\u1ed1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee5c nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0o h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gian, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e0 sa (quy\u1ec3n 98 v\u00e0 127), C\u00e2u x\u00e1, (quy\u1ec3n 13) v.v\u2026 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng cho h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gian m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gian c\u0169ng y v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p (nh\u01b0 C\u00e2u x\u00e1, n\u00f3i: \u201cH\u1eefu t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gian v\u00e0 kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u1ec1u sai bi\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t \u1ea5y do \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 c\u00f3? \u0110\u00e1p: th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sai bi\u1ec7t do nghi\u1ec7p sinh\u201d, (quy\u1ec3n 13). Ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh l\u00e0 do bi\u1ec7t nghi\u1ec7p chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m, ch\u1ee7ng t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 do c\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m, c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh c\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng t\u1eeb B\u00e0 sa tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau[3]\u00a0\u0111\u1ebfn Lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0 lu\u1eadn Th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt[4]\u00a0c\u0169ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p. T\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn Duy Th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a A l\u1ea1i gia th\u1ee9c bi\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

                            C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eefa tuy kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0: s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c duy ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee5c trong nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong v\u00f4 k\u00fd? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, tr\u01b0ng theo Lu\u1eadn s\u1ef1 12, 2, cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3, cho d\u00f9 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00f4 k\u00fd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda b\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 19. \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 918, trung v\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n 115, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 598, c\u1ed9t tr\u00ean) v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn (quy\u1ec3n 7, Tam Nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea9m 100, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 295, c\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa) \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. Song, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00f4 k\u00fd nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0ng nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3. Theo Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m cho ta bi\u1ebft th\u00ec ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

                            4- NGHI\u1ec6P BA TH\u1edcI.<\/h5>\n

                            T\u00f3m t\u1eaft, nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft Tam Th\u1eddi Nghi\u1ec7p (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c). Thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Ni Kha Da r\u1ed3i, \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u. Tam Th\u1eddi Nghi\u1ec7p[5]\u00a0l\u00e0: 1- Thu\u1eadn Hi\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p Th\u1ee5 (Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7n B\u00e1o), 2- Thu\u1eadn Th\u1ee9 Sinh Th\u1ee5 (Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sinh B\u00e1o), Thu\u1eadn H\u1eadu Th\u1ee9 Th\u1ee5 (Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1eadu B\u00e1o).<\/p>\n

                            Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, Thu\u1eadn Hi\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p Th\u1ee5, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o. Th\u1ee9 hai, Thu\u1eadn th\u1ee9 Sinh Th\u1ee5, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1eddi sau m\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o. Th\u1ee9 ba, Thu\u1eadn H\u1eadu Th\u1ee9 Th\u1ee5, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7p, trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi sau m\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o. C\u1ee9 theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 114, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 592, c\u1ed9t tr\u00ean; Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt, quy\u1ec3n 8, Tam b\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea9m 104), m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3, v\u00e0 do th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhanh, ch\u1eadm kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00ean m\u1edbi chia ra ba th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u1ecda, ph\u00fac ho\u00e0n nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. \u1ede \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y duy ch\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 th\u00ec, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n. theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u c\u00e1i th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn, trong ph\u1ea9m Tam b\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 x\u01b0a nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cK\u1ebb l\u00e0m \u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sung s\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u00e1c ch\u01b0a ch\u00edn, \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00e1c ch\u00edn th\u00ec t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y \u0111au kh\u1ed5. K\u1ebb l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 v\u00ec thi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a ch\u00edn, \u0111\u1ebfn khi thi\u1ec7n ch\u00edn th\u00ec t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y sung\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 c\u00e1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft Tam Th\u1eddi Nghi\u1ec7p. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o th\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o trong \u0111\u1edbi sau hay \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi sau n\u1eefa? \u0110\u00fang ra, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. C\u00e2u x\u00e1 (quy\u1ec3n 15), Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt (Tam b\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea9m), B\u00e0 sa v.v\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n theo t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu theo nghi\u1ec7p th\u00ec l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi \u00fd ch\u00ed, tuy c\u1ef1c m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 hay quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y; c\u00f2n tuy kh\u00f4ng m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t sau n\u1eb7ng th\u00ec ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi sau; hai t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tr\u00ean giao thoa nhau th\u00ec ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi sau n\u1eefa (Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean). C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft n\u1eefa c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo l\u00f2ng mong c\u1ea7u: mong c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ef1\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ea3 ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Thu\u1eadn Hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu mong c\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 \u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai l\u00e0 hai b\u00e1o sau (Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean). B\u00e0 sa (quy\u1ec3n 114,\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 594, c\u1ed9t tr\u00ean), l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n so s\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Tam B\u00e1o, b\u1ea3o: hi\u1ec7n b\u00e1o nh\u1eb9 nh\u1ea5t, th\u1ee9 b\u00e1o n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 h\u1eadu b\u00e1o n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y, ch\u00edn s\u1edbm th\u00ec k\u00e9m, ch\u00edn mu\u1ed9n th\u00ec h\u01a1n. V\u1eady, n\u00f3i cho d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn th\u00ec c\u00e0ng ch\u1eadm ch\u00edn, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ed kh\u00ed l\u1edbn, l\u00e2u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9c th\u1ea5m d\u1ea7n th\u00ec kh\u00f3 ch\u1eeda tr\u1ecb: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec1u \u00e1m th\u1ecb \u00fd ngh\u0129a ba \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

                            Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft Tam th\u1eddi Nghi\u1ec7p, tuy g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0ng trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma , ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f2n l\u1eadp n\u00ean b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0 Tam Th\u1eddi Nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ch\u1ecbu b\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng\u00a0lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong Tam Th\u1eddi Nghi\u1ec7p, do quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 b\u00e1o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p (nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00e0nh ra b\u1ed1n nghi\u1ec7p). B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hai th\u1ee9, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ecbu b\u00e1o m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1eabn ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh (th\u00eam hai th\u1ee9 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y v\u00e0o ba th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh ra n\u0103m nghi\u1ec7p). L\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa m\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u00ec Tam Th\u1eddi Nghi\u1ec7p k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean tuy th\u1eddi\u00a0k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu b\u00e1o th\u00ec s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh ra t\u00e1m th\u1ee9: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 sa\u00a0(quy\u1ec3n 114, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 593, c\u1ed9t d\u01b0\u1edbi), \u0111\u1ec1u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p th\u00ec nh\u1edd n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1eadu thi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, song, v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, xin s\u1ebd b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn sau.<\/p>\n

                            T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Tam Th\u1eddi Nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 \u0111em k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1edbi Lu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i lu\u1eadn r\u1ed3i truy \u0111\u1ebfn ba \u0111\u1eddi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, tuy kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, th\u00ec b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn theo ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc hay lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd v\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

                            5- NGHI\u1ec6P V\u00c0 C\u00c1C LO\u1ea0I D\u1eca TH\u1ee4C.<\/h5>\n

                            Tr\u1edf l\u00ean, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y xin b\u00e0n qua v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o. Nghi\u1ec7p v\u00f4 l\u1eadu kh\u00f4ng chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c (nh\u01b0ng chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m b\u1ed1n qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c), nh\u01b0ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu th\u00ec c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c. Song, nghi\u1ec7p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1o (ta h\u00e0nh) cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 ly h\u1ec7 (t\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t). Ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o trong n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hay s\u00e1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong Ni Kha Da nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea3n m\u1ea1n th\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma n\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i. Song, theo ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt lu\u1eadn[6], quy\u1ec3n 8, L\u1ee5c Nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea9m 100 m\u1edbi n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i y\u1ebfu ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i th\u1eed d\u1eabn ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

                            Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea3m chi\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee7 ba h\u1ea1nh s\u00e1t sinh, tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp, t\u00e0 d\u00e2m, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1 gi\u1edbi, ph\u00e1 ki\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, nh\u1eefng gia h\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh hi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m \u00e1c, c\u0169ng chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. T\u1ef1u trung, c\u00f3 n\u0103m t\u1ed9i sau khi ch\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c V\u00f4 gi\u00e1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ng\u0169 V\u00f4 Gi\u00e1n Nghi\u1ec7p: 1- Gi\u1ebft m\u1eb9, 2- Gi\u1ebft cha, 3- Gi\u1ebft A la h\u00e1n, 4- Ph\u00e1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p t\u0103ng, 5- Do \u00e1c l\u00e0m cho th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 19, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 619, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). Gi\u1ebft cha m\u1eb9, b\u1ed9i \u01a1n d\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u1ee5c, gi\u1ebft ba h\u1ea1ng sau l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng ph\u00fac, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i n\u1eb7ng, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn h\u1ec5 ph\u1ea1m m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u1ea5y th\u00ec ch\u1ebft \u0111i s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c V\u00f4 gi\u00e1n. T\u1ef1u trung, n\u00f3i theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, ph\u00e1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p t\u0103ng, v\u00ec l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, n\u00ean l\u00e0 \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt, \u0110\u1ec1 B\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1t \u0110a, v\u00ec t\u1ea1o hai nghi\u1ec7p sau, n\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. Tuy \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi sau, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea9y ra n\u1eefa, n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u1edf vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p t\u0103ng v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1i \u00e1c. B\u00e0 sa (quy\u1ec3n 99) b\u1ea3o v\u1ecb khai t\u1ed5 (theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00fang B\u1ed9 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean cho r\u1eb1ng, tr\u1eeb l\u00e0m cho th\u00e2n Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u, c\u00f2n b\u1ed1n t\u1ed9i kia \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i V\u00f4 gi\u00e1n nghi\u1ec7p: xem th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee7 bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

                            Th\u1ee9 hai, th\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e0ng sanh (s\u00fac sanh), n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, so v\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c th\u00ec nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n, tuy c\u00f3 ch\u00fat \u00edt thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p \u00e1c h\u01a1n. T\u1ef1u trung, theo Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt quy\u1ec3n 8, L\u1ee5c Nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea9m 110 \u2013 Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t huy nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0 \u0111a d\u00e2m ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh chim s\u1ebb, chim b\u1ed3 c\u00e2u, chim uy\u00ean \u01b0\u01a1ng v.v\u2026 N\u1ebfu \u0111a s\u00e2n th\u00ec s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh tr\u0103ng, r\u1eafn, r\u1ebft, b\u00f2 c\u1ea1p v.v\u2026 N\u1ebfu ngu si nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh l\u1ee3n (heo), d\u00ea v.v\u2026 N\u1ebfu ki\u00eau c\u0103ng ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh s\u01b0 t\u1eed, h\u1ed5, lang v.v\u2026 N\u1ebfu hay b\u1ee1n c\u1ee3t \u0111\u00f9a ngh\u1ecbch s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh kh\u1ec9 v\u01b0\u1ee3n v.v\u2026 N\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec1u ghen gh\u00e9t, keo b\u1ea9n s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh ch\u00f3. N\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh m\u00e8o. N\u1ebfu theo n\u1ecbnh h\u00f3t s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh d\u00e3 can v.v\u2026 C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u00f9y theo t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, t\u00f9y theo l\u00f2ng khao kh\u00e1t t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m l\u00fac ch\u1ebft m\u00e0 sanh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ch\u1ebft \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ch\u1eadt ch\u1ed9i, khao kh\u00e1t t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i s\u1ebd sinh l\u00e0m chim; do ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i m\u00e0 sinh l\u00e0m h\u1ecd \u1edf nh\u00e0 x\u00ed; v\u00ec ch\u1ebft m\u00e0 sinh l\u00e0m tr\u00f9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc v.v\u2026 Trong Ph\u00e1p U\u1ea9n T\u00fac Lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn khi th\u00e1c sinh theo m\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean nh\u01b0 sau: c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ch\u00fang sinh do t\u00e2m mong c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 th\u1ee5 sinh c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay th\u1ee5 sinh c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi (Ph\u00e1p U\u1ea9n T\u00fac Lu\u1eadn, 12, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 512, c\u1ed9t d\u01b0\u1edbi). C\u1ee9 theo Ni Kha Da th\u00ec b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a s\u00fac sinh s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u00f9ng ch\u1ecbu ki\u1ebfp s\u00fac sinh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e2u, d\u00ea, t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n sinh l\u00ean c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh h\u1ecd, b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng, l\u00e0m theo h\u1ea1nh tr\u00e2u s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh tr\u00e2u, l\u00e0m ch\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ch\u00f3 v.v\u2026 T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00fac sinh l\u00e0 ngu si, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a s\u00fac sinh m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

                            Th\u1ee9 ba, l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ng\u00e3 qu\u1ef7, t\u1ee9c qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f3i. V\u00ec tham lam, keo ki\u1ec7t, c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec gi\u1eef bo bo, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu cho ai, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ee9u v\u1eadt c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n, \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

                            Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 b\u00e1 th\u00ed, gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi\u00a0v\u00e0 tu thi\u1ec7n. T\u1ef1u trung, n\u1ebfu cao th\u00ec sinh c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi, c\u00f2n trung b\u00ecnh th\u00ec c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f2n nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 v\u00ec trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n nh\u00e2n \u00e1c. Tuy do nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cm\u00e3n nghi\u1ec7p\u201d, tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c cho thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 cho nh\u00e2n gian tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, nh\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u, do s\u00e1t sinh m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft y\u1ec3u, nh\u1edd ngay th\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fac, v\u00ec tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e0 d\u00e2m m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ee3 trinh ti\u1ebft, c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i th\u00ec l\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i v\u1ee3 l\u0103ng l\u00f2n, b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh v.v\u2026 (Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt, quy\u1ec3n 8, L\u1ee5c Nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea9m 118, v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi; C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 17). C\u00e2u x\u00e1 c\u00f2n n\u00f3i: nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u c\u0169ng l\u00e0 do nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1t sinh th\u00ec v\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u1eefu x\u1ea5u x\u00ed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n tr\u1ed9m th\u00ec ru\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn nhi\u1ec1u s\u01b0\u01a1ng tuy\u1ebft g\u00e2y tai h\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0 d\u00e2m th\u00ec gia \u0111\u00ecnh r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i th\u00ec mi\u1ec7ng h\u00f4i th\u1ed1i; xa l\u00eca nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ee3 phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft, th\u1ebf th\u00f4i. Duy \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0n th\u00eam v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u1ee9c trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 hai l\u1edbp qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o (th\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea1t). Nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh l\u00ean c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng khi sinh l\u1ea1i c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o thi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng? C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, t\u1ea1o \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u1ecbu h\u1ebft t\u1ed9i kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 r\u1ee7i ro n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecb lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng B\u00e0 sa (quy\u1ec3n 113, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 588, h\u1ea1), C\u00e2u x\u00e1 (quy\u1ec3n 17) v.v\u2026t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i: \u201cKhi s\u00e1t sinh, l\u00e0m cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c ch\u1ecbu qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c; v\u00ec d\u1ee9t m\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c n\u00ean trong ki\u1ebfp sau ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ebft y\u1ec3u, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u01b0u qu\u1ea3; ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i uy danh c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c n\u00ean s\u1eafc di\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea5u x\u00ed, l\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ea3 (C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 17). V\u00f4 lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n hay \u00e1c, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u suy gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00ec kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch mau ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

                            Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, l\u00e0 c\u00f5i thi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft th\u00ec nh\u1edd nghi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh l\u00ean \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng thi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. \u1ede D\u1ee5c Gi\u1edbi Thi\u00ean, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi Tha H\u00f3a T\u1ef1 T\u1ea1i, cho d\u00f9 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng do tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 thu\u1ea7n t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau. Ti\u00ean l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi th\u00ec v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y duy ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u1ee9 n\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nghi\u1ec7p sinh \u1edf c\u00f5i S\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n tuy c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ee5 nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do tu S\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i cao t\u1ed9t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng Phi-t\u01b0\u1edfng-phi-phi-t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i r\u00f5 trong Ni Kha Da r\u1ed3i. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi sinh \u0111\u1ecba, hay T\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n tam v\u00f4 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh tu \u0111\u1ecba, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 nhau (Trung a h\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 34, Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u00fd h\u00e0nh kinh, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 700, trung, M. 120 Sankh\u00e0ruppatti Sutta).<\/p>\n

                            A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd th\u00ec trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i theo c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p th\u00ec, nh\u01b0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft, c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft B\u1ed1n Nghi\u1ec7p[7]. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0: H\u1eafc h\u1eafc d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c nghi\u1ec7p, B\u1ea1ch b\u1ea1ch d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c nghi\u1ec7p, H\u1eafc b\u1ea1ch h\u1eafc b\u1ea1ch d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c nghi\u1ec7p, Phi h\u1eafc phi b\u1ea1ch d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c nghi\u1ec7p. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, H\u1eafc h\u1eafc d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c nghi\u1ec7p[8]\u00a0ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111en (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00e1c), do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c \u1edf \u00e1c th\u00fa. Th\u1ee9 hai, B\u1ea1ch b\u1ea1ch d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c nghi\u1ec7p ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi (V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi) h\u1ec7. Th\u1ee9 ba, H\u1eafc b\u1ea1ch h\u1eafc b\u1ea1ch d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c nghi\u1ec7p ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ea3m chi\u00eau qi\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u1edf c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi. Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00f4 l\u1eadu kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t nghi\u1ec7p h\u1eefu l\u1eadu. Trong b\u1ed1n nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1ch b\u1ea1ch d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c nghi\u1ec7p n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0ng \u1edf ba c\u00f5i th\u00ec v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Trong kinh g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ba ch\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh[9]\u00a0l\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

                            6- D\u1eaaN NGHI\u1ec6P V\u00c0 M\u00c3N NGHI\u1ec6P.<\/h5>\n

                            V\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eefa c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n qua, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: trong c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i sinh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9 sinh hay th\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 sinh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u1ec7p r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t? V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma b\u1ea3o c\u00f3 d\u1eabn nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u00e3n nghi\u1ec7p[10]. D\u1eabn nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i sinh, c\u00f2n m\u00e3n nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p, d\u00f9 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i sinh, nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u0169ng chia v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i. Song, c\u1ee9 theo A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u00ec d\u1eabn nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u1ec7p r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng;c\u00f2n m\u00e3n nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, b\u1ea3o l\u00e0: \u201cM\u1ed9t nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi, nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n\u201d[11]. C\u00e1i m\u00e0 ta b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ed1i h\u1eadu nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m\u201d d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 sinh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y. Song, n\u00f3i th\u1eadt th\u00ec c\u00e1i nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec3n tr\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 g\u00ec? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, cho n\u00ean trong B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 19 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 98, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng), \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh ra lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cD\u1eabn nghi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay M\u00e3n nghi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d.v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, cho l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e0 sa 20 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 99) d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u kinh lu\u1eadn b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng do m\u1ed9t nghi\u1ec7p th\u00f9 th\u1eafng chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. V\u1ea5n n\u00e0y tuy r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, theo A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u201cM\u1ed9t nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi, nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n\u201d.<\/p>\n

                            7- T\u00daC NGHI\u1ec6P CHUY\u1ec2N HAY KH\u00d4NG CHUY\u1ec2N.<\/h5>\n

                            Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0 do nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb lai, n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, l\u00e0 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, chung c\u00f9ng, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh T\u00fac M\u1ec7nh lu\u1eadn r\u1ed3i sao? Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf T\u00fac M\u1ec7nh lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00fac M\u1ec7nh lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 che d\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u01a1n b\u1ed9, Ngh\u0129a th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9, b\u1ea3o: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u do nghi\u1ec7p\u201d (K. V. XVII, 3). So v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00fac M\u1ec7nh lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Song. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t tuy A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma t\u00fac nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u00f9y theo nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1eadu thi\u00ean ra sao m\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a. nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean kia ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ea3o l\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng, ngo\u00e0i Tam Th\u1eddi Nghi\u1ec7p ra, H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 c\u00f2n l\u1eadp B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p, Tam Th\u1eddi Nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p th\u00ec nh\u1edd n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n. C\u1ee9 theo thuy\u1ebft T\u00e1m nghi\u1ec7p n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean th\u00ec ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0 Tam Th\u1eddi Nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tuy quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Trong t\u00e1m nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m nghi\u1ec7p, \u00edt ra, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Th\u00ed D\u1ee5 l\u00e0 h\u1ebft th\u1ea9y nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 114, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 593, c\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa). N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o Tam Th\u1eddi Nghi\u1ec7p r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c th\u00ec, khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tuy kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5, v\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea5t k\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed, n\u00ean t\u1eadp kh\u00ed cho d\u00f9 s\u00e2u d\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng do s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt lu\u1eadn, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba Th\u00ed D\u1ee5 S\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn l\u1eddi trong Kinh, n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103m tu th\u00e2n gi\u1edbi,t\u00e2m tu\u1ec7, th\u00ec b\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m khinh\u201d. L\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 n\u00f3i: \u201cTu t\u00e2m t\u1eeb bi, v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 ng\u1ea1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1ecdng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u00e1nh k\u1ecbp\u201d. D\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng trong Kinh, th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u00fac nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh[12]\u00a0(B\u00e0 sa) gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc) n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh h\u1eefu h\u1ecdc th\u00ec, v\u00ec g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ph\u00e0m phu, tuy l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd s\u1ee9c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng phi th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y t\u00fac nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n: t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1eady. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cs\u00e1m h\u1ed1i di\u1ec7t t\u1ed9i\u201d l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n, khi \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o ba t\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecbch th\u00ec l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t an. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m, \u00f4ng nghe th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u ng\u00e2m b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 r\u1eb1ng: \u201cN\u1ebfu k\u1ebb g\u00e2y tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed9i, tu thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i, nh\u01b0 tr\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e2y che\u201d (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 99, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 511, c\u1ed9t tr\u00ean) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t gia. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed9i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft \u0103n n\u0103n, tu thi\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 xem \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 tr\u00ean th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5.<\/p>\n

                            T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tuy th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u00fac nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 t\u00fac nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y c\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n \u00dd lu\u1eadn hay T\u00fac T\u00e1c lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng. \u1ede hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, tuy c\u00f3 t\u00fac nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. Th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft Nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh T\u00fac M\u1ec7nh lu\u1eadn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

                            *<\/p>\n

                            [1]\u00a0C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 17, b\u1ea3o nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3; ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: \u201cNghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u01b0u v\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d. R\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0a ra tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u00e1t sinh l\u00e0m th\u00ed d\u1ee5: H\u00e0nh s\u00e1t sinh tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea3m qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, sau sinh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh ng\u1eafn ng\u0169i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u01b0u qu\u1ea3, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a l\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ea3 (th\u1ee7 \u00fd).<\/p>\n

                            [2]\u00a0Th\u1ee5c c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: 1- D\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i, \u0110\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee5c, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u01b0u qu\u1ea3, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n sinh thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c sinh \u00e1c, v\u00f4 k\u00fd sinh v\u00f4 k\u00fd. D\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee5c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n sinh qu\u1ea3 v\u00f4 k\u00fd (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 49, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 97, c\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa).<\/p>\n

                            [3]\u00a0\u201cH\u1ecfi: Trong kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi T\u00f4-m\u00ea-ly-s\u01a1n ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u do c\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi. Trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ban Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u? \u2013 T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu \u0111\u00e1p r\u1eb1ng: \u201cN\u1ebfu v\u1eadt do s\u0129 d\u1ee5ng qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ea3 g\u1ea7n sinh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u\u201d (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 21, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 106, h\u1ea1). \u201cSong, s\u1ed1 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u1ec1u do t\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o m\u00e0 sinh; t\u00ecnh s\u1ed1 th\u00ec h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y nghi\u1ec7p h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh do s\u1ee9c t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi\u201d (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, quy\u1ec3n 8, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 508, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). Lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y do c\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edb, n\u1ebfu c\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ebft th\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, quy\u1ec3n 134, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 692, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

                            [4]\u00a0H\u1ebft th\u1ea3y v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u do c\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p sinh (Th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt, quy\u1ec3n 8. Th\u1eadp-b\u1ea5t-thi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ea1o-nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea9m 116, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 304, h\u1ea1). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o c\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 l\u00e0 nh\u1edd nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t. Do nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean sang t\u1ecf m\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng. N\u00ean bi\u1ebft sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, quy\u1ec3n 7. H\u1ec7 nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea9m 103. \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 296, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

                            [5]\u00a0(Visuddimagga; Chap. 19 (p. 601) Warren: Buddhism inTranslation p 245, Thu\u1eadn Hi\u1ec7n, Thu\u1eadn Th\u1ee9, Thu\u1eadn H\u1eadu \u0110\u1ecbnh. L\u1ea1c T\u1ea1 nghi\u1ec7p (ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng sinh?). Ph\u1ea9m Lo\u1ea1i T\u00fac Lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 17 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 20, trang 718, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef3 b\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 14, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 599), C\u00e2u x\u00e1 lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 15. Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 8, Tam b\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea9m 106 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 297).<\/p>\n

                            [6]\u00a0L\u1ee5c Nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea9m: \u201cV\u1ec1 b\u00e1o nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, trong L\u1ee5c T\u00fac A T\u1ef3 \u0110\u00e0m, L\u00e2u kh\u1ed1i ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 22, trang 300, c\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa).<\/p>\n

                            [7]\u00a0Xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n nghi\u1ec7p (h\u1eafc, b\u1ea1ch v.v\u2026) Trung a h\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 27, \u0110\u1ea1t Ph\u1ea1m kinh (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 1, tr. 690, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). T\u1eadp D\u1ecb M\u00f4n T\u00fac lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 7 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, tr. 396, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng); B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 114 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 599, h\u1ea1); C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 17; Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt, quy\u1ec3n 8 (T\u1ee9 nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea9m 107).<\/p>\n

                            [8]\u00a0Visuddimagga XIX, p. 601 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u1ed1n nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. T\u1ee9c Sinh nghi\u1ec7p, Ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p, \u1ee8c ch\u1ebf nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ee9c khi nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3 sinh kh\u1edfi th\u00ec, \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 vui c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ee9c ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 khai ph\u00f3ng v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n

                            [9]\u00a0V\u1ec1 ba ch\u01b0\u1edbng, xin xem B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 115 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 519, trung tr\u1edf \u0111i); C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 17; Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt, quy\u1ec3n 8 (Tam ch\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea9m 106).<\/p>\n

                            [10]\u00a0Xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a D\u1eabn nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 M\u00e3n nghi\u1ec7p; B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 19 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 98, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng); nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, quy\u1ec3n 20 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 99, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng); C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 17.<\/p>\n

                            [11]\u00a0B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 99, trung); C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 17. Trong Yogssutra II, 13 (ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Vyasa) l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00f3i thu\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee5, b\u1ea5t thu\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p, lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u1ea5t, \u0111a (nghi\u1ec7p) v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5, \u0111a (sinh), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

                            [12]\u00a0N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng h\u0103n h\u00e1i tu \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh A la h\u00e1n th\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 ; n\u1ebfu h\u0103n h\u00e1i tu \u0111\u1ea1o A-la-h\u00e1n th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y (B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 20, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 109, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

                            Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI: T\u01b0\u1edbng Tr\u1ea1ng Lu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i<\/h4>\n

                            1- G\u1ee2I \u0110\u1ec0.<\/h5>\n

                            Tr\u1edf l\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1i l\u1ecbch tr\u1ecbch di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eddi qua \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

                            Tr\u01b0ng theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y th\u00ec d\u0129 nhi\u00ean th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, song s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00ec v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Trong cu\u1ed1n Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y; nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam.<\/p>\n

                            V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, tuy \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecb lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft th\u00ec, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, chia th\u00e0nh hai ph\u00e1i c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 sinh c\u01a1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

                            2- SINH H\u1eeeU, B\u1ea2N H\u1eeeU, T\u1eec H\u1eeeU.<\/h5>\n

                            Theo thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i, ta h\u00e3y l\u1ea5y c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n

                            Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e1c thai r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi sinh ra \u0111\u1eddi. N\u00f3i theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef, th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sinh h\u1eefu. \u1ede c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd hay v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u1ec1u tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ed9n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u01b0u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1n nghi\u1ec7p, t\u00edch t\u00ednh t\u00e2m l\u00fd hay d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u00e3 mang m\u1ed9t v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ed3i, c\u1ee9 xem s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong ti\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n h\u1eadu thi\u00ean, t\u00edch t\u1eadp kinh nghi\u1ec7m, do nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00e0nh t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c nhau, l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n h\u1eefu. \u0110\u1ebfn khi th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh h\u1ebft m\u00e0 g\u1ea7n ch\u1ebft, l\u00e0 t\u1eed h\u1eefu. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho c\u00e1c b\u1eadc A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma Lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 l\u00e0: c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi do nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc mang l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, hay trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, c\u1ee9 theo B\u00e0 sa (quy\u1ec3n 151, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 771, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) Th\u00ed c\u00e1c Th\u00ed D\u1ee5 S\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u1ea9u nhi\u00ean (t\u1ee9c do nghi\u1ec7p). Theo T\u00f4n Lu\u00e2n lu\u1eadn th\u00ec Thuy\u1ebft Gi\u1ea3 B\u1ed9 c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft phi th\u1eddi \u2013 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac \u2013 do nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn\u201d. C\u00e1i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 do nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ebftt \u0111\u1ecbnh. L\u1ea1i theo Lu\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u00ec V\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u01a1n B\u1ed9, Ngh\u0129a Th\u00e0nh B\u1ed9 v.v\u2026ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cH\u1ebft th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u do nghi\u1ec7p \u2013 K. V XVII, 3\u201d, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 ng\u1ea9u nhi\u00ean. Hai ph\u00e1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cv\u1edbi A-la-h\u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft ng\u1ea9u nhi\u00ean \u2013 K. V. XVII, 2\u201d. Tr\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9c, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ecda B\u1ed9 H\u1ec7 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 ch\u1ebft phi th\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, c\u1ee9 xem s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u do t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00e0 d\u1ecb \u0111oan, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5. \u0110i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 Thi Thi\u1ebft lu\u1eadn[1]\u00a0thu\u1ed9c H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9, Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn[2][3], c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ebft v\u00e0, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, v\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft; th\u1ee9 hai, v\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ph\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft (nh\u01b0 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n); th\u1ee9 ba, v\u00ec c\u1ea3 ph\u00fac v\u00e0 th\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft; th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, d\u00f9 ph\u00fac th\u1ecd ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft m\u00e0 b\u1ecf th\u1ecd nghi\u1ec7p, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec tai ho\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 ch\u1ebft. th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ch\u1ebft phi th\u1eddi. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong B\u00e0 sa quy\u1ec3n 151, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft y\u1ec3u v\u00e0 trung b\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0; kh\u00f4ng tu ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh (\u0111a d\u00e2m), kh\u00f4ng \u0103n \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u00fang l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u0129u nghe l\u1eddi th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh tai \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f9a ngh\u1ecbch ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c anh h\u00f9ng xa l\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n) v.v\u2026 Ch\u00fang h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh \u1edf D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 (Ph\u1eadt, Lu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu, th\u00e2n B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd mang thai c\u00e1c b\u1eadc tr\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf B\u1eafc ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt th\u1ee5 k\u00fd v.v\u2026) c\u00f2n th\u1eeba\u00a0nh\u1eadn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ednh ho\u1ea1nh t\u1eed (C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 5, B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 151, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 771, h\u1ea1). V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ecd m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u1ef1c b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0 ngh\u1ecb, cho n\u00ean m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. M\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ch\u1ebft phi th\u1eddi, v\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m sa v\u00e0o T\u00fac M\u1ec7nh lu\u1eadn, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, v\u1eabn th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nguy\u00ean h\u1eadu thi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 Nghi\u1ec7p lu\u1eadn tuy kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1p g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt: theo t\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. thu\u1ed9c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ecda B\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, hay A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma ph\u00e1p y\u1ebfu lu\u1eadn<\/p>\n

                            3- TRUNG H\u1eeeU.<\/h5>\n

                            Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, sinh m\u1ec7nh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng m\u00e0 m\u1ea5t th\u1ecd no\u00e3n th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eed v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 lu\u1eadc \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0: c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng gi\u1eefa t\u1eed v\u1ecb v\u00e0 sinh h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y tuy c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thuy\u1ebft minh, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n sinh th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thuy\u1ebft minh nh\u01b0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, n\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n sinh th\u00ec d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 do nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ebft r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong ba c\u00f5i ho\u1eb7c n\u0103m c\u00f5i. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f9y theo nghi\u1ec7p, bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0ong, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n sinh, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n s\u00e2u xa l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trung gian. Song, quan s\u00e1t d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n khi ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n sinh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh, t\u1eeb l\u00fac ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u00e1c thai v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i kh\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u1ea5y bao nhi\u00eau v\u00e0 dung m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 sinh ho\u1ea1t, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Chi\u1ebfu theo S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn l\u1eadp ri\u00eang c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ebf th\u00e2n ngo\u00e0i th\u00f4 th\u00e2n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, th\u00ec v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thuy\u1ebft minh r\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 V\u00f4 ng\u00e3 lu\u1eadn, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ebf th\u00e2n nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u1ee9 theo c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u00f3i, tuy c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i, th\u00ec ch\u00fang sinh th\u00e1c thai khi cha m\u1eb9 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ki\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ea1t-ph\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ea1t-ph\u1ecdc, th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 linh th\u1ec3, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trung gian gi\u1eefa l\u00fac ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 sinh th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ef1c tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 c\u0169ng chia th\u00e0nh hai ph\u00e1i, m\u1ed9t cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 trung gian th\u00e1i, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trung gian th\u00e1i v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa hai ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec3n khai nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn r\u1ea5t s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i. N\u00f3i theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef, trung gian th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 trung h\u1eefu v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trung h\u1eefu \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                            Chi\u1ebfu theo c\u00e1c v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9, H\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ed9 (T\u00f4n Lu\u00e2n lu\u1eadn), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ph\u00e2n bi\u00eat lu\u1eadn (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 69, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 356, h\u1ea1), ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Trung h\u1eefu. Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn (quy\u1ec3n 3, V\u00f4 trung \u1ea5m ph\u1ea9m 2) v\u00e0 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn (quy\u1ec3n 12, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 608, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng), \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn Trung h\u1eefu).<\/p>\n

                            C\u00f2n n\u1eefa, theo Lu\u1eadn s\u1ef1, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ecda B\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 V\u00f4 Trung h\u1eefu lu\u1eadn (K, V. VIII, 2). \u0110\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i tr\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 Trung h\u1eefu, theo Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m, l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng s\u01a1n b\u1ed9, Ch\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 (K. V, VIII, 2), nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, cho \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e0 sa lu\u1eadn v.v\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 Trung h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n

                            Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 V\u00f4 Trung h\u1eefu lu\u1eadn[4]. V\u00ec thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 Trung h\u1eefu\u00a0ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o gi\u1edbi, cho n\u00ean ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 Trung h\u1eefu\u00a0d\u1eabn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c Kh\u1ebf kinh m\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 Trung h\u1eefu, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 tr\u00edch vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u kinh l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00e0i ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 619, v\u00e0 C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 8, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 n\u00f3i ba c\u00f5i, n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (hay s\u00e1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng) nh\u01b0ng tuy\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i Trung h\u1eefu hay \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Trung h\u1eefu (K, V, VIII, 3). Trung h\u1eefu, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u1ec3, th\u00ec l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (x\u00fac) m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u00ec l\u00e0 sinh h\u1eefu ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i trung h\u1eefu l\u00e0m chi. C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec h\u01b0 v\u00f4. B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o, ngo\u00e0i sinh h\u1eefu ra kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp th\u00eam trung h\u1eefu n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e2m v\u00e0o ch\u00e2n, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111au \u0111\u1ea7u, tuy \u1edf ch\u00e2n, t\u00e2m ch\u01b0a ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng sao (Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt quy\u1ec3n 3, V\u00f4 trung \u1ea5m ph\u1ea9m 25)? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Trung h\u1eefu\u00a0lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong Lu\u1eadn s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 C\u00e2u x\u00e1 (quy\u1ec3n 9) c\u00f2n d\u1eabn d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t lu\u1eadn. Theo h\u1ecd th\u00ec t\u1eeb c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y di chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi b\u00f3ng, n\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch th\u00ec gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi kia c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp ra v\u1ecb li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Hu\u1ed1ng n\u1eefa, theo kinh n\u00f3i th\u00ec nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u1ef1c \u00e1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc, c\u1ee9 xem th\u1ebf th\u00ec th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 trung gian th\u00e1i. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n c\u00e1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u1ea5t ban v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Trung h\u1eefu. N\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0ytr\u00ean v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn[5]\u00a0th\u00ec nh\u01b0 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 12[6]\u00a0c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ta n\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111em nguy\u00ean l\u00fd lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong kinh, nh\u01b0 \u201cc\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m, \u1ea5m n\u00e0y h\u1ebft, \u1ea5m kh\u00e1c n\u1ed1i theo\u201d chi\u1ebfu theo v\u0103n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 trung gian \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Song, theo s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n ngh\u0129a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y.<\/p>\n

                            \u0110\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 Trung h\u1eefu th\u00ec c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 li\u00ean h\u1ec7, v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf, m\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng v\u1eabn l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c kinh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Th\u1ea5t h\u1eefu kinh[7], Ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1t ph\u1ecdc kinh[8], Ch\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e3 t\u1ed9c kinh[9], v\u00e0 Ng\u0169 b\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n kinh[10]\u00a0v.v\u2026 T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, mu\u1ed1n l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u kinh m\u00e0 b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i du h\u1ed3n th\u1ec3. Theo ch\u1ed7 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ch\u00e2n \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean n\u00f3i r\u00f5 qua v\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                            Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Trung h\u1eefu. T\u00f9y theo c\u00e1c c\u00f5i m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 sinh c\u1ee7a Trung h\u1eefu mang h\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ee5 sinh l\u00e0m ng\u1ef1a th\u00ec mang h\u00ecnh ng\u1ef1a, l\u00e0m tr\u00e2u th\u00ec mang h\u00ecnh tr\u00e2u v.v\u2026 T\u1ef1u trung, Trung h\u1eefu th\u1ee5 sinh c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi th\u00ec sinh h\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb n\u0103m, s\u00e1u tu\u1ed5i, c\u00e1c c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 (Trung h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ee7 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai t\u01b0\u1edbng; Trung h\u1eefu \u1edf S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi th\u00ec h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 B\u1ea3n h\u1eefu, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7c \u00e1o; \u1edf V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Trung h\u1eefu). Song, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Trung h\u1eefu, v\u00ec c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nh\u1ecf nhi\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0 t\u1ebf th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n th\u00f4ng hay c\u00e1c b\u1eadc t\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nghi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhanh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u00fai s\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng gian. Nh\u01b0ng Trung h\u1eefu mang c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 trong th\u1eddi gian bao l\u00e2u,v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi \u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian th\u00ec gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1eadc lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecb lu\u1eadn. B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 70, b\u1ea3o Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu cho t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n \u1ea5y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Sinh h\u1eefu th\u00ec trong Trung h\u1eefu c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng, ch\u1ebft. Thi\u1ebft ma \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111a th\u00ec b\u1ea3o nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u00edn ng\u00e0y. C\u00f2n \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i cho l\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 316, c\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa; C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 9). Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Trung h\u1eefu l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 Trung h\u1eefu c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng (t\u00ecm m\u00f9i th\u01a1m). Ki\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ea1t-ph\u1ecdc tuy l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ed7ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ngh\u0129a du h\u1ed3n, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gandha-arv, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra Ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn. Th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eef h\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng Trung h\u1eefu l\u00e2u hay mau l\u00e0 do \u1edf nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 duy\u00ean, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 con g\u00e1i th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i cha th\u00ec c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ebfn[11], \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eb9 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y gh\u00e9t; c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 con trai th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eb9 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cha c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y gh\u00e9t, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u01a1i an tr\u1ee5: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e1c thai. L\u00fac \u1ea5y, do s\u1ef1 chi\u00eau c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng d\u00f9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch xa ngh\u00ecn v\u1ea1n d\u1eadm \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 trong nh\u00e1y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i; kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c g\u00ec l\u00e0m tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Song, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: th\u00e2n Trung h\u1eefu c\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 th\u00e2n B\u1ea3n h\u1eefu, hay n\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, Th\u00ed D\u1ee5 S\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n, cho n\u00ean Trung h\u1eefu c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 69, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 359, c\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa). Nh\u01b0ng, H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o: gi\u1edbi (c\u00f5i), th\u00fa (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng), x\u1ee9 (n\u01a1i ch\u1ed7) \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n (B\u00e0 sa, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean; C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 9, b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng; \u201cTrung h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n\u201d). B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 70 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27,trang 360, c\u1ed9t tr\u00ean) n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p cha m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 tuy c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m cha m\u1eb9, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi h\u1ecd d\u1eddi xa ch\u1ed7 \u1edf th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00ec li\u1ec1n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 cha m\u1eb9 kh\u00e1c h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p k\u1ebft sinh. N\u1ebfu v\u1edbi cha c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n, v\u1edbi m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 kia t\u00ednh d\u00f9 c\u00f3 trinh khi\u1ebft, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn n\u0103m gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 uy nghi \u0111i n\u1eefa c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng kh\u00e1c h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 cho Trung h\u1eefu c\u00f3 n\u01a1i k\u1ebft sinh ngay. N\u1ebfu v\u1edbi m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n, v\u1edbi cha kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng kia t\u00ednh d\u00f9 hi\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn n\u0103m gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 uy nghi \u0111i n\u1eefa c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 kh\u00e1c h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 cho Trung h\u1eefu c\u00f3 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft sinh ngay\u201d. Tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam, th\u00ec cha m\u1eb9 duy ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c m\u00e0 giao h\u1ed9i, trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u minh s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng r\u1ed3i. Ti\u00eau B\u00e1i \u00c2n H\u00e0o Uy Nh\u0129 b\u1ea3o trong thanh ni\u00ean nam n\u1eef ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u1ed3n v\u00ec con ch\u00e1u m\u00e0 th\u00f4i,c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng r\u1ea5t l\u00fd th\u00fa. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00fac m\u1edbi th\u00e1c thai l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ee5 sinh. C\u00e1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn khi xu\u1ea5t sinh, do ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec tr\u1ea3i qua n\u0103m giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1edf trong thai. N\u0103m giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ea5y l\u00e0: 1- Y\u1ebft-l\u1ea1t-gi\u00e1m (hai gi\u1ecdt tinh huy\u1ebft k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i), t\u1ee9c b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u; 2- Ng\u1ea1ch-b\u1ed9-\u0111\u00e0m (th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5t nh\u1ecf), t\u1ee9c b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 hai; 3- B\u1ebf-thi (m\u00e1u, th\u1ecbt), t\u1ee9c b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 ba; 4- Ki\u1ec7n-nam (th\u00e0nh th\u1ecbt c\u1ee9ng), t\u1ee9c b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 t\u01b0; 5- B\u00e1t-la-xa-kh\u01b0 (th\u00e0nh chi ti\u1ebft), t\u1ee9c b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 n\u0103m. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh d\u1ea7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi xu\u1ea5t sinh. Theo t\u00f4i, thuy\u1ebft n\u0103m giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi y h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o b\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 thu d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t sinh n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, do nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e2n t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau, tao ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ebft \u0111i v\u00e0 sinh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

                            *<\/p>\n

                            [1]\u00a0B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 20 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 103, trung) v\u00e0 C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 5 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

                            [2]\u00a0Visuddhimagga VIII. P, 229.<\/p>\n

                            [3]\u00a0Compendium of Philosophy, p, 119.<\/p>\n

                            [4]\u00a0Lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 Trung h\u1eefu lu\u1eadn th\u1ea5y trong Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt quy\u1ec3n 3, V\u00f4 trung \u1ea5m ph\u1ea9m 25; C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 8, kinh T\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ee5; v\u00e0 B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 69 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr\u1ea1ng 56, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

                            [5]\u00a0Trong \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean hay c\u00e1c h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh h\u00f3a sinh, ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee5 nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 th\u1ee5 sinh ch\u1ee7 V\u00f4 Trung h\u1eefu, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 sa. Nh\u01b0ng, Nh7ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i B\u00e0 sa l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, cho n\u00ean V\u00f4 Trung h\u1eefu ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n trong V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i \u2013 B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 69 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 358, h\u1ea1); C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 9 (K, V, VIII, 2).<\/p>\n

                            [6]\u00a0Th\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng di\u1ec7t r\u1ed3i th\u00ec th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u sinh ngay, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00f3ng di chuy\u1ec3n th\u00ec m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi theo, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi di chuy\u1ec3n th\u00ec b\u00f3ng theo, gi\u1eefa b\u00f3ng v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trung gian. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t th\u00ec s\u01a1 th\u1ee9c sinh li\u1ec1n (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, tr. 608, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

                            [7]\u00a0Xem Tr\u01b0\u1eddng-a-h\u00e0m, T\u1eadp b\u00e1o ph\u00e1p kinh, quy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 236, trung.<\/p>\n

                            [8]\u00a0Xem Trung a h\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 64, Tr\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf kinh, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 769.<\/p>\n

                            [9]\u00a0Xem Trung a h\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 37, Ph\u1ea1m ch\u00ed a di\u1ebfp h\u00f2a kinh, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 666, c\u1ed9t tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                            [10]\u00a0Xem T\u1ea1p-a-h\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 27, Kinh th\u1ee9 736 v\u00e0 740 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 3, tr. 196); Tr\u01b0\u1eddng-a-h\u00e0m, quy\u1ec3n 3, Ch\u00fang t\u1eadp kinh (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 1, tr. 52, c\u1ed9t d\u01b0\u1edbi).<\/p>\n

                            [11]\u00a0B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 70, c\u00f3 n\u00f3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: \u201cL\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, Ki\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ea1t-ph\u1ecdc theo m\u1ed9t trong hai t\u00e2m m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 y\u00eau hay gh\u00e9t\u201d.<\/p>\n

                            Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII: H\u00ecnh Th\u1ee9c Lu\u1eadn H\u1ed3i v\u00e0 Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi Lu\u1eadn<\/h4>\n

                            1- L\u1edcI T\u1ef0A.<\/h5>\n

                            T\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n th\u1ebf l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ec3 cho ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i, tuy t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1eb7t ra qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n thuy\u1ebft minh gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn Nam truy\u1ec1n hay B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, \u0111\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng thuy\u1ebft M\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean[1]. Chi\u1ebfu theo Nam truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 trong s\u00e1u b\u1ed9 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m, trong thuy\u1ebft 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 \u00fd ngh\u0129a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma ph\u00e1p y\u1ebfu lu\u1eadn, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft Tam th\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u00f9ng. L\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfu theo B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1t Tr\u00ed \u2013 B\u00e0 sa v\u1ec1 sau (Ph\u00e1t tr\u00ed, quy\u1ec3n 1, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 6, trang 921, trung; B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 23 \u2013 26), gi\u00e1o l\u00fd 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, tuy t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, tuy c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

                            2- DUY\u00caN KH\u1edeI LU\u1eacN NH\u1ea4T BAN.<\/h5>\n

                            Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi lu\u1eadn v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1i ti\u00eau x\u00ed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1i kh\u00e1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi[2], n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t, l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a do quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t sinh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh) \u0111\u1ec1u do nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, tr\u1eeb ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc quan h\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0: \u201cC\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia c\u00f3, v\u1eadt n\u00e0y sinh n\u00ean v\u1eadt kia sinh; c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng,v\u1eadt n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t th\u00ec v\u1eadt kia di\u1ec7t\u201d. T\u1ee9c d\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1i kia, c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y sinh t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c sinh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p quan li\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u00dd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, trong A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma[3]\u00a0tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, th\u00ec h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

                            1- Nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 trong kho\u1ea3ng h\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, nh\u01b0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi quan \u201cduy\u00ean th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 danh s\u1eafc, duy\u00ean danh s\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c\u201d. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o danh s\u1eafc, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a danh s\u1eafc d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1i quan h\u1ec7 \u00fd t\u1ed3n \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. Do \u0111\u00f3, duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u1edf th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i \u201cph\u00e1p t\u1eafc y t\u1ed3n v\u00e0o v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 sinh t\u1ed3n\u201d, \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

                            2- \u00dd ngh\u0129a th\u1eddi gian t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 duy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 sinh, trong Ni Kha Da \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i qua s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                            Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u1edf trong v\u1eadt quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ch\u1ee7 b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u1eadt \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc; c\u00f2n duy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 sinh th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi v\u1eadt \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch b\u1ed9, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 v\u1eadt h\u1eadu ki\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, th\u00ec nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, m\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 duy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 sinh ph\u00e1p. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y,\u00a0Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m, trong Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 17, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 Tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecba, \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft minh \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 duy\u00ean-d\u0129-sinh-ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                            Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m duy\u00ean, duy\u00ean sinh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p do c\u00e1c duy\u00ean sinh \u2013 Paticcasamupp\u00e0do ti daccayadhamm\u00e0 Veditabha. Pati-ccasamupp\u00e0do dhamma ti tehi tehi paccayehi nibbattadhamma (p. 518).<\/p>\n

                            Song \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 hai, tuy c\u00f3 khu bi\u1ec7t duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 duy\u00ean d\u0129 tinh, nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 khu bi\u1ec7t v\u1eadt hay s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 theo c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t (ho\u1eb7c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng) m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Do v\u1eady, c\u00f3 khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 n\u00f3i tuy\u00a0l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, nh\u01b0ng, \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 duy\u00ean d\u0129 sinh. ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu khi duy\u00ean sanh s\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c, th\u00ec danh s\u1eafc l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, m\u00e0 th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 duy\u00ean d\u0129 sinh. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu, trong Ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i t\u00fac lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 6 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 715, c\u1ed9t d\u01b0\u1edbi), n\u00f3i: \u201cTh\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1p? \u2013 L\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 d\u0129 ph\u00e1p? \u2013 L\u00e0 t\u1ea5c c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi\u201d\u00a0[4].<\/p>\n

                            L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 23 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 118, c\u1ed9t tr\u00ean), \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 duy\u00ean d\u0129 sinh ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ebft minh, xin bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                            \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean:<\/p>\n

                            Hi\u1ebfp T\u00f4n Gi\u1ea3 n\u00f3i: V\u00f4 minh duy ch\u1ec9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1p, l\u00e3o t\u1eed duy ch\u1ec9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 duy\u00ean d\u0129 ph\u00e1p, c\u00f2n m\u01b0\u1eddi chi gi\u1eefa c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1p, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 duy\u00ean d\u0129 sinh ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

                            Di\u1ec7u \u00c2m T\u00f4n Gi\u1ea3, b\u1ea3o: hai chi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1p, hai chi v\u1ecb lai ch\u1ec9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 duy\u00ean d\u0129 sinh ph\u00e1p, c\u00f2n t\u00e1m chi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1p, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 duy\u00ean d\u0129 sinh ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

                            V\u1ecdng M\u00e3n T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3, n\u00f3i: c\u00f3 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1p, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i duy\u00ean d\u0129 sinh ph\u00e1p, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, v\u1ecb lai ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 duy\u00ean d\u0129 sinh ph\u00e1p, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1p, qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, A-la-h\u00e1n, t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 duy\u00ean d\u0129 sinh ph\u00e1p, tr\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, A-la-h\u00e1n, t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, c\u00f2n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1p ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i duy\u00ean d\u0129 sinh ph\u00e1p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

                            Th\u1ebf H\u1eefu T\u00f4n Gi\u1ea3 th\u00ec b\u1ea3o:<\/p>\n

                            Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi\u00a0:\u00a0nh\u00e2n\u00a0:\u00a0h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/p>\n

                            ——————————————————–<\/p>\n

                            Duy\u00ean d\u0129 sinh\u00a0:\u00a0h\u1eefu nh\u00e2n :\u00a0h\u1eefu h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p<\/p>\n

                            Sinh\u00a0:\u00a0kh\u1edfi\u00a0:\u00a0n\u0103ng t\u00e1c<\/p>\n

                            ——————————————————–<\/p>\n

                            h\u1eefu sinh :\u00a0h\u1eefu kh\u1edfi\u00a0:\u00a0h\u1eefu n\u0103ng t\u00e1c<\/p>\n

                            \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00ec n\u00f3i: chuy\u1ec3n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1p, t\u00f9y chuy\u1ec3n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 duy\u00ean d\u0129 sinh ph\u00e1p. Gi\u00e1c Thi\u00ean t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 b\u1ea3o: khi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p sinh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p sinh r\u1ed3i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 duy\u00ean d\u0129 sinh ph\u00e1p. T\u1eadp d\u1ecb m\u00f4n t\u00fac lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p u\u1ea9n t\u00fac lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng: N\u1ebfu v\u00f4 minh sinh h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, an tr\u1ee5, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1p lo\u1ea1n, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 duy\u00ean d\u0129 sinh ph\u00e1p; n\u1ebfu v\u00f4 minh sinh h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng an tr\u1ee5 m\u00e0 t\u1ea1p lo\u1ea1n, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 duy\u00ean d\u0129 sinh ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

                            3- C\u00c1C LO\u1ea0I DUY\u00caN KH\u1edeI TH\u1ebe H\u1ec6.<\/h5>\n

                            Tr\u1edf l\u00ean l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec3 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi quan nh\u1ea5t ban. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi quan, do nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng quan s\u00e1t kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t sinh nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi quan: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? V\u00ec, n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a quan h\u1ec7 th\u00ec c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

                            Chi\u1ebfu theo Ni Kha Da, c\u00e1i h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 M\u01b0\u1eddi hai chi \u2013 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ebft Ti\u1ec3u duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, ch\u00ednh c\u0169ng do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ra. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng X\u00edch Chi\u1ebfu Tr\u00ed Thi\u1ec7n[5]\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3n ng\u1ea1i \u0111em nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t k\u00ea duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hc\u00e9p trong c\u00e1c kinh \u0111\u1ec3 suy c\u1ee9u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Song, th\u1eadt ra, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma thu\u1edf x\u01b0a lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed3i. v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 n\u00f3i qua trong cu\u1ed1n Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn, B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 24, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft M\u1ed9t duy\u00ean, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft M\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                            M\u1ed9t duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi).<\/p>\n

                            Hai duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3).<\/p>\n

                            Ba duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (tam th\u1ebf, hay ho\u1eb7c, nghi\u1ec7p, s\u1ef1).<\/p>\n

                            B\u1ed1n duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (vo minh, h\u00e0nh, sinh, l\u00e3o t\u1eed).<\/p>\n

                            N\u0103m duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (\u00e1i, th\u1ee7, h\u1eefu, sinh, l\u00e3o t\u1eed).<\/p>\n

                            S\u00e1u duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (trong ba \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3).<\/p>\n

                            B\u1ea3y duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (v\u00f4 minh, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c, danh s\u1eafc, l\u1ee5ac x\u1ee9, x\u00fac, th\u1ee5).<\/p>\n

                            T\u00e1m duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (th\u1ee9c, danh s\u1eafc, l\u1ee5c x\u1ee9, x\u00fac, th\u1ee5, \u00e1i, th\u1ee7, h\u1eefu).<\/p>\n

                            Ch\u00edn duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (t\u1eeb trong 12 chi, tr\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh, h\u00e0nh, l\u1ee5c x\u1ee9, nh\u01b0 kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean Ph\u00e1p M\u00f4n).<\/p>\n

                            M\u01b0\u1eddi duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (nh\u01b0 Th\u00e0nh D\u1ee5 kinh, thi\u1ebfu v\u00f4 minh, h\u00e0nh).<\/p>\n

                            M\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (tr\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 11 chi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 trong Tri S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i).
                            \n(B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 24, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 122, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng; Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd, quy\u1ec3n 25, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 29, trang 480, c\u1ed9t d\u01b0\u1edbi).<\/p>\n

                            N\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfu theo lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00ec, Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m, trong Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn, b\u1ea3o Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n th\u1ee9 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi: 1- Thuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e3o t\u1eed. 2- Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi n\u00f3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i (t\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1ee5). 3- Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i (l\u00e3o t\u1eed) tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u. 4- Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u (t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c \u00e1i, th\u1ee5, x\u00fac, l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp, danh s\u1eafc, h\u00e0nh, v\u00f4 minh).[6]<\/p>\n

                            \u00a0Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng theo Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m, Ph\u1eadt b\u1ea3o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi theo hai l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng: 1- t\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh; 2- t\u1eeb h\u1eefu \u00e1i. Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn tr\u00edch d\u1eabn:<\/p>\n

                            N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u! C\u00e1i g\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4 minh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft; tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4 minh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00f4 minh, t\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh c\u00f3 v\u1eadt ph\u00e1t sinh sau. C\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u! Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec bi\u1ebft v\u00f4 minh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng y (Vism, p. 525).<\/p>\n

                            V\u1ec1 h\u1eefu \u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u v\u0103n h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u v\u0103n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n (Mrs. Rhys Davids) Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ebfn (p. nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, Footnote). V\u1ec3 ch\u1ed7 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 th\u00ec tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u kinh v\u0103n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u1edf v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m. N\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb th\u1ee9c th\u00ec kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi quan c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i. Theo Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00ec: \u201cL\u1ea5y v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u, trong lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i lu\u1eadn, l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u00e1c th\u00fa m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0y nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa\u201d (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean). D\u00f9 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t v\u1eabn l\u00e0 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi quan c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                            Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: c\u00e1i th\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi n\u00e0y, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd, tuy n\u00f3i M\u01b0\u1eddi hai chi, nh\u01b0n g\u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, trong cu\u1ed1n Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111i s\u00e2u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00fac m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u1ed3i t\u01b0 duy d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 chuy\u00ean suy t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb l\u00e3o t\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, sau c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 minh, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao h\u00e0m trong \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ebfn khi gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd th\u00ec, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 quy k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi hai chi.<\/p>\n

                            4- \u00dd NGH\u0128A 12 NH\u00c2N DUY\u00caN C\u1ee6A PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O NGUY\u00caN TH\u1ee6Y.<\/h5>\n

                            Chi s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng quy k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i th\u00ec c\u00f3 12 chi. Song m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, Ph\u1eadt ng\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e2y b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1 quan s\u00e1t l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch chi\u1ec1u (L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, v\u00e0o canh m\u1ed9t, quan s\u00e1t duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch chi\u1ec1u (XVII, p. 519). Nh\u01b0ng Ni Kha Da thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn cho ai c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Trong cu\u1ed1n Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 sau, nh\u01b0ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a bao h\u00e0m trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y th\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft minh theo ba l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

                            Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, chuy\u00ean t\u1ea7m c\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, n\u00f3i r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh qu\u00e1 c\u1ee7a l\u00e3o t\u1eed. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ngh\u1ecbch quan theo duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kinh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd, suy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

                            Th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean, l\u1ea5y quan h\u1ec7 ho\u00e0n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, m\u00e0 chuy\u00ean l\u1ea5y quan h\u1ec7 tung l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1t sinh, thuy\u1ebft minh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh quan li\u00ean c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch theo thu\u1eadn quan (anuloma desana, t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n quan).<\/p>\n

                            Th\u1ee9 ba, l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh theo ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i trong tam th\u1ebf. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi quan thu\u1ed9c Hoa nghi\u00eam hay B\u00e1t nh\u00e3 h\u1ec7; th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi quan thu\u1ed9c Duy th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7; th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean tuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Tam th\u1ebf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng Tr\u00f9ng Nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ea3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00f4i d\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y m\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

                            Nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m nay (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh n\u0103m th\u1ee9 14), \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd theo hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1ng ngh\u1ecb. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a B\u00e1c s\u0129 V\u0169 T\u0129nh v\u1ebf gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u0111\u0103ng trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng, s\u1ed1 ra th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang, n\u0103m \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, th\u1ee9 14 (thu v\u00e0o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u, quy\u1ec3n 2), v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 X\u00edch Chi\u1ec3u \u0111\u0103ng trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o, c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1 th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang (T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, 2 \u2013 1). Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a B\u00e1c s\u0129 V\u0169 T\u0129nh cho r\u1eb1ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean chuy\u00ean l\u1ea5y v\u00f4 minh, t\u1ee9c v\u00f4 tri, l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u00f5 c\u00e1i ch\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, trong \u0111\u00f3, th\u00eam s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1eddi gian ph\u00e1t sinh, th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 xa h\u1eb3n c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean \u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. C\u00f2n gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 X\u00edch chi\u1ec3u th\u00ec, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, cho r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean \u00fd c\u1ee7a 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean v\u1eabn l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u00f4i. S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai \u00f4ng tr\u00ean v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 chi li qu\u00e1 kh\u1ea3o ch\u1ee9ng; kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i quan c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i ch\u00e2n \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a V\u0169 T\u1ec9nh. Nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1eeb duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi quan ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m l\u00fd m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3i r\u00f5 ch\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 ho\u00e0nh v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 tung m\u00e0, trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh quan h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, khi thuy\u1ebft minh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng danh t\u1eeb duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, m\u1eaft l\u1ea5y s\u1eafc l\u00e0m duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh danh t\u1eeb th\u00ec t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, thuy\u1ebft minh duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, nh\u01b0 danh t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf h\u00e0m ng\u1ee5 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1eddi gian trong \u0111\u00f3. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t sau n\u00e0y, nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch 12 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a Tam Th\u1ebf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng Tr\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian, hay khai tri\u1ec3n \u00fd ngh\u0129a thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1? N\u1ebfu B\u00e1c s\u0129 V\u0169 T\u1ec9nh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m) \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ch\u00e2n \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. Hu\u1ed1ng n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t theo m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec e r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a B\u00e1c s\u0129 V\u0169 T\u1ec9nh h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n sinh quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt (nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a V\u0169 T\u1ec9nh l\u00e0: 1- L\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri lu\u1eadn; 2- L\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 12 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 12 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt? 3- Cho v\u00f4 minh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. 4- Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng thu\u1ea7n nhi\u00ean). T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a B\u00e1c s\u0129 V\u0169 T\u1ec9nh duy ch\u1ec9 coi thuy\u1ebft Tam th\u1ebf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng Tr\u00f9ng hay thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ecb Th\u1ebf Nh\u1ea5t Tr\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi lu\u1eadn. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1ea5y tuy c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef – ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 duy\u00ean \u2013 th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t \u00fd ngh\u0129a d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c duy\u00ean hay nghi\u1ec7p duy\u00ean r\u1ed3i, cho n\u00ean, r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 X\u00edch Chi\u1ec3u. S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u1ebf h\u1ee3p \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Ni Kha Da. Theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng, \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh l\u00e0, c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1ea5y duy ch\u1ec9 theo h\u1ec7 l\u1ec7 th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i lu\u1eadn. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn quan h\u1ec7 ho\u00e0nh, v\u00e0, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, th\u00ec cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111i n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y.<\/p>\n

                            Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t theo ba \u0111i\u1ec3m quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng, quan h\u1ec7 khai tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay t\u00f4i v\u1eabn tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ee9 hai v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u00ednh t\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu suy c\u1ee9u ra th\u00ec t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 duy\u00ean d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c th\u1ee9 ba, tuy thuy\u1ebft minh c\u00f3 h\u01a1i qu\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 di\u1ec7u ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi quan, d\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Duy th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u00f3; t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

                            5- DUY\u00caN KH\u1edeI QUAN C\u1ee6A A-T\u1ef2-\u0110\u1ea0T-MA.<\/h5>\n

                            Tr\u1edf l\u00ean, m\u1edbi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi quan c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u00ec duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf tr\u00ean, duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, v\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ebft minh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean th\u00ec, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ngh\u1ecbch quan, \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y thu\u1eadn quan l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, c\u00f2n ngh\u1ecbch quan, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. M\u00e0 theo s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t thu\u1eadn quan, c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y lu\u1eadn l\u00fd hay ph\u00e1t sinh l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7. Trong khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y thuy\u1ebft 12 chi c\u0169ng c\u00f3, m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft 9 chi, 10 chi c\u0169ng c\u00f3. \u0110\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u00ec hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u1ea5y 12 chi l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng t\u1eafc duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, c\u00f2n thuy\u1ebft 9 chi, 10 chi th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft 12 chi; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u1edbn (v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 10 chi, 12 chi xem B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 24, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 124, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 Visuddhimagga, chap. 17). T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi quan c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e3o t\u1eed, trong 12 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ea5y, n\u00ean c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, 12 chi thu\u1eadn quan l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t sinh s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tuy c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u01a1i chi ti\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd.<\/p>\n

                            Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y t\u00f9y theo th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec3u b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t th\u00ec d\u00f9ng 12 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh quan h\u1ec7 sinh kh\u1edfi d\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh, trong \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u1ecb lai, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u1ecb lai, kh\u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c chi: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u1edbn trong s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n quan h\u1ec5 d\u1ecb th\u1eddi (lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i lu\u1eadn), c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau. Nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p U\u1ea9n T\u00fac Lu\u1eadn (quy\u1ec3n 11, ph\u1ea9m Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 505, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng), X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn (quy\u1ec3n 12, Duy\u00ean ph\u1ea9m, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 606, trung \u2013 T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-b\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 (p. 135), \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thuy\u1ebft minh \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00ec nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1t tr\u00ed lu\u1eadn, \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef3 b\u00e0 sa lu\u1eadn, C\u00e2u x\u00e1, lu\u1eadn; v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec nh\u01b0 Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 17), A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma ph\u00e1p y\u1ebfu lu\u1eadn (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8) v.v\u2026 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thuy\u1ebft minh thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau.<\/p>\n

                            6- S\u1ef0 GI\u1ea2I TH\u00cdCH V\u1ec0 12 NH\u00c2N DUY\u00caN C\u1ee6A A-T\u1ef2-\u0110\u1ea0T-MA TH\u1edcI \u0110\u1ea6U.<\/h5>\n

                            B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u. Trong Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn, th\u00ec nh\u01b0 T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-b\u0103ng-gi\u00e0[7]\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n trong T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-b\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 qu\u00e1 gi\u1ea3n y\u1ebfu, nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p U\u1ea9n T\u00fac Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-b\u0103ng-gi\u00e0. Nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed7i chi duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y chung v\u1eabn coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, mu\u1ed1n thuy\u1ebft minh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1eddi nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed do v\u00f4 minh m\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh th\u00ec l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 minh? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 minh c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tri, do v\u00f4 tri\u00a0[8]\u00a0n\u00e0y m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o kh\u1edfi ph\u00fac nghi\u1ec7p, phi ph\u00fac nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p. V\u00f4 minh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u1edfi ba nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ra v\u00f4 minh duy\u00ean hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh (X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn v\u0103n). L\u1ea1i do b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh; ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, thi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh sinh c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh sinh c\u00f5i V\u00f4 s\u1eafc, t\u1ee9c v\u00f4 minh duy\u00ean v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ebf, l\u1ea1i th\u00eam duy\u00ean h\u00e0nh v\u1ecb lai, tr\u1ea3i qua hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i,v\u1ecb lai \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh. \u0110\u1ebfn \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u00e0nh duy\u00ean th\u1ee9c, th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean danh s\u1eafc, danh s\u1eafc duy\u00ean l\u1ee5c x\u1ee9 th\u00ec c\u0169ng qua hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. Ph\u00e1p U\u1ea9n T\u00fac Lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed. Tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c chi t\u1eeb l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp, x\u00fac, th\u1ee5, \u00e1i, th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 h\u1eefu ch\u1ec9 thuy\u1ebft minh \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb lai. L\u1ea1i t\u1eeb h\u1eefu[9]\u00a0\u0111\u1ebfn sinh th\u00ec b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-b\u0103ng-gi\u00e0[10], X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn hay Ph\u00e1p U\u1ea9n T\u00fac Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u coi n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c sau khi ch\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3mn\u00e0y, c\u1ea3 ba b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed.N\u1ebfu \u0111em l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00ec 12 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi quan c\u1ee7a X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p U\u1ea9n T\u00fac Lu\u1eadn (trong \u0111\u00f3, bao h\u00e0m T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-b\u0103ng-gi\u00e0) s\u1ebd l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

                            T\u01b0\u01a1ng quan hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n<\/p>\n

                            V\u00f4 minh \u2013 h\u00e0nh<\/p>\n

                            T\u01b0\u01a1ng quan hi\u1ec7n v\u1ecb<\/p>\n

                            T\u01b0\u01a1ng quan hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n<\/p>\n

                            H\u00e0nh – th\u1ee9c<\/p>\n

                            T\u01b0\u01a1ng quan hi\u1ec7n v\u1ecb<\/p>\n

                            T\u01b0ong quan hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n<\/p>\n

                            Danh s\u1eafc – l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp<\/p>\n

                            T\u01b0\u01a1ng quan hi\u1ec7n v\u1ecb<\/p>\n

                            L\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp \u2013 X\u00fac – Th\u1ee5 – \u00c1i – Th\u1ee7<\/p>\n

                            H\u1eefu \u2026\u2026. T\u01b0\u01a1ng quan hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n<\/p>\n

                            H\u1eefu \u2013 Sinh \u2026\u2026t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan hi\u1ec7n v\u1ecb<\/p>\n

                            Sinh \u2013 L\u00e3o t\u1eef<\/p>\n

                            T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111em quan h\u1ec7 tung v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 ho\u00e0nh giao thoa v\u1edbi nhau l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh \u00fd ngh\u0129a 12 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                            7- \u0110\u1eb6C BI\u1ec6T V\u1ec0 HAI M\u01af\u01a0I B\u1ed0N DUY\u00caN.<\/h5>\n

                            Theo thuy\u1ebft Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh M\u01b0\u1eddi hai duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m thu\u1ed9c lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecba trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 17. \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u00f3 Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y 24 duy\u00ean l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 12 chi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a duy\u00ean n\u00e0o. V\u00ec mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang n\u00ean s\u1ee3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1i phi\u1ec1n t\u1ecfa, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thuy\u1ebft minh t\u1eeb 24 duy\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Hai b\u1ed1n duy\u00ean l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

                            1- Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 \u00fd ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c, l\u1ea5y tham, s\u00e2n, si, v\u00f4 tham, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n, v\u00f4 si g\u1ea1o l\u00e0 s\u00e1u nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma ph\u00e1p y\u1ebfu lu\u1eadn 3-4 (Compendium of Philosophy, p. 113).<\/p>\n

                            2- S\u1edf duy\u00ean duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                            3- T\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m: \u201cNgh\u0129a l\u00e0, c\u00e1i g\u00ec ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng khi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, l\u00e0 T\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean\u201d (Vism, p. 534). C\u00f3 khi ch\u1ec9 cho b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1p d\u1ee5c, tinh ti\u1ebfn, t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy (Vism, p. 534), m\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00e0: b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o, l\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p do t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u00e1t sinh l\u00e0m duy\u00ean t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c (Vism, p. 534).<\/p>\n

                            4 \u2013 5- V\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean, \u0110\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean, Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn b\u1ea3o c\u1ea3 hai duy\u00ean n\u00e0y mang c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m l\u00e0m duy\u00ean d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u00fd gi\u1edbi c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean (Vism, p. 534, Tikapatthana).<\/p>\n

                            6- C\u00e2u sinh duy\u00ean, hay \u0110\u1ed3ng sinh duy\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e8n v\u00e0 \u00e1nh sang l\u00e0 duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh. Nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh (th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng) h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c) h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea5t ly, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00e2u sinh duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                            7- H\u1ed7 vi duy\u00ean hay T\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 duy\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 hai c\u00e2y g\u1eady d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nhau m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, hay nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n v\u00f4 s\u1eafc c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o duy\u00ean n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                            8- Y duy\u00ean, l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng nhi\u1ebfp tr\u00ec, hay t\u01b0\u1edbng y ch\u1ec9, ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 y duy\u00ean, Nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n v\u00f4 s\u1eafc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 trong duy\u00ean n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                            9- C\u1eadn y duy\u00ean. \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi y duy\u00ean \u1edf tr\u00ean, b\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong s\u1edf y, trong khi l\u00e0m duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 sinh ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1eadn y duy\u00ean (Vism, p. 536). Duy\u00ean n\u00e0y chia th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 S\u1edf duy\u00ean, V\u00f4 gi\u00e1n v\u00e0 T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh. S\u1edf duy\u00ean c\u1eadn y duy\u00ean l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 (nh\u01b0 tu gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7). V\u00f4 gi\u00e1n c\u1eadn y duy\u00ean l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n u\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh thi\u1ec7n u\u1ea9n sau, T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh c\u1eadn y duy\u00ean c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. Thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p sinh thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 duy\u00ean n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                            10 \u2013 11- Ti\u1ec1n sinh duy\u00ean v\u00e0 H\u1eadu sinh duy\u00ean. Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 sinh l\u00e0m tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean cho ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t sinh, l\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n sinh duy\u00ean; ph\u00e1p sinh sau \u1edf t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi (nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf sinh sau, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ti\u1ec1n sinh, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb l\u1ea5y s\u1eefa m\u1eb9 l\u00e0m duy\u00ean), g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1eadu sinh duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                            12- T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c duy\u00ean. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m duy\u00ean cho thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p sau (t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n?).<\/p>\n

                            13- Nghi\u1ec7p duy\u00ean. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c h\u1ecda, ph\u00fac, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                            14- D\u1ecb th\u1ee5c duy\u00ean. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh l\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1eafc ph\u00e1p d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c duy\u00ean (Vism, p. 538).<\/p>\n

                            15- Th\u1ef1c duy\u00ean. L\u00e0 b\u1ed1n c\u00e1ch \u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

                            16- C\u0103n duy\u00ean. L\u00e0 22 c\u0103n, m\u1ed7i c\u0103n l\u00e0m duy\u00ean cho m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh.<\/p>\n

                            17- Thi\u1ec1n duy\u00ean. L\u00e0 Th\u1ea5t thi\u1ec1n chi: l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

                            18- \u0110\u1ea1o duy\u00ean. L\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1pt\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 y x\u1ee9 s\u1eafc, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea1o duy\u00ean\u00a0m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh duy\u00ean (Vism, 539).<\/p>\n

                            19- T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng duy\u00ean. L\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t s\u01b0, \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t s\u1edf duy\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t sinh, \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t, l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 s\u1eafc, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                            20- B\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng duy\u00ean. L\u00e0 t\u00ednh phi \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng), l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng duy\u00ean; l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng duy\u00ean (Vism).<\/p>\n

                            21- H\u1eefu duy\u00ean. L\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00ednh l\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng, ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ec ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, l\u00e0 h\u1eefu duy\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i, danh s\u1eafc th\u00e1c thai, t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf v.v\u2026<\/p>\n

                            22- V\u00f4 h\u1eefu duy\u00ean. L\u00e0 t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1eefu duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                            23- T\u1ea1 di\u1ec7t duy\u00ean. \u0110\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi v\u00f4 h\u1eefu duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                            24- Phi t\u1ea1 di\u1ec7t duy\u00ean. Gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi h\u1eefu duy\u00ean[11]\u00a0c\u1ee7a X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 25; r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft 10 duy\u00ean l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft 4 duy\u00ean; v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i qua r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

                            8- S\u1ef0 GI\u1ea2ITH\u00cdCH V\u1ec0 12 NH\u00c2N DUY\u00caN C\u1ee6A PH\u1eacT \u00c2M.<\/h5>\n

                            Trong lu\u1eadn, Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m \u0111\u01b0a ra 24 duy\u00ean, chi\u1ebfu theo quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3, mu\u1ed1n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa 12 chi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch 12 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. S\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t phi\u1ec1n t\u1ecfa v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfng Ba li nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 l\u1eafm. C\u00e1i \u00fd th\u00fa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng 12 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 y t\u1ed3n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111em k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u00f5 c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i trong tam th\u1ebf: \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u00fa x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 ra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i li\u1ec7t c\u1eed v\u00e0i ba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

                            Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, h\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7ut\u1eeb \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 minh duy\u00ean h\u00e0nh. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh, theo Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m, l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y v\u00f4 tri l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u1ea5y manh mu\u1ed9i l\u00e0m d\u1ee5ng, th\u1ee7 h\u00ecnh \u1ea9n tang, v\u00e0 l\u1eadu l\u00e0m duy\u00ean. H\u00e0nh, l\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u1ea5y n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m d\u1ee5ng, th\u00fa h\u00ecnh \u00fd ch\u00ed, v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0m duy\u00ean (Vism XVII, p. 528). M\u00e0 h\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, chia ra ph\u00fac nghi\u1ec7p (thi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh), phi ph\u00fac nghi\u1ec7p (\u00e1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p (s\u1eafc, v\u00f4 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh). Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: v\u00f4 minh y theo l\u00fd do n\u00e0o m\u00e0 duy\u00ean v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh? Duy\u00ean c\u00f3 hai th\u1ee9 thu\u1eadn duy\u00ean v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch duy\u00ean; b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, v\u00f4 minh khi l\u00e0 duy\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hai th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3. Do thi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh, \u00e1c h\u00e0nh, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh, khi l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a duy\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 minh, khi sinh kh\u1edfi thi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u1edf D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00f4 minh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 s\u1edf duy\u00ean duy\u00ean. L\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y c\u00f9ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, nh\u01b0 ta b\u00e1 th\u00ed, tu S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00f4 minh, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0m c\u01a1 duy\u00ean sinh kh\u1edfi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m duy\u00ean, l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh duy\u00ean h\u00e0nh. D\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecbch duy\u00ean. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00e1c h\u00e0nh, v\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 thu\u1eadn duy\u00ean, n\u00ean l\u1ea1i th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a. Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i: nh\u1ea5t ban h\u00e0nh \u00e1c h\u00e0nh th\u00ec v\u00f4 minh th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, c\u00e2u sinh duy\u00ean, t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 duy\u00ean, y duy\u00ean, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng duy\u00ean, h\u1eefu duy\u00ean v\u00e0 phi t\u1ea1 di\u1ec7t duy\u00ean v.v\u2026 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng; l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh th\u00ec v\u00f4 minh duy ch\u1ec9 th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 duy\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng \u0111i song song v\u1edbi v\u00f4 minh.<\/p>\n

                            th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh do H\u00e0nh m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ee9c, theo Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m, l\u1ea5y tri l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u1ea5y t\u1ed1i s\u01a1 l\u00e0m d\u1ee5ng, l\u1ea5y lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i t\u00e1i sinh l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m duy\u00ean (Vism, 528). T\u1ee9c \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u00e1c thai lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, Th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 D\u1ecb th\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a duy\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Do c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 H\u00e0nh n\u00ean v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ee9c sinh kh\u1edfi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, th\u00ec do hai th\u1ee9 nghi\u1ec7p duy\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u01a1 duy\u00ean m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh duy\u00ean th\u1ee9c (Vism, pp. 547-8). T\u1ee9c c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p t\u00edch t\u1ee5, l\u1ea5y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t sinh h\u1eadu th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m duy\u00ean, l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p duy\u00ean, l\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m c\u01a1 duy\u00ean m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh th\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 c\u01a1 duy\u00ean (quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m cho th\u1ee9c, danh s\u1eafc, l\u1ee5c x\u1ee9, x\u00fac, th\u1ee5, \u00e1i, th\u1ee7, h\u1eefu l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan h\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec s\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 phi\u1ec3n t\u1ecfa, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

                            Sau h\u1ebft, l\u00e0 duy\u00ean t\u1eeb h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ebfn sinh, C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u201cnghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u1ea5y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0m d\u1ee5ng, tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n, \u00e1c, v\u00f4 k\u00fd l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u1ea5y th\u1ee7 l\u00e0m duy\u00ean\u201d (Vism, p. 528). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y duy ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i h\u1eefu l\u1ea5y nghi\u1ec7p h\u1eefu l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, h\u1eefu duy\u00ean sinh l\u00e0 do hai th\u1ee9 nghi\u1ec7p duy\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u01a1 duy\u00ean (Vism, p. 575).<\/p>\n

                            C\u1ee9 theo Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m, th\u00ec 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, v\u1eabn l\u1ea5y lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, d\u1ef1 ti\u00ean thuy\u1ebft minh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 quan h\u1ec7 tung v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 ho\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan h\u1ec7 tung, hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean v\u1edbi tam th\u1ebf. L\u1ea5y v\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, l\u1ea5y t\u00e1m chi th\u1ee9c, danh s\u1eafc, l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp, x\u00fac, th\u1ee5, \u00e1i, th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, l\u1ea5y sinh l\u00e3o t\u1eed l\u00e0m v\u1ecb lai. Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m cho v\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 \u00e1i l\u00e0 c\u0103n, nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, v\u00f4 minh \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a sinh \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, \u00e1i \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a sinh \u1edf v\u1ecb lai. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u00ec hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean ta th\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1i d\u1ee5ng thuy\u1ebft Tam Th\u1ebf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng Tr\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

                            9- S\u1ef0 GI\u1ea2I TH\u00cdCH V\u1ec0 12 NH\u00c2N DUY\u00caN V\u00c0 B\u1eaeC PH\u01af\u01a0NG TRUY\u1ec0N.<\/h5>\n

                            Tr\u00ean kia, l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa, thuy\u1ebft ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma do B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n th\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u00ec thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u01b0u th\u1ebf: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd. Trong lu\u1eadn P\u00faat tr\u00ed quy\u1ec3n 1 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 921, trung), 12 chi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tam th\u1ec1; v\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9; l\u00e0m chi th\u1ee9c, danh s\u1eafc, l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp, x\u00fac, th\u1ee5, \u00e1i, th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 h\u1eefu ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i; hai chi sinh v\u00e0 l\u00e3o t\u1eed ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1ecb lai, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i qua \u1edf tr\u00ean. \u0110\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn B\u00e0 sa, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, tuy d\u1eabn d\u1ee5ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 h\u00e0m \u00fd quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i quy t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1eddi gian h\u1ec7 l\u1ec7: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. B\u00e0 sa, n\u00f3i: c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i[12]\u00a0duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi: s\u00e1t na, li\u00ean ph\u1ecdc, ph\u1eadn v\u1ecb v\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

                            T\u1ef1u trung, s\u00e1t na duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 12 chi. t\u1ee9c duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea3i n\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, B\u00e0 sa, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Thi\u1ebft ma \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111a \u201cN\u1ebfu kh\u1edfi l\u00f2ng tham, gi\u1ebft ch\u00fang sinh th\u00ec t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m si l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c, kh\u1edfi h\u1eefu bi\u1ec3u nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 c\u00e2u th\u1eddi danh s\u1eafc, c\u00e1c c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nhau t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 danh s\u1eafc v\u00e0 l\u1ee5c x\u1ee9, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng x\u00fac l\u00e0 x\u00fac, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng th\u1ee5 l\u00e0 th\u1ee5, tham l\u00e0 \u00e1i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u00e0 th\u1ee7, kh\u1edfi hai nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u l\u00e0 h\u1eefu, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p sinh kh\u1edfi t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 sinh, bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb l\u00e0 l\u00e3o, ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eed\u201d (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 23, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 118, h\u1ea1). Thu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh l\u00fd, quy\u1ec3n 27 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 29, trang 493, h\u1ea1) b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda (Kinh b\u1ed9?) T\u1ecda b\u1ea3o thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi Th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3\u201d. Song, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda l\u00e0 cho m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd, quy\u1ec3n 27, n\u00f3i: \u201cPh\u1eadt n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin m\u1ed9t m\u00e0 b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c\u201d. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, trong Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u01afu Ba \u0110\u1ec3 Sa, quy\u1ec3n 10, c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 khi m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu kh\u1edfi \u00e1i) \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 12 duy\u00ean, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: \u201cNh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na th\u00e0nh 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u00e1t na duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi\u00a0(\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 450, c\u1ed9t d\u01b0\u1edbi).<\/p>\n

                            Li\u00ean ph\u1ecdc c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i chi, trong 12 chi \u0111\u1ec1u theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ebf v\u1edbi nhau, kh\u00f4ng xen h\u1edf, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a li\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1eddi gian v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na\u00a0k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean. Khi thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 Li\u00ean ph\u1ecdc duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd, quy\u1ec3n 27, n\u00f3i: \u201cLi\u00ean ph\u1ecdc duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i, nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng xen h\u1edf m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi. Nh\u01b0 Kh\u1ebf kinh n\u00f3i, v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n sinh r\u1ea5t tham nhi\u1ec5m; s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t (minh) l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n sinh ra kh\u00f4ng tham nhi\u1ec5m\u201d (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 29, trang 494, trung). B\u00e0 sa, b\u1ea3o s\u00e1t na duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 Li\u00ean ph\u1ecdc duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n trong h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh m\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 23, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 117, h\u1ea1; C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 9).<\/p>\n

                            Th\u1ee9 ba Ph\u1eadn v\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 Li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh. Ph\u1eadn v\u1ecb, xuy\u00ean qua tam th\u1ebf, n\u00f3i r\u00f5 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh. Li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, theo s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd, l\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ec1n, h\u1eadu t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 thu\u1eadn h\u1eadu th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee5 nghi\u1ec7p phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n\u201d (Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd, quy\u1ec3n 27, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 29, trang 494, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). B\u00e0 sa, n\u00f3i: tuy c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a 12 chi chuy\u00ean l\u1ea5y th\u1eddi ph\u1eadn, t\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadn v\u1ecb duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, cho \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi th\u1eadt l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u00fd c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 sa (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 23; \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 118, h\u1ea1). C\u00e2u x\u00e1 c\u0169ng th\u1eeba k\u1ebf thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                            *<\/p>\n

                            [1]\u00a0Nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch tham kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nam truy\u1ec1n, xem Nyanatiloka Uberset-Jung des anguttara Nikaya vol. I, p, 177 (xem Ph\u00e1p h\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 ba) \u2013 v\u00e0 Compendium of Philosophy pp. 256 \u2013 284.<\/p>\n

                            [2]\u00a0V\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Pratiyasamutpa da, xem C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 9; Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd, quy\u1ec3n 25 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 29, trang 481).<\/p>\n

                            [3]\u00a0C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 9; B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 22 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 117, n\u00f3i: \u201c\u0110\u1ee3i duy\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. \u0110\u1ee3i duy\u00ean g\u00ec? \u2013 Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft b\u1ea3o, c\u00f3 duy\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u1edbng, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi\u201d. L\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ba thuy\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

                            1- (K\u00e0ranam) paticcn phalam eti etasm\u00e0 ti paccayo (Compendium of philosophy p, 259).<\/p>\n

                            2- Tassa padeaya-dhamMassa sti etasm\u00e0 ti paccayo (Compendium of Phi p. 260 d\u1eabn d\u1ee5ng Ceylon commentary).<\/p>\n

                            3- Visuddhimagga b\u1ea3o duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi d\u00f9ng thuy\u1ebft 24 duy\u00ean B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 23, l\u1ea5y thuy\u1ebft 4 duy\u00ean l\u00e0m duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n

                            [4]\u00a0Ph\u1ea9m lo\u1ea1i t\u00fac lu\u1eadn: \u201cV\u00e2n h\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1p? – V\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu vi ph\u00e1p v\u00e2n h\u00e0 duy\u00ean d\u0129 ph\u00e1p? – V\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu vi ph\u00e1p\u201d (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 23, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 118, c\u1ed9t tr\u00ean, d\u1eabn d\u1ee5ng).<\/p>\n

                            [5]\u00a0T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, quy\u1ec3n 2, s\u1ed1 4, c\u00f3 \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 l\u00fd nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                            [6]\u00a0adito v\u00e0 majjhto patthaya yavapariyosanam tatha pariyosanato va patth\u00e0ya\u201d \u1ef3ava adi ti catubhidh\u00e0paticca samuppadadedesana Visuddhamagga, XVII, p, 523.<\/p>\n

                            [7]\u00a0Vibhanga theo ba ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a hetu, sampayutta, sanamnann m\u00e0 v\u1edbi duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u2013 p, 135f.<\/p>\n

                            [8]\u00a0V\u00f4 minh, X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u0103n si (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 605, trung). Ph\u00e1p U\u1ea9n T\u00fac Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 tri m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0: ti\u1ec1n t\u1ebf v\u00f4 tri, h\u1eadu t\u1ebf v\u00f4 tri, v\u00f4 tri \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p, T\u0103ng, T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf, nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 v.v\u2026 (quy\u1ec3n 11 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, tr. 595, h\u1ea1). T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-b\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f3 v\u00f4 tri (Vibhanga p, 135).<\/p>\n

                            [9]\u00a0Ph\u00e1p U\u1ea9n T\u00fac Lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 12 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 509, trung) X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 12 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 610, h\u1ea1).<\/p>\n

                            [10]\u00a0Vibhaga p, 137 n\u00f3i l\u00e0: Tattba takam\u00f9 bhavapaccaya jati? Ya tesam sayttanam tamhi sattanikyejati sanjati okkapti abhinibhatti khandhnam p\u00e0tubhavo ayatan\u00e0nam patil\u00e0bho: ayam vuccati bhavapaccya j\u00e0ti (XII). L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 12 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 612, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) n\u00f3i \u201cT\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 duy\u00ean sinh? N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh, trong nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fang sinh, tr\u1ecdng sinh, th\u1ee5 thai, xu\u1ea5t thai, \u0111\u1eafc sinh, c\u00e1c \u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, ch\u00fang nh\u1eadp h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sinh\u201d. Trong Ph\u00e1p U\u1ea9n T\u00fac Lu\u1eadn\u00a0(\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 29, tr. 512, h\u1ea1) c\u00f2n n\u00f3i r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                            [11]\u00a0S\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 24 duy\u00ean, xem Visuddhinagga, pp, 522 \u2013 541<\/p>\n

                            [12]\u00a0Xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi: B\u00e0 sa, qu\u1ec3n 22 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 117, h\u1ea1); C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 9; Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd, quy\u1ec3n 27 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 29, trang 493, trung).<\/p>\n

                            Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII: M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean Lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 H\u00ecnh Th\u1ee9c Lu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i<\/h4>\n

                            1- L\u1edcI T\u1ef0A.<\/h5>\n

                            Trong nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a, Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i lu\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, sau \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean p\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh \u00fd ngh\u0129a 12 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1ea3o. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a chi trong 12 chi, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, 12 chi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7t v\u1eadt hay ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t? Th\u1ee9 hai, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p tam th\u1ebf, th\u00ec c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p quy \u0111\u1ecbnh quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Th\u1ee9 ba, \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i chi trong 12 chi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

                            2- T\u1ef0 TH\u1ec2 C\u1ee6A C\u00c1C CHI TRONG 12 CHI.<\/h5>\n

                            Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi. Trong 12 chi, m\u1ed7i chi tuy \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, th\u00ec c\u00e1c chi kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n (hay b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n). N\u00f3i theo thuy\u1ebft ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n th\u00ec h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh cho d\u00f9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 m\u1edd, t\u1ecf kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong m\u1ed9t l\u00fac c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc, th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, theo thuy\u1ebft 12 chi th\u00ec h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c, danh s\u1eafc, l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp, x\u00fac, th\u1ee5, \u00e1i, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi trong 12 chi tuy l\u00e0 ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eafng m\u00e0 l\u1eadp danh, hay l\u00e0 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a 12 chi m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang? N\u00f3i theo ch\u1ee7 \u00fd c\u1ee7a duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi lu\u1eadn x\u01b0a nay th\u00ec c\u00e1c chi ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft minh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, tuy l\u1ea5y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i th\u00ec t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh xung \u0111\u1ed9t. \u0110\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu Nam truy\u1ec1n, th\u00ec nh\u01b0 Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn v\u1eabn cho c\u00e1c chi l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i k\u1ebf kh\u1edfi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn trong m\u1ed7i chi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n. c\u1ee9 B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n, KInh b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00f4 minh, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c, danh s\u1eafc, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u1edf v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n c\u1ee5 b\u1ecb. Thuy\u1ebft minh t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Thu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh l\u00fd, quy\u1ec3n 27 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 29, trang 404, trung). Lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y b\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u00e1u l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i thuy\u1ebft Ph\u1eadn v\u1ecb. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, n\u1ebfu th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft Ph\u1eadn v\u1ecb, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

                            1- Khi m\u1edbi k\u1ebft sinh, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c trong h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. Kinh n\u00f3i (\u0110\u1ea1i Duy\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kinh) th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadp thai kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00e1c thai sao?<\/p>\n

                            2- N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c nghi\u1ec7p theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 sinh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u00fd n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

                            3- N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c chi trong 12 chi l\u00e0 do ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd nh\u00e2n sai bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft \u00fd ngh\u0129a, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

                            4- A-la-h\u00e1n n\u1ebfu \u1edf \u00e1i v\u1ecb hay th\u1ee7 v\u1ecb m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc A-la-h\u00e1n, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y \u00e1i hay th\u1ee7 l\u00e0m ph\u1eadn v\u1ecb th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1i duy\u00ean th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 duy\u00ean h\u1eefu v\u1ecb. H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00e1i v\u1ecb hay th\u1ee7 v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh A-la-h\u00e1n, th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1i duy\u00ean th\u1ee7, th\u1ee7 duy\u00ean h\u1eefu. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Kinh b\u1ed9, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh ho\u1ea1t theo tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                            5- Th\u1ee5 l\u00e0 duy\u00ean sinh \u00e1i, \u00e1i l\u00e0 duy\u00ean sinh th\u1ee7, tuy l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1edfi, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 ph\u1eadn v\u1ecb, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

                            6- Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a Kinh r\u1ed3i sao (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 29, trang 494, trung)? Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n, trong C\u00e2u x\u00e1, lu\u1eadn, n\u00f3i \u201cTruy\u1ec3n h\u1ee9a \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft, t\u00f2ng th\u1eb3ng l\u1eadp chi danh\u201d. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i \u201ctruy\u1ec1n h\u1ee9a\u201d hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a KInh b\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1eadn v\u1ecb, t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a 12 chi tuy l\u00e0 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u00e1c vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang th\u00ec duy ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1m th\u00eam danh x\u01b0ng v\u00f4 minh, h\u00e0nh v.v\u2026 m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 23, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 118, h\u1ea1, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng trong m\u1ed7i chi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na c\u00f3 12 chi). Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn hay Kinh b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tuy c\u00f3 kh\u00ed v\u1ecb kh\u1ebf h\u1ee3p kh\u1ebf h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean \u00fd, song, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi th\u1eddi ph\u1eadn nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, n\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0 H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

                            3- M\u01af\u1edcI HAI CHI V\u00c0 TH\u1edcI PH\u1eacN.<\/h5>\n

                            Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn, l\u1ea5y 12 chi ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tam th\u1ebf l\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft Th\u1eddi ph\u1eadn duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean; v\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, t\u00e1m chi t\u1eeb th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eefu ph\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n sinh v\u00e0 l\u00e3o t\u1eed thu\u1ed9c v\u1ecb lai. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn hay Ph\u00e1t tr\u00ed lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: khi l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m h\u1ec7 l\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 th\u00ec t\u00e1m chi \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? T\u00e1m chi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i tuy l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ecb lai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n, ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3? \u0110\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eefa. Thuy\u1ebft ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1ea5t tuy l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft Tam th\u1ebf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng Tr\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1p, sau \u0111\u1ebfn Duy th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p thu d\u1ee5ng thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ecb Th\u1ebf Nh\u1ea5t Tr\u00f9ng, c\u1ee9 xem s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5. Thuy\u1ebft Tam Th\u1ebf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng Tr\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 thu d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

                            Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a cho sinh v\u00e0 l\u00e3o t\u1eed, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n n\u00f3i r\u00f5 c\u00e1i t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ebfn sinh v\u00e0 t\u1eed, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n thuy\u1ebft minh l\u00fd do sinh ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u1ecb lai v\u00e0 l\u00e3o t\u1eed, cho n\u00ean Tam Th\u1ebf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng Tr\u00f9ng duy ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft minh hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. \u0110\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u tr\u00ean tuy t\u00ednh t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y t\u00e1m chi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, hay hai chi v\u1ecb lai l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t. Song, n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang ra, trong t\u00e1m chi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u bao h\u00e0m v\u00f4 minh hay h\u00e0nh, cho \u0111\u1ebfn sinh, l\u00e3o t\u1eed. T\u1ea1i sao? V\u00ec, n\u1ebfu cho v\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a sinh t\u1eed, th\u00ec c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n sinh t\u1eed \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ebfp v\u00e0o trong t\u00e1m chi. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n sinh v\u00e0 l\u00e3o t\u1eed c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong t\u00e1m chi. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y t\u00e1m chi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n chi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 sau. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Nam v\u00e0 B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n:<\/p>\n

                            Th\u1ee9c————————————————-Sinh<\/p>\n

                            Danh s\u1eafc———————————————L\u00e3o t\u1eed<\/p>\n

                            L\u1ee5cnh\u1eadp———————————————-<\/p>\n

                            X\u00fac————————————————–<\/p>\n

                            Th\u1ee5————————————————–<\/p>\n

                            \u00c1i—————————————————V\u00f4 minh<\/p>\n

                            Th\u1ee7————————————————-<\/p>\n

                            H\u1eefu————————————————-H\u00e0nh<\/p>\n

                            (Tham chi\u1ebfu Compendium of Philosophy p. 263 v\u00e0 C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 9).<\/p>\n

                            T\u1ee9c th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o thai l\u00e0 sinh, qua s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a danh s\u1eafc, l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp, x\u00fac, th\u1ee5, coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y l\u00e0 l\u00e3o t\u1eed, \u00e1i th\u1ee7 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng trong kho\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi v\u00f4 minh; h\u1eefu, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p h\u1eefu, th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

                            C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u kh\u00e9o h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u 12 chi c\u1ee7a Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

                            Thuy\u1ebft Tam Th\u1ebf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng Tr\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p Tam th\u1ebf, Nam, B\u1eafc tuy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

                            Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ecb Th\u1ebf Nh\u1ecb Tr\u00f9ng, hay thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ecb Th\u1ebf Nh\u1ea5t Tr\u00f9ng. thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ecb th\u1ebf Nh\u1ecb Tr\u00f9ng l\u00e0 do B\u00e0 sa \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 9 v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd quy\u1ec3n 25 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 29, trang 481, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) v.v\u2026 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u. M\u01b0\u1eddi hai duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 minh duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ebfp b\u1ea3y chi, ph\u1ea7n sau nhi\u1ebfp n\u0103m chi, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n

                            C\u1ee9 theo Thu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn th\u00ec thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u1ea7n sau tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u201cC\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia c\u00f3, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y sinh n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia sinh\u201d. L\u1eadp ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft Tam Th\u1ebf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng Tr\u00f9ng tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai kh\u00e1c m\u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng khu bi\u1ec7t nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i chia th\u00e0nh tam, h\u1eadu t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                            Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ecb Th\u1ebf Nh\u1ea5t Tr\u00f9ng. Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Duy th\u1ee9c, d\u00f2ng H\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, 12 chi duy ch\u1ec9 chia th\u00e0nh hai \u0111\u1eddi, l\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u1eddi chi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n, hai chi sau l\u00e0m qu\u1ea3, m\u00e0 gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf m\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 Nh\u1ecb Th\u1ebf Nh\u1ea5t Tr\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

                            V\u1ec1 Th\u1eddi ph\u1eadn duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi n\u00e0y tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 chi H\u1eefu. T\u1ea1i sao H\u1eefu t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng (sinh h\u1eefu), t\u1ea1i sao t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng (nghi\u1ec7p h\u1eefu), v\u00e0 xuy\u00ean tam th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y c\u00e1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh sinh, l\u00e3o, b\u1ec7nh, t\u1eed: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Th\u1eddi ph\u1eadn duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. S\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi tuy c\u00f3 12 chi, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a n\u00f3 th\u00ec, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u1edbn, t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa ba t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, ho\u1eb7c, nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1; do phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p, do nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 (th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh), r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i do s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p v.v\u2026 c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng. Theo C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 9) th\u00ec v\u00f4 minh, \u00e1i v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 trong 12 chi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ebfp v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c, h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 h\u1eefu (nghi\u1ec7p) thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p; c\u00f2n b\u1ea3y chi kia (th\u1ee9c, danh s\u1eafc, l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp, x\u00fac, th\u1ee5, sinh, l\u00e3o t\u1eed) thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1. n\u1ebfu th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y th\u00ec m\u01b0\u1eddi hai duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 do quan h\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb tr\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c, nghi\u1ec7p, s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c (v\u00f4 minh) – nghi\u1ec7p (h\u00e0nh) – s\u1ef1 (th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0169), ho\u1eb7c (\u00e1i th\u1ee7) – nghi\u1ec7p (h\u1eefu) s\u1ef1 (sinh, l\u00e3o, t\u1eed). M\u00e0 s\u1ef1, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t, l\u00e0 sinh, l\u00e3o t\u1eed; c\u00f2n n\u00f3i cho t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ebf, th\u00ec l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c, danh s\u1eafc, l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp, x\u00fac, th\u1ee5. \u1ede m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, tuy l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 sinh h\u1eefu, nh\u01b0ng, \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ec3, trong \u0111\u00f3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ho\u1eb7c, nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i li\u00ean l\u1ea1c ho\u1eb7c, nghi\u1ec7p, cho n\u00ean lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng trong C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 9, n\u00f3i \u201cT\u1eeb ho\u1eb7c, sinh ho\u1eb7c nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1eeb nghi\u1ec7p, l\u1ea1i sinh s\u1ef1, t\u1eeb s\u1ef1, s\u1ef1 ho\u1eb7c sinh, l\u00fd h\u1eefu chi \u1edf \u0111\u00f3\u201d. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p quy k\u1ebft r\u1ea5t g\u1ecdn, r\u1ea5t kh\u00e9o.<\/p>\n

                            4- \u00dd NGH\u0128A C\u00c1C CHI TRONG M\u01af\u1edcI HAI CHI.<\/h5>\n

                            C\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho m\u01b0\u1eddi hai chi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng hay tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0o, trong \u0111\u00f3, m\u01b0\u1eddi hai chi \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: c\u00e1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng li\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed7i chi trong m\u01b0\u1eddi hai chi, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khio n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chi c\u1ee7a Th\u1eddi ph\u1eadn duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, th\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, n\u00f3 chuy\u00ean l\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 ly v\u00e0o m\u01b0\u1eddi hai chi Th\u1eddi ph\u1eadn duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, th\u00ec trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a khai tri\u1ec3n hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, so v\u1edbi khi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u1ea9n m\u1eadt. S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u01b0\u1eddi hai duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u00f3 khi d\u1ec5 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u1eafm, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c. Ngay trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1c kinh, lu\u1eadn \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. C\u00f9ng l\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u1eddi hai duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n thuy\u1ebft minh quan h\u1ec7 tung n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean m\u00e0 b\u1eafn hai con chim. Song, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y khi mu\u1ed1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi ph\u1eadn duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau t\u00f4i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean l\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ee9 l\u00fd th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

                            A- \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, h\u00e3y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 minh. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u, v\u00f4 minh c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u00ea m\u1edd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. Trong b\u00e0o n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00fd T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 h\u1eb9p, th\u1eadt ra, v\u00f4 minh theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, B\u00e0 sa gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u, kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5[1]\u00a0(B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 25, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 129, c\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa). L\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, b\u1ea3o \u201cl\u1ea5y v\u00f4 tri l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u1ea5y manh mu\u1ed9i l\u00e0m d\u1ee5ng, th\u1ee7 h\u00ecnh \u1ea9n tang, l\u1ea5y l\u1eadu l\u00e0m duy\u00ean\u201d, l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng. Nh\u01b0ng, v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi th\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thuy\u1ebft minh. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ee9t, b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng v\u00f4 minh t\u1ea5t k\u00ednh l\u1ea5y ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng, song, v\u00f4 minh duy ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tri hay t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u00ea m\u1edd? Chi\u1ebfu theo nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i trong c\u00e1c kinh th\u00ec b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ec3m tuy v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng, theo t\u00f4i, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng bao h\u00e0m trong s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c t\u00ednh th\u00ec v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma[2]\u00a0cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn. S\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec5m-\u00f4-v\u00f4-tri v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t-nhi\u1ec5m-\u00f4-v\u00f4-tri c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e2u x\u00e1,[3]\u00a0quy\u1ec3n 10, hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean cho v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (v\u00f4 minh) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 danh x\u01b0ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft sai l\u1ea7m (\u00e1c tu\u1ec7), b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c t\u1ea5t c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng, cho v\u00f4 minh duy ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 tri. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft Th\u1eddi ph\u1eadn duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, v\u00f4 minh trong m\u01b0\u1eddi hai chi r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 23 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng, lu\u1eadn Thi thi\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u00e0 s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u1ecb r\u1ed3i thu d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trnag 119, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). Th\u1ee9 hai, v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c t\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u00f3 c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft (tri) hay l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00ecnh \u00fd? \u0110\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, v\u00f4 minh, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i t\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y, tuy l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u00ea ch\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a tri (bi\u1ebft), nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c chi duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, theo nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c kinh n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, khi Ph\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m, th\u00ec c\u00f3 hai \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh, hai l\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1ee5c (kh\u00e1t \u00e1i). Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn (Vism.p.525) th\u01b0\u1eddng hay d\u1eabn d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, trong m\u01b0\u1eddi hai duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, Ph\u1eadt tuy cho v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng trong T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf th\u00ec l\u1ea5y d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 (t\u1ee9c T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf), \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i.[4]\u00a0V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0: s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tuy gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng (h\u00e0nh), kh\u01b0 kh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5p ch\u1eb7t l\u1ea5y ng\u00e3 d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i \u0111au kh\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch theo v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n v\u00f4 minh – d\u1ee5c, v\u00f4 minh \u2013 h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t d\u1ee5c \u1edf sau th\u1ee5. V\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean th\u00ec s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u. Thuy\u1ebft v\u00f4 minh duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp; M\u01b0\u1eddi hai duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft \u00e1i d\u1ee5c duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, hay n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 trong v\u00f4 minh c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi hai duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0m ng\u1ee5 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u00e1i d\u1ee5c r\u1ed3i? \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m tuy ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o v\u00f4 minh duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 x\u00fa h\u01b0\u1edbng \u00e1c th\u00fa (Vism.p.525), nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft m\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p, th\u00ec, v\u00ec, th\u1eeba\u00a0nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh sinh thi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh, \u00e1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd h\u00e0nh, n\u00ean n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 thuy\u1ebft minh nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. V\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, B\u00e0 sa, n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                            H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao trong ti\u1ec1n t\u1ebf duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, v\u00f4 minh \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 trong h\u1eadu t\u1ebf duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi h\u1eefu \u00e1i \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u?<\/p>\n

                            \u0110\u00e1p: V\u00ec hai phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1n t\u1ebf, h\u1eefu \u00e1i l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1eadu t\u1ebf. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n t\u1ebf, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft, n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh. Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u1ecb h\u1eadu t\u1ebf th\u00ec \u1edf ngay hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfut\u00ecm s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e1i (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 24, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 121, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

                            \u00a0N\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 theo thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y th\u00ec v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a h\u1eefu \u00e1i, v\u00ec h\u1eefu \u00e1i c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 minh, th\u00e0nh ra c\u1ea3 hai l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ec3. Ph\u00e1p C\u1ee9u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 t\u00ednh th\u1ecb ng\u00e3 (c\u1eady m\u00ecnh) c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh (C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 10). Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng. Trong cu\u1ed1n Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: Thay v\u00ec v\u00f4 minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a tri (bi\u1ebft), th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00ecnh \u00fd, c\u00e1i l\u00fd t\u1ea1i sao cho v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t th\u00ec v\u00f4 minh c\u00f3 hai ngh\u0129a \u1ea9n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7n, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i v\u00f4 tri c\u1ee7a tri; c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u1ea9n, nhi\u1ebfp \u1edf sau tri, l\u1ea5y manh mu\u1ed9i l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c, l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u1ec1 sau, v\u00f4 minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y m\u1ea1t, t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: n\u1ebfu coi duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0m th\u1eddi ph\u1eadn th\u00ec, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec7n, tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 tri, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1ea1i th\u00eam \u00fd ngh\u0129a d\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho l\u00e0 kh\u1ebf h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu y v\u00e0o Th\u1eddi ph\u1eadn duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi th\u00ec v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129a T\u00fac ho\u1eb7c v\u1ecb, t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng, A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                            B- Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh. H\u00e0nh c\u0169ng chia th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1eddi ph\u1eadn. V\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c th\u00ec nh\u01b0 Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean kia b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng, h\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u1ea5y n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m d\u1ee5ng, th\u1ee7 h\u00ecnh \u00fd ch\u00ed, l\u1ea5y v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0m duy\u00ean (Vism, p, 528). L\u1ea1i chia th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i ph\u00fac nghi\u1ec7p, phi ph\u00fac nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 nam v\u00e0 b\u1eafc A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma. Song, khi \u1edf ph\u00e2n v\u1ecb duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi th\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 nghi\u00eang h\u1eb3n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n d\u1eabn ph\u00e1t nh\u00e2n sinh sau, cho n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u1ea1i th\u00ec thay v\u00ec l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh v\u00ec hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp. B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 23, n\u00f3i \u201cTh\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh? \u2013 L\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ecb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9\u201d (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 119, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 9, n\u00f3i: \u201cC\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh\u201d. Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cupaccitakamma\u201d (Vism. P. 545). Nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0xem nh\u01b0 th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng. Duy\u00ean v\u00f4 minh m\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh, th\u1eadt ra, tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1eabn l\u00e0 do phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o m\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi, do h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

                            C- Th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c, Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m n\u00f3i: \u201cL\u1ea5y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u1ea5y s\u01a1 h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m d\u1ee5ng,\u00a0l\u1ea5y t\u00e1i sinh l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb, l\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m duy\u00ean\u201d (Vism, p. 538). N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c tuy chia l\u00e0m s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng ri\u00eang \u1edf Ph\u1eadn vi duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi th\u00ec chuy\u00ean gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a khi \u00fd th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadp thai. Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Duy\u00ean Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ti\u1ec7n n\u00f3i: \u201c Do th\u1ee9c xu\u1ed1ng thai m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00e1c thai\u201d, l\u00e0 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3. B\u00e0 sa, th\u00ec b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 t\u00e2m n\u1ed1i sinh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c tr\u1ee3 b\u1ea1n (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 23, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 119, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). C\u00e2u x\u00e1, th\u00ec b\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh l\u00fac k\u1ebft sinh trong thai m\u1eb9, trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t na, ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c (C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 9) v.v\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 do h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c, do t\u00edch t\u1ee5 nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, t\u00e2m hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sinh.<\/p>\n

                            D- Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 danh s\u1eafc. Trong \u00c1o Ngh\u0129a Th\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng! Ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1m Th\u01b0, danh s\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a hay c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a r\u1ed3i. V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00ean Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng thu d\u1ee5ng. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e2n t\u00e2m. Trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c tinh th\u1ea7n th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sanh, thu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (th\u00e2n th\u1ec3) th\u00ec g\u1ecdi s\u1eafc, h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 danh s\u1eafc th\u00ec th\u00e0nh to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo n\u0103m u\u1ea9n th\u00ec b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, t\u1ee9c th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c, thu\u1ed9c danh, c\u00f2n s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n thu\u1ed9c s\u1eafc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu-b\u1ed9[5]. Song, th\u1ef1c ra, khi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e2n t\u00e2m, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c th\u00ec s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u00ean tuy h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng, trong Ph\u1eadn v\u1ecb duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, khi th\u1ee9c t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 ba m\u00e0 theo th\u1ee9c thu n\u1ea1p v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng. Do th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 danh s\u1eafc, do danh s\u1eafc m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c, khi th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 danh s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp m\u00e0 \u0111em th\u1ee9c thu v\u00e0o danh s\u1eafc th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. L\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn b\u1ed9 Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-b\u0103ng-gi\u00e0 (trang 136) b\u1ea3o danh l\u00e0 ba u\u1ea9n th\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh. Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng thu d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y (Vism, p. 558). S\u1eafc l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u1ea3 nam v\u00e0 b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed. Nh\u01b0ng danh s\u1eafc \u1edf v\u1ecb th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec? Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m thuy\u1ebft minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                            Danh l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a danh, l\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng l\u00e0m d\u1ee5ng, l\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ba t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edbng), l\u1ea5y th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m duy\u00ean, s\u1eafc l\u1ea5y bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u1ea5y ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n l\u00e0m d\u1ee5ng, l\u1ea5y v\u00f4 k\u00fd l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n, l\u1ea5y th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m duy\u00ean (Vism, p. 528).<\/p>\n

                            V\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa danh s\u1eafc v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c theo Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m th\u00ec D\u1ecb th\u1ee5c th\u1ee9c, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi danh hay \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1eafc (s\u1eafc h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u0103m c\u0103n?), \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ch\u00edn duy\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed1i danh l\u00e0 c\u00e2u sinh duy\u00ean, h\u1ed7 vi duy\u00ean, y duy\u00ean, t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng duy\u00ean, d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c duy\u00ean, th\u1ef1c duy\u00ean, c\u0103n duy\u00ean, h\u1eefu duy\u00ean, phi t\u1ea1 di\u1ec7t duy\u00ean; \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1eafc, l\u00e0 c\u00e2u sinh duy\u00ean, h\u1ed7 vi duy\u00ean, y duy\u00ean, d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c duy\u00ean, th\u1ef1c duy\u00ean, b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng duy\u00ean, h\u1eefu duy\u00ean, phi t\u1ea1 di\u1ec7t duy\u00ean (Vism. P. 561). T\u1ee9c th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi danh s\u1eafc l\u00e0 ti\u00ean h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a danh s\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a danh s\u1eafc. s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh c\u1ee7a danh s\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf m\u1edbi do th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 danh s\u1eafc. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y th\u00ec theo k\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t sinh h\u1ecdc hay thai sinh h\u1ecdc, th\u00ec trong kho\u1ea3ng sau khi th\u1ee9c th\u00e1c thai v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 danh s\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ea1i \u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 s\u00e1u c\u0103n c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec1u B\u00e0 sa, C\u00e2u x\u00e1, v.v\u2026b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 danh s\u1eafc v\u1ecb \u1edf sau s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft sinh v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee5c x\u1ee9 (C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 9).<\/p>\n

                            \u0110- Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m l\u00e0 l\u1ee5c x\u1ee9, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u0103n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u1edd ngo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 danh s\u1eafc. Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

                            L\u1ee5c x\u1ee9 l\u1ea5y n\u01a1i ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u1ea5y th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m d\u1ee5ng (t\u1ee9c th\u1ea5y, nghe, ng\u1eedi, n\u1ebfm, va ch\u1ea1m, bi\u1ebft) c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n, l\u1ea5y danh s\u1eafc l\u00e0m duy\u00ean (Vism, p. 528).<\/p>\n

                            Trong Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a danh s\u1eafc duy\u00ean v\u1edbi l\u1ee5c x\u1ee9 (nh\u01b0 khi v\u00f4 s\u1eafc l\u00e0m duy\u00ean sinh l\u1ee5c x\u1ee9 th\u00ec c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y duy\u00ean). Khi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 danh s\u1eafc, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp, l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00e2u sinh duy\u00ean, h\u1ed7 vi duy\u00ean, y duy\u00ean, d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c duy\u00ean, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng duy\u00ean, b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng duy\u00ean, h\u1eefu duy\u00ean v\u00e0 phi t\u1ea1 di\u1ec7t duy\u00ean. S\u00e1u c\u0103n, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y danh s\u1eafc l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf, v\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00ean m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, cho n\u00ean, nh\u01b0 Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean) \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1eebng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e2u x\u00e1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 L\u1ee5c c\u0103n d\u0129 sinh (s\u00e1u c\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 sinh), nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb Tam h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 khi \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea3n sinh c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                            E- Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u l\u00e0 x\u00fac. Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m n\u00f3i: \u201cL\u1ea5y v\u1eadt b\u1ecb va ch\u1ea1m l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u1ea5y kh\u00eau g\u1ee3i l\u00e0m d\u1ee5ng, l\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n, l\u1ea5y s\u00e1u ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0m duy\u00ean\u201d (Vism, p. 566). T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c do s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u0103n, c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 sinh kh\u1edfi. V\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 l\u1ea5y l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp l\u00e0m duy\u00ean m\u00e0 sinh kh\u1edfi th\u00ec, theo Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn, n\u0103m c\u0103n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u0103m x\u00fac l\u00e0 s\u1edf y duy\u00ean, ti\u1ec1n sinh duy\u00ean, c\u0103n duy\u00ean, b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng duy\u00ean, h\u1eefu duy\u00ean v\u00e0 phi t\u1ea1 di\u1ec7t duy\u00ean; m\u1ed9t d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c \u00fd c\u0103n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c \u00fd x\u00fac l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e2u sinh duy\u00ean, h\u1ed7 vi duy\u00ean, y duy\u00ean, d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c duy\u00ean, th\u1ef1c duy\u00ean c\u0103n duy\u00ean, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng duy\u00ean, h\u1eefu duy\u00ean v\u00e0 phi t\u1ea1 di\u1ec7t duy\u00ean (Vism, p. 528). N\u00f3i theo Th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadn duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi th\u00ec duy ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ba th\u1ee5 kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 x\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ea1i \u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng sau khi \u0111\u1ebfn ba, b\u1ed1n tu\u1ed5i (C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 9).<\/p>\n

                            G- Th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y l\u00e0 th\u1ee5. Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m n\u00f3i: \u201cTh\u1ee5 l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u1ea5y m\u00f9i v\u1ecb l\u00e0m d\u1ee5ng, l\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea1c, x\u1ea3 l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n, l\u1ea5y x\u00fac l\u00e0m duy\u00ean\u201d (Vism, p. 567). Quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ee5 l\u1ea5y x\u00fac l\u00e0m duy\u00ean m\u00e0 sinh kh\u1edfi tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u00ec \u1edf c\u00e2u sinh duy\u00ean, h\u1ed7 vi duy\u00ean, y duy\u00ean, d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c duy\u00ean, th\u1ef1c duy\u00ean, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng duy\u00ean, h\u1eefu duy\u00ean, v\u00e0 phi t\u1ea1 di\u1ec7t duy\u00ean (Vism, p. 528). N\u00f3i theo Th\u1eddi ph\u1eadn duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i \u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ed1n, n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n, m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m tu\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

                            Tr\u1edf l\u00ean n\u0103m v\u1ecb t\u1eeb th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee5, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft minh\u00a0qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u01b0u th\u1eafng.<\/p>\n

                            H, I- Th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn l\u00e0 \u00e1i v\u00e0 th\u1ee7, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u01b0u th\u1eafng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u1ef1u trung, \u00e1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng quan s\u00e1t v\u00f4 minh v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh \u00fd, n\u00f3i theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean \u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf. Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

                            \u201cL\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u1ea5y c\u1ea7u vui s\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m d\u1ee5ng, l\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n, l\u1ea5y th\u1ee5 l\u00e0m duy\u00ean\u201d (Vism, p. 568).<\/p>\n

                            Trong Ni Kha Da tuy l\u1ea5y h\u1eefu l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i Tam h\u1eefu, nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u1ea5y duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi m\u00e0 n\u00f3i lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 cao \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n Nghi\u1ec7p h\u1eefu. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00f3i theo \u0111i\u1ec3m Nghi\u1ec7p h\u1eefu n\u00e0y th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi H\u00e0nh h\u1eefu \u1edf tr\u00ean kia, cho n\u00ean, trong Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn n\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea3 ph\u00fac h\u00e0nh, phi ph\u00fac h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh (Vism, p. 571). L\u1ea5y Sinh h\u1eefu l\u00e0m ch\u00edn lo\u1ea1i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c h\u1eefu, s\u1eafc h\u1eefu, v\u00f4 s\u1eafc h\u1eefu, t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1eefu, phi t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1eefu, phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1eefu, nh\u1ea5t u\u1ea9n h\u1eefu, t\u1ee9 u\u1ea9n h\u1eefu, ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n h\u1eefu (Vism, pp. 571 \u2013 572). N\u1ebfu cho v\u00f4 minh, h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, th\u00ec \u00e1i, th\u1ee7, h\u1eefu l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Song, do th\u1ee7 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1eefu l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a gi? Theo Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn th\u00ec:<\/p>\n

                            Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1eafc, v\u00f4 s\u1eafc h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p, v\u1edbi sinh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1eadn y duy\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u1ee5c h\u1eefu, do t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng thi\u1ec7n, v\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u sinh duy\u00ean, h\u1ed7 vi duy\u00ean, y duy\u00ean, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng duy\u00ean, phi t\u1ea1 di\u1ec7t duy\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean (Vism, p. 575).<\/p>\n

                            Theo C\u00e2u x\u00e1, th\u00ec h\u1eefu ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p t\u00edch t\u1eadp c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

                            L- Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f4t l\u00e0 sinh. N\u00f3i theo ph\u1eadn v\u1ecb th\u00ec c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi th\u1ee9c v\u1ecb \u1edf tr\u00ean, t\u1ee9c gia \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Do h\u1eefu m\u00e0 c\u00f3 sinh, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 do nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Theo Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 hai duy\u00ean: Y nghi\u1ec7p duy\u00ean\u00a0v\u00e0 C\u1eadn y duy\u00ean (Vism, p. 575).<\/p>\n

                            M- Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai l\u00e0 l\u00e3o t\u1eed. L\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1eed sinh m\u00e0 c\u00f3, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 y v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t duy\u00ean l\u00e0 C\u1eadn y duy\u00ean (Vism, p. 576)[6].<\/p>\n

                            [1]\u00a0\u201cTh\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 minh? \u2013 \u0110\u00e1p: C\u00e1c v\u00f4 minh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5, v\u1edbi t\u1eadp, di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u. (Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1t Tr\u00ed). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 minh che l\u1ea5p t\u00e2m tr\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u. Nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3i g\u1eb7p th\u1ee9c \u0103n ngon l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0103n (B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 38, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, quy\u1ec3n 27, tr. 196, h\u1ea1). L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n hay tu \u0111\u1ea1o? Th\u1ee9c th\u00e2n t\u00fac lu\u1eadn th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 tu \u0111o\u1ea1n. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft b\u1ea3o b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 minh duy l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n. T\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 minh t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c kh\u1edfi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00f9y mi\u00ean kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi tu s\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00f4 minh, tuy kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00f9y mi\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c kh\u1edfi, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 127, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

                            *<\/p>\n

                            [2]\u00a0B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 22 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 119, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng), n\u00f3i: \u201cL\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i v\u00f4 minh c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: 1- T\u1ea1p s\u1ef1, 2- B\u1ea5t t\u1ea1p s\u1ef1. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: 1- Hi\u1ec3n s\u1ef1, 2- B\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3n s\u1ef1\u201d.<\/p>\n

                            [3]\u00a0\u201cS\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t s\u1eeda tr\u1ecb v\u00f4 minh, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3ith\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u00e1c tu\u1ec7 ki\u1ebfn, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec3m tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 10).<\/p>\n

                            [4]\u00a0\u201cCh\u00fang sinh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y qua \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecda c\u00e1c ng\u1ea3 \u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u do v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n,c\u0169ng do tham d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n\u201d. B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 47 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 245, trung) d\u1eabn d\u1ee5ng. C\u1ee9 theo B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 47, th\u00ec l\u1ea5y d\u1ee5c l\u1eadu, h\u1eefu l\u1eadu, v\u00f4 minh l\u1eadu l\u00e0m ba l\u1eadu. Th\u00ed D\u1ee5 S\u01b0 s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m hai l\u1eadu l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh l\u1eadu v\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00e1i l\u1eadu, v\u00e0 ch\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ecb t\u1ebf duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u t\u1ebf duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, h\u1eefu \u00e1i l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1eadut\u1ebf duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, tr. 245, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

                            [5]\u00a0Ph\u00e1p U\u1ea9n T\u00fac Lu\u1eadn quy\u1ec3n 41 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 26, trang 507, trung), C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 10, n\u00f3i (t\u1ee5ng): Danh, b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng s\u1eafc; Ch\u00ednh l\u00fd, quy\u1ec3n 29 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi C\u00e2u x\u00e1; X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 12 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng \u201cTh\u1ee5, t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0, x\u00fac, t\u01b0 duy l\u00e0 danh\u201d (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 608, trung).<\/p>\n

                            [6]\u00a0Theo Gi\u1ea3i Tho\u00e1t \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn, \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u01b0\u1eddi chi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u1ea3n khi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau: V\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 \u1edf T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf, h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u, \u00fd. Th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec7m nh\u1eadp thai g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c. Danh s\u1eafc l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ca la la. L\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp l\u00e0 s\u00e1u ch\u1ed7 b\u00ean trong. X\u00fac l\u00e0 s\u00e1u x\u00fac th\u00e2n. Th\u1ee5 l\u00e0 s\u00e1u th\u1ee5 th\u00e2n. \u00c1i l\u00e0 s\u00e1u \u00e1i th\u00e2n. Th\u1ee7 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n th\u1ee7. H\u1eefu l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi d\u1ee5c, s\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc h\u1eefu. Sinh kh\u1edfi h\u1eefu \u1ea5m, l\u00e3o l\u00e0 khi \u1ea5m ch\u00edn, t\u1eed l\u00e0 khi \u1ea5m tan ho\u1ea1i (Gi\u1ea3i Tho\u00e1t \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 10, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 32, trang 450, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng)<\/p>\n

                            THI\u00caN TH\u1ee8 S\u00c1U \u2013 TU \u0110\u1ea0O LU\u1eacN<\/h3>\n

                            CH\u01af\u01a0NG I: \u0110\u1ed8NG C\u01a0 TU \u0110\u1ea0O V\u1edaI TU \u0110\u1ea0O PH\u00c1P NH\u1ea4T BAN<\/h4>\n

                            1- \u0110\u1ed8NG C\u01a0 TU H\u00c0NH V\u1edaI KH\u1ed4 QUAN.<\/h5>\n

                            Tr\u1edf l\u00ean l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo t\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd quan c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma. Song, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, c\u1ee9 theo A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, th\u00ec lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, tuy c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p sinh thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa, \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p sinh \u00e1c th\u00fa, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb h\u1eefu l\u1eadu. Cho d\u00f9 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eabn dao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u k\u00ednh an \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea5y ng\u00e3 d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, cho n\u00ean, c\u00f3 khi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, c\u00f3 khi v\u00ec tham d\u1ee5c, s\u00e2n hu\u1ec7 m\u00e0 \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p; v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1edfi v\u1eady m\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng ra sao c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1ed3i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y t\u1ea7m m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y xa th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 trong th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng an \u0111\u1ecbnh, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. C\u00e1i ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5 quan l\u00e0: v\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean n\u00ean, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1eadt m\u1eb7t tuy ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c t\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh, nh\u01b0ng, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00ean l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ef1 do v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1ea9n b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng dung v\u00e0 v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1eb1ng co \u1ea5y m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111au kh\u1ed5: \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y qua. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, c\u00e1i l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh c\u0169ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Song, c\u00e1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t trong t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 b\u1ec3 kh\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n sinh quan Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5? C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, x\u00e1c l\u1eadp l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n, l\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3, do v\u1eady kh\u1ed5 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 th\u1ee9 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5y. Trong Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1ebft kh\u1ed5 \u0111au? \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. Nh\u01b0 ai n\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft, A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma y theo gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n, \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, n\u00f3i r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eady. \u0110\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 tu \u0111\u1ea1o. A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft minh kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Trong c\u00e1c kinh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng, A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u1ed5, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ebft minh. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft th\u00ec c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111em \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u1ed5 chia ra l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i. Chi\u1ebfu theo Kh\u1ebf kinh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 c\u00f3 t\u00e1m, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5, gi\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, ch\u1ebft kh\u1ed5, c\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1ed5, lo bu\u1ed3n kh\u1ed5, o\u00e1n gh\u00e9t m\u00e0 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 chia l\u00eca l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7u mong kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 (Vism, p. 498). L\u1ea1i n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, \u201cbi\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf n\u00f3i th\u1ee5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5\u201d (T\u1ea1p-a-h\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 17, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 2, trang 121, c\u1ed9t tr\u00ean). V\u00ec v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00ean kh\u1ed5, kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma tuy thuy\u1ebft minh nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa. V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5, Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

                            Kh\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n b\u1ef1c li\u00ean mi\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n b\u1ef1c li\u00ean mi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 (Vism, p. 640).<\/p>\n

                            L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i: 1- Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i bu\u1ed3n b\u1ef1c, 2- Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng (h\u00e0nh), 3- Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t, 4- Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i (ibid p. 494). Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ba l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, c\u00f2n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hai v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ed1n, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i trong nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i quy v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5. V\u1ec1 p\u00eda B\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 chia kh\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i[1], t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 lh\u1ed5, h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 (C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 22). Kh\u1ed5 kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5; h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea5t an n\u00ean kh\u1ed5; ho\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac ti\u00eau tan n\u00ean kh\u1ed5 (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi ba kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 y n\u1ed9i kh\u1ed5, y ngo\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5, y h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 – S\u00e1u Ph\u00e1i Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 trang 7). T\u1ef1u trung, hai lo\u1ea1i sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n sinh Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, t\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, cho d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i, thi\u1ebfu m\u1ea5t t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, cho n\u00ean, v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u1edf th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

                            T\u1eeb nh\u00e2n sinh quan \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o y\u00ean \u1ed5n? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 B\u1ed1n \u0110\u1ebf: kh\u1ed5, t\u1eadp, di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf, v\u00ec y v\u00e0o phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, mu\u1ed1n h\u1ebft kh\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec7t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tu \u0111\u1ea1o: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Tu \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                            2- NH\u1eeeNG \u0110\u1ee8C M\u1ee4C TU \u0110\u1ea0O.<\/h5>\n

                            Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec7t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec? N\u00f3i theo T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf lu\u1eadn th\u00ec ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 B\u00e1t ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o, tuy \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t n\u00f3i B\u00e1t ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, tr\u00ean B\u00e1t ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0 T\u1ee9 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9, B\u00e1t ch\u00ednh \u0111o\u1ea1n, T\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n t\u00fac, Ng\u0169 c\u0103n, Ng\u0169 l\u1ef1c, Th\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c chi, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y khoa ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7. Ngo\u00e0i B\u00e1t ch\u00ednh, s\u00e1u khoa kia, v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u1ee9ng ngang hang v\u1edbi B\u00e1t ch\u00ednh, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, th\u00ec b\u1ea3y khoa l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t. K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c tu \u0111\u1ea1o trong Kh\u1ebf kinh kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong b\u1ea3y khoa, m\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi ni\u1ec7m, m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1edfng, b\u1ed1n thi\u1ec1n, b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1ed1n v\u00f4 s\u1eafc v.v\u2026 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra con s\u1ed1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Do nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, n\u00ean y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i tu theo t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n. C\u1ee9 theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y th\u00ec tuy chuy\u00ean tu m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec th\u1eddi c\u01a1 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c, n\u00ean, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u201ct\u00f9y b\u1ec7nh cho thu\u1ed1c\u201d, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0, thay v\u00ec l\u1ea5y th\u1ebf gian ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t ra trong t\u00e2m c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian ph\u00e1p (gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ph\u00e1p) v\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c tu \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u, ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3, nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, chuy\u00ean l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c tu h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, ngo\u00e0i Tu \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn ra, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thuy\u1ebft minh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, tuy c\u00f3 t\u0103ng gia nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Tu \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean tinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ebfp th\u1ee7 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ch\u00fang v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n trong vi\u1ec7c tu \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd ch\u00fang theo thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, trong c\u00e1c kinh, lu\u1eadn c\u1ed5, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, trong c\u00e1c kinh, lu\u1eadn m\u1edbi,tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 tu \u0111\u1ea1o, so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0, n\u00f3i theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 xa r\u1eddi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi\u00a0t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, qu\u1ea3 A-la-h\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd th\u00ec n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb t\u1ed1i cao, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Do s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n m\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n c\u00e1i h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, th\u00ec c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec7t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd cho c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 h\u1eb3n hoi: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t l\u00fd th\u00fa m\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua.<\/p>\n

                            3- T\u01af C\u00c1CH TU \u0110\u1ea0O.<\/h5>\n

                            V\u1ec1 Tu \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tu \u0111\u1ea1o? V\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong thi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn ai c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean theo, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 tu \u0111\u1ea1o, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p, th\u00ec so v\u1edbi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f2n h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch d\u1ee5ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, chi\u1ebfu theo c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi tua \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee5c trong ba giai c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u00f4i (tham chi\u1ebfu kinh Ph\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0n \u0110a, m\u1ee5c n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch; trong ph\u00e1i S\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn, tuy l\u1ea5y ba giai c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3 giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 t\u01b0). Nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed1n giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec1u thanh t\u1ecbnh, v\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t \u1ea5y cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n giai c\u1ea5p, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1eadt h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. V\u1ec1 nam n\u1eef t\u00ednh th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tu \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u1ea3 nam n\u1eef, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, m\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u1eef t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00edt. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf hay s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb7t bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o. Duy c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa t\u1ea1i gia v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t gia; t\u1ee9c mu\u1ed1n tu \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t gia hay \u1edf t\u1ea1i gia c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, chi\u1ebfu theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 tuy \u1edf t\u1ea1i gia nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m nay th\u1eb3ng, d\u1ed1c l\u00f2ng tu \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00ec t\u1ea1i gia c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u01afu b\u00e0 t\u1eafc, \u01afu b\u00e0 di, trong b\u1ed1n qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 ba, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y qua r\u1ed3i (Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn). Song, s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ngay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, th\u00ec c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng xu\u1ea5t gia l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng t\u1ea1i gia, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t (nh\u01b0 trong Trung a h\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 31, L\u1ea1i-tra-h\u00f2a-la-kinh, v\u00e0 Trung a h\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 8, sa-k\u00ea-\u0111\u1ebf-tam-t\u1ed9c-t\u00ednh kinh v.v\u2026). Nh\u01b0ng thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i th\u1eeba k\u1ebf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y tuy c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y tuy t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ec7 xu\u1ea5t gia, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn sinh ho\u1ea1t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ea1i gia, \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i th\u00ec, c\u1ee9 theo A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma l\u1ea1i coi th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ea1i gia m\u00e0 chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 cao ph\u00e1p tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng xu\u1ea5t gia v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i (Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn 17, \u00c1c gi\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m 182, b\u1ea3o h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi d\u1ee5c ni\u1ec7m, t\u00e2m s\u00e2n khu\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u00e2m n\u00e3o h\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u00e1c (t\u00e2m lo cho n\u01b0\u1edbc), qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1c (t\u00e2m mu\u1ed1n \u0111i du l\u1ecbch c\u00e1c n\u01a1i), b\u1ea5t t\u1eed gi\u00e1c, l\u1ee3i tha t\u00e2m v\u00e0 khinh tha t\u00e2m v.v\u2026 T\u1ef1u trung, b\u1ea5t t\u1eed gi\u00e1c, l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng n\u0103m t\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 tam t\u1ea1ng, t\u1ea1p t\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t t\u1ea1ng r\u1ed3i m\u1edbinghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u\u00a0ngo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3n, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n, tu \u0111\u1ea1o d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau). N\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma th\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng phi\u1ec1n t\u1ecfa, nh\u1eadn xu\u1ea5t gia l\u00e0 do nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia, t\u1ea1i gia nh\u1edd t\u00f4n k\u00ednh c\u00fang d\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t gia m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham d\u1ef1 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00fac \u0111\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia n\u00e0o d\u1ed1c l\u00f2ng tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng theo \u0111\u1ea1o xu\u1ea5t gia th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u1ea5m. Do \u0111\u00f3, song song v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t gia c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia. \u1ede th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, v\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh n\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 xu\u1ea5t gia, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9. Nh\u01b0 trong Tr\u01b0\u1eddng-a-h\u00e0m quy\u1ec3n 3, Du h\u00e0nh kinh, trong ph\u1ea7n Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y Ch\u00e2n Na, c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t gia: 1- H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00f9 th\u1eafng, 2- Thi\u1ec7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o ngh\u0129a, 3- Y \u0111\u1ea1o sinh ho\u1ea1t, 4- V\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00e1c u\u1ebf (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 18, trung)[2]. T\u1ef1u trung, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00f9 th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi; thi\u1ec7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o ngh\u0129a, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u00e0i tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o, y \u0111\u1ea1o sinh ho\u1ea1t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1nh tuy kh\u00f4ng th\u00f9 th\u1eafng, thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p tuy kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia; c\u00f2n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00e1c u\u1ebf l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u ph\u00e1 gi\u1edbi[3]. L\u1ea1i Th\u1eadp t\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt quy\u1ec3n 1 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 23, trang 2, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng), c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u: 1- Danh t\u1ef1 T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u, 2- T\u1ef1 ng\u00f4n T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u, 3- V\u1ecb kh\u1ea5t T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u, 4- Ph\u00e1 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u (C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 15 tr\u00edch d\u1ee5ng). T\u1ef1u trung, Danh t\u1ef1 T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tuy x\u01b0ng danh l\u00e0 T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c; T\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9n T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u; V\u1ecb kh\u1ea5t T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u, chi\u1ebfu theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n xin, t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh kh\u1ea5t; Ph\u00e1 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh. T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 n\u00e0y: ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 bao h\u00e0m \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y. \u1ede th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i v\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1o xu\u1ea5t gia, th\u00ec d\u0129 nhi\u00ean,tr\u00ean th\u1ef1 t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 chia ra nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u. Do \u0111\u00f3, A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma lu\u1eadn th\u01b0 (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, Nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m trong X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 7), tuy ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 tu h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u0103n c\u01a1 hay t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao t\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

                            Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, \u00edt ra l\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a xu\u1ea5t gia, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hay tr\u00ean l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u c\u0103n c\u01a1, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec \u00edt, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5t ban h\u00f3a, th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, cho n\u00ean Tu \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u1ec5m nhi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ef1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 chi ly. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i tam h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb th\u00ec s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i \u00fd ngh\u0129a tu tam h\u1ecdc: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n t\u1eeb Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong thi\u00ean th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u n\u00e0y, tuy \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00e0m b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c tam h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n qua v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eafc qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

                            *<\/p>\n

                            [1]\u00a0Xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a 3 kh\u1ed5 th\u1ea5y trong Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00e0n, Ch\u00fang T\u1eadp Kinh, xem \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00e1nh, 1 trang 50, trung.<\/p>\n

                            [2]\u00a0Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong kinh Ph\u1eadt Ban N\u00ea Ho\u00e0n c\u00f2n n\u00f3i c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u: 1- Ngh\u00e8o c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nu\u00f4i th\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, 2- M\u1eafc n\u1ee3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i, 3- V\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 4- Cao s\u0129 s\u1ed1ng thanh khi\u1ebft, khi nghe Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p th\u00ec b\u1ed5ng nhi\u00ean t\u00e2m ng\u1ed9 xu\u1ea5t gia (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 1, trang 172, trung).<\/p>\n

                            [3]\u00a0B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 66, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng: Th\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c; Th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 X\u00e1 L\u1ee3i Ph\u1ea5t; M\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 A Nan; \u00d4 \u0111\u1ea1o tuy ch\u1ec9 cho M\u1ea1t H\u00e1t L\u1ea1t Ca c\u00f3 v\u1ebft nh\u01b0 \u0103n tr\u1ed9m, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 cho nh\u1eefng T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c (C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 15)<\/p>\n

                            Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II: Nguy\u00ean T\u1eafc Tu \u0110\u1ea1o V\u1edbi Gi\u1edbi \u0110\u1ecbnh Tu\u1ec7<\/h4>\n

                            1- QUAN H\u1ec6 GI\u1eeeA TU \u0110\u1ea0O V\u00c0 TAM H\u1eccC.<\/h5>\n

                            V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c tu \u0111\u1ea1o, tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i Tam h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y qua v\u1ec1 Tam h\u1ecdc (nh\u01b0ng, v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong thi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i, n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1eefa). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Tam h\u1ecdc. S\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Tu \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? T\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3i thuy\u1ebft minh c\u00e1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean b\u1ea5t ly gi\u1eefa Tu \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Tam h\u1ecdc. Tam h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 chia l\u00e0m ba \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n sinh c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

                            Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea5y d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p, ng\u00e3 d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, trong c\u00e1i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p, ng\u00e3 d\u1ee5c \u1ea5y c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sinh m\u1ec7nh v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n m\u00e0, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y qua, tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u00ednh b\u1ea3n t\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta do v\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c chi ph\u1ed1i; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t ban c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp t\u1eeb v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i theo h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tuy s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi t\u00ednh t\u00edch hay c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9 m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1i l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 kh\u1ed5, ho\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean kia \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, tuy \u1edf l\u1ef1c chi ph\u1ed1i nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c m\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do (\u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5), ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 b\u00ean trong l\u1eabn c\u1ea3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u1ea5y m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00e2m c\u1ea7u b\u00ean trong, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ta, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t duy nh\u1ea5t; m\u00e0 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eaft t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec s\u1ee9c \u00e9p thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t t\u1eeb t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng g\u1ea5p r\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, t\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, th\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ch\u00ed ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn m\u00ea hay ng\u1ed9, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u do n\u01a1i t\u00e2m. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, xin tr\u00edch m\u1ea5y c\u00e2u kinh v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh:<\/p>\n

                            Xe do c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c quay v\u1edbi xe, theo nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn, h\u1ec5 nh\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i th\u00ec s\u1ebd di\u1ec7t \u2013 T\u1ea1p-a-h\u00e0m, Kinh 49 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 2, trang 356, c\u1ed9t d\u01b0\u1edbi).<\/p>\n

                            T\u00e2m mang th\u1ebf gian \u0111i, t\u00e2n d\u1eabn th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gian \u2013 T\u1ea1p-a-h\u00e0m, Kinh 36 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 2, trang 264, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

                            T\u00e2m l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, t\u00e2m sai t\u00e2m khi\u1ebfn, trong t\u00e2m ngh\u0129 \u00e1c th\u00ec t\u1ee9c l\u00e0m \u00e1c, t\u1ed9i kh\u1ed5 \u0111u\u1ed5i theo c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00e1nh xe quay theo tr\u1ee5c xe. T\u00e2m l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, t\u00e2m sai t\u00e2m khi\u1ebfn, trong t\u00e2m ngh\u0129 thi\u1ec7n th\u00ec t\u1ee9c t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111i theo c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00f3ng theo h\u00ecnh \u2013 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t-a-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 15 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 28, trang 628, trung).<\/p>\n

                            2- TU\u1ec6 H\u1eccC.<\/h5>\n

                            \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean l\u00e0: l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o t\u00e2m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ph\u00e1t sinh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 tam h\u1ecdc Gi\u1edbi, \u0110\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

                            \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o t\u00e2m, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 m\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do, ph\u1ea3i th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh tinh th\u1ea7n mong c\u1ea7u l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c tri ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u00e1t nh\u00e3 r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u1edf d\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 v\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, m\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong Tam h\u1ecdc. Song, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1eebng l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c do h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, tuy r\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u thuy\u1ebft minh tri th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00ed ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111au kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 tin ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn (v\u1ec1 sau, kinh B\u00e1t nh\u00e3 l\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh c\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 ra). Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i bao h\u00e0m khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ed ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ed th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m l\u1edbn, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd, trong tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n t\u00ecnh \u00fd, cho n\u00ean, tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf qua t\u00ecnh t\u00ecnh \u00fd.<\/p>\n

                            3- BA TU\u1ec6 V\u0102N, T\u01af, TU.<\/h5>\n

                            Song, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i th\u00e0nh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3? Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn s\u00e2u v\u00e0o. \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m c\u0169ng do tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i do tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y t\u00f4i xin n\u00f3i sau, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0m ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ba tu\u1ec7 v\u0103n, t\u01b0, tu. Trong lu\u1eadn Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt, quy\u1ec3n 16, ph\u1ea9m Tam tu\u1ec7 194, l\u1ea5y n\u00f3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u00e2n c\u1ee9u; trong C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 22, th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Trong kinh Du Gi\u00e0 (Yogasutra I, 48), c\u0169ng n\u00f3i \u201cDo th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1o l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t li\u1ec7t tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, do ba th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Du gi\u00e0\u201d. C\u1ee9 theo ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Vi Da X\u00e1 th\u00ec c\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn d\u1ee5ng cho n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, \u00edt ra c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

                            T\u1ef1u trung, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u0103n tu\u1ec7, nh\u01b0 Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 cho tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t sinh c\u00e1c Tu \u0110a La. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 do nghe m\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129a l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh nghe m\u00e0 c\u00f3. Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, \u0111\u00e2y tuy l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eadp m\u00f4n trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu. V\u00ec v\u0103n tu\u1ec7 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0m \u00fd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 tai, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u0103n tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn tr\u00edch l\u1eddi trong kinh n\u00f3i: \u201cnghe c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Vi \u0110\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sinh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u0103n tu\u1ec7\u201d (Tam tu\u1ec7 ph\u1ea9m 194). \u0110\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Thanh v\u0103n r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u0103n tu\u1ec7 trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 bao h\u00e0m \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Tam b\u1ea3o, t\u1ee9c ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho r\u1eb1ng duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p, T\u0103ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, ngo\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ra, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, ch\u1ebf \u0111a v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c, tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh, t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng x\u1ee9 m\u00e0 Thanh v\u0103n th\u1eeba (Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t \u00edt y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thu\u1ea7n t\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, c\u0169ng nh\u1edd \u1edf \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u0103n tu\u1ec7, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a l\u00fd trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n hay tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nghe Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n

                            Nghe ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 ghi nh\u1edb trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i th\u00ec r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u00edch cho t\u00e2m linh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i t\u00e2m t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng theo ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p. M\u00e0 c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i tu tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 tu\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp sau v\u0103n tu\u1ec7. T\u01b0 tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec1n ng\u1eabm nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. B\u00e0 sa, quy\u1ec3n 42 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 27, trang 217, trung), n\u00f3i: v\u0103n tu\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e2u v\u0103n, t\u01b0 tu\u1ec7 tuy c\u0169ng do v\u0103n nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng \u1edf ngh\u0129a (tham chi\u1ebfu C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 22). L\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa, b\u1ecf v\u0103n theo ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh sinh ho\u1ea1t n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0 tu tu\u1ec7, m\u00e0 tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ebfn tu tu\u1ec7 th\u00ec tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 m\u1edbi tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m linh, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, c\u00e1i c\u1ef1c tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a tu tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t[1]\u00a0(ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tho\u00e1t d\u1ee5c), tu\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tho\u00e1t v\u00f4 minh), cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c t\u1eadn tr\u00ed v\u00e0 v\u00f4 sinh tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

                            4- \u0110\u1ecaNH H\u1eccC.<\/h5>\n

                            Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0a tu tu\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e2n n\u00e3o hay t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng quan ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7, m\u00e0 th\u1eadt ra, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong vi\u1ec7c sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u00f3a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i do h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng phu dung h\u00f3a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng phu l\u00e0m cho h\u00e0nh vi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a. C\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p dung h\u00f2a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f2n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh quy \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt. T\u1ef1u trung, thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y sau, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c th\u00e2m c\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p, ng\u00e3 d\u1ee5c; c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c th\u00ec l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng sinh ho\u1ea1t tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Theo \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c nh\u1edd s\u1ee9c t\u1eadp trung tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1ph\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i, Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba, kh\u00f4ng mi\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u00e0o trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ngo\u00e0i thi\u1ec1n. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec x\u1ea5y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu r\u1eddi xa thi\u1ec1n th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t l\u00fd lu\u00e2n su\u00f4ng. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu r\u1eddi xa thi\u1ec1n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

                            5- GI\u1edaI H\u1eccC.<\/h5>\n

                            Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n th\u00f4i sao? Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, n\u1ebfu xa l\u00eca tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n th\u00ec gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh th\u00ec tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u1edd th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n m\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00ean thu\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t xa h\u01a1n ch\u00fat n\u1eefa, th\u00ec tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u00f2n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00ec m\u1ed7i c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7, \u00edt ra l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u00f3i theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh, so v\u1edbi thi\u1ec1n, tu\u1ec7, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn. C\u00e1i l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y tuy coi coi tr\u1ecdng thi\u1ec1n, tu\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec7t li\u1ec7t th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y th\u00ec tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, n\u1ebfu xa r\u1eddi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh th\u00ec thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

                            6- S\u1ef0 QUAN H\u1ec6 H\u1ed6 T\u01af\u01a0NG GI\u1eeeA TAM H\u1eccC.<\/h5>\n

                            Tam h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec7n, tuy thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, th\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft, hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00ed nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ec9nh ba ch\u00e2n, thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, mu\u1ed1n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh tu\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh; c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, mu\u1ed1n cho gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh tu\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 ngay \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, c\u1ee9 theo v\u0103n t\u1ef1 m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t Tam h\u1ecdc th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 tu \u0111\u1ea1o, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tam v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e3 do \u00fd ki\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u0169ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n (nh\u01b0 Tu B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1[2]\u00a0chuy\u00ean \u1edf trong n\u00fai. \u01afu Ba Li l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 A Nan th\u00ec chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v.v\u2026). Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i[3]\u00a0th\u00ec khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u00ec cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 chia th\u00e0nh Lu\u1eadt t\u00f4n, Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4n, H\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n t\u00f4n (Gi\u00e1o t\u00f4n) v.v\u2026 tuy c\u00f3 l\u1eadp ra ph\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i th\u00ec, t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, l\u1ea5y Tam h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eddi tu \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a c\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua.<\/p>\n

                            *<\/p>\n

                            [1]\u00a0V\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu Visuddhimagga, \u201cD\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3itho\u00e1t\u201d (Th\u00e0nh-th\u1eadt-lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 44, thi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m 182).<\/p>\n

                            [2]\u00a0T\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t a h\u00e0m,quy\u1ec3n 2 (\u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 2, trang 557) \u2013 A. I,p. 24 \u2013 26, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u1ea3 T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u, T\u1ef7 kh\u01b0u ni, T\u00edn nam, T\u00edn n\u1eef.<\/p>\n

                            [3]\u00a0theo B\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5p d\u1ecb lu\u1eadn th\u00ec nh\u01b0 Kh\u00f4i s\u01a1n tr\u1ee5 b\u1ed9 (K\u00ea d\u00e2n b\u1ed9, Ng\u01b0u gia b\u1ed9) l\u1ea5y lu\u1eadt l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, nghi\u00ean h\u1eb3n v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tu \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7 th\u00ec trong visuddhimagga Chapt, I, p. n\u00f3i: \u201cDo gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u00e1c th\u00fa, do \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 si\u00eau D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, do tu\u1ec7 m\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u201cTam gi\u1edbi\u201d.<\/p>\n

                            Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III: Thi\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ecbnh Lu\u1eadn<\/h4>\n

                            1- G\u1ee2I \u0110\u1ec0.<\/h5>\n

                            Y\u1ebfu l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu \u0111\u1ea1o tuy l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u00ec gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7 tuy l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00e2n v\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c th\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng. Gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u1ec7. \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 xem trong Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i do gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u00e1c th\u00fa, do \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi\u00a0v\u00e0 do tu\u1ec7 m\u00e0 si\u00eau tam gi\u1edbi th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5 (Vism, p..). T\u1ef1u trung, \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf gi\u1eefa m\u00e0 c\u00f2n kho\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t tam gi\u1edbi, \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1t tu\u1ec7 th\u1eadt ra c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecbnh. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, trung t\u00e2m tu \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng Th\u1ea7n linh m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y t\u00e2m l\u00e0m trung, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u1ebf c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u1edf s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn. Song, s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y, theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang cho \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 cho s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, n\u00eau xa l\u00eca thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u1eefa. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, chuy\u00ean l\u1ea5y \u1ea9n tu\u1eabn l\u00e0m \u00fd ch\u1ec9, do t\u00e2m thanh t\u1ecbnh v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, s\u1ef1 tu \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 tu \u0111\u1ea1o: \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 l\u1ea1 c\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o c\u00e1i th\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea3o, th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i th\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u01b0 thi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

                            2- THI\u1ec0N QU\u00c1N V\u1edaI T\u1ee8 \u0110\u1ebe V\u00c0 12 NH\u00c2N DUY\u00caN.<\/h5>\n

                            Tr\u01b0ng theo gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i \u1edf tr\u00ean, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o t\u01b0\u1edbng, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n sinh quan, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan, th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n quan v.v\u2026 tuy tri\u1ec3n khai d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ed7 quy k\u1ebft th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n quan, thi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, m\u1edbi nh\u00ecn qua th\u00ec thay v\u00ec n\u00f3i l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft minh s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua, Nh\u01b0 T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf, 12 Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, T\u1ee9 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft minh. T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf thuy\u1ebft minh nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i; 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y do thu\u1eadn quan m\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, do ngh\u1ecbch quan m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t; c\u00f2n T\u1ee9 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u00e0 ph\u00e1m \u0111o\u00e1n theo hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Song, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf, 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean hay T\u1ee9 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9, khi tu h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng \u00e1n. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, V\u00f4 S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t theo tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, ch\u1eb3ng qua c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tinh th\u1ea7n tu thi\u1ec1n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o hay n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c sinh l\u00fd v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1i th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111em \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0o thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n (nh\u01b0 B\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh qu\u00e1n ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n). C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 tham c\u1ee9u th\u00ec ta th\u1ea5y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o d\u00f9 c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft minh b\u1eb1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy k\u1ebft \u1edf thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n, v\u00ec, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n th\u00ec quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o: t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u1eb3ng qua c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n, R\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c, do thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n m\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean l\u00fd h\u00f3a, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf, \u0111em nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ebft minh v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u Kh\u1ebf c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec3m. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edb k\u1ef9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                            3- \u00dd NGH\u0128A THI\u1ec0N \u0110\u1ecaNH.<\/h5>\n

                            Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1ea5y thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ebfu k\u00fd l\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef thi\u1ec1n. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1ed5ng lu\u1eadn, t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e3y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1ea5t ban c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 Du Gi\u00e0, Tam Ma \u0110\u1ecba. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t h\u00f3a t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u1ea5y, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c r\u1ed3i. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n – m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hay n\u1ed9i dung quan ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u2013 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1ea5t ban Du Gi\u00e0. Ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, c\u1ed9t t\u00e2m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7[1], th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c bi\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 v\u00f4 ni\u1ec7m, v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edfng: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tu \u0111\u1ecbnh. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c ch\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, Nh\u01b0ng, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m m\u00e0 c\u00f2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p \u1ea5y, d\u1ed3n h\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ec1n cho ch\u00ecnh m\u00ecnh, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u0169ng h\u00f2a v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t; \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y th\u00ec tu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tu \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. Thi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tuy c\u00f9ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u2013 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung \u2013 nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e2m th\u00e1i, v\u00e0; \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                            Tr\u01b0ng theo kinh Du Gi\u00e0 th\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef nh\u01b0 Du Gi\u00e0, Tam ma \u0111\u1ecba, Tam ma b\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec1, \u0110\u00e0 di\u1ec5n na v\u00e0 Tha l\u1ea1p na v.v\u2026 v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef, kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec \u00edt, c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 sai kh\u00e1c. Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef, ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y t\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh (Du gi\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba lu\u1eadn l\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean, quy\u1ec3n 5, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 43, trang 66 tr\u1edf \u0111i. (C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 28). D\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean, v\u1ec1 sau, trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng, tuy kh\u00f4ng khu bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, v\u1ed1n \u01b0a th\u00edch nghi\u00eam c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 khu bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3 m\u00f4t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng danh x\u01b0ng:<\/p>\n

                            a- Tam-ma-th\u1ea3-\u0111a (\u0111\u1eb3ng d\u1eabn) hai \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00f9ng cho c\u1ea3 h\u1eefu t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

                            b- Tam-ma-\u0111\u1ecba (Tam mu\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u00ec): l\u1ea5y t\u00ednh t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng cho \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1eefu t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

                            c- Tam-ma-b\u00e1t-\u0111\u1ec3 (\u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u00ed): th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 h\u1eefu t\u00e2m, v\u00f4 t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u01b0ng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t l\u00e0 T\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n, T\u1ee9 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

                            d- \u0110\u00e0-di\u1ec5n-na, Thi\u1ec1n na (T\u0129nh l\u1ef1): tuy \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng cho t\u1eeb thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00ean chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, thi\u1ec1n trong thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 ch\u1eef ih\u00e0na (thi\u1ec1n na) m\u00e0 ra.<\/p>\n

                            \u0111- Ch\u1ea5t-\u0111a-y-ca-a-y\u1ebft-la-\u0111a; t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3nh t\u00ednh, ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng cho h\u1eefu t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi Tam-ma-\u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n

                            e- Xa-ma-tha (ch\u1ec9): danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng song song v\u1edbi T\u1ef3-b\u00e1t-x\u00e0-na (qu\u00e1n). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m ch\u00ecm l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 cho h\u1eefu t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

                            g- Hi\u1ec7n-ph\u00e1p-l\u1ea1c-tr\u1ee5: trong T\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecbnh, duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Th\u00e1nh t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

                            Nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc, th\u00ec c\u00e1i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3y danh t\u1eeb k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m th\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 \u1edf ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1eb9p. Song, m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb chung \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec1u cho thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, l\u00e0 Tam-ma-\u0111\u1ecba. D\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n Du Gi\u00e0 s\u1eed m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, trong \u00c1o Ngh\u0129a Th\u01b0 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a, danh t\u1eeb v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i n\u00f3 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef. Nh\u01b0ng, trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu d\u1ee5ng ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, khi mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n d\u00f9ng danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh trong B\u00e1t ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ecbnh Ng\u0169 c\u0103n, Ng\u0169 l\u1ef1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb Tam-ma-\u0111\u1ecba. Danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y do ti\u1ebfng sam + v- dha. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1ecb t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 (gi\u1eef t\u00e2m \u1edf m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1ed5ng tr\u00ec hay \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u00ec v\u1eady. T\u00e2m th\u00e1i bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadt th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.<\/p>\n

                            Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m, trong A-tha-sa-l\u1ecb-noa (pp. 118-9), \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch Tam-ma-\u0111\u1ecba nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                            \u201cL\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng lo\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p c\u00f9ng sinh (t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf) v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eeda, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y t\u0129nh t\u00e2m l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. V\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u0129nh t\u00e2m m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 vui l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00f3 th\u00ec \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ee9ng ngay,t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng l\u00e0 nh\u1edd Tam mu\u1ed9i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3\u201d (Rhys Davids; Yog\u00e0vac\u00e0ras Manua of Indian Mysticism as Practicsd by Buddhists London 1896, p. XXVI, tr\u00edch d\u1ee5ng).<\/p>\n

                            Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch g\u1ea7n th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

                            4- KH\u00d3A \u0110\u1ec0 THI\u1ec0N \u0110\u1ecaNH.<\/h5>\n

                            B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng khi lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y th\u00ec n\u00ean chia th\u00e0nh m\u1ea5y b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n cho \u0111\u00fang? Mu\u1ed1n thuy\u1ebft minh \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tu thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft th\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t nh\u01b0ng ngo\u00e0i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 ra, tu thi\u1ec1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u1ee5 n\u1eefa m\u00e0, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec1n, t\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i xem ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t. A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma chia m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tu thi\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ba hay b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea5y b\u1ed1n l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1c tr\u1ee5; Th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u1eafc th\u1eafng tr\u00ed ki\u1ebfn; Th\u1ee9 ba, \u0111\u1eafc ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t tu\u1ec7; Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, l\u00e0 t\u1eadn ch\u01b0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (l\u1eadu t\u1eadn) (C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 28; Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt, quy\u1ec3n 12, T\u1eeb tu \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea9m 158 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau). Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1c tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1edd tu \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 th\u00e2n t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an t\u0129nh; th\u1ee9 hai th\u1eafng tr\u00ed ki\u1ebfn ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng; th\u1ee9 ba ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u1ec7 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh, t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf; th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u1eadu t\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1ed1i cao. Xem th\u1ebf th\u00ec b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n na v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng, th\u1eadt ra b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c tu thi\u1ec1n m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c, b\u1edfi v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf th\u00f4i th\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i qua m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c,[2]\u00a0N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t ban thi\u1ec1n th\u00ec nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u \u00fd. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd quan; y\u1ebfu ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh. N\u1ebfu x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft. Trong \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c T\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a tr\u00ecnh n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2ml\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh c\u0169ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i qua t\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t ban, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn. Th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng lu\u1eadn: l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 do thi\u1ec1n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1i cao? N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n, tr\u00ean quan h\u1ec7 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng lu\u1eadn th\u00ec thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp; th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn: l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n m\u00e0, theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n; th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n m\u00e0 n\u00f3i ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n. B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ki\u1ec7n khang ph\u00e1p, an t\u0129nh ph\u00e1p cho \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0 gnh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n, n\u1ebfu cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u.H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, trong T\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t ban c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n qua r\u1ed3i. C\u00f2n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng lu\u1eadn n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0n ri\u00eang v\u1edbi thi\u1ec1n lu\u1eadn, v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng l\u1ef1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7, t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t cach th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, v\u1eady, r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Song, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bao h\u00e0m \u00fd ngh\u0129a d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng \u00e1n v\u1edbi Thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho th\u00edch \u1ee9ng. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh hai \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, hai l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u1ed9i dung. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc, khi nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh, lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng \u00fd b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung); c\u00f2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 hai n\u00ean chuy\u00ean lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p quan. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i r\u00f5 \u00fd ngh\u0129a C\u1eedu th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a A-t\u1ef3-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma v\u00e0, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00f3i ra s\u1ebd c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 phi\u1ec1n t\u1ecfa, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i xin k\u1ebft th\u00fac ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y (Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn).<\/p>\n

                            *<\/p>\n

                            [1]\u00a0V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t: 1- T\u00e2m tr\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng tam mu\u1ed9i Th\u00e0nh Th\u1eadt, quy\u1ec3n 12, \u0110\u1ecbnh nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m 155), 2- \u0110\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c tinh ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh th\u1eadt y\u00ean t\u0129nh, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh (Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec3n 2, Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea9m 4, \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, 32, tr. 406, ha), 3- \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00e9o \u1edf v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh (C\u00e2u x\u00e1, quy\u1ec3n 28).<\/p>\n

                            [2]\u00a0Xem b\u00e0i kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o\u00a0v\u1edbi Thi\u1ec1n trong m\u1ee5c \u201cT\u1eeb Ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn Di\u1ec7u h\u1eefu).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                            H\u00e1n D\u1ecbch: Th\u00edch Di\u1ec5n B\u1ed3i – Vi\u1ec7t D\u1ecbch: Th\u00edch Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ed9<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":171728,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[59],"tags":[72,81],"yoast_head":"\nTi\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn - Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/tieu-thua-phat-giao-tu-tuong-luan-163854.html\" \/>\n<link rel=\"next\" href=\"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/tieu-thua-phat-giao-tu-tuong-luan-163854.html\/2\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn - 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