{"id":163878,"date":"2019-05-08T11:46:28","date_gmt":"2019-05-08T04:46:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/?p=163878"},"modified":"2019-05-08T11:46:28","modified_gmt":"2019-05-08T04:46:28","slug":"dai-thua-tuyet-doi-luan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/dai-thua-tuyet-doi-luan-163878.html","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i Lu\u1eadn"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i Lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Nguy\u1ec7t Khu\u00ea Thi\u1ec1n S\u01b0 – Vi\u1ec7t D\u1ecbch: Th\u00edch Duy L\u1ef1c<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u00c2n Thi\u1ec1n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, Hoa K\u1ef3 2001<\/em><\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0i Nguy\u1ec7t Kh\u00ea l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh, t\u1ecbch n\u0103m 1965 \u1edf C\u1eedu Long, H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n gi\u00fap \u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n trong ph\u1ea1m vi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi suy ra \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ec3 suy l\u00fd m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i Nguy\u1ec7t Kh\u00ea d\u00f9ng ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p Thi\u1ec1n Tr\u1ef1c Ti\u1ebfp truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca.<\/p>\n

—o0o—<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ph\u1ea7n I<\/h3>\n

Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca d\u00f9ng tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p Thi\u1ec1n Tr\u1ef1c Ti\u1ebfp v\u1ed1n ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u00fang sanh l\u00eca kh\u1ecfi h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang sanh. Ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1 Ng\u00e3 Ch\u1ea5p, Ph\u00e1p Ch\u1ea5p, Kh\u00f4ng Ch\u1ea5p (1) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 (2).<\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca g\u1ecdi c\u00e1i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3n tr\u1ee5. N\u00f3i b\u1ea3n tr\u1ee5 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 x\u01b0a nay v\u1ed1n s\u1eb5n c\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00ean ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 x\u1ea3o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 do b\u1ea3n t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. B\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 do tr\u00ed \u00f3c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i sanh ra m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn \u1eaft ph\u1ea3i sanh ra kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 c\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t th\u00ec v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i k\u1ebft th\u00fac, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, kh\u00f4ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1eefa. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, b\u1ea3n tr\u1ee5 sa\u00fcn s\u00e0ng, v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i sanh ra kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o? V\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u1eaft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u0103n minh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i n\u0103m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i khoa h\u1ecdc, ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, t\u0103ng gia s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng do c\u00e1i l\u1ee3i n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i sanh ra c\u00e1i h\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eady? Theo s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt c\u00f3 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu thi\u00ean t\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ph\u00e1t minh ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfm kh\u00f4ng ra vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n t\u1ed1i t\u00e2n thay th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. S\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u00ec l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba l\u00e0m v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc th\u00eam m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo k\u1ecbp s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u1eady \u1eaft ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian l\u1eabn tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

Nay \u0111\u1ec1 ra m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng \u00e1n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho ph\u00e1p Thi\u1ec1n Tr\u1ef1c Ti\u1ebfp, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3n tr\u1ee5, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i Lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00f2ng tin t\u1ef1 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh theo \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean v\u1ed1n s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o-L\u00e2m Thi\u1ec1n-S\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb gi\u1ea3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Th\u00f4ng, ng\u00e0y kia mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb gi\u00e3 th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

S\u01b0 h\u1ecfi: \u201cNg\u01b0\u01a1i mu\u1ed1n \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u201cH\u1ed9i Th\u00f4ng v\u00ec ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t gia, l\u00e2u nay H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o g\u00ec, n\u00ean con mu\u1ed1n \u0111i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p.\u201d<\/p>\n

S\u01b0 n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fat \u00edt.\u201d<\/p>\n

H\u1ed9i Th\u00f4ng n\u00f3i: \u201cTh\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng?\u201d<\/p>\n

S\u01b0 li\u1ec1n \u1edf tr\u00ean \u00e1o m\u00ecnh nh\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i l\u00f4ng v\u1ea3i th\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u201c\u00f9\u201d, H\u1ed9i Th\u00f4ng ngay \u0111\u00f3 khai ng\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng-\u00c1n n\u00e0y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p Thi\u1ec1n Tr\u1ef1c-Ti\u1ebfp truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u1edf trong s\u00e1t na, t\u1eeb qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

H\u1ec5 v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 ng\u00e3, v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v.v…. \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt n\u00ean trong kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n n\u00f3i: \u201cTh\u1ea5y Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y B\u1ea5t Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u1ea1o (3) cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea5y Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 Ng\u00e3 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u1ea1o\u201d.<\/p>\n

Trung \u0111\u1ea1o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt T\u00e1nh (4), v\u00ec ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng, v\u00ec th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn n\u00ean b\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng, v\u00ec ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, v\u00ec th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn n\u00ean c\u00f3 ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng n\u00f3i ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng n\u00f3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

L\u00fac ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft v\u1ecdng, khi th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u00e2n. Khi ch\u01b0a l\u00eca t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ngo\u00e0i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, n\u00ean U\u1ebf \u0110\u1ed9 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed9, \u0110\u1ecba Ng\u1ee5c t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0ng, Phi\u1ec1n N\u00e3o t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 (5), Ch\u00fang Sanh t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ed1i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n B\u1ea5t Nh\u1ecb (6), c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t Th\u1eeba (7), nh\u01b0 trong kinh Ph\u00e1p Hoa n\u00f3i:\u201cTrong m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p Nh\u1ea5t Th\u1eeba, ch\u1eb3ng hai c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ba, tr\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3 danh t\u1ef1, d\u1eabn d\u1eaft cho ch\u00fang sanh, duy nh\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y, ngo\u00e0i ra \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1eb3ng ch\u00e2n\u201d l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00ean ghi nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00e2n-nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i v\u0103n t\u1ef1 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t, n\u00ean Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p xong li\u1ec1n ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngay, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cTa 49 n\u0103m thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef\u201d, l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i: \u201cTa t\u1eeb \u0111\u00eam \u1ea5y \u0111\u1eafc ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c, cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00eam \u1ea5y nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n ch\u1eb3ng thuy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef n\u00e0o c\u1ea3\u201d, l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i: \u201cTa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi V\u00f4 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1eb3ng Ch\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1c c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.\u201d<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c gi\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00edt th\u1ea5y Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n ch\u1ed7 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p, Parmenides, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n ch\u1ed7 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft gia kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cTh\u1ebf gi\u1edbi do c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1eadt, ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 duy nh\u1ea5t m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 xen l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi phi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ea5t sanh, b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t, v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 chung, b\u1edfi v\u00ec gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec c\u00e1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1ea5y n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng sanh kh\u1edfi n\u01a1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1eaft c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i sanh kh\u1edfi n\u01a1i phi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i sanh kh\u1edfi n\u01a1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i sanh kh\u1edfi n\u01a1i phi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng th\u00f4ng v\u00ec c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 sanh ra c\u00e1i c\u00f3 (Exnihilo nihilfit)\u201d.<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i tr\u00ean l\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Parmenides. \u00d4ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i: \u201cS\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia.<\/p>\n

Theo s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, ngo\u00e0i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 phi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1eb3ng lo\u1ea1n, v\u00ec v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u00f3, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf quy\u1ebft ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1i kia, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y hay t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t kia, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c n\u01a1i kia, l\u00fac n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c l\u1ee9c kia. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0\u00a0C\u00f3\u00a0(Sness)\u201d.\u00a0(C\u00e1i C\u00f3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3\u00a0C\u00f3).<\/p>\n

R\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc r\u1eb1ng, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y (Parmenides) kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec b\u1ebf t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Duy T\u00e2m v\u00e0 Duy V\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 suy l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn, l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Duy T\u00e2m v\u00e0 Duy V\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1eeb x\u01b0a nay c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f4n \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0m th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5 m\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a hai ph\u00e1i v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch nhau \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef3 c\u00f9ng. G\u1ed1c tai h\u1ecda \u1ea5y l\u00e0 do d\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o suy l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ebfu ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng duy t\u00e2m th\u00ec c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng duy v\u1eadt. K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c, duy t\u00e2m v\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, n\u1ebfu nh\u1edd n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 suy di\u1ec5n ra ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u00ec l\u00fd \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u00d4ng Parmenides ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111em\u00a0T\u1ed3n T\u1ea1i\u00a0thuy\u1ebft th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd\u00a0Nh\u1ea5t Nguy\u00ean Lu\u1eadnvi\u00ean m\u00e3n nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3\u00a0M\u1ed9t\u00a0m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 khi suy di\u1ec5n ra, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh\u00a0Hai. C\u00e1i sai l\u1ea7m \u1ea5y l\u00e0 do d\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, suy lu\u1eadn, m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eadp tan v\u00f4-th\u1ee7y-v\u00f4-minh. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p\u00a0Thi\u1ec1n Tr\u1ef1c-Ti\u1ebfp\u00a0truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba t\u1eeb Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p Tham T\u1ed5-S\u01b0-Thi\u1ec1n v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Arthur Schopenhauer, m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfc r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba. Ph\u00e1i ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh bi quan y\u1ebfm th\u1ebf, khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, \u00fd ch\u00ed, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v.v…. r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef \u201cV\u00f4\u201d. N\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3\u00a0V\u00f4\u00a0th\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f2n \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec? \u00d4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 qu\u00e1n (8) c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba cho r\u1eb1ng d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 cho n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 y\u00ean t\u1ecbnh h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebft d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ee9t h\u1eb3n, cho n\u00ean l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o c\u00e1i h\u1ea7m s\u00e2u bi ai. R\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng phong ph\u00fa \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, \u1eaft s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ebd v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Tinh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u1edf n\u01a1i\u00a0Th\u1ef1c T\u01b0\u1edbng, Th\u1ef1c H\u00e0nh, Th\u1ef1c D\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1i t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0H\u01b0 V\u00f4\u00a0(Buddhistic Nihlism) th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m l\u1edbn. \u1ea4y l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n tam th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y l\u00fd Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba cho l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta xem nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Arthur Schopenhauer l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c th\u00ec bi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i? Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 V\u00f4 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1eb3ng Ch\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec n\u00f3i Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 trong kinh n\u00f3i: \u201cV\u00ed nh\u01b0 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 th\u00ed d\u1ee5.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u0103ng?<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t c\u00e1t ch\u0103ng?<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng\u00a0Newton\u00a0n\u00f3i: \u201cS\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t c\u00e1t tr\u00ean b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n.\u201d Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u00ec c\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. K\u1ef3 th\u1eadt, \u00f4ng\u00a0Newton\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o, t\u1ef1 tin, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea7n tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh qu\u00e1 cao r\u1ed3i v\u1eady. N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng \u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadp tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00ec s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft l\u1eddi n\u00f3i tr\u00ean l\u00e0 sai m\u00e0 n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y: \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9t c\u00e1t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.\u201d<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng\u00a0Newton\u00a0ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Einstein l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Einstein ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5. C\u00e1i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f2n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u00ec n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Khi con m\u1eaft th\u1ea7n linh c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh th\u1ea5y m\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang \u0111o\u00e1n m\u00f2 ho\u1eb7c c\u1eafm c\u00fai d\u00f9ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng suy l\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tinh th\u1ea7n si\u00eang n\u0103ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, mong ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0o, th\u00ec th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng: \u201cD\u1eabu cho c\u00e1c \u00f4ng v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng h\u1ebft tim \u00f3c v\u1eabn ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t t\u00ed g\u00ec v\u1ec1 ta. B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u00f4ng, ta l\u00e0 ta, \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean n\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ta, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ta th\u00ec \u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o \u00f4ng bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u, bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 danh t\u1ef1 m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n trong s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfu, khi c\u01a1 duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e1t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u1ed9 (9), khi \u1ea5y \u00f4ng s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng: \u201c\u00c0, m\u00ecnh v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 n\u00f3.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n II<\/h3>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, n\u1ebfu l\u00eca kh\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian th\u00ec khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 y ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 c\u0103n nh\u00e0 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o ra, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u00ec c\u0103n nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c khi b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng gian th\u1eddi gian b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t tinh th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u1eady th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng ch\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gian th\u1eddi gian c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gian th\u1eddi gian t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cho n\u00ean v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t tinh th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, khoa h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y suy r\u1ed9ng ra th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi nhau, n\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng khi \u00f4ng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00ec s\u1edf th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 chung, v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

Ngay \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i t\u1ef1 an n\u01a1i ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb n\u00f3, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

\u1ede n\u01a1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 c\u00f9ng nhau t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia. \u1ea4y l\u00e0 b\u00f4ng hoa \u0111\u1eb9p v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd h\u00e9o t\u00e0n. \u1ede \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 duy t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt lu\u1eadn, v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb duy t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt lu\u1eadn. H\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 d\u1eabm ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf ra.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 sa m\u1ea1c hoang vu c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Con thuy\u1ec1n suy l\u00fd v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang phi\u00eau l\u01b0u n\u01a1i bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh, v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 h\u00f3a th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh. (9)<\/p>\n

V\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh (10) l\u00e0 hang \u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh.<\/p>\n

Khi nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh ch\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u00ec th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Khi nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh \u0111\u00e3 sanh kh\u1edfi th\u00ec th\u1eddi gian b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp r\u1ed3i, kh\u00f4ng gian b\u1ecb t\u00ednh to\u00e1n r\u1ed3i, sinh m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1ed3i, t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 b\u1ecb tham luy\u1ebfn r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng gian c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ea1ng, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, n\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

Khi nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh im l\u1eb7ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 hang \u1ed5 v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh th\u00ec t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 theo \u0111\u00f3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt c\u0169ng theo \u0111\u00f3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian c\u0169ng theo \u0111\u00f3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn c\u0169ng theo \u0111\u00f3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111en t\u1ed1i m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng, hoang vu c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 hang \u1ed5 c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

V\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c m\u00e0n \u0111en che khu\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ranh gi\u1edbi ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ch\u00e2n v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Khi nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh t\u1eeb trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u00e0n \u0111en xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tu\u1ed3ng k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c, th\u1ecb phi, bu\u1ed3n vui, tan h\u1ee3p… ngay \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u01b0a gi\u00f3 gi\u00f4ng b\u00e3o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u1eadn m\u1ea1ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eebng c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, d\u00f9ng b\u00e0n tay B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 (11) c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt m\u1edf ra b\u1ee9c m\u00e0n \u0111en t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh th\u00ec trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tu\u1ed3ng k\u1ecbch vui bu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u01b0a gi\u00f3 gi\u00f4ng b\u00e3o \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00ean b\u00ecnh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u00e1t nhi\u00ean s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf, ngay \u0111\u00f3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3 (12) t\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n, ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1eb3ng thi\u1ebfu ch\u1eb3ng d\u01b0, cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n ra h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng phong ph\u00fa v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng an l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng g\u00ec so b\u1eb1ng. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 sanh t\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea7u ngh\u00e8o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed ngu, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ecb phi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed1t x\u1ea5u, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 danh t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u1ef1 do ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, an l\u1ea1c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng sanh kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u0129nh sanh c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1eady. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t trong s\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n do m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt (13) c\u00f9ng nhau t\u00e1n th\u00e1n. Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef\u00a0Th\u01b0\u1eddng- L\u1ea1c- Ng\u00e3- T\u1ecbnh\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1n th\u00e1n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1eb3ng sanh ch\u1eb3ng di\u1ec7t, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i do s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed5n nhi\u00ean, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u1eef\u00a0Th\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0c\u1ee7a Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y v\u00f4 kh\u1ed5 v\u00f4 l\u1ea1c, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u1eef\u00a0L\u1ea1c\u00a0c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, v\u00f4 nh\u01a1n, v\u00f4 Ph\u1eadt v\u00f4 ch\u00fang sanh, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i si\u00eau th\u0103ng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n tr\u1ee5, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u1eef\u00a0Ng\u00e3\u00a0c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y v\u00f4 c\u1ea5u v\u00f4 t\u1ecbnh, v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i v\u00f4 ph\u00fac, ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n tu t\u1eadp m\u00e0 b\u1ed5n lai trong s\u1ea1ch, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u1eef\u00a0T\u1ecbnh\u00a0c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

\u0110em t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf r\u1ed3i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0 ngh\u00ec. B\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0 ngh\u00ec t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng t\u01b0 duy c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ng\u1eef ng\u00f4n v\u0103n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3, ch\u1ec9 do ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 do b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca \u0111em t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i cho n\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 (c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n do m\u00ecnh), ngo\u00e0i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 ra ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0V\u00f4-D\u01b0-Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n\u00a0(14) c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0V\u00f4-L\u1eadu-Gi\u1ea3i-Tho\u00e1t\u00a0(15). \u0110\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 do b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1eaft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh lay \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f3, \u1ea5y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed3i, n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n x\u01b0ng l\u00e0\u00a0Duy-Nh\u1ea5t-Nguy\u00ean Nh\u00e2n\u00a0c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

\u201cM\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c vui ho\u1eb7c bu\u1ed3n ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i do ngo\u00e0i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 sanh kh\u1edfi, l\u00e0 do t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh sanh ra, v\u00ec v\u1eady n\u00ean trong khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y vui m\u1eebng th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec \u00e1i t\u00ecnh \u0111au kh\u1ed5, trong khi k\u1ebb t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbch th\u00ec c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y sung s\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 l\u1ea1i mong c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 sanh ra tranh bi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 ngu si.Xem nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 m\u00f3n n\u00e0o ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5.\u201d<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche cho l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

\u201cCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u201cchu\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n ra kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m si\u00eau nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng si\u00eau nh\u00e2n l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u201cchu\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d n\u1eefa, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i chu\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u00e1c ma d\u00ednh s\u00e1t tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 chu\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i t\u00ecm chu\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01a1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1, cho n\u00ean m\u1eb7c k\u1ec7 \u00f4ng ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi g\u00f3c bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t th\u00e2n.Mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tho\u00e1t ra, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a Immanuel Kant\u201d.<\/p>\n

Khi \u00f4ng r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh th\u00ec \u00f4ng s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i sao t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh \u201cNh\u1ecb\u201d (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i), khi \u00f4ng r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh th\u00ec \u00f4ng s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i sao t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u201cB\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb\u201d (tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i) – nh\u01b0ng ch\u1edb l\u1ea7m nh\u1eadn v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb\u201d, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00f3 d\u00f9 gi\u1ed1ng \u201cb\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb\u201d m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed \u201cnh\u1ecb\u201d, khi nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh t\u1eeb n\u00f3 sanh kh\u1edfi th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh \u201cnh\u1ecb\u201d r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

Khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh \u201cNh\u1ecb\u201d r\u1ed3i th\u00ec s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u1edf ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t \u00f4ng, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u201cb\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb\u201d th\u00ec s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt d\u00f9 \u1edf xa ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft ch\u1eb3ng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u1ecb lai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00ec \u00f4ng t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00f4ng, khi \u1ea5y \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca t\u1eebng n\u00f3i \u201cBi\u1ebft h\u1ebft s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt trong m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tam th\u1ebf\u201d, n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00ec \u00f4ng s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. C\u00e1i sinh m\u1ea1ng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft, c\u00e1i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 so b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eeda tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, l\u1ea1i ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb phi, thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c, qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u1ecb lai, sanh tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c sinh m\u1ea1ng v.v…, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n n\u00e0o ch\u1eb3ng b\u1ecb ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm n\u01a1i bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, theo Ph\u1eadt nh\u00e3n (16) m\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ngu d\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t bi\u1ebft bao! C\u00e1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 trong \u201cm\u1edf m\u1eaft chi\u00eam bao\u201d (17), do h\u1ecd h\u00f4n m\u00ea v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m l\u00e0m cho c\u1ea3 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o v\u1eadng m\u1ea1ng bi th\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u1ed5 v\u1edbi vui l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra h\u00e0o quang vui v\u1ebb c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafp l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y u s\u1ea7u bi th\u1ea3m. Hai c\u00e1i bu\u1ed3n vui li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau cho n\u00ean ai mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an vui t\u1ed1i cao \u1eaft ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb l\u00e3nh th\u1ecd th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 t\u1ed1i cao, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 an vui nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec an vui v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i l\u1eabn nhau, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 th\u00ec an vui c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

K\u1ef3 th\u1eadt, kh\u1ed5 vui \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u00f3a th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh, nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u n\u01a1i h\u1ea7m s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kho t\u00e0ng b\u00ed m\u1eadt th\u00e2m s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a A-l\u1ea1i-da-th\u1ee9c (18). Khi nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh ch\u1ea1y ra kh\u1ecfi c\u1eeda b\u00ed m\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 li\u1ec1n bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m m\u1eebng gi\u1eadn bu\u1ed3n vui m\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng chen v\u00e0o t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 chi ph\u1ed1i \u00f4ng, l\u00fac \u1ea5y \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00faa r\u1ed1i r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00faa r\u1ed1i th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ed B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 (tham Tho\u1ea1i-\u0111\u1ea7u (19)) theo s\u00e1t d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh, t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 \u1ea9n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea7m s\u00e2u v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ngay th\u00ec m\u00e0n \u0111en c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra, s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00faa r\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t, b\u1ed5n lai di\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c li\u1ec1n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, l\u00fac \u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1eebng gi\u1eadn bu\u1ed3n vui \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u do b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi k\u1ebb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ecb v\u00f4 minh chi ph\u1ed1i nay li\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

Khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00ec kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 vui b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 danh d\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh ph\u00e1t huy l\u1ec7nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i khi\u1ebfn kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tr\u00ean qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i do ai ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 b\u1ed5n lai v\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i b\u1ea3n nguy\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 do b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y h\u1ec5 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i th\u00ec v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y b\u1ed5n nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n III<\/h3>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng cao si\u00eau, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f4 to kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u tranh th\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c, h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 do b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 do b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. B\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cho n\u00ean m\u1edbi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 qu\u00fd s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, c\u0169ng v\u00ec t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cho n\u00ean l\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 do b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0m th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 tranh th\u1ee7 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 t\u1ef1 do b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i d\u1eabn d\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang tranh th\u1ee7 n\u00f3. Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t bi\u1ec3n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n cu\u1ed9c \u1edf trong kh\u00f4ng gian th\u1eddi gian, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i so v\u1edbi c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c th\u00ec t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e1ng khen h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 do b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ec n\u00ean b\u1ecf c\u00e1i kia \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed3i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 b\u1ecf v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u n\u00f3i t\u1ef1 do b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u1eeb trong mi\u1ec7ng Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca n\u00f3i ra, Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u1eabn d\u1eaft lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi tranh th\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i cho Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c ch\u00faa t\u1ec3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt m\u00ea t\u00edn ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft bao!
\nTh\u1eadt l\u00e0 ngu d\u1ea1i qu\u00ean c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n bi\u1ebft bao!<\/p>\n

Xin ghi nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i-Th\u1eeba c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t huy r\u1eb1ng: \u201c\u0110\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh hu\u1ec7 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng (20), t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v.v…\u201d \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1eddi n\u00f3i su\u00f4ng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn, l\u00e0 l\u00fd l\u1ebd v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta n\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh theo tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee9u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t (21) th\u00ec n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cho n\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. D\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta xem n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac c\u00e2y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eebng. \u00cdt nh\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u0103ng t\u00f2a gi\u1ea3ng kinh th\u00e2u m\u1ea5y b\u00e0 l\u00e3o thi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed quy y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp hu\u1ec7 m\u1ea1ng Ph\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng hu\u1ec7 m\u1ea1ng Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ch\u00fang ta v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n khuy\u1ebfn nh\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p sanh kh\u1edfi h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nguy\u1ec7n \u0111em Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o khu v\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng t\u1eeb l\u00e2u n\u00e0y, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 tr\u00e0o ph\u00fang cho l\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i, kh\u1ed5 t\u00e2m n\u00e0y mong s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c tha th\u1ee9 cho.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca c\u00f9ng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e1t huy ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n b\u1ed1n th\u1eeba (22) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i th\u00eam ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn l\u1ea1i th\u00eam m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n n\u00e0y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba, c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau, ph\u00e2n chia r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng trung t\u00e2m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca th\u00ec l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0) v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy ra t\u1ef1 do b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u00f9 tr\u1ea3i qua v\u00f4 t\u1eadn th\u1eddi gian c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fat n\u00e0o, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n b\u1ed1n th\u1eeba ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eeda tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch r\u1ed3i th\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf h\u1eb3n.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, h\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0y th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 sanh t\u1eed, thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t v.v…. \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft xong.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean n\u00ean r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi kh\u1edfi sanh ra s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m, nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba l\u00e0 ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9 l\u1ee5c c\u0103n m\u00e0 trung th\u1eeba th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9 l\u1ee5c c\u0103n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9 nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba th\u00ec ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9 l\u1ee5c c\u0103n v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh m\u00e0 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng l\u1ee5c c\u0103n v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh, t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eeba th\u00ec tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng phu thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c \u201cch\u1ea1m nh\u1eb1m c\u01a1 duy\u00ean\u201d li\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o c\u1eeda tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n th\u1eeba kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn bi\u1ebft bao, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ec5 b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean khu v\u01b0\u1eddn tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean li\u1ec1n bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

X\u01b0a nay nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, th\u01b0\u1eddng hay l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u1ecf trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p b\u00e8n t\u1ef1 cho l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kia, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ed3ng mang tr\u1ee3n m\u1eaft h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng ng\u00f2i b\u00fat s\u1eafc b\u00e9n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng k\u00edch Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eafc \u00fd m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca nghe xong c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i t\u1ecf v\u1ebb nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb r\u1eb1ng: \u201cCh\u00fang sanh thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ec1, th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t.\u201d<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 d\u1ee9t l\u1ee5c c\u0103n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba b\u00e8n qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a di\u1ec7t d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 d\u1ee9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng (nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh) c\u1ee7a Trung th\u1eeba l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5p \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d b\u00e8n qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7-ngh\u0129a h\u01b0-v\u00f4.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u00e8n qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, c\u00f2n b\u1ecdn th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n thi\u1ebfu tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c x\u01b0a nay ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng xem qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n kinh s\u00e1ch Ph\u1eadt n\u00e0o, ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a theo con m\u1eaft ngu d\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u1ec7n nam t\u00edn n\u1eef c\u00fang ki\u1ebfng l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i li\u1ec1n l\u1edbn ti\u1ebfng la l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng: \u201c\u1ea4y l\u00e0 q\u1ee7y th\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u00ea t\u00edn\u201d.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Buddistic Nihlism (Thuy\u1ebft H\u01b0 V\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn l\u1ea7m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba cho l\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c trung t\u00e2m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i quan ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng tay c\u1ea7m n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho n\u00ean Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbng, nay \u0111em th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbng xem th\u00e0nh h\u01b0 v\u00f4 h\u00e1 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0!<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung th\u1eeba l\u1ecdt n\u01a1i h\u01b0 v\u00f4, ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba di\u1ec7t d\u1ee5c d\u1ee9t l\u1ee5c c\u0103n, Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch m\u1eafng h\u1ecd v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 \u201cti\u00eau nha b\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng\u201d – h\u1ea1t l\u00faa b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa – (ghi trong kinh Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n), \u00fd l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua h\u01b0 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i v\u00f4 \u00fay, s\u01b0 t\u1eed r\u1ed1ng (23)\u201d hi\u1ec7u tri\u1ec7u qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi cho \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, r\u1ed3i c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u00f4 u\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong s\u1ea1ch t\u1ef1 do b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, ch\u1eb3ng ti\u1ebfc hy sinh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y. H\u00e0nh vi t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00e0o b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c!<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n m\u00ea t\u00edn n\u00ean truy c\u1ee9u theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00ea t\u00edn n\u00e0y trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb m\u00ea t\u00edn ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1eaft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y sanh ra r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1eb3ng d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng v\u1edbi trung t\u00e2m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 trang nghi\u00eam c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o ch\u00fang sanh b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n ch\u00fang sanh tin r\u1eb1ng: \u201cT\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c\u201d. Ch\u00fang ta ng\u00e0y nay s\u1edf d\u0129 th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n do t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh theo lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 \u201cgieo nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 n\u1ea5y\u201d, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 tu t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng, Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00faa t\u1ec3, Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 xem th\u00ec c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u00fd g\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u00ed v\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i m\u00ea t\u00edn ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 t\u1eeb x\u01b0a nay hay l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch c\u1ea7m d\u1ee5, th\u00fa d\u1ee5 v.v…. B\u1eadc th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0111em l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt n\u1ea1p v\u00e0o trong h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 mong s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, v\u00ec theo l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ed1n ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch k\u1ef3 d\u1ecb mong cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai ph\u00e1t tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0 Kinh L\u0103ng Nghi\u00eam n\u00f3i: \u201cPh\u1eadt b\u1ea3o A-Nan: H\u00f4m nay Nh\u01b0 Lai n\u00f3i th\u1eadt v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai ng\u1ed9.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean ghi nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh sanh t\u1eed ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang sanh, ch\u1eb3ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00eam ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa trong m\u00e0ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p-ch\u1ea5p cho l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 an th\u00e2n l\u1eadp m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Trong \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ea1ng kinh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0: L\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ed9 T\u1eadp Kinh, B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t B\u1ed5n Sanh Kinh, B\u00e1 D\u1ee5 Kinh,\u00a0T\u1ea1p Th\u00ed D\u1ee5 Kinh, \u0110\u1ea1i Trang Nghi\u00eam Kinh, So\u1ea1n T\u1eadp B\u00e1 Duy\u00ean Kinh, Hi\u1ec1n Ngu Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean Kinh, T\u1ea1p B\u1ea3o T\u1ea1ng Kinh v.v… gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t cao.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5 s\u01b0 ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n trong kinh \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch nghi ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ec1 ra m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng: Nh\u01b0 trong Th\u00edch Ca ph\u1ea3 n\u00f3i Th\u00edch Ca ra \u0111\u1eddi, \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y Nam B\u1eafc m\u1ed7i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i b\u1ea9y b\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t tay ch\u1ec9 tr\u1eddi m\u1ed9t tay ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng: \u201cTr\u00ean tr\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t duy ng\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n\u201d, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh t\u1eeb th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi d\u1ee5ng \u201c\u0111\u1ee9ng c\u00f9ng tam th\u1ebf ngang kh\u1eafp m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1eb3ng hai.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n th\u01b0\u1eddng cho l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i do b\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e0 ra, ho\u1eb7c cho Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca l\u00e0 ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, k\u1ebb ngu d\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i cho Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca l\u00e0 sinh ra c\u00f3 th\u1ea7n t\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7c d\u1ecb, \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00e1m th\u1ecb l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111em truy\u1ec7n tr\u00ean h\u1ecfi V\u00e2n M\u00f4n Thi\u1ec1n S\u01b0, V\u00e2n M\u00f4n n\u00f3i: \u201cKhi \u1ea5y n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i g\u1eb7p th\u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t g\u1eady \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u1ebft cho con ch\u00f3 \u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 mong thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh\u201d. Sau n\u00e0y L\u0103ng Nha Thi\u1ec1n S\u01b0 b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea9m V\u00e2n M\u00f4n v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng \u00e1n n\u00e0y r\u1eb1ng: \u201cH\u1ebft l\u00f2ng ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00f5i, \u1ea5y m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1n \u01a1n Ph\u1eadt.\u201d<\/p>\n

V\u1eady m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 S\u01b0 Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebb n\u00e0o l\u00e0m lay \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca \u00e1m th\u1ecb ngh\u0129a b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb, V\u00e2n M\u00f4n c\u0169ng \u00e1m th\u1ecb ngh\u0129a b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb).<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ch\u1edb n\u00ean xem theo c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 m\u1ea7u s\u1eafc k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp \u00e1o ngo\u00e0i, \u00e1o ngo\u00e0i \u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, tr\u1ea3i qua bao nhi\u00eau kh\u00f4ng gian th\u1eddi gian k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nh\u01b0 quan ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i n\u00ean cho \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng con m\u1eaft th\u1ea5u qua l\u1edbp \u00e1o ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o tinh t\u00fay c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, \u1ea5y m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u00e1o ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea7u s\u1eafc k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kinh ng\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ch\u1edbi v\u1edbi, \u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho kinh s\u1ee3 m\u00e0 lui s\u1ee5t. \u00d4ng n\u00ean xem r\u00f5 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, khi \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed3i li\u1ec1n b\u1ecf h\u1eb3n n\u00f3 \u0111i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 \u0111\u1ec1u cho Arthur Schopenhauer ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd ch\u00ed, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef\u00a0v\u00f4, v\u00ec v\u1eady n\u00f3i \u00f4ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn A. Schopenhauer ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eef\u00a0v\u00f4\u00a0th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1ebd d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng A. Schopenhauer ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean x\u00e9t cho r\u00f5 ch\u1edb n\u00ean h\u00e0m h\u1ed3 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c ra sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a A. Schopenhauer l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111em ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p cho l\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, n\u00ean \u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u1eef v\u00f4 cu\u1ed1n ng\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecda v\u00e0o h\u1ea7m s\u00e2u \u0111en t\u1ed1i m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng \u1ea5y ti\u1ebfp th\u1ee5 kh\u1ed5 qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, xem gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp th\u1ee5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ee9t l\u1ee5c c\u0103n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u00f3ng b\u00edt c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n d\u00f9ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u1eafc Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

A. Schopenhauer mu\u1ed1n d\u00f9ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, c\u1ea7u t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, mong t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i to\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 khi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5m nh\u1eadp trong c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c r\u1ed3i. C\u00e1i ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c n\u00e0y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p ng\u00e3, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p ch\u1ea5p, v\u1eabn b\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng gian h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Khi th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng gian chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn th\u00ec \u00f4ng s\u1ebd l\u1ea1i r\u01a1i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong g\u00f4ng c\u00f9m c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

A. Schopenhauer d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 mong thu nhi\u1ebfp nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do an l\u1ea1c, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ma t\u00fay. \u00d4ng d\u00f9ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m say m\u00ea con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u00e8 m\u1ef9 n\u1eef c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m say m\u00ea con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 cao h\u01a1n bao nhi\u00eau?<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba \u0111\u00f3ng b\u00edt c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng xem th\u1ebf l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m kinh s\u1ee3 cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m \u0111i theo th\u1eed m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea7m v\u00ec c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1i v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, khi nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 v\u1eady. L\u00fac v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh b\u1ecb k\u00edch th\u00edch m\u00e0 t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 t\u00e9 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi ng\u00e3 v\u1eady. Ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, thay phi\u00ean nhau kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eebng cho n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.\u00c2m nh\u1ea1c l\u00e0 h\u00f3a th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu nhi\u1ebfp c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0o trong h\u01a1i th\u1edf c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ea1ng nh\u1edd v\u1eady m\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh, qua s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u0129 c\u0103n, \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Khi nh\u0129 c\u0103n \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi th\u00ec ng\u0169 c\u0103n kia c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, l\u00fac \u1ea5y, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y (v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh).<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba d\u1ee9t l\u1ee5c c\u0103n l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u00fd c\u0103n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1p ng\u00e3 \u1edf c\u1ea5p t\u1ed1i cao. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba d\u1ee9t l\u1ee5c c\u0103n l\u00e0 mong \u0111\u00f3ng b\u00edt c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c khi\u1ebfn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, l\u00fac \u1ea5y, trong t\u00e2m thanh thanh t\u1ecbnh t\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y an l\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n duy tr\u00ec c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi thanh t\u1ecbnh th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf c\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a thanh t\u1ecbnh, cho n\u00ean l\u00fac \u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9 v\u1eabn b\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng gian th\u1eddi gian h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. L\u00fac kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eddi, th\u1eddi gian qua \u0111i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft, v\u1edf k\u1ecbch di\u1ec5n xong, tai m\u1eaft l\u00eca kh\u1ecfi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb trong c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba ch\u1ea1y ra r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e9 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong g\u00f4ng c\u00f9m c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung th\u1eeba th\u00ec mu\u1ed1n nh\u1edd ph\u00e1p ng\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u1ea5y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u k\u00ednh n\u00ean h\u1ecd t\u1eeb Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111em nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111em t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t. C\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi l\u00fac \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng kinh s\u1ee3, l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tri v\u00f4 gi\u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p ch\u01b0a ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9 ngo\u00e0i ra ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e1, m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec c\u1ea3. (C\u00e1i\u00a0V\u00f4\u00a0c\u1ee7a Arthur Schopenhauer\u00a0ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 c\u00e1i\u00a0V\u00f4\u00a0tr\u00ean l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, c\u00f2n c\u00e1i\u00a0V\u00f4\u00a0c\u1ee7a trung th\u1eeba n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i\u00a0V\u00f4\u00a0tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m).<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c\u00a0V\u00f4\u00a0do th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc n\u00e0y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh v\u1eady. C\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t cho n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn l\u1ea7m cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed t\u1eadp kh\u00ed r\u1ea5t vi t\u1ebf, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1eabn v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00fac \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng h\u1ec5 b\u1ecb k\u00edch th\u00edch li\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t sinh th\u00e0nh nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh. Cho n\u00ean v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh v\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho\u00a0V\u00f4\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0H\u1eefu. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1eeb th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi d\u1ee5ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh, t\u1ee9c d\u1ee5ng quy th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh, thay phi\u00ean tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n, c\u00f3 sanh c\u00f3 di\u1ec7t, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t sanh b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t phi \u0111\u1ed9ng phi t\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i l\u1ea7m nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh cho l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0\u00a0Kh\u00f4ng Ch\u1ea5p. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p n\u00e0y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh. C\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i\u00a0L\u00fd Lu\u1eadn\u00a0m\u00e0 l\u00e0\u00a0Th\u1ef1c Ch\u1ee9ng\u00a0(c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tham c\u1ee9u T\u1ed5 S\u01b0 Thi\u1ec1n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.)<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng su\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i d\u00e1m qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadp. Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadp b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 sau c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 s\u01b0, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadp b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 s\u01b0 ng\u1eef l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ki\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00f4i s\u1edf d\u0129 d\u00e1m c\u1ea3 gan tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u1edf ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1edbi s\u1edf ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

A. Schopenhauer t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c suy lu\u1eadn, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u1ecdt n\u01a1i r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00fd ch\u00ed, v\u00f4 quan ni\u1ec7m, v\u00f4 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn l\u1ea7m c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh cho l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft khi ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadp tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed3i th\u00ec \u00fd ch\u00ed, quan ni\u1ec7m, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1k, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

Trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ed5 s\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng h\u00e9t g\u1eady ch\u1eedi m\u1eafng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0i g\u1eb7p m\u1eb7t tr\u00ecnh nhau tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n \u0111\u01b0a ra, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh ng\u1ed9 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca \u0111em ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m qu\u00fd b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng qua, n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u00ec c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu m\u1edf kh\u00f3a r\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1eadt trong r\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Hai c\u00e2u danh ti\u1ebfng: \u201cS\u1eafc t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng, Kh\u00f4ng t\u1ee9c th\u1ecb S\u1eafc\u201d trong B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3 T\u00e2m Kinh th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eady b\u1ea1. Theo \u0111\u00fang \u00fd kinh l\u00e0: \u201cHi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 B\u1ea3n th\u1ec3, B\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d, b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u00fac \u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia, tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, duy t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi duy v\u1eadt lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi b\u1ecf h\u1ebft o\u00e1n th\u00f9 t\u1eeb x\u01b0a nay, hai ph\u00e1i hoan h\u1ec9 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u1eefa. \u1ea4y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng lao v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca nay t\u00f4i tr\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi
\n\u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang xem cho minh b\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1o ngo\u00e0i b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng \u201cb\u1ea5t l\u1eadp v\u0103n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 th\u1eb3ng t\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d l\u00e0m t\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1i \u00e1o ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng v\u1eady th\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ch\u01b0 t\u1ed5 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eadu h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e9t g\u1eady ch\u1eedi m\u1eafng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 ghi trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u00e1o ngo\u00e0i ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec1n r\u1ea5t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh sau c\u00f9ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0. Nh\u01b0ng sau khi \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00ec c\u00e1i \u00e1o ngo\u00e0i ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u1ea5y \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 h\u00e9t g\u1eady ch\u1eedi m\u1eafng v.v….. v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. L\u00fac \u1ea5y, nh\u00e2n sinh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf n\u00ean tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i v\u1eady<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n\u00a0IV<\/h3>\n

\u00a0S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p chia l\u00e0m 4 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
1.\u00a0T\u1ec9\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba<\/strong><\/td>\n2. Trung Th\u1eeba<\/strong><\/td>\n3. \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba<\/strong><\/td>\n4. T\u1ed1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1eeba<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p<\/td>\n-Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ea5p<\/td>\n-Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p<\/td>\n-Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-Ch\u1ee7 quan Duy v\u1eadt lu\u1eadn<\/td>\n-Ch\u1ee7 quan Duy t\u00e2m lu\u1eadn<\/td>\n-T\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt H\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t<\/td>\n-Phi t\u00e2m phi v\u1eadt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-Ph\u1ea1m vi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i
\nTu T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ebf<\/td>\n		-Ph\u1ea1m vi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i
\nTu Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean<\/td>\n		-Ph\u1ea1m vi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i
\nTu S\u00e1u Ba La M\u1eadt<\/td>\n		-Ph\u1ea1m vi tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i
\nTham Tho\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea7u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-\u1ede trong nh\u1ea5t
\nni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh<\/td>\n		-\u1ede trong nh\u1ea5t
\nni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh<\/td>\n		-\u0110\u1ebfn V\u00f4 Th\u1ee7y
\nV\u00f4 minh<\/td>\n		-Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-Thanh V\u0103n<\/p>\n

D\u1ee9t L\u1ee5c C\u0103n<\/td>\n

-Duy\u00ean Gi\u00e1c<\/p>\n

D\u1ee9t nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m V\u00f4 Minh<\/td>\n

-B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1 v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y V\u00f4 Minh<\/td>\n

-Ph\u1eadt<\/p>\n

V\u1ea1n \u0110\u1ee9c vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, v\u00f4 tu
\nv\u00f4 ch\u1ee9ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p, ph\u00e1p ch\u1ea5p \u1edf trong ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 l\u00fd ni\u1ec7m. T\u01b0 duy l\u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u00f3a th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf n\u01a1i truy c\u1ee9u l\u00fd, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u00eca nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh, t\u1ea1i v\u00ec h\u1ec5 v\u00e0o ph\u1ea1m vi v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh th\u00ec c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 truy c\u1ee9u ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u00ean nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb x\u01b0a nay ch\u01b0a ai ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh, kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u l\u00fd t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu tr\u00ec Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u1edf n\u01a1i li\u1ec5u sanh tho\u00e1t t\u1eed.<\/p>\n

Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p th\u00ec ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh ti\u1ebfn th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u1ee9 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc tung ra \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i, b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i so v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ch\u1eb3ng ai \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00ec x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh h\u01b0 huy\u1ec5n ch\u1eb3ng th\u1eadt n\u00ean si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i cho n\u00ean nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba cho ng\u00e3 v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u1eadt c\u00f3, l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ch\u1ee7 quan duy v\u1eadt lu\u1eadn, ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0\u1edbng ngo\u1ea1i quan s\u00e1t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3nh ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t, cho n\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y v\u1eadt l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd xem th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u1ee5 ho\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng, c\u00f2n lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec \u1edf trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sanh-tr\u1ee5-d\u1ecb-di\u1ec7t, tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf n\u01a1i sanh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng sanh ra kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t an. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua v\u00f2ng n\u00e0y cho n\u00ean mong c\u1ea7u \u201cth\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d, mong c\u1ea7u b\u1ea5t sanh b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n sanh th\u00ec mong c\u1ea7u li\u1ec5u sanh tho\u00e1t t\u1eed.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a sanh t\u1eed duy c\u00f3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 duy c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t l\u1ee5c c\u0103n v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ec1u do l\u1ee5c c\u0103n chi\u00eau t\u1eadp v\u00e0o v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc H\u00f2a Lan Benedick, Baruch de Spinoza (1632-1677) cho r\u1eb1ng:\u00a0\u201cMu\u1ed1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i t\u01b0 duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.\u201d. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba \u0111em kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o quy v\u1ec1 tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c c\u0103n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1eafc th\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e0nh th\u1ee9c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n\u00a0(24), c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y v\u1eadt l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u1eafc t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh, Th\u1ecd l\u00e0 l\u1ee5c c\u0103n thu nhi\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o, t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ed3i sanh kh\u1edfi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 do kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Hai ch\u1eef Thanh-V\u0103n (V\u0103n Ph\u1eadt Thanh Gi\u00e1o:\u00a0nghe ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y m\u00e0 ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thanh-V\u0103n), c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1eadt (\u00e2m thanh) t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o trong v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ee9t l\u1ee5c c\u0103n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng b\u00edt c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c khi\u1ebfn trong t\u00e2m thanh thanh t\u1ecbnh t\u1ecbnh ch\u1eb3ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn xung \u0111\u1ed9t, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201cTh\u1ecd\u201d, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111em \u00fd c\u0103n ng\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201cT\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d. L\u00fac n\u00e0y trong t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m thanh t\u1ecbnh, nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh, n\u00f3 d\u00f9 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ng\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u1eb3ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian. Cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00f9 tr\u1ea3i qua bao nhi\u00eau th\u1eddi gian \u0111i n\u1eefa c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u00e3i, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, hu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00f3ng b\u00edt c\u00e1c c\u1eeda l\u1ee5c c\u0103n v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec7m thanh thanh t\u1ecbnh t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ra s\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

H\u1ec5 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecda tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong g\u00f4ng c\u00f9m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p Plato chia ra hai th\u1ee9 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ch\u01b0a v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh). \u00d4ng mong si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00fd ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n sinh t\u1ed3n n\u01a1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecda l\u1ea1i g\u00f4ng c\u00f9m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i mong c\u1ea7u si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba \u0111em c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00f3ng b\u00edt m\u00e0 Plato th\u00ec \u1edf trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng khai th\u00e1c m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 mong l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 gi\u1ea5u th\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c th\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u1edf trong ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh, ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y (c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c) ch\u1ea1y qua \u0111\u1ea7u kia (l\u00fd ni\u1ec7m), r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ra kh\u1ecfi \u201cchu\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi).<\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0n tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung th\u1eeba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ea5p: ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung th\u1eeba x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng ngo\u1ea1i quan s\u00e1t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, c\u00e1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ee9t l\u1ee5c c\u0103n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh, do \u0111\u00f3 quay \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edbng trong t\u00e2m quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eeb nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh sanh kh\u1edfi. Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean v\u1edbi nhau, ly h\u1ee3p v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, khi h\u1ee3p th\u00ec sanh khi ly th\u00ec di\u1ec7t, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 do t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh, t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n ly t\u00e1n th\u00ec c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 li\u1ec1n ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t th\u00ec c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u1edfi duy ph\u00e1p kh\u1edfi, di\u1ec7t duy ph\u00e1p di\u1ec7t\u201d, ngo\u00e0i nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean ly h\u1ee3p ra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.\u201d<\/p>\n

Trung th\u1eeba d\u00f9ng Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n sanh (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh – l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh – duy\u00ean H\u00e0nh, H\u00e0nh duy\u00ean Th\u1ee9c, Th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean Danh s\u1eafc, Danh S\u1eafc duy\u00ean L\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadp, L\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadp duy\u00ean X\u00fac, X\u00fac duy\u00ean Th\u1ecd, Th\u1ecd duy\u00ean \u00c1i, \u00c1i duy\u00ean Th\u1ee7, Th\u1ee7 duy\u00ean H\u1eefu, H\u1eefu duy\u00ean Sanh, Sanh duy\u00ean L\u00e3o T\u1eed), m\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e1nh n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n c\u1ee7a tam th\u1ebf (qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u1ecb lai).<\/p>\n

V\u00f4 minh t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh (c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1nh, v\u00ec b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c kh\u1edfi ni\u1ec7m sanh ra c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u00e0nh, hai nh\u00e1nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n s\u1edf t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc; Th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ee9c, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 th\u00e2n trung \u1ea5m b\u1ecb nghi\u1ec7p l\u00f4i k\u00e9o m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u thai; Danh S\u1eafc l\u00e0 khi \u1edf trong thai s\u1eafc th\u00e2n ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u, b\u1ed1n u\u1ea9n Th\u1ecd, T\u01b0\u1edfng, H\u00e0nh, Th\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t; L\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadp l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a l\u1ee5c tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1ee5c c\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh; X\u00fac l\u00e0 sau khi thai sanh ra l\u1ee5c c\u0103n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac l\u1ee5c tr\u1ea7n; Th\u1ecd l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ecd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, N\u0103m nh\u00e1nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 s\u1edf th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y; \u00c1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh tr\u1ea7n m\u00f3ng kh\u1edfi \u00e1i d\u1ee5c; Th\u1ee7 l\u00e0 do \u00e1i m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfm c\u00f3; H\u1eefu c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p ki\u1ebfp sau th\u1ecd b\u00e1o, ba nh\u00e1nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n s\u1edf t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i; Sanh l\u00e0 t\u00f9y theo ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 gieo \u0111\u1eddi nay m\u00e0 th\u1ecd sanh \u0111\u1eddi sau; L\u00e3o T\u1eed l\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 sanh \u1eaft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u00e3o t\u1eed, hai nh\u00e1nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi sau ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean theo thuy\u1ebft x\u01b0a.<\/p>\n

Bi\u1ec7n Ch\u1ee9ng Trong Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i<\/h4>\n

Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh Tr\u1ee5 Ho\u1ea1i Kh\u00f4ng, v\u00ec v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n, \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ch\u1eb3ng ng\u1eebng, \u0111ang \u1edf trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sanh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p th\u1eddi x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i thuy\u1ebft minh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i) \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p Heraclitus (535-475 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch) n\u00f3i: \u201cM\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111ang y\u00ean t\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d. L\u1eddi n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 duy-th\u1ee9c-h\u1ecdc. L\u1ea1i n\u00f3i: \u201cTh\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ban ng\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ban \u0111\u00eam, l\u00e0 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u00f9a h\u00e8, l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 no c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3i, l\u00e1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp.\u201d Ch\u1eef Th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u00f3i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Plato m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 cho l\u00fd ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nguy\u00ean h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u00fd ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi l\u00e0 cao nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i:\u201cL\u00fd ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, quy\u1ebft ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb trong kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh.\u201d<\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n su\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f2n \u00f4ng Plato l\u1ea1i cho l\u00e0 l\u00eca kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c to\u00e0n nh\u1edd t\u01b0 duy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u01b0 duy c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Aristote r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh \u1edf trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. C\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1eadt th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00fd b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb) l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng lao v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Aristote \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1eefu v\u00e0 phi H\u1eefu, th\u1ea5y c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. \u00d4ng d\u00f9 c\u00f3 m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea5u tranh nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, \u00f4ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 mu\u1ed1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft tha th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh theo.<\/p>\n

Trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 tho\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7p s\u1edf d\u0129 l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1edbi sanh ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5 s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edfng. Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng \u0111em t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Spinoza \u1edf tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh nhi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, b\u1ea5t v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u1eadt th\u1ec3. Th\u1eadt th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Th\u1eadt th\u1ec3 l\u00eca kh\u1ecfi v\u1eadt h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

K\u1ef3 th\u1eadt, th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. V\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do suy ngh\u0129 sanh ra, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ed1n sa\u00fcn c\u00f3 n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00fd tr\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o th\u00ec l\u00eca kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eebng n\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00fang \u201clogic\u201d nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o th\u00ec ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eebng n\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00f9ng tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c, t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

K\u1ef3 th\u1eadt tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u00f9ng \u1edf trong ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh, tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Gi\u1eefa tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng sa m\u1ea1c m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch, tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p Henri Bergson (sanh 1859 t\u1ea1i Paris) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00f9ng tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, \u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n \u1edf trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p huy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadp tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m thi\u1ec1n-ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng xem v\u1eadt \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i cho l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c c\u00e1i t\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c danh ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

V\u1eady t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 g\u00ec? E r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca m\u1edbi ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt m\u1edbi r\u00f5 c\u00e1i m\u1eb7t m\u0169i b\u1ed5n lai c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u sau l\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, \u1edf ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca g\u1ecdi b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt-t\u00e1nh, l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n-Nh\u01b0, l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0-Lai. N\u00f3i Ch\u00e2n-Nh\u01b0 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3, n\u00f3i Nh\u01b0-Lai t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ed5n lai nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt trong c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ra r\u1ed3i th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n lai di\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c (T\u1ef1 T\u00e1nh) \u1ea5y m\u1edbi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i (v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh) th\u00ec s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Piere Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865) ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tang v\u1eadt.\u201d T\u00f4i th\u00ec n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tang v\u1eadt\u201d, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 tang v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh trong s\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n

H\u1ee1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t kia! T\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng l\u1ea5y tang v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1eady? Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 \u00f4 u\u1ebf, h\u00f4i th\u1ed1i kh\u1eafp tr\u1eddi kia, con ru\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t kia sao \u00f4ng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00eca kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3, cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 sinh m\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u00eca!<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh ch\u0103ng? Nay t\u00f4i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n: Khi \u00f4ng an l\u1ea1c th\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c, khi \u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 th\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5, khi \u00f4ng bi ai th\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi ai, khi \u00f4ng ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 th\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9, khi \u00f4ng y\u00eau th\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 y\u00eau, khi \u00f4ng gh\u00e9t th\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gh\u00e9t, khi \u00f4ng tham th\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tham, khi \u00f4ng s\u00e2n th\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u00e2n, khi \u00f4ng si th\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 si, khi \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, khi \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i th\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, khi \u00f4ng v.v…., n\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u00f3a th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh. Nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, cho n\u00ean nh\u1eefng h\u00f3a th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh chi ph\u1ed1i m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft, su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y m\u1eebng gi\u1eadn bu\u1ed3n vui bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eebng, n\u00ean nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3i: \u201cCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft.\u201d<\/p>\n

Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec7m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i bao g\u1ed3m sinh m\u1ea1ng, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, \u00fd ch\u00ed, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a v.v…. N\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n kh\u1eafp kh\u00f4ng gian th\u1eddi gian, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh m\u1edbi t\u1ea1m ng\u01b0ng h\u1ebft l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadn V\u1ec1 B\u1ed1n T\u01b0\u1edbng<\/h4>\n

Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca \u0111em t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 nh\u00e2n sinh do nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (t\u1ed9i g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i) \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0T\u01b0\u1edbng. T\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu (25) l\u00e0 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1eadt, do \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang sanh m\u00ea v\u1ecdng. C\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 nh\u00e2n sanh cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0T\u00e1nh. T\u00e1nh t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh, ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0, nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00fd t\u00e1nh, t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t, t\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh…. \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu, l\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, l\u00e0 b\u1ed5n lai nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00ean c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0-Lai, l\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, \u0111em ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ed3i th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1eefa li\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t huy t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e1nh-T\u00f4ng, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eabn d\u1eaft v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1edbng-T\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c, Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed3i th\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t, t\u00e1nh t\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb cho n\u00ean c\u00e1i T\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0y Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0\u00a0Th\u1ef1c T\u01b0\u1edbng,\u00a0l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 khi ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00ec t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u01b0a nh\u1eadp tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1eb3ng th\u1eadt, mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u201ckh\u00f4ng, v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00f4 t\u00e1c\u201d m\u1edbi cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca \u0111em t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edbng chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0:\u00a0Ng\u00e3 T\u01b0\u1edbng, Nh\u01a1n T\u01b0\u1edbng, Ch\u00fang Sanh T\u01b0\u1edbng, Th\u1ecd Gi\u1ea3 T\u01b0\u1edbng, g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 t\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edbng. B\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n sinh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt s\u1edf sanh \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 sai l\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u1edbng trong kinh Vi\u00ean Gi\u00e1c (26) l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh nh\u1eadn l\u1ea7m b\u1ed1n th\u1ee9 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, b\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u1edbng trong kinh Kim-C\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang sanh m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u00fang sanh v\u00ec ch\u1ea5p b\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 sanh kh\u1edfi sai l\u1ea7m; b\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u1edbng trong kinh L\u0103ng-Gi\u00e0 th\u00ec d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u00e1i ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc do ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o s\u1edf ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ph\u1ea1m vi b\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y, do \u0111\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n ch\u00fang sanh gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng b\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t cao minh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5u r\u00f5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n sanh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh s\u1edf d\u0129 l\u1ea7m v\u00e0o l\u1ed1i t\u1ebb, tr\u1ea7m lu\u00e2n bi\u1ec3n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1u do ch\u1ea5p t\u01b0\u1edbng cho n\u00ean m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 n\u00f3.
\nCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb khi bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, ban s\u01a1 h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v.v… K\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i quan s\u00e1t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eebng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0T\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

Khi ch\u01b0a ki\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt do b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3: Gi\u1ea3 + Gi\u1ea3 = Gi\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu theo \u0111\u00f3 tu h\u00e0nh th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean lao nh\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh th\u00ec b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n: Ch\u00e2n + Ch\u00e2n = Ch\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2n n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n tu g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tu v\u00f4 ch\u1ee9ng (27), \u1ea5y l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh tr\u00ed, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean xem theo chi ti\u1ebft th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t trung t\u00e2m. Th\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4n nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0ng trung t\u00e2m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Tuy\u1ec7t-\u0111\u1ed1i-lu\u1eadn), c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 suy di\u1ec5n m\u00e0 ra nh\u01b0 T\u1ee9-Th\u00e1nh-\u0110\u1ebf, Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean, S\u00e1u Ba La M\u1eadt, v\u00e0 Tam Gi\u1edbi Th\u00e2n v.v… \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb trung t\u00e2m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Plato s\u1edf d\u0129 th\u00e0nh c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u00f4ng \u0111em c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u00e1nh ph\u00e2n chia cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1I ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi nhau, do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho hai l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o dung th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1i nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1eaft ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi linh h\u1ed3n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng \u0111em ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u00fd t\u00e1nh m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, l\u00fd \u1ea5y d\u00f9 \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u00e1nh m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c su\u1ed1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngu\u1ed3n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Di\u1ec7u l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean. N\u00f3 ban s\u01a1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, cho c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng n\u00ean ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 do b\u1ecb v\u00f4 minh che khu\u1ea5t. Khi m\u00e0n \u0111en v\u00f4 minh m\u1edf ra th\u00ec h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, l\u00fac \u1ea5y c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u00e1nh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c. Cho n\u00ean c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh ban s\u01a1 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u00e2n chia cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i c\u1eeda \u1ea3i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy-L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf n\u01a1i sau khi si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecda tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong g\u00f4ng c\u00f9m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t hai c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng suy l\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u0103n t\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Sau khi ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng l\u00eca Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh, n\u00ean n\u00f3i: \u201cDuy c\u00f3 k\u1ebb ch\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi k\u1ebb ch\u1ee9ng m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb trong Kinh v\u00e0 Ng\u1eef l\u1ee5c T\u1ed5-s\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i ho\u1eb7c n\u00edn, k\u1ebb ch\u1ee9ng th\u00ec th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, k\u1ebb ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng th\u00ec suy ngh\u0129 m\u00e3i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u201cni\u00eam hoa th\u1ecb ch\u00fang\u201d c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u201ch\u00e9t g\u1eady ch\u1eedi m\u1eafng\u201d c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 S\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh cho n\u00ean v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh v\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, c\u00f3 ni\u1ec7m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec c\u00f3 ni\u1ec7m th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, c\u00f3 ni\u1ec7m th\u1ee9 ba v.v…., cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i sanh ra v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Cho n\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ee9t, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 truy c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ec5 sanh ra t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, c\u00f3 da tr\u1eafng, da \u0111en, da v\u00e0ng, da \u0111\u1ecf v.v… do \u0111\u00f3 sanh kh\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi sanh ra th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1i v\u1eadn m\u1ea1ng bi th\u1ea3m v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt T\u00e1nh Si\u00eau Vi\u1ec7t Lu\u1eadn L\u00fd<\/h4>\n

N\u00f3i Logic l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh l\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00ean n\u00f3i si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t logic.<\/p>\n

V\u0103n t\u1ef1 trong kinh gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng logic \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u00ec Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh v\u1ed1n ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. Ph\u1eadt v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 mong gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o n\u00ean v\u0103n t\u1ef1 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua bao s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh kinh Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ed7ng nhi\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y h\u1ee3p logic, th\u1ef1c ra th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea1m vi logic m\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi ngh\u0129a c\u00fa tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. N\u1ebfu th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t \u00fd n\u00e0y th\u00ec ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 logic nh\u01b0ng logic \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 logic c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i lu\u1eadn t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh lu\u1eadn, Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, ch\u1eb3ng ho\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng t\u1ea1p, v\u00f4 ch\u1ee9ng v\u00f4 th\u1ee7, ch\u1eb3ng b\u1ecb hu\u00e2n nhi\u1ec5m, x\u01b0a nay sa\u00fcn \u0111\u1ee7 n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i. C\u00f2n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Th\u00e0nh-tr\u1ee5-ho\u1ea1i-kh\u00f4ng, h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1eadt n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

Nay t\u00f4i l\u00e0m lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng v\u0103n t\u1ef1 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. V\u0103n t\u1ef1 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y tinh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y ch\u00e1nh l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1edb n\u00ean k\u1eb9t n\u01a1i v\u0103n t\u1ef1, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd qu\u00ean l\u1eddi v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e3, ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3, l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt, ch\u00fang sanh, ng\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00ec b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00ec b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea3nh. B\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 tranh lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng tranh lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a theo th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng gian r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft sinh m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 v\u1eadt g\u00ec, n\u00f3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian, n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng gian, nh\u01b0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng gian th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 sinh m\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 sinh m\u1ea1ng v\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ea1ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u1edf n\u01a1i th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft sinh m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft sinh m\u1ea1ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, do \u0111\u00f3 sinh m\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng gian s\u1edf ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebb sinh m\u1ea1ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng gian n\u00ean n\u00f3i: \u201cTr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a sanh v\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3, tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i v\u1eadt n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng ho\u1ea1i.\u201d<\/p>\n

C\u1ea3nh Gi\u1edbi An L\u1ea1c C\u1ee7a Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i<\/h4>\n

T\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 g\u00f4ng c\u00f9m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u1edf l\u00fac qu\u00ean t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c. Mu\u1ed1n qu\u00ean t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u1edf ngo\u00e0i t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v.v…, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p ng\u00e3. Ch\u00fang ta khi nghe \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ho\u1eb7c th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. L\u00fac \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do an l\u1ea1c h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 d\u00f9 qu\u00ean l\u1ea1i l\u1ecdt n\u01a1i ph\u1ea1m vi ph\u00e1p ng\u00e3. Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e3 v\u1eabn b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00ed nh\u01b0 nghe \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o, khi th\u1eddi gian qua \u0111i v\u1eabn t\u00e9 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong g\u00f4ng c\u00f9m, t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t an l\u1ea1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u00ean b\u1ecf ph\u00e1p ng\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u01a1i\u00a0Kh\u00f4ng ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng Ng\u00e3 th\u00ec an l\u1ea1c h\u01a1n, ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ecbch, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1eadt ngo\u00e0i ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh (28) c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba Thi\u1ec1n. Khi \u1ea5y, th\u00e2n t\u00e2m khinh an, \u0111\u1ea1m nhi\u00ean t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng Kh\u00f4ng Ng\u00e3 v\u1eabn b\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, khi \u00f4ng b\u01b0\u1edbc ra c\u1ea3nh Kh\u00f4ng, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn b\u1ecb t\u00e9 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong g\u00f4ng c\u00f9m t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an vui tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf c\u00e1i\u00a0Kh\u00f4ng Ng\u00e3\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh, l\u00fac \u1ea5y m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng gian h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1edbi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, m\u1edbi l\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

Immanuel Kant mu\u1ed1n nh\u1edd to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t m\u00e0ng l\u01b0\u1edbi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft con c\u00e1 to c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec c\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb b\u1ecdc trong m\u00e0ng l\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 k\u1ebb ti\u1ec1u phu d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t nghe m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi n\u00f3i li\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, c\u00f3 k\u1ebb th\u00ec th\u1ea5y hoa \u0111\u00e0o n\u1edf li\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, c\u00f3 k\u1ebb th\u00ec nghe ti\u1ebfng tr\u00fac m\u00e0 ng\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m n\u00e0o m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang sinh s\u1ed1ng n\u01a1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eadt chung quanh c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00ec h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 V\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. N\u1ebfu l\u00eca kh\u1ecfi th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00ec To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 V\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. Sau h\u1ebft, khi To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 V\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, th\u00ec To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 V\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. L\u00fac \u1ea5y b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 V\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o ngu d\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, h\u1ecd do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0129nh sanh v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua. V\u00ec n\u00f3 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian n\u00ean tr\u1ea3i qua mu\u00f4n ki\u1ebfp c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1edbi, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng l\u00eca th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian n\u00ean trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i. Nay mu\u1ed1n \u1edf trong t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, c\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, so v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p th\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. Duy c\u00f3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i lu\u1eadn ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

Mu\u1ed1n xem n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh nhi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u1edf c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0, b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t, h\u00ecnh nhi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng (t\u01b0 duy tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng) v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh nhi h\u1ea1 (hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3) c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u00e0o l\u00e0 duy t\u00e2m, n\u00e0o l\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt, n\u00e0o l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3, n\u00e0o l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n sinh v.v…. \u0111\u1ec1u bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ebft trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi, t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0\u00a0Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i Nh\u1ea5t Nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn C\u1ee7a D\u1ecbch Gi\u1ea3<\/h4>\n

Ng\u00e0i Nguy\u1ec7t Kh\u00ea l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh, t\u1ecbch n\u0103m 1965 \u1edf C\u1eedu Long, H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n gi\u00fap \u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n trong ph\u1ea1m vi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi suy ra \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ec3 suy l\u00fd m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, n\u00ean Ng\u00e0i Nguy\u1ec7t Kh\u00ea d\u00f9ng ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p Thi\u1ec1n Tr\u1ef1c Ti\u1ebfp truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ecbu theo \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh ri\u00eang \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng L\u1ed1i Th\u1ef1c H\u00e0nh v\u00e0 C\u01a1 B\u1ea3n Tham T\u1ed5 S\u01b0 Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p Thi\u1ec1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y, \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm xem (T\u1eeb \u00c2n Thi\u1ec1n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u1ea5n t\u1ed1ng).<\/p>\n

\n

Ch\u00fa Th\u00edch<\/strong><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0Ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p, Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ea5p, Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p:<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ea5p th\u1eadt c\u00e1i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129 c\u0169a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o l\u00e0 Ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ea5p th\u1eadt v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi do ta hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 Th\u1eadt T\u00e1nh Th\u1eadt T\u01b0\u1edbng, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p Ch\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p, Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ea5p, th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng, ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1eadt Kh\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng Ch\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0: L\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t danh c\u1ee7a T\u1ef1 T\u00e1nh, T\u1ef1 T\u00e2m. Ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a T\u1ef1 T\u00e1nh T\u1ef1 T\u00e2m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0Trung \u0110\u1ea1o: Ngh\u0129a th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1ecb bi\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, n\u00f3i s\u00e1t ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u00f4-s\u1edf-tr\u1ee5, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng tr\u1ee5 n\u01a1i c\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng tr\u1ee5 n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng, ch\u1eb3ng tr\u1ee5 n\u01a1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng, ch\u1eb3ng tr\u1ee5 n\u01a1i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0Ph\u1eadt T\u00e1nh:\u00a0Ph\u1eadt ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

5.\u00a0B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1: l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n, d\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

6.\u00a0Ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb:\u00a0B\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a T\u1ef1 T\u00e1nh c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 suy l\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00ean v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i M\u1ed9t. Ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n b\u1ea5t nh\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

7.\u00a0Ph\u00e1p nh\u1ea5t th\u1eeba: t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt th\u1eeba. Kinh Ph\u00e1p Hoa n\u00f3i ch\u1eb3ng hai c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ba l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

8.\u00a0Kh\u1ed5 qu\u00e1n: cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. Kh\u1ed5 t\u1ee9c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 r\u1ed3i, vui l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n cho kh\u1ed5 n\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

9.\u00a0Ho\u00e1t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u1ed9: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qua b\u1ed9 \u00f3c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i m\u00e0 ch\u01a1n t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf tr\u00f9m kh\u1eafp kh\u00f4ng gian th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

10.\u00a0Nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh: t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh (c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 v\u00f4 ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \u00f3c) kh\u1edfi l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec7m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 minh.<\/p>\n

11.\u00a0V\u00f4 th\u1ee7y v\u00f4 minh: ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t sinh ra \u00fd th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t sai l\u1ea7m g\u00e2y tai h\u1ea1i t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi. C\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 m\u1ecbt m\u00f9 \u0111en t\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

12.\u00a0B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3: th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 T\u1ef1 T\u00e1nh, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n qua b\u1ed9 \u00f3c t\u00e1c \u00fd, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f9y duy\u00ean hi\u1ec7n ra s\u1ee9c d\u1ee5ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3.<\/p>\n

13.\u00a0Ch\u00e2n Ng\u00e3: t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 T\u1ef1 T\u00e1nh, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt t\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

14.\u00a0M\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt \u1edf trong kh\u00f4ng gian.<\/p>\n

15.\u00a0V\u00f4 d\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n: Ni\u1ebft l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng sanh, B\u00e0n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t. B\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0o thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t\u00a0n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u00f4 d\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

16.\u00a0V\u00f4 l\u1eadu gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t: l\u1eadu l\u00e0 t\u1eadp kh\u00ed phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

17.\u00a0Ph\u1eadt nh\u00e3n: chi\u1ebfu soi c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp kh\u00f4ng gian th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0o thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t.<\/p>\n

18.\u00a0M\u1edf m\u1eaft chi\u00eam bao: l\u00fac ng\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 6 (\u00fd th\u1ee9c) ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n ra c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi chi\u00eam bao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eafm m\u1eaft chi\u00eam bao\u201d. L\u00fac th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh th\u00ec
\nth\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 6 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n ng\u0169 th\u1ee9c (g\u1ed3m nh\u00e3n, nh\u0129, t\u1ef7, thi\u1ec7t, th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c) \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n ra c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u1edf trong \u201cm\u1edf m\u1eaft chi\u00eam bao\u201d.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft chi\u00eam bao th\u00ec sau khi ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ee7 r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh, c\u00f2n m\u1edf m\u1eaft chi\u00eam bao th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ph\u1ea3i tham thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

19.\u00a0A-L\u1ea1i-Da-Th\u1ee9c: c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 8 hay T\u1ea1ng Th\u1ee9c (T\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 kho ch\u1ee9a) chuy\u00ean ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

20.\u00a0Tham tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u: Tho\u1ea1i l\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, khi ch\u01b0a n\u1ed5i ni\u1ec7m mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i ni\u1ec7m mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i ra mi\u1ec7ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tho\u1ea1i v\u0129 r\u1ed3i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khi m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec7m ch\u01b0a sanh. Tham l\u00e0 nghi, nghi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1ed3i th\u00ec h\u1ebft nghi, h\u1ebft nghi t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham.V\u1eady tham tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn ngay ch\u1ed7 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec7m ch\u01b0a sanh, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec, Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nghi t\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 nghi t\u00ecnh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tham tho\u1ea1I \u0111\u1ea7u. Do nghi t\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn t\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

21.\u00a0\u0110\u1ecbnh-hu\u1ec7-b\u00ecnh-\u0111\u1eb3ng: \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 th\u1ec3, hu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng. T\u00e2m ch\u1eb3ng lo\u1ea1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh, d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eb3ng sai l\u00e0 hu\u1ec7. Khi \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n ra hu\u1ec7, l\u00fac hu\u1ec7 th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u1edf\u00a0trong \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hu\u1ec7, ngo\u00e0i hu\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ecbnh hu\u1ec7 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng.<\/p>\n

22.\u00a0B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t:\u00a0theo ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 T\u00e1t \u0110\u1ecfa, n\u00f3i t\u1eaft l\u00e0 B\u1ed3-T\u00e1t ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh. H\u1eefu t\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00eca kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vui, chuy\u00ean\u00a0\u0111\u1ed9 cho ch\u00fang sanh l\u00eca kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vui g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

23.\u00a0B\u1ed1n Th\u1eeba: g\u1ed3m ba th\u1eeba (Ti\u1ec3u, Trung, \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba) th\u00eam T\u1ed1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eeba n\u1eefa l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

24.\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i v\u00f4 \u00fay, s\u01b0 t\u1eed h\u1ed1ng: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 uy l\u1ef1c thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. B\u00e1 th\u00fa \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ee3 s\u01b0 t\u1eed, s\u01b0 t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 b\u00e1 th\u00fa. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, khi Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p th\u00ec\u00a0kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 t\u00e0 m\u00e0 khu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00f4 \u00fay.<\/p>\n

25.\u00a0Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n: l\u00e0 S\u1eafc, Th\u1ecd, T\u01b0\u1edfng, H\u00e0nh, Th\u1ee9c. S\u1eafc l\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 do t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. Th\u1ecd l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ecd s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n, vui, th\u01b0\u01a1ng, gh\u00e9t v.v…. c\u1ee7a\u00a0c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh. T\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng suy l\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u00e0nh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sanh di\u1ec7t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi. Th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \u00f3c hay nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1
\nv\u1eadt sanh di\u1ec7t trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

26.\u00a0H\u1eefu l\u1eadu: c\u00f2n t\u1eadp kh\u00ed phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu.<\/p>\n

27.\u00a0B\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u1edbng trong kinh Vi\u00ean Gi\u00e1c, Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 L\u0103ng Gi\u00e0: N\u00f3i chung t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u1ea7m b\u1ed1n th\u1ee9 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m. B\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 2 th\u1ee9:<\/p>\n

1. B\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00ea th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ph\u00e0m phu:<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i th\u00e2n ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ng\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/p>\n

B\u1ecf Ng\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ea5p v\u00e0o to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/p>\n

B\u1ecf nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5p v\u00e0o to\u00e0n ch\u00fang sanh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u00fang sanh t\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n

2. B\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00ea tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh:<\/p>\n

-B\u1eadc th\u00e1nh t\u00e2m bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u1ee9ng, d\u00f9 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Ng\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edbng.
\n-Nay ng\u1ed9 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc, bi\u1ebft ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ta ch\u1ee9ng, si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1i t\u00e2m n\u0103ng ng\u1ed9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n

-Nay ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc n\u1eefa, li\u1ec5u tri n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u0103ng ng\u1ed9 l\u00e0 Ng\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edbng, Nh\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng, ch\u1ed7 Ng\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edbng Nh\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n t\u00e2m li\u1ec5u tri, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh t\u01b0\u1edbng.
\n-R\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc n\u1eefa, chi\u1ebfu soi t\u00e2m li\u1ec5u tri c\u0169ng b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eafc, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1c th\u1ec3 thanh t\u1ecbnh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u k\u00ednh gi\u00e1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi\u00a0l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n. N\u1ebfu c\u00f2n tr\u1ee5 n\u01a1i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n th\u00ec m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n ch\u01b0a d\u1ee9t, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ecd gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n

28.\u00a0V\u00f4 tu v\u00f4 ch\u1ee9ng: Th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 v\u1ed1n sa\u00fcn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 v\u00e0ng th\u1eadt\u00a0\u1ea9n trong qu\u1eb7ng, qu\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t th\u00ec t\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0ng th\u1eadt, c\u0169ng v\u1eady, t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf t\u1eadp kh\u00ed phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o th\u00ec t\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh, ch\u1eb3ng do tu m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ch\u1eb3ng do ch\u1ee9ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tu v\u00f4 ch\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

29.\u00a0Di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: c\u00f3 2 th\u1ee9:<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi t\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c, c\u00f2n ch\u1ea5p A L\u1ea1i Da Th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u00e3, ch\u01b0a ra kh\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a A-La-H\u00e1n, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ee9t h\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0 t\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a tam gi\u1edbi, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n nh\u00e2n-ng\u00e3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra kh\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00e1c Gi\u1ea3: Nguy\u1ec7t Khu\u00ea Thi\u1ec1n S\u01b0. Vi\u1ec7t D\u1ecbch: Th\u00edch Duy L\u1ef1c<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":172127,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[59],"tags":[72,54],"yoast_head":"\n\u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i Lu\u1eadn - Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/phatphapungdung.com\/phap-bao\/dai-thua-tuyet-doi-luan-163878.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i Lu\u1eadn - Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"T\u00e1c Gi\u1ea3: Nguy\u1ec7t Khu\u00ea Thi\u1ec1n S\u01b0. 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